The Effects of Using Magnetic Treatment Brackish Water in Irrigation on the Yield Medical Herbs “Origanum Vulgare” Pilot Project: AL-Uja Area/Lower Jordan Valley-West Bank
Abstract— Over abstraction of groundwater and limitation of natural recharge in the Lower Jordan Valley are causing an increase in groundwater salinity. The high demand for medicine herbs at international market attracted Palestinian farmers to grow medicine herbs including Oregano. Pilot project was carried out under greenhouse condition where magnetize technology introduced for the first time in irrigation of Oregano to overcome salinity problem. Using of magnetized treated water caused an increase of about 26% in the yield. Positive significant different for the favorite of Oregano irrigated with magnetized water compared with controlled in term of major branches, water content, number of surviving seedling and chlorophyll content. A decrease in the number of clogged dripper was found under treated magnetized water compared with controlled condition.
Assessment of Commonly Used Pesticides in the Ground Water of the Shallow Aqu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— One of the most important pollutants that may reach the groundwater through agricultural return flow combined with abuse and ignorance is pesticides. This study focuses on the examination of the concentration of three pesticides: Abamectin, Imidacloprid, and ß-Cyfluthrin, all of which have been used in large quantities in the Lower Jordan Valley (LJV) for the last three decades. Twenty five groundwater samples were collected from water boreholes where water is abstracted from two phreatic aquifer systems which are the Plio-Plistocene aquifer system in Jericho and Lower Al Jeftlik areas and the Eocene carbonate aquifer system in the Middle of Al Jeftlik. The depth of the boreholes in both aquifer system ranges between 80 and 120 m. Water samples were analyzed for Abamectin, Imidacloprid, and ß-Cyfluthrin using the HPLC-UV method. These samples represent two main agricultural locations (Jericho, and the Al Jeftlik). Of the 25 wells sampled, Abamectin was detected in 11 wells in concentrations ranging between 1.24 ppb and 81.71ppb. Imidacloprid was detected in 24 wells in concentrations ranging between 1.60ppb and 325.0ppb. Finally, ß-Cyfluthrin was detected in 7 wells in concentrations ranging between 1.10 and 24.46ppb.
Aquifer lithology, groundwater flow directions, type of agricultural activity are major factors in controlling pesticide concentrations in groundwater. The highest values were measured where the aquifer consists of gravel and sand sediments, combined with intensive agricultural activities, followed by sand-silt aquifer. The lowest concentrations were found in boreholes where carbonate aquifer is the main source of water which indicates that other source of water flow into the system. The results of this study demonstrate that these pesticides are used heavily and in an improper way in the lower Jordan Valley, increasing the risk of adverse environmental and public health effects. Much attention should be given to addressing the potential problem of environmental and groundwater contamination by these pesticides.
Water Requirement and Crop Coefficient of Onion (Red Bombay) in the Central R...paperpublications3
This document discusses a study on determining the crop coefficient (Kc) of Red Bombay onion in central Ethiopia. Researchers grew Red Bombay onion in lysimeters to directly measure crop evapotranspiration (ETc) over four years. They also calculated reference evapotranspiration (ETo) from weather data. The Kc was then determined as the ratio of ETc to ETo. Results showed Kc values of 0.34, 0.70, 1.01 and 0.68 for the initial, development, mid-season and late stages respectively. These locally determined Kc values can be used for irrigation planning and management in similar agroclimatic conditions.
Productivity and quality of sugar beet as affecting by sowing and irrigation ...Innspub Net
Two field experiments were carried out at Kalabsho Experimental Farm, Dakahlia Governorate, Sugar Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt, during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 seasons to study the effect of sowing methods (mechanical and manual methods), irrigation methods (surface and drip irrigation system) and hill spacings (10, 15 and 20cm between hills) on yield and its components, as well as quality of sugar beet cv. Hossam as a multigerm variety under sandy soil conditions. The obtained results could be summarized as follows; the optimum sowing method that produced the highest values of yield and its components as well as root quality parameters was mechanical sowing method (planter machine) in both seasons. Irrigation sugar beet plants by using drip irrigation system yielded the highest values of yield and its components as well as root quality parameters and followed by using surface flooding irrigation system in both seasons. Planting sugar beet seeds on one side of the ridge, 60cm width, and 20cm between hills, resulting plant population density 35000 plants/fed produced, the highest values of yield and its components and root quality parameters and followed by planting on 15cm between hills, resulting plant population density 46666 plants/fed and finally planting on 10cm between hills, resulting plant population density 70000 plants/fed in the two seasons. From the obtained data in this study, it can be concluded that sowing sugar beet using mechanical sowing method (planter machine), irrigation by using drip irrigation system and planting on one side of the ridge, 60cm width, and 20cm between hills, resulting plant population density 35000 plants/fed in order to maximizing its productivity and quality under the environmental conditions of sandy soil in Kalabsho region, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt.
Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) Response to Deficit Irrigationpaperpublications3
Abstract: An experiment was conducted with the objective to identify the level of deficit irrigation which allows achieving optimal yield and investigate the effect of deficit irrigation practice on spearmint (Mentha Spicata L.) yield and yield components. The experiment was conducted at Koka research station of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia latitude 8O26’, longitude 39O2’ and altitude 1602masl for two years (2011/2012 and 2012/2013 dry season). Nine treatments three level of irrigation water amount percentage based on evapo-transpiration of the crop (ETc) (100%ETc, 75%ETc and 50%ETc) and three types of furrow irrigation water application method (alternate furrow, fixed furrow and conventional furrow) were used in randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replications. The pooled mean of two year data showed different level of deficit irrigation had a significant effect (p<0.05)><0.01) variation among treatments due to deficit irrigation on dry biomass yield per hectare, dry leaf yield per hectare, essential oil yield per hectare and water use efficiency. However, different deficit irrigation level had no significant influence on wet harvesting index. The highest fresh biomass, dry biomass, fresh leaf, dry leaf and essential oil yield per harvesting cycle of 12093kg/ha, 3746kg/ha, 8133kg/ha, 2441.1kg/ha and 37.0kg/ha respectively was obtained due to 100%ETc with conventional furrow application method. Moreover, the highest water use efficiency of 16.3x10-3kg/m3 was achieved due to deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with alternate furrow irrigation water application method. The study showed that the best treatment is deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with conventional furrow application method which had no significant variation with treatments that showed higher yields of spearmint including water use efficiency.
Keywords: Alternate furrow, conventional furrow, deficit irrigation, fixed furrow, spearmint.
Drip Fertigation in Sweet Pepper: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Sweet Pepper is one of the most important vegetable crops grown in India. Water has been identified as one of the scarcest inputs, which can severely restrict its growth unless it is carefully conserved and managed. Adoption of modern irrigation technique like drip irrigations is needed to be emphasized to increase water use efficiency and covering more area under irrigation. Drip fertigation is the most effective way to supply water and nutrients to the plants which not only saves water but also increases yield of fruits and vegetable crops. As reported by different research workers of the world, adoption of drip fertigation in sweet pepper results in saving of fertilizer up to 25 per cent, water saving up to 40 percent significant increase in yield, significant increase in water use efficiency and better quality produce.
Effect of partial rootzone drying technique on yield and yield components of ...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of partial rootzone drying (PRD) irrigation techniques on yield and yield components of sorghum grown on two soil types. PRD consisted of four irrigation regimes with varying levels of irrigation (100%, 75%, 50%, 25%). The study found that sorghum grown under 100% and 75% irrigation regimes had higher yields and yield components compared to the 50% and 25% regimes. Water use efficiency was also highest under the 100% regime. There were no significant differences between the soil types. Economically, the 100% and 75% irrigation regimes were more profitable due to higher yields. Therefore, the study concluded that PRD irrigation can optimize sorghum production in semi-arid regions
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of different rates of organic manure (cowdung) and water management practices (continuous flooding vs. alternate wetting and drying) on methane emissions from rice production. Pot experiments were conducted during the summer and rainy seasons of 2017 in Myanmar. The study found that continuous flooding generally resulted in higher methane emissions than alternate wetting and drying. Methane emissions also varied depending on the rate of applied organic manure. The highest and lowest emitting manure rates differed between the water management practices and seasons. Surface water pH was found to be correlated with methane emission levels.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Assessment of Commonly Used Pesticides in the Ground Water of the Shallow Aqu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— One of the most important pollutants that may reach the groundwater through agricultural return flow combined with abuse and ignorance is pesticides. This study focuses on the examination of the concentration of three pesticides: Abamectin, Imidacloprid, and ß-Cyfluthrin, all of which have been used in large quantities in the Lower Jordan Valley (LJV) for the last three decades. Twenty five groundwater samples were collected from water boreholes where water is abstracted from two phreatic aquifer systems which are the Plio-Plistocene aquifer system in Jericho and Lower Al Jeftlik areas and the Eocene carbonate aquifer system in the Middle of Al Jeftlik. The depth of the boreholes in both aquifer system ranges between 80 and 120 m. Water samples were analyzed for Abamectin, Imidacloprid, and ß-Cyfluthrin using the HPLC-UV method. These samples represent two main agricultural locations (Jericho, and the Al Jeftlik). Of the 25 wells sampled, Abamectin was detected in 11 wells in concentrations ranging between 1.24 ppb and 81.71ppb. Imidacloprid was detected in 24 wells in concentrations ranging between 1.60ppb and 325.0ppb. Finally, ß-Cyfluthrin was detected in 7 wells in concentrations ranging between 1.10 and 24.46ppb.
