It includes the definition, properties, classification of groundwater with appropriate examples and figures in details. It also deals about the formation of groundwater. The properties of aquifers (all of 7) are described here in details with figures and mathematical terms.
Sea Water Intrusion(SWI) in coastal areas :
1. Occurrence of seawater intrusion
2.Factors that affect coastal aquifer
3.Changes by hydrological regime
4.Problems due to SWI
5.Ghyben-Herzberg relation
6.Methods to detect SWI
7.Control measures
The subsurface occurrence of groundwater may be divided into zones of aeration and saturation. The vertical distribution of groundwater is explained in this module.
Judicious use of bio-wastes can re-carbonize the biosphere, restore degraded soils and improve soil health, produce biofuels and other value addition industrial byproducts, and improve the environment. In this context, the importance of recycling bio-wastes (e.g., agricultural, municipal and industrial) to restore soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration and stock and improve soil health cannot be over-emphasized. Crop residues, 510-836 Tg yr-1. are a major source of Carbon, plant nutrients, biofuels and industrial raw materials.There is a strong need of enhancing the awareness about proper disposal and use of bio-wastes through environmental education.
It includes the definition, properties, classification of groundwater with appropriate examples and figures in details. It also deals about the formation of groundwater. The properties of aquifers (all of 7) are described here in details with figures and mathematical terms.
Sea Water Intrusion(SWI) in coastal areas :
1. Occurrence of seawater intrusion
2.Factors that affect coastal aquifer
3.Changes by hydrological regime
4.Problems due to SWI
5.Ghyben-Herzberg relation
6.Methods to detect SWI
7.Control measures
The subsurface occurrence of groundwater may be divided into zones of aeration and saturation. The vertical distribution of groundwater is explained in this module.
Judicious use of bio-wastes can re-carbonize the biosphere, restore degraded soils and improve soil health, produce biofuels and other value addition industrial byproducts, and improve the environment. In this context, the importance of recycling bio-wastes (e.g., agricultural, municipal and industrial) to restore soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration and stock and improve soil health cannot be over-emphasized. Crop residues, 510-836 Tg yr-1. are a major source of Carbon, plant nutrients, biofuels and industrial raw materials.There is a strong need of enhancing the awareness about proper disposal and use of bio-wastes through environmental education.
Potential Impact Assessment of Agricultural Practices on Water Quality in Nya...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
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Impact of wastewater irrigation on major nutrient status in soil near Bhaluka...AbdullaAlAsif1
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This presentation deals with some of the issues related to water management in Indian context. This is slide show is developed as awareness generation material in context to general people
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ABSTRACT: Groundwater is the foremost source of water for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes in several countries. Due to human and industrial activities the ground water is contaminated. This is the serious problem now a day. Due to industrial, municipal and agricultural waste containing pesticides, insecticides, fertilizer residues and heavy metals with water groundwater has been polluted by leaching process. The effects of groundwater pollution are wide. In this paper the overview of ground water pollution due to industrial as well as anthropogenic activities. Water quality is affected by both point and non-point sources of pollution. These include sewage discharge, discharge from industries, run-off from agricultural fields and urban run-off. Analysis of the water quality is very important to preserve and prefect the natural eco system. The assessment of the ground water various technologies has been developed and management practices should be carried out periodically to protect the water resources.
Keywords: Ground water, Water pollution, Heavy Metals, Water Quality Index.
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What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
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development of the worm C. elegans.
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Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
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First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
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ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
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GROUNDWATER QUALITY:- PROBLEMS CHALLENGES, & MANAGEMENT PROSPECTS IN INDIA
1.
2. Presented By:-
Subhash Chand Jat
BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
Research Scholar, Department of Soil Science & Agri. Chemistry
RAJIV GANDHI SOUTH CAMPUS
BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY
MIRZAPUR (UP)
(scjatag@gmail.com)
3. Groundwater –
Ground water is an essential and vital component of our life support
system. The ground water resources are being utilized for drinking, irrigation
and industrial purposes.
4.
5. General characters of Ground water
Constant composition
Bacteriologically safe
No dissolved oxygen
High hardness
H2S ,Fe, Mn
(Davis & cornwell , 2008)
Characteristic Groundwater
Temperature Equal all with season
Turbidity Low or nil
Colour Due about all dissolved solids
Mineral content
Largely constant
7. 1. Ground Water-Hydrological Cycle –
Most of the earth’s water sources get
their water supplies from precipitation ,
The average annual rainfall in the
country is 1194 mm
2. Survival by wells and Tube wells,
Currently 19 million wells in India
8. DEPTH OF GROUNDWATER
Depth to water level generally ranges from 10-40 m bgl.
In major parts of north-western states – Rajasthan, Haryana, and Delhi etc.
Almost major parts of Rajasthan, water level of more than 40 m bgl is recorded.
9. Ground water use in India
About 85% of the ground water sources are drawn for irrigation and
domestic , Industry etc .
Ground water use in Delhi, Haryana, Punjab & Rajasthan is more than
100% and in States of Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh it
is more than 70%. (CGWB report 2006)
Causing imbalance between over-withdrawal of ground water and deficit
recharge
Resulting permanent fall in the water table every year to the tune of 2 -3
meters
11. Groundwater Pollution in Different parts of India
RISK ZONE AVERAGE FERTILIZER
N CONSUMPTION
(kg/hac.)
AVERAGE NO3 IN
GROUNDWATER
(mg/l)
GROUNDWATER
DEVELOPMENT (% OF
TOTAL AVAILABLE IN
1985)
REGION (STATES)
Little or No risk 2 6.8 <2 North eastern
states, J&K
Low risk 4-11 8-45 5-22 HP, MP, MH,
Orissa
Moderate risk 14-53 13-50 16-40 UP, Uttaranchal,
Bihar, Jharkhand,
WB, AP, GJ
High risk 118-163 55-100 70-100 Punjab, Haryana
Handa, (1986)
12.
13. Over-exploitation of resource
Contamination- both geogenic and
anthropogenic
Limited availability and sustainability in
hard rock areas
Less recharge potential and resource
availability in arid areas
Water logging and salinity problems
Impact of climate change on ground
water regime.
14. 1. RAJASTHAN
Over exploitation
Deep water levels
Ground water quality –Salinity
About 93% area shows >20m water
level and maximum water level is
about 100meter below ground level .
15. Declining water levels
Water for Agricultural and Industrial purposes State of ground water
utilization ranges
Bihar-
Major GW issue is Arsenic contamination affecting
Total number of villages: 839
Arsenic affected villages: 273
Total Population : 27.52 lacs
Population of the affected villages: 7.68 lacs
% of population living in affected villages: 28%
16. Groundwater is the only source
of irrigation in 80 % of the area.
Decline in groundwater levels .
High concentration (> 1.50 mg/l)
of Fluoride in some parts.
Maharashtra
Over Exploitation –Stage of GW
Development has increased over
the period of time.
Overdraft for irrigation purpose ,
Sustainability of wells for irrigation
Additional area can be brought
under cultivation .
17. Harmful effects of
groundwater
pollution
Harmful effects
on soil
increases
alkalinity
affects soil
fertility
Harmful effect on
Human body
Epidemic &
Chronic disease-
Tuberculosis ,
hepatitis
causing skin and
stomach diseases
fatal diseases like
lung cancer
Plant metabolism
severely & disturb
the whole
ecosystem
18.
19. Artificial
Recharge
(Irrigation losses,
Wastewater
returns
Indirect Recharge
(