Aquifer lithology, groundwater flow directions, type of agricultural activity are major factors in controlling pesticide concentrations in groundwater. The highest values were measured where the aquifer consists of gravel and sand sediments, combined with intensive agricultural activities, followed by sand-silt aquifer. The lowest concentrations were found in boreholes where carbonate aquifer is the main source of water which indicates that other source of water flow into the system. The results of this study demonstrate that these pesticides are used heavily and in an improper way in the lower Jordan Valley, increasing the risk of adverse environmental and public health effects. Much attention should be given to addressing the potential problem of environmental and groundwater contamination by these pesticides.
Water Requirement and Crop Coefficient of Onion (Red Bombay) in the Central R...paperpublications3
This document discusses a study on determining the crop coefficient (Kc) of Red Bombay onion in central Ethiopia. Researchers grew Red Bombay onion in lysimeters to directly measure crop evapotranspiration (ETc) over four years. They also calculated reference evapotranspiration (ETo) from weather data. The Kc was then determined as the ratio of ETc to ETo. Results showed Kc values of 0.34, 0.70, 1.01 and 0.68 for the initial, development, mid-season and late stages respectively. These locally determined Kc values can be used for irrigation planning and management in similar agroclimatic conditions.
Productivity and quality of sugar beet as affecting by sowing and irrigation ...Innspub Net
Two field experiments were carried out at Kalabsho Experimental Farm, Dakahlia Governorate, Sugar Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt, during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 seasons to study the effect of sowing methods (mechanical and manual methods), irrigation methods (surface and drip irrigation system) and hill spacings (10, 15 and 20cm between hills) on yield and its components, as well as quality of sugar beet cv. Hossam as a multigerm variety under sandy soil conditions. The obtained results could be summarized as follows; the optimum sowing method that produced the highest values of yield and its components as well as root quality parameters was mechanical sowing method (planter machine) in both seasons. Irrigation sugar beet plants by using drip irrigation system yielded the highest values of yield and its components as well as root quality parameters and followed by using surface flooding irrigation system in both seasons. Planting sugar beet seeds on one side of the ridge, 60cm width, and 20cm between hills, resulting plant population density 35000 plants/fed produced, the highest values of yield and its components and root quality parameters and followed by planting on 15cm between hills, resulting plant population density 46666 plants/fed and finally planting on 10cm between hills, resulting plant population density 70000 plants/fed in the two seasons. From the obtained data in this study, it can be concluded that sowing sugar beet using mechanical sowing method (planter machine), irrigation by using drip irrigation system and planting on one side of the ridge, 60cm width, and 20cm between hills, resulting plant population density 35000 plants/fed in order to maximizing its productivity and quality under the environmental conditions of sandy soil in Kalabsho region, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt.
Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) Response to Deficit Irrigationpaperpublications3
Abstract: An experiment was conducted with the objective to identify the level of deficit irrigation which allows achieving optimal yield and investigate the effect of deficit irrigation practice on spearmint (Mentha Spicata L.) yield and yield components. The experiment was conducted at Koka research station of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia latitude 8O26’, longitude 39O2’ and altitude 1602masl for two years (2011/2012 and 2012/2013 dry season). Nine treatments three level of irrigation water amount percentage based on evapo-transpiration of the crop (ETc) (100%ETc, 75%ETc and 50%ETc) and three types of furrow irrigation water application method (alternate furrow, fixed furrow and conventional furrow) were used in randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replications. The pooled mean of two year data showed different level of deficit irrigation had a significant effect (p<0.05)><0.01) variation among treatments due to deficit irrigation on dry biomass yield per hectare, dry leaf yield per hectare, essential oil yield per hectare and water use efficiency. However, different deficit irrigation level had no significant influence on wet harvesting index. The highest fresh biomass, dry biomass, fresh leaf, dry leaf and essential oil yield per harvesting cycle of 12093kg/ha, 3746kg/ha, 8133kg/ha, 2441.1kg/ha and 37.0kg/ha respectively was obtained due to 100%ETc with conventional furrow application method. Moreover, the highest water use efficiency of 16.3x10-3kg/m3 was achieved due to deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with alternate furrow irrigation water application method. The study showed that the best treatment is deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with conventional furrow application method which had no significant variation with treatments that showed higher yields of spearmint including water use efficiency.
Keywords: Alternate furrow, conventional furrow, deficit irrigation, fixed furrow, spearmint.
Drip Fertigation in Sweet Pepper: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Sweet Pepper is one of the most important vegetable crops grown in India. Water has been identified as one of the scarcest inputs, which can severely restrict its growth unless it is carefully conserved and managed. Adoption of modern irrigation technique like drip irrigations is needed to be emphasized to increase water use efficiency and covering more area under irrigation. Drip fertigation is the most effective way to supply water and nutrients to the plants which not only saves water but also increases yield of fruits and vegetable crops. As reported by different research workers of the world, adoption of drip fertigation in sweet pepper results in saving of fertilizer up to 25 per cent, water saving up to 40 percent significant increase in yield, significant increase in water use efficiency and better quality produce.
Effect of partial rootzone drying technique on yield and yield components of ...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of partial rootzone drying (PRD) irrigation techniques on yield and yield components of sorghum grown on two soil types. PRD consisted of four irrigation regimes with varying levels of irrigation (100%, 75%, 50%, 25%). The study found that sorghum grown under 100% and 75% irrigation regimes had higher yields and yield components compared to the 50% and 25% regimes. Water use efficiency was also highest under the 100% regime. There were no significant differences between the soil types. Economically, the 100% and 75% irrigation regimes were more profitable due to higher yields. Therefore, the study concluded that PRD irrigation can optimize sorghum production in semi-arid regions
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of different rates of organic manure (cowdung) and water management practices (continuous flooding vs. alternate wetting and drying) on methane emissions from rice production. Pot experiments were conducted during the summer and rainy seasons of 2017 in Myanmar. The study found that continuous flooding generally resulted in higher methane emissions than alternate wetting and drying. Methane emissions also varied depending on the rate of applied organic manure. The highest and lowest emitting manure rates differed between the water management practices and seasons. Surface water pH was found to be correlated with methane emission levels.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Screening and Selection of Drought-Tolerant Groundnut Varieties Based on Yiel...Premier Publishers
Drought is the most important abiotic limitation to groundnut production in Northern Ghana. Drought, during the pod-filling stages is even more devastating. The current study was conducted to screen groundnut varieties, for drought-tolerance based on yield and other traits. Evaluation of groundnut genotypes was under two environments/water regimes; well-watered and water-stressed. ANOVA was run for Quantitative data. Means were separated by l.s.d. at 95% confidence level. Correlation analyses were performed using SPSS. Combined analysis of variance was computed for the groundnuts across water regimes. Dendrograms were generated using yield data and based on Euclidean distance. Scoring and ranking was used to assess disease incidence on a scale of 1-5. Results indicate that end-of-season drought caused pod yield reduction that varied across genotypes. The Drought Tolerance Index ranged from 0.53 (Kpanieli) to 2.40 (Agric-Manipinta). The highest yielding genotypes under water-stressed condition were Sinkara (582g/plot), Nkatie-sari (512g/plot), Ndogba (470g/plot), Chaco-pag (400g/plot) and Oboshie (381g/plot) and Chinese (local) (340g/plot). Farmers’ selected Sinkara, Ndogba, Chinese, Nkatie-sari, Agric-Manipinta and Chaco-pag based on pod yield and biomass production. Sinkara (0.8798), Sokan-donworor (0.8739), Kpach-Isah (0.8318) and Kpanieli (0.8016) recorded very high mean pod harvest index values, while Ndogba recorded the lowest (0.2252). Combined analysis of variance for pod yield among all the genotypes indicate that the groundnuts performed differently in both water regimes due to the significant interaction effect observed between water regimes and genotypes. Information generated from this study can be used to develop new groundnut varieties that combine higher yield and drought tolerant traits.
Effects of drip irrigation frequency and depth on soil hydro-physical propert...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Response of Chickpea to Irrigation with Treated journal paperMarwan Haddad
This study assessed the effect of irrigation with treated wastewater (TW) versus freshwater (FW) on four chickpea cultivars over three years. Wastewater from a university campus was treated in a small-scale plant to reduce BOD, COD and EC to acceptable levels. Two cultivars, Bulgarit and ICC 11293, showed no reduction in yield or quality when irrigated with TW compared to FW. However, the WIR-32 and Jordan cultivars showed significant growth reductions with TW irrigation. Soil analysis found no significant differences between TW and FW irrigation.
The present study was conducted in altitudinal variable hight and soil pH growing vegetation of Doon valley that the soil type found in Mussoorie is generally medium loamy but its composition, moisture, and pH generally varied from place to place. Higher silt in Mussoorie was due to higher precipitation in the form of winter snow above 1800 m. Soil temperature in Mussoorie ranged from 40C - 160C, while that of Sahastradhara and sudhowala was 15 - 190C. Soil organic matter content tended to be higher in high altitude and increased with increasing altitude. In this study, our finding observed that Soil temperature in Mussoorie ranged from 40C -160C, while that of Sahastradhara was 15 - 190C, Sudhowala 15 - 250C. Soil organic matter content tended to be higher in increase high altitudinal gradient. As per altitudinal variation and soil pH in this region dominant family of angiosperms in Garhwal Himalaya are Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Cyperaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Poaceae, Ranunculaceae, Polygonaceae, Amaranthaceae, Solanaceae, Sexifragaceae, Ranunculaceae Orchidaceae, Apocynaceae, Rutaceae, and Rosaceae.
Key-words: Altitude, Altitudinal Factors Angiosperms, Phytodiversity, Species analysis, Vegetation Pattern, Edaphic
New technologies in greenhouse production can help address water scarcity issues. Protected cultivation is more water efficient than open field production or meat production. Innovations like closed greenhouses that reuse drain water can further reduce water usage. For example, Dutch greenhouses have reduced tomato water usage from 200L/kg outdoors to 22L/kg with open irrigation and 15L/kg with closed irrigation systems by recycling drain water. Closed greenhouses may recover 40-50% of supplied water through air condensation, offering a sustainable solution.
Effect of Drip Irrigation and Fertilizer Management on Capsicum (Capsicum Ann...iosrjce
The document discusses a study on the effect of drip irrigation and fertilizer management on capsicum. Key findings include:
1) The highest nitrogen, P2O5 and K2O content in both plants and fruits was found with treatment T3 (drip irrigation at 100% EPR with 75% recommended dose of N and K applied through drip).
2) Treatment T3 also resulted in the highest uptake of nitrogen, P2O5 and K2O by both plants and fruits, as well as the highest total uptake and fruit yield.
3) Available nitrogen, P2O5 and K2O in the soil after harvest was highest under drip irrigation treatments where fertilizer
Growth and yield of tomato, Napier grass and sugarcane crops as influenced by...Premier Publishers
The effect of wastewater irrigation on plant growth and yield of tomato, Napier grass and sugarcane crops was compared with that of ground water irrigation. Treatments included untreated wastewater (UWW) treated wastewater (TWW) and ground water (GW) as control. The results obtained, plant height, number of fruits/plant, dry biomass g/plant and number of branches/plant of tomato (78.46 cm, 45.88, 15.49 and 11.41) and (75.13 cm, 41.48, 14.42 and 10.28) were significantly higher in the UWW and TWW compared to GW. The UWW and TWW irrigated Napier grass gave the highest growth and yield, compared to that of GW irrigation. Plant height, number of leaves/plant, leaf length, leaf width and number of tiller were 188.46 cm, 83.62, 93.62 cm, 2.52 and 13.2 in UWW and 182.68 cm, 69.75, 88.67cm, 2.29 and 10.39 in TWW and these are significantly higher as compared to that of GW irrigation. Wastewater irrigation of sugarcane increased cane length, number of nodes/cane, number of leaves, cane diameter and cane weight significantly as compared to control GW are 191.86 cm, 22.48, 39.3 and 2.30 cm in UWW and 149.4 cm, 20.54, 27.53 and 2.22 cm in TWW and compared to that of GW irrigation.
Lowland rice water stress management in GhanaPatrickTanz
This study investigated the effects of different water saving management methods on the growth, yield, and water productivity of lowland rice. The treatments included continuous flooding (control), flooding until 10 or 20 days after heading, and alternate wetting and drying until booting followed by flooding until 10 or 20 days after heading. Results showed that withholding water 20 days after heading (treatment 5) saved 24.3% and 25.2% of water in 2016 and 2017, respectively, while producing similar grain yields as the continuously flooded control. Treatment 5 was the most water efficient method with no reduction in yield.
Comparative Study of Test Driven Development TDD , Behavior Driven Developmen...ijtsrd
TDD, BDD and ATDD were introduced by XP Extreme Programming is an agile software development framework. They are unit testing approaches. TDD, BDD and ATDD are a software development technique which uses unit tests to incrementally deliver small pieces of functionality. TDD is a developer focused process. In Test Driven Development TDD , first come tests and then the code. The minimal piece of code is written in order to pass the designed test. In other words, it is the process of testing the code before its accrual writing. If the code passes the test, then developers can proceed to its refactoring. Behavior Driven Development BDD is a customer focused process. It is based on the full and clear understanding of the system or module behavior but in the terms of business client. The tests for TDD are created by developers for developers. The test for BDD can be written by testers or technical managers. Acceptance Test Driven Development ATDD is towards the developer focused side of things. ATDD is a technique where the entire team collaborates to define the acceptance criteria of a story before the implementation actually begins. These acceptance tests are supported necessary information. Using the Given When Then format, ATDD approach can implement. Myint Myint Moe ""Comparative Study of Test-Driven Development (TDD), Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) and Acceptance Test–Driven Development (ATDD)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23698.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/23698/comparative-study-of-test-driven-development-tdd-behavior-driven-development-bdd-and--acceptance-test%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%80%9Cdriven-development-atdd/myint-myint-moe
This document summarizes the design and evaluation of a gravity-fed, perforated tube drip irrigation system for citrus sinensis (sweet orange) trees during the dry season in Uyo, Nigeria. The goal was to utilize limited water supplies more efficiently for root zone irrigation. Key aspects of the design included computing the size of the surface water tank, orifice discharge rates, number of drip pipes, flow rates, and root zone water volumes. A pilot test of the drip system achieved very high water use and application efficiencies of 95%. Soil moisture analysis and growth rate predictive functions also indicated the system adequately distributed moisture in the root zone. The study aimed to sustain citrus growth, yield, and quality
1. This document contains 9 abstracts from the journal HortFlora Research Spectrum that discuss various topics related to horticulture and agriculture.
2. The first abstract discusses Boswellia woodlands in Ethiopia which provide important resources but are threatened by conversion to agricultural land due to low economic returns. It argues for policies giving locals ownership rights to encourage sustainable management.
3. The last abstract examines the effects of pre-harvest sprays of GA3, triacontanol, and calcium salts on yield and quality of 'Kinnow' mandarin fruits harvested on different dates in India.
Methods and technologies to improve efficiency of water useDamion Lawrence
This document discusses methods and technologies to improve water use efficiency. It notes that competition for freshwater supplies will require maximizing productivity per unit of water consumed rather than land area. Broad systems approaches are needed to optimize irrigation based on factors like water delivery, rainfall, crop needs, soil, and weather. Water can be conserved by reducing evaporation and transpiration and minimizing unusable losses. Agricultural advances will include more efficient irrigation technologies, higher value crops that use less water, and drought-tolerant alternatives. Both agricultural and non-agricultural users will need to cooperate and compromise to adopt more conservative water use approaches.
Maize Phenology and Crop Stand in Response to Mulching and Furrow Irrigation ...Premier Publishers
The field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of mulching materials and furrow irrigation methods on phenology and crop stand of maize at Werer, Middle Awash Valley of Ethiopia during 2017/18 cool cropping season. Split plot design with three replications, in which the irrigation methods (Conventional, Fixed and Alternate Furrow) were assigned to main plot and the three mulching materials (plastic, straw and no mulch), were to the sub-plot. Result showed that maize phenology and crop stand was affected by different furrow irrigation methods and mulching materials. But interaction of irrigation methods and mulch had no significant effect on maize phenology and crop stand except days to phenological maturity. Conventional furrow irrigation took less days to emergence (8.4 days) and tasseling (66.67 days). Plastic mulch took less day to emergence (6.9 days), tasseling (62.67 days) and silking (69 days) respectively. Physiological maturity (114.3 days) arrived earlier in fixed furrow with plastic mulch. The conventional furrow irrigation (29600ha-1) and white plastic mulch (29956ha-1) resulted in the maximum maize stand. In conclusion, conventional furrow irrigation and plastic mulching had improved phenological stages and maize crop stand at Werer and other similar agro ecology.
The Effect of Mulching on Soil Moisture Retention and Yield of Lettuce (Lactu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of different mulching materials on soil moisture retention and yield of lettuce at the greenhouse located at Luyengo campus of the University of Eswatini during the months of January and February, 2019. The treatments consisted of grass mulch (GM), Plastic mulch (PM), leaf debris mulch (LM), and no mulch (NM) which was used as a control. Each of the treatments had four replications. The organic mulch was applied at a thickness of 10 cm, and the plots for experiments were randomly selected. Each plant received 600 cm 3 of water every 3 days using a homemade drip irrigation system (equivalent to 6 mm per irrigation circle). Data on soil moisture content was collected using the gravimetric method every 3 days (before irrigation).The growth parameters of the lettuce plants that were collected weekly were plant height, leaf number and leaf area. Both wet weight and dry weight yield were determined for each plot at the end of the experiment (six weeks after planting). Data collected was coded and entered into SPSS computer software. Data analysis was conducted using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the least significance difference (LSD) test to determine if means were significantly different. The results showed that GM treatment had high mean moisture retention at 9.3%. It was followed by PM and LM at 8.9%. The lowest moisture retention was realized from the control (No mulching) at 7.9%.The differences in mean moisture retention was significant between NM and NM (p<0.05). The same pattern was observed for the growth parameters, where GN had highest values and the control had the lowest values. The wet mass yield was highest for GM, at 164.7 g. The yield from LM was 149.3 g. It was followed by PM at 141.3 g. The lowest yield was obtained from the control at 108 g. The difference in mean yields for GM and NM were significant (p<0.05). They were not significantly different for all the other treatments (p>0.050. It was concluded from the experiment that grass mulching resulted in improved moisture retention and high yields.
Integrated Effect of Mulching Materials and Furrow Irrigation Methods on Yiel...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Werer, Middle Awash Valley during the dry season of the 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19 to investigate the effects of mulching materials and furrow irrigation methods on onion yield and water productivity under semi-arid conditions. Split plot design with three replications, in which the irrigation methods (Conventional, Fixed and Alternate Furrow) were assigned to the main plot and the three mulching materials (no mulch, wheat straw and white plastic mulch), were to the sub-plot. Results indicate that marketable onion bulb yield and water use efficiency were affected by the main effect of furrow irrigation methods and mulching materials (p< 0.05). But the interaction of irrigation methods and mulch had no significant effect on marketable onion bulb yield and water use efficiency. The conventional furrow irrigation (10081.52kg ha-1) and wheat straw mulch (12121.63 kg ha-1) resulted in the maximum marketable bulb yield. The highest water use efficiency (3.27 kg/m3) was obtained from alternate furrow irrigation method with straw mulch. This suggests that under limited irrigation water, alternate furrow irrigation along with wheat straw mulch minimize evaporation loss; maximize water productivity and sustain onion production at Amibara and similar agro-ecology and soil type.
Land treatment-as-viable-solution-for-waste-water-treatment-anddisposal-in-in...science journals
The Climate Change journal publishes a wide range of topics related to this field including but not limited to Earth science or Geosciences, Geography, Environmental Science, Atmospheric Science, Global Warming, Oceanography, and Climate change and Risk Management.
This document summarizes a study on standardizing in-situ moisture conservation methods for establishing aonla orchards on sloping degraded wastelands. The study evaluated different conservation methods including circular ring basins mulched with black polythene, staggered contour trenches filled with straw, submerged pitchers for rainwater harvesting, and transplanting seedlings in pit depressions surrounded by ridges and filled with straw and mulch. Results showed that all conservation methods improved survival and growth of aonla plants compared to the control with no conservation. However, transplanting seedlings in pit depressions surrounded by ridges and filled with straw and mulch was the most effective method, producing the tallest seedlings and highest survival rates.
Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) Response to Deficit Irrigationpaperpublications3
Abstract: An experiment was conducted with the objective to identify the level of deficit irrigation which allows achieving optimal yield and investigate the effect of deficit irrigation practice on spearmint (Mentha Spicata L.) yield and yield components. The experiment was conducted at Koka research station of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia latitude 8O26’, longitude 39O2’ and altitude 1602masl for two years (2011/2012 and 2012/2013 dry season). Nine treatments three level of irrigation water amount percentage based on evapo-transpiration of the crop (ETc) (100%ETc, 75%ETc and 50%ETc) and three types of furrow irrigation water application method (alternate furrow, fixed furrow and conventional furrow) were used in randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replications. The pooled mean of two year data showed different level of deficit irrigation had a significant effect (p<0.05)><0.01) variation among treatments due to deficit irrigation on dry biomass yield per hectare, dry leaf yield per hectare, essential oil yield per hectare and water use efficiency. However, different deficit irrigation level had no significant influence on wet harvesting index. The highest fresh biomass, dry biomass, fresh leaf, dry leaf and essential oil yield per harvesting cycle of 12093kg/ha, 3746kg/ha, 8133kg/ha, 2441.1kg/ha and 37.0kg/ha respectively was obtained due to 100%ETc with conventional furrow application method. Moreover, the highest water use efficiency of 16.3x10-3kg/m3 was achieved due to deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with alternate furrow irrigation water application method. The study showed that the best treatment is deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with conventional furrow application method which had no significant variation with treatments that showed higher yields of spearmint including water use efficiency.
Surface and ground water pollution in abata ogun agricultural wetlandAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study assessing the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer application on surface and ground water quality in Abata Ogun agricultural wetland in Nigeria. Water sampling during rainy and dry seasons found high concentrations of nutrients, bacteria, and other pollutants indicating contamination from agricultural activities. Wells and streams on the farm had lower water quality than the control well, with measurements exceeding standards. The wetland's stream deposited sediments and contamination spread downstream. The study highlights the need for awareness and sustainable farming practices to prevent health risks from consuming contaminated water.
Effect of Untreated Brewery Wastewater on the Physicochemical Properties of A...ijtsrd
The increasing rate of environmental pollution especially of water bodies due to discharges from industries has become a serious challenge. Wastewater reuse is a useful tool in minimizing the amount of effluent discharge into the environment. This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of untreated brewery effluent on the physicochemical of soil and crop yield. The physicochemical properties of untreated effluent from a brewery and its effects on soil physiochemical properties and maize crop yield, were studied using standard analytical methods. The potential of brewery effluent as a nutrient source for crop production was assessed through pot culture experiments. The effluent was found to be slightly acidic in nature, and had high BOD and COD due to the presence of large amounts of solids. The effluent was rich in nitrate, phosphate and potassium, so that its application to the soil increased the values of available nutrients in the soil. The pH of the soil decreased gradually with increasing concentration of the effluent. The brewery effluent increased the moisture content and plant nutrients of the irrigated soil. In the pot culture studies, the growth parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, root length, fresh and dry weight, number of seeds per cob and the total chlorophyll content of the maize plants were measured. The growth of the maize plant was highest with 100 untreated effluent but low in productivity, while its productivity was highest with 50 effluent. The heavy metals content of the harvested maize analysed were all within permissible limit. This research revealed that brewery wastewater reuse in agriculture at 50 is an efficient tool for pollution control as well as improved soil properties and crop yield. Mbonu, C. F. | Onuorah, S. C. | Anaukwu, C. G. "Effect of Untreated Brewery Wastewater on the Physicochemical Properties of Agricultural Soil and Crop Yield" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50203.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/50203/effect-of-untreated-brewery-wastewater-on-the-physicochemical-properties-of-agricultural-soil-and-crop-yield/mbonu-c-f
Productivity of some forage grasses under foliar sprinkler irrigation and fol...Innspub Net
Field experiment was conducted during 2013/2014 and 2015 seasons was aimed to evaluate productivity of Rhodes and Blue panic grasses as well as Alfalfa under sprinkler irrigation with foliar application of potassium nitrate that enable plants to cope with water stress. Each two forage grasses beside alfalfa were conducted in separate experiments. Irrigation every 10 days surpassed in total chlorophyll, leaf area, plant height, number of stems/m 2 , forage green yield/fed and forage dry matter yield/fed than those irrigated every 20 days. Highest percentages of water use efficiency, crude fiber and nitrogen free extract as well as yield/fed of crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, ash and nitrogen free extract were produced from irrigation every 7 days. However, highest percentages of crude protein, ether extract and ash were produced from irrigation every 14 days. Forage species significantly differed on total chlorophyll, leaf area/plant, plant height, average of number of stem/cm 2 , forage green yield/fed and forage dry matter yield/fed. A significant effect due to forage species on percentages of water use efficiency, crude protein and fiber, extracting ether, ash and nitrogen free extract and nitrogen free extract as well as crude fiber, extracting ether, ash and nitrogen free extract yield/fed. Sown Rhodes grass produced maximum forage green and forage dry matter yield/fed and its quality compared with other studied forage crops. Foliar spraying of potassium nitrate at 15 ppm significantly increased total chlorophyll, leaf area, plant height, number of stems/m 2 , forage green and forage dry matter yield/fed. The results showed that highest percentages of water use efficiency, crude protein, crude fiber and ether extract, and nitrogen free extract and nitrogen free extract as well as crude fiber, extracting ether, ash and nitrogen free extract yield/fed. It could be stated that irrigation every 10 days and sown Rhodes grass and foliar spraying of potassium nitrate at 15 ppm maximized forage green and forage dry matter yield/fed. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/productivity-of-some-forage-grasses-under-foliar-sprinkler-irrigation-and-foliar-application-of-potassium-nitrate-under-salinity-stress/
Screening and Selection of Drought-Tolerant Groundnut Varieties Based on Yiel...Premier Publishers
Drought is the most important abiotic limitation to groundnut production in Northern Ghana. Drought, during the pod-filling stages is even more devastating. The current study was conducted to screen groundnut varieties, for drought-tolerance based on yield and other traits. Evaluation of groundnut genotypes was under two environments/water regimes; well-watered and water-stressed. ANOVA was run for Quantitative data. Means were separated by l.s.d. at 95% confidence level. Correlation analyses were performed using SPSS. Combined analysis of variance was computed for the groundnuts across water regimes. Dendrograms were generated using yield data and based on Euclidean distance. Scoring and ranking was used to assess disease incidence on a scale of 1-5. Results indicate that end-of-season drought caused pod yield reduction that varied across genotypes. The Drought Tolerance Index ranged from 0.53 (Kpanieli) to 2.40 (Agric-Manipinta). The highest yielding genotypes under water-stressed condition were Sinkara (582g/plot), Nkatie-sari (512g/plot), Ndogba (470g/plot), Chaco-pag (400g/plot) and Oboshie (381g/plot) and Chinese (local) (340g/plot). Farmers’ selected Sinkara, Ndogba, Chinese, Nkatie-sari, Agric-Manipinta and Chaco-pag based on pod yield and biomass production. Sinkara (0.8798), Sokan-donworor (0.8739), Kpach-Isah (0.8318) and Kpanieli (0.8016) recorded very high mean pod harvest index values, while Ndogba recorded the lowest (0.2252). Combined analysis of variance for pod yield among all the genotypes indicate that the groundnuts performed differently in both water regimes due to the significant interaction effect observed between water regimes and genotypes. Information generated from this study can be used to develop new groundnut varieties that combine higher yield and drought tolerant traits.
Effects of drip irrigation frequency and depth on soil hydro-physical propert...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Response of Chickpea to Irrigation with Treated journal paperMarwan Haddad
This study assessed the effect of irrigation with treated wastewater (TW) versus freshwater (FW) on four chickpea cultivars over three years. Wastewater from a university campus was treated in a small-scale plant to reduce BOD, COD and EC to acceptable levels. Two cultivars, Bulgarit and ICC 11293, showed no reduction in yield or quality when irrigated with TW compared to FW. However, the WIR-32 and Jordan cultivars showed significant growth reductions with TW irrigation. Soil analysis found no significant differences between TW and FW irrigation.
The present study was conducted in altitudinal variable hight and soil pH growing vegetation of Doon valley that the soil type found in Mussoorie is generally medium loamy but its composition, moisture, and pH generally varied from place to place. Higher silt in Mussoorie was due to higher precipitation in the form of winter snow above 1800 m. Soil temperature in Mussoorie ranged from 40C - 160C, while that of Sahastradhara and sudhowala was 15 - 190C. Soil organic matter content tended to be higher in high altitude and increased with increasing altitude. In this study, our finding observed that Soil temperature in Mussoorie ranged from 40C -160C, while that of Sahastradhara was 15 - 190C, Sudhowala 15 - 250C. Soil organic matter content tended to be higher in increase high altitudinal gradient. As per altitudinal variation and soil pH in this region dominant family of angiosperms in Garhwal Himalaya are Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Cyperaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Poaceae, Ranunculaceae, Polygonaceae, Amaranthaceae, Solanaceae, Sexifragaceae, Ranunculaceae Orchidaceae, Apocynaceae, Rutaceae, and Rosaceae.
Key-words: Altitude, Altitudinal Factors Angiosperms, Phytodiversity, Species analysis, Vegetation Pattern, Edaphic
New technologies in greenhouse production can help address water scarcity issues. Protected cultivation is more water efficient than open field production or meat production. Innovations like closed greenhouses that reuse drain water can further reduce water usage. For example, Dutch greenhouses have reduced tomato water usage from 200L/kg outdoors to 22L/kg with open irrigation and 15L/kg with closed irrigation systems by recycling drain water. Closed greenhouses may recover 40-50% of supplied water through air condensation, offering a sustainable solution.
Effect of Drip Irrigation and Fertilizer Management on Capsicum (Capsicum Ann...iosrjce
The document discusses a study on the effect of drip irrigation and fertilizer management on capsicum. Key findings include:
1) The highest nitrogen, P2O5 and K2O content in both plants and fruits was found with treatment T3 (drip irrigation at 100% EPR with 75% recommended dose of N and K applied through drip).
2) Treatment T3 also resulted in the highest uptake of nitrogen, P2O5 and K2O by both plants and fruits, as well as the highest total uptake and fruit yield.
3) Available nitrogen, P2O5 and K2O in the soil after harvest was highest under drip irrigation treatments where fertilizer
Growth and yield of tomato, Napier grass and sugarcane crops as influenced by...Premier Publishers
The effect of wastewater irrigation on plant growth and yield of tomato, Napier grass and sugarcane crops was compared with that of ground water irrigation. Treatments included untreated wastewater (UWW) treated wastewater (TWW) and ground water (GW) as control. The results obtained, plant height, number of fruits/plant, dry biomass g/plant and number of branches/plant of tomato (78.46 cm, 45.88, 15.49 and 11.41) and (75.13 cm, 41.48, 14.42 and 10.28) were significantly higher in the UWW and TWW compared to GW. The UWW and TWW irrigated Napier grass gave the highest growth and yield, compared to that of GW irrigation. Plant height, number of leaves/plant, leaf length, leaf width and number of tiller were 188.46 cm, 83.62, 93.62 cm, 2.52 and 13.2 in UWW and 182.68 cm, 69.75, 88.67cm, 2.29 and 10.39 in TWW and these are significantly higher as compared to that of GW irrigation. Wastewater irrigation of sugarcane increased cane length, number of nodes/cane, number of leaves, cane diameter and cane weight significantly as compared to control GW are 191.86 cm, 22.48, 39.3 and 2.30 cm in UWW and 149.4 cm, 20.54, 27.53 and 2.22 cm in TWW and compared to that of GW irrigation.
Lowland rice water stress management in GhanaPatrickTanz
This study investigated the effects of different water saving management methods on the growth, yield, and water productivity of lowland rice. The treatments included continuous flooding (control), flooding until 10 or 20 days after heading, and alternate wetting and drying until booting followed by flooding until 10 or 20 days after heading. Results showed that withholding water 20 days after heading (treatment 5) saved 24.3% and 25.2% of water in 2016 and 2017, respectively, while producing similar grain yields as the continuously flooded control. Treatment 5 was the most water efficient method with no reduction in yield.
Comparative Study of Test Driven Development TDD , Behavior Driven Developmen...ijtsrd
TDD, BDD and ATDD were introduced by XP Extreme Programming is an agile software development framework. They are unit testing approaches. TDD, BDD and ATDD are a software development technique which uses unit tests to incrementally deliver small pieces of functionality. TDD is a developer focused process. In Test Driven Development TDD , first come tests and then the code. The minimal piece of code is written in order to pass the designed test. In other words, it is the process of testing the code before its accrual writing. If the code passes the test, then developers can proceed to its refactoring. Behavior Driven Development BDD is a customer focused process. It is based on the full and clear understanding of the system or module behavior but in the terms of business client. The tests for TDD are created by developers for developers. The test for BDD can be written by testers or technical managers. Acceptance Test Driven Development ATDD is towards the developer focused side of things. ATDD is a technique where the entire team collaborates to define the acceptance criteria of a story before the implementation actually begins. These acceptance tests are supported necessary information. Using the Given When Then format, ATDD approach can implement. Myint Myint Moe ""Comparative Study of Test-Driven Development (TDD), Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) and Acceptance Test–Driven Development (ATDD)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23698.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/23698/comparative-study-of-test-driven-development-tdd-behavior-driven-development-bdd-and--acceptance-test%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%80%9Cdriven-development-atdd/myint-myint-moe
This document summarizes the design and evaluation of a gravity-fed, perforated tube drip irrigation system for citrus sinensis (sweet orange) trees during the dry season in Uyo, Nigeria. The goal was to utilize limited water supplies more efficiently for root zone irrigation. Key aspects of the design included computing the size of the surface water tank, orifice discharge rates, number of drip pipes, flow rates, and root zone water volumes. A pilot test of the drip system achieved very high water use and application efficiencies of 95%. Soil moisture analysis and growth rate predictive functions also indicated the system adequately distributed moisture in the root zone. The study aimed to sustain citrus growth, yield, and quality
1. This document contains 9 abstracts from the journal HortFlora Research Spectrum that discuss various topics related to horticulture and agriculture.
2. The first abstract discusses Boswellia woodlands in Ethiopia which provide important resources but are threatened by conversion to agricultural land due to low economic returns. It argues for policies giving locals ownership rights to encourage sustainable management.
3. The last abstract examines the effects of pre-harvest sprays of GA3, triacontanol, and calcium salts on yield and quality of 'Kinnow' mandarin fruits harvested on different dates in India.
Methods and technologies to improve efficiency of water useDamion Lawrence
This document discusses methods and technologies to improve water use efficiency. It notes that competition for freshwater supplies will require maximizing productivity per unit of water consumed rather than land area. Broad systems approaches are needed to optimize irrigation based on factors like water delivery, rainfall, crop needs, soil, and weather. Water can be conserved by reducing evaporation and transpiration and minimizing unusable losses. Agricultural advances will include more efficient irrigation technologies, higher value crops that use less water, and drought-tolerant alternatives. Both agricultural and non-agricultural users will need to cooperate and compromise to adopt more conservative water use approaches.
Maize Phenology and Crop Stand in Response to Mulching and Furrow Irrigation ...Premier Publishers
The field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of mulching materials and furrow irrigation methods on phenology and crop stand of maize at Werer, Middle Awash Valley of Ethiopia during 2017/18 cool cropping season. Split plot design with three replications, in which the irrigation methods (Conventional, Fixed and Alternate Furrow) were assigned to main plot and the three mulching materials (plastic, straw and no mulch), were to the sub-plot. Result showed that maize phenology and crop stand was affected by different furrow irrigation methods and mulching materials. But interaction of irrigation methods and mulch had no significant effect on maize phenology and crop stand except days to phenological maturity. Conventional furrow irrigation took less days to emergence (8.4 days) and tasseling (66.67 days). Plastic mulch took less day to emergence (6.9 days), tasseling (62.67 days) and silking (69 days) respectively. Physiological maturity (114.3 days) arrived earlier in fixed furrow with plastic mulch. The conventional furrow irrigation (29600ha-1) and white plastic mulch (29956ha-1) resulted in the maximum maize stand. In conclusion, conventional furrow irrigation and plastic mulching had improved phenological stages and maize crop stand at Werer and other similar agro ecology.
The Effect of Mulching on Soil Moisture Retention and Yield of Lettuce (Lactu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of different mulching materials on soil moisture retention and yield of lettuce at the greenhouse located at Luyengo campus of the University of Eswatini during the months of January and February, 2019. The treatments consisted of grass mulch (GM), Plastic mulch (PM), leaf debris mulch (LM), and no mulch (NM) which was used as a control. Each of the treatments had four replications. The organic mulch was applied at a thickness of 10 cm, and the plots for experiments were randomly selected. Each plant received 600 cm 3 of water every 3 days using a homemade drip irrigation system (equivalent to 6 mm per irrigation circle). Data on soil moisture content was collected using the gravimetric method every 3 days (before irrigation).The growth parameters of the lettuce plants that were collected weekly were plant height, leaf number and leaf area. Both wet weight and dry weight yield were determined for each plot at the end of the experiment (six weeks after planting). Data collected was coded and entered into SPSS computer software. Data analysis was conducted using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the least significance difference (LSD) test to determine if means were significantly different. The results showed that GM treatment had high mean moisture retention at 9.3%. It was followed by PM and LM at 8.9%. The lowest moisture retention was realized from the control (No mulching) at 7.9%.The differences in mean moisture retention was significant between NM and NM (p<0.05). The same pattern was observed for the growth parameters, where GN had highest values and the control had the lowest values. The wet mass yield was highest for GM, at 164.7 g. The yield from LM was 149.3 g. It was followed by PM at 141.3 g. The lowest yield was obtained from the control at 108 g. The difference in mean yields for GM and NM were significant (p<0.05). They were not significantly different for all the other treatments (p>0.050. It was concluded from the experiment that grass mulching resulted in improved moisture retention and high yields.
Integrated Effect of Mulching Materials and Furrow Irrigation Methods on Yiel...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Werer, Middle Awash Valley during the dry season of the 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19 to investigate the effects of mulching materials and furrow irrigation methods on onion yield and water productivity under semi-arid conditions. Split plot design with three replications, in which the irrigation methods (Conventional, Fixed and Alternate Furrow) were assigned to the main plot and the three mulching materials (no mulch, wheat straw and white plastic mulch), were to the sub-plot. Results indicate that marketable onion bulb yield and water use efficiency were affected by the main effect of furrow irrigation methods and mulching materials (p< 0.05). But the interaction of irrigation methods and mulch had no significant effect on marketable onion bulb yield and water use efficiency. The conventional furrow irrigation (10081.52kg ha-1) and wheat straw mulch (12121.63 kg ha-1) resulted in the maximum marketable bulb yield. The highest water use efficiency (3.27 kg/m3) was obtained from alternate furrow irrigation method with straw mulch. This suggests that under limited irrigation water, alternate furrow irrigation along with wheat straw mulch minimize evaporation loss; maximize water productivity and sustain onion production at Amibara and similar agro-ecology and soil type.
Land treatment-as-viable-solution-for-waste-water-treatment-anddisposal-in-in...science journals
The Climate Change journal publishes a wide range of topics related to this field including but not limited to Earth science or Geosciences, Geography, Environmental Science, Atmospheric Science, Global Warming, Oceanography, and Climate change and Risk Management.
This document summarizes a study on standardizing in-situ moisture conservation methods for establishing aonla orchards on sloping degraded wastelands. The study evaluated different conservation methods including circular ring basins mulched with black polythene, staggered contour trenches filled with straw, submerged pitchers for rainwater harvesting, and transplanting seedlings in pit depressions surrounded by ridges and filled with straw and mulch. Results showed that all conservation methods improved survival and growth of aonla plants compared to the control with no conservation. However, transplanting seedlings in pit depressions surrounded by ridges and filled with straw and mulch was the most effective method, producing the tallest seedlings and highest survival rates.
Similar to The Effects of Using Magnetic Treatment Brackish Water in Irrigation on the Yield Medical Herbs “Origanum Vulgare” Pilot Project: AL-Uja Area/Lower Jordan Valley-West Bank
Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) Response to Deficit Irrigationpaperpublications3
Abstract: An experiment was conducted with the objective to identify the level of deficit irrigation which allows achieving optimal yield and investigate the effect of deficit irrigation practice on spearmint (Mentha Spicata L.) yield and yield components. The experiment was conducted at Koka research station of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia latitude 8O26’, longitude 39O2’ and altitude 1602masl for two years (2011/2012 and 2012/2013 dry season). Nine treatments three level of irrigation water amount percentage based on evapo-transpiration of the crop (ETc) (100%ETc, 75%ETc and 50%ETc) and three types of furrow irrigation water application method (alternate furrow, fixed furrow and conventional furrow) were used in randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replications. The pooled mean of two year data showed different level of deficit irrigation had a significant effect (p<0.05)><0.01) variation among treatments due to deficit irrigation on dry biomass yield per hectare, dry leaf yield per hectare, essential oil yield per hectare and water use efficiency. However, different deficit irrigation level had no significant influence on wet harvesting index. The highest fresh biomass, dry biomass, fresh leaf, dry leaf and essential oil yield per harvesting cycle of 12093kg/ha, 3746kg/ha, 8133kg/ha, 2441.1kg/ha and 37.0kg/ha respectively was obtained due to 100%ETc with conventional furrow application method. Moreover, the highest water use efficiency of 16.3x10-3kg/m3 was achieved due to deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with alternate furrow irrigation water application method. The study showed that the best treatment is deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with conventional furrow application method which had no significant variation with treatments that showed higher yields of spearmint including water use efficiency.
Surface and ground water pollution in abata ogun agricultural wetlandAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study assessing the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer application on surface and ground water quality in Abata Ogun agricultural wetland in Nigeria. Water sampling during rainy and dry seasons found high concentrations of nutrients, bacteria, and other pollutants indicating contamination from agricultural activities. Wells and streams on the farm had lower water quality than the control well, with measurements exceeding standards. The wetland's stream deposited sediments and contamination spread downstream. The study highlights the need for awareness and sustainable farming practices to prevent health risks from consuming contaminated water.
Effect of Untreated Brewery Wastewater on the Physicochemical Properties of A...ijtsrd
The increasing rate of environmental pollution especially of water bodies due to discharges from industries has become a serious challenge. Wastewater reuse is a useful tool in minimizing the amount of effluent discharge into the environment. This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of untreated brewery effluent on the physicochemical of soil and crop yield. The physicochemical properties of untreated effluent from a brewery and its effects on soil physiochemical properties and maize crop yield, were studied using standard analytical methods. The potential of brewery effluent as a nutrient source for crop production was assessed through pot culture experiments. The effluent was found to be slightly acidic in nature, and had high BOD and COD due to the presence of large amounts of solids. The effluent was rich in nitrate, phosphate and potassium, so that its application to the soil increased the values of available nutrients in the soil. The pH of the soil decreased gradually with increasing concentration of the effluent. The brewery effluent increased the moisture content and plant nutrients of the irrigated soil. In the pot culture studies, the growth parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, root length, fresh and dry weight, number of seeds per cob and the total chlorophyll content of the maize plants were measured. The growth of the maize plant was highest with 100 untreated effluent but low in productivity, while its productivity was highest with 50 effluent. The heavy metals content of the harvested maize analysed were all within permissible limit. This research revealed that brewery wastewater reuse in agriculture at 50 is an efficient tool for pollution control as well as improved soil properties and crop yield. Mbonu, C. F. | Onuorah, S. C. | Anaukwu, C. G. "Effect of Untreated Brewery Wastewater on the Physicochemical Properties of Agricultural Soil and Crop Yield" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50203.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/50203/effect-of-untreated-brewery-wastewater-on-the-physicochemical-properties-of-agricultural-soil-and-crop-yield/mbonu-c-f
Productivity of some forage grasses under foliar sprinkler irrigation and fol...Innspub Net
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The Effects of Using Magnetic Treatment Brackish Water in Irrigation on the Yield Medical Herbs “Origanum Vulgare” Pilot Project: AL-Uja Area/Lower Jordan Valley-West Bank
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-12, December- 2016]
Page | 108
The Effects of Using Magnetic Treatment Brackish Water in
Irrigation on the Yield Medical Herbs “Origanum Vulgare” Pilot
Project: AL-Uja Area/Lower Jordan Valley-West Bank
Maram Bseleh1
, Dia Karajeh2
, Amer Marei3
1,3
Al Quds University- Water & Environmental research lab, P.O.Box 89 Bethany, Palestine
Email: ma_physics_2006@hotmail.com, marei.amer@gmail.com
2
USAID-West Bank
Email: Diaa_Karajeh@dai.com
Abstract— Over abstraction of groundwater and limitation of natural recharge in the Lower Jordan Valley are causing an
increase in groundwater salinity. The high demand for medicine herbs at international market attracted Palestinian farmers
to grow medicine herbs including Oregano. Pilot project was carried out under greenhouse condition where magnetize
technology introduced for the first time in irrigation of Oregano to overcome salinity problem. Using of magnetized treated
water caused an increase of about 26% in the yield. Positive significant different for the favorite of Oregano irrigated with
magnetized water compared with controlled in term of major branches, water content, number of surviving seedling and
chlorophyll content. A decrease in the number of clogged dripper was found under treated magnetized water compared with
controlled condition.
Keywords— Magnetized water, Oregano, Water salinity.
I. INTRODUCTION
Al Uja area locates in the Lower Jordan Valley area, about 5 km to the north of Jericho city at about 280 m below sea level.
The area considers an excellent agricultural site due to the fertile, availability of water and its warm climate during winter
months. This location makes it unique to grow different crops during winter season. The major sources of irrigation water
are the Al Uja spring with annual discharge range between 0.5 and 8 MCM of fresh water (0.7 mS/cm), and 7 Groundwater
boreholes with average annual abstraction of 3.5 MCM of brackish water (2.5-6 mS/cm) (Hötzl and Wolf, 2011). Al Uja
spring drain water from the karstic Mountain carbonate aquifer system with high fluctuation in discharge rate (Schmidt et al,
2013) (Guttman, 2007), this cause dependent on brackish groundwater. Increase of groundwater salinity is causing
restriction of planting certain crops and limited to high tolerate salinity crops with relatively low cash income (Manasra et al,
2013). During the last decade Palestinian farmers start to grow medicine herbs for external market. In 2015, 60 tones of
medicine herbs are exported from the Jordan Valley area (Data Base Ministry of Agriculture), from this Oregano cultivation
make about 70 % of the exported Medicine Herbs. The study aim to assist applying treated magnetized water in irrigation of
Oregano.
Herbs like Oregano, Thymine, Tarragon, Salvia, Rosemary, and other medical plants are well known herbs by the population
in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin, and are historically still used in tradition medicine since many centuries (Azaizeh et al,
2006; Saad et al, 2005; Yeşilada et al, 1995). Medical herbs are also used in cosmetic, herbal tea, species, liqueurs,
insecticides, fungicides and pharmaceutical industry. The essential oils can inhabit the growth of moulds and food borne
bacteria (Paster et al, 1990). (Alçiçek et al, 2004; Symeon et al, 2009), reported also an improvement of broiler growing by
adding wide medical herbs to the dietary.
In European, the cultivated area with medical herbs was about 70000 hectares in 2013(Spychalski, 2013) . France, Hungary
and Spain are the main producers. Other hand Europe countries imported in 1996 about 440 000 ton of medical herbs which
is about ¼ of the global production at a value of 1.3 billion US$ (Farnsworth and Soejarto, 1991; Lange, 1998)
In the West Bank/Palestine, the natural growing locations of these herbs are along the mountain ridges where semi humid to
semi arid climatic zones dominates. In this zones the annual rainfall is above than 350 mm (Azaizeh et al, 2006). Due to the
high demand of the international markets, and the good prices especially during winter season, Palestinian farmers started to
cultivate this type of crops since the last decade in the Lower Jordan Valley. Oregano cultivated land in the western part of
the Jordan Valley (West Bank) increase from 4 hectares to 20 hectares during the year 2015 (Ministry of Agriculture 2015).
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-12, December- 2016]
Page | 109
To overcome the negative impact of saline water in irrigation of different crops. The United Stated Agency for International
Development (USAID) started pilot projects of using magnetized treated brackish water in irrigation of different crops
including medical herbs, namely Oregano, and Tarragon in Al Uja area. The selection of these crops is due to the high
demand in international market, the climate of Jordan Valley during winter season provide earlier production comparing to
other producing regions which start the production during last spring and in summer season. The main objective of this study
was to assist the affect of using magnetize treated water in irrigation of on the yield of Oregano under green house condition.
Many authors reported a positive effect of using treated magnetized water in irrigation of different crops, for example
(PIRZAD et al, 2013) reported an improvement of using magnetic saline water on germination and seedling growth of
Lathyrus Sp.(Ul Haq et al, 2012) reported also an increasing in seedling growth, yield, plant height, root mass of Radish
using Pre-sowing magnetic field water treatment. (Abdul Qados, 2011) also reported an improvement irrigated Lentil plant
with treated magnetic water in term of plant height, fresh and dry weight, water contents chlorophyll a , a+b, total pigment,
total phenol. (Maheshwari and Grewal, 2009) studied the effects of using magnetic treated water with different salinity
contents on irrigation of snow pea, celery and pea plants, he reported a significant increase in plant yield and water
productivity. (Nasher, 2008) reported also an increase on the growth of chick-pea crop. (El-Latif et al, 2014) studied the
effect of exposing the maize seedling, and he reported that the highest growth rate of maize roots to 5 mT magnetic fields, as
well as on root growth.(Aladjadjiyan, 2002; Esitken, 2003; Kinouchi et al, 1996) reported that using magnetized water can
decrease the soil alkalinity, increase the mobility of fertilizers, and increase the yields. (Bogatin et al, 1999) studied the effect
of magnetic treatment of irrigation water on the quality of irrigation, and he found that the flow rate through the apparatus,
water carbonate hardness of more than 50 mg and pH value of more than 7.2 are important factors affecting the impact of
treatment.
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
The pilot project was carried out in cooperation with THIMAR-company in Al Uja area. For each crops (Oregano, and
Tarragon) two green houses were selected to study the effect of using magnetized treated water in irrigation. The selection
criteria followed the randomized experiment design, where two green houses with an area of 500 m² for each, 3 m high, 10
meter width and 50 meter length were selected to represent treated and controlled blocks “Table 2”. To avoid any effect of
treated magnetized water on the controlled block, treated greenhouses were irrigated through a separate irrigation system.
The pilot project was conducted between October 2012 and April 2013 in Al Uja area/Lower Jordan valley. “Table 1”
summarizes characteristics of the pilot project. Soil pH-value was 7.5, the electrical conductivity of the soil was 550 µS/cm.
Soil consist of 44% sand, 42% silt and 14% clay, and the soil texture consider as Loamy soil type. This pilot project study is
one five USAID- pilot projects sites across the LJV for studying the effect of using treated magnetic water in irrigation of
different crops (Bell Pepper, Beans, Oregano, Tarragon, Seedless Grapes, Date trees).
TABLE 1
CHARACTERISTIC OF OREGANO HERBS PILOT PROJECT SITE IN Al Uja
Item Description Item Description
Soil type Loamy soil Type of cover Greenhouse
Water salinity 3.45 mS/cm Growing duration
September 2012 until
April 2013
Total volume of irrigated
treated water
325 m³/ 500 m ²
Total volume of irrigated non
treated water
325 m³/500 m²
Irrigation method Drip irrigation Water salinity 3.45 mS/cm
No. of traced treated Plants 25 No. of traced control Plants 25
Two blocks of green houses with total area of 1000 m² were selected randomly to conduct the Oregano plantation; both
greenhouses have the same soil type and the same dimensions. One block was irrigated with treated magnetized water, where
the controlled one was irrigate with non treated water. Due to the fact that farmers do not measure indoor temperature or
indoor relative humidity, no measurements of these two parameters were carried out. The two blocks were handling under
the same conditions concerning fertilizers, pesticides and harvesting method. Water salinity was checked in the field in a
regular base every 10 days, where no remarkable changes are noticed.
Water taped from 110 m deep borehole, with an average temperature of 18 ºC and average groundwater salinity of 3.45
µS/cm at 25 ºC. This water pass through a magnetic tube-device from Aqua 4-D-company with a maximum discharge rate of
20 m³/h. Magnetized water had to flow only 5 to 15 meters distance to reach the target green houses. Pre-treatment of the
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-12, December- 2016]
Page | 110
treated block soil with magnetized water was carried out before plantation of Oregano seedling tock places. Fifteen cubic
meters of treated magnetized water was applied in irrigation for this phase.
The plantation was conducted at the 10 of October 2012 for Oregano crop, where the first harvesting date was at the 3 of
January 2013. Representative Oregano seedling was selected and traced randomly to present the seedling development in
both treated and controlled blocks. These traced seedlings are used to measure the seedling height started after 20 days of
plantation. The final number of monitored representative seedlings (m) was justified depending on the acceptable degree of
error (e=5%). Seedling height was measured every three days. Flowing formula was used find out the optimum seedlings
number (m=(Cv/e)², where : m: the optimum number of samples, e: is the degree of error.(5%), Cv: is the coefficient of
variation is determined by: Cv=(σ/X-avg)*100%. Where σ: is the standard deviation. X-average: is the average of seedling
height).
Drip irrigation method is applied in watering the Oregano seedlings. The irrigation scheduling was applied by the farmer in a
form business as usual. The total volume of water applied for each block was 325 m³. During the same period, the same
recommended fertilizers were applied equally to both treated and controlled blocks.
Plant height, number of branches (major and minor), yield were registered in the field, where chlorophyll content, shelf time
were carried out at the Environmental Research lab at Al Quds University (AQU) “Table 3”. The volume of water used in
irrigation of controlled and treated blocks was calculated based in m³/0.1 hectare area. Water productivity was calculated
based on fresh weight of Oregano in kg/m³ of water used. SPSS-software (Coakes and Steed, 2009) was used in analyzing
the collected data, where t-test and t-samples paired test was applied.
TABLE 2
TYPE OF MEASUREMENTS CARRIED ON OREGANO CROP
Parameter Method
Plant height, Metric method in the field
Number of branches Manually counting in the field
Dry weight of root Using balance with uncertainty of 0.5gm
Shelf time Using special bag to conserve the herbs in refrigerator
Two type of statistical test were used ; the first test is the Independent test: the normality assumption of the studied
parameters is tested according to (Shapiro and Wilk, 1965), if its normal distributed, the independent t-test was applied, and
when it's not normally distributed the equivalent nonparametric test was applied (Mann-Whiteny test (Tallarida and Murray,
1986). The second test is the Related Test: in this method the normality assumption of the studied variables was tested
according to Shpiro Wilk test. The appropriate test was used to check the difference between each variable in control and
treatment samples, if its normal distributed, the paired sample t-test was used, and when the distribution was not normal the
equivalent nonparametric test was applied by (Gehan, 1965).
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
“Table 3” summarizes the main results of using treated magnetized water in irrigation of Oregano. The number of survived
seedlings under treated water was higher than that under controlled conditions; this is due to the fact that clogging of dripper
under treated is less than under controlled. A clear positive effect of using magnetized treated water on the yield based on the
weight of fresh product. The yield of 0.5 hectare irrigated with treated magnetic water was 495 kg and that for controlled
greenhouse was 392 kg, so irrigation with magnetized treated water caused an increase in the yield of about 26% in yield
“Table 3”.
TABLE 3
CULTIVATED AREA, NUMBER OF SEEDLING, AND YIELD IN KILOGRAM
Control Treated
Area in m² 500 500
No. of seedling in greenhouse 3285 3302
Yield in kg 392 495
Yield/Seedling in gm. 119 150
Difference in yield in kg/0.05 hectare 103
Difference in % 26%
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Water production per one cubic meter for Oregano during the growing season 2012/2013 was 1.5 kg by using magnetized
treated water, and 1.2 kg for non treated water. This result shows that there is a clear increase in the water productivity based
on the yield by applying magnetic treated water. Based on 2014 data where about 15 hectares of Oregano were cultivated
under greenhouses condition in the Lower Jordan Valley. Assuming that the average yield is 495 kg/0.05 hectare by
irrigation of treated magnetized water, the total production of 15 hectares could be 148.5 tons instead of 117.6 tons under non
treated water.
100 grams were selected randomly from each sampling campaign. Samples we stored at 4 ºC, Oregano samples were daily
observed and evaluated, and after twelve days of storing. Results, show that no clear differences of the shelf time between
treated and controlled was registered, both samples became damage within the same time span “Table 4”.
TABLE 4
SAMPLING DATE, AND DURATION OF SHELF TIME ANT 4ºC
Date of sample Type of sample Date of damage
15/1/2013
T 27/1/2013
C 27/1/2013
20/3/2013
T 2/4/2013
C 2/4/2013
4/8/2013
T 16/8/203
C 16/8/2013
The height of representative seedling samples was measure in the field. “Table 5” summarized a comparison between the
treated and the controlled samples. At the beginning of the sampling a significant difference (less than 0.05) between the
numbers of major branches for the advantage of treated seedling during the sampling campaign 20-11, 28-11, and between 5-
12, and 12-12/2013. This means that the number of major branches of Oregano seedling irrigated with magnetized water is
more than that non treated water. By comparison the number of minor branches, it was found that there is no significant
difference between the minor branches between treated and controlled samples.
TABLE 5
SUMMARIZED RESULTS OF DIFFERENT PARAMETERS (H: HEIGHT, MAJOR BRANCH, MINOR BRANCH)
Independent T-test Related Samples test
Variable Significant value significant or not Significant value significant or not
H1 0.182 not significant 0.222 not significant
H2 0.273 not significant 0.143 not significant
H3 0.883 not significant 0.627 not significant
H4 0.128 not significant 0.147 not significant
H5 0.216 not significant 0.153 not significant
H6 0.613 not significant 0.513 not significant
Major B1 0.878 not significant 0.630 not significant
Major B2 0.027
significant
(treatment>control)
0.062 not significant
Major B3 0.002
significant
(treatment>control)
0.019
significant
(treatment>control)
Major B4 0.001
significant
(treatment>control
0.009
significant
(treatment>control
Major B5 0.000
significant
(treatment>control
0.014
significant
(treatment>control
Major B6 0.001
significant
(treatment>control
0.022
significant
(treatment>control
Minor B1 0.213 not significant 0.151 not significant
Minor B2 0.953 not significant 0.775 not significant
Minor B3 0.082 not significant 0.128 not significant
Minor B4 0.332 not significant 0.502 not significant
Minor B5 0.225 not significant 0.219 not significant
Minor B6 0.264 not significant 0.191 not significant
5. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-12, December- 2016]
Page | 112
Four fresh Oregano samples were dried at 25 ºC (room temperature) for twelve days. “Table 6” presents the fresh and the dry
weight after twelve days in gram. The result indicate that treated Oregano contain higher percentage of water of about 60%
where water content in controlled samples is about 56%. This phenomenon is one parameter that explains the higher weight
of treated crop that reflected in a form of yield.
TABLE 6
BIOMASS OF FRESH AND DRY OF OREGANO HERBS AFTER 12 DAYS
Date of sample Type of sample Fresh weight(gm) Dray weight(gm) % of weight losses
15/1/2013
T 100 40 60%
C 100 45 55%
2/4/2013
T 70 30 57%
C 70 35 50%
11/4/2013
T 100 40 60%
C 100 45 55%
Four random bulk samples of Oregano leaf were collected and analyzed for its total chlorophyll contents. Results are
tabulated in “Table 7”, where the average chlorophyll content in treated leafs was 1.86 mg/g and for the controlled leafs 1.34
mg/g. Finding results show that there is significant difference ( less than 0.05) between chlorophyll content between treated
and controlled sample for the advantage of treated samples.
TABLE 7
TOTAL CHLOROPHYLL CONTENTS IN mg/0.2g
Date/samples Chlorophyll contents (mg/0.2g)
23/5/2013
Treated 1.78
Control 1.53
29/5/2013
Treated 1.86
Control 1.44
5/6/2013
Treated 2.26
Control 1.08
11/6/2013
Treated 1.53
Control 1.31
Average
Treated 1.86±0.30
Control 1.34±0.20
Drip irrigation is widely used in the region, Palestinian farmers use this irrigation method in order to save water and to
increase crop yield, and to avoid accumulation of salt on the soil surface. The discharge of each dripper depends on the water
pressures, and on the condition of the dripper outlet, in this case it was 2 liter/hour. Water temperature and pressure can
affect the dripper discharges which influence at the end the crop yield. Groundwater in the pilot project area is saturated with
respect to carbonate minerals such as calcite (Marie and Vengosh, 2001). Changing in water condition (temperature,
pressure, pH-value) will cause precipitation of carbonate minerals (calcite) at the outlet of the dripper (Hem, 1985) . After
two months of irrigation, it was found that only 37 dripper from the 3600 total drippier are blogged under the treatment and
57 dripper are blogged under control conditions. This can explain that within the same period the number of damaged
seedling was 595 and 629 seedlings in the treated and controlled conditions respectively. The positive effect of magnetic
water by avoiding precipitation of carbonate minerals (calcite and aragonite) was reported by many authors (Banejad and
Abdosalehi, 2009; Parsons et al, 1997)
IV. CONCLUSION
Using of magnetized water technology in irrigation of Medicine Herbs (Oregano) in the Lower Jordan Valley area that suffer
from rising of groundwater salinity could be a temporary solution to overcome salinity constrain. Results show that
improvement in number of seedling, height, major branches, water content, and chlorophyll content of Oregano irrigated
with magnetized water comparing with controlled Oregano, these are reflected by increasing yield of about 26%. Also using
magnetized treated water show positive effect on preventing dripper clogging.
6. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-12, December- 2016]
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was a part of a pilot project “Treatment of saline water using Magnetic Technology in the LJV’ funded through
the USAID: DIA-project no: AID-294-C 00001. The authors wish to thank the USAID for providing data, information and
support during the whole study. Also, thanks to Themar company team for cooperation. Special thanks for Eng. Imad
Kamhay and Eng., Eng Isam Abu Al Khayzran, Eng Imad Nuseibah for their advice and critical comments and discussion
during the implementation of the pilot project.
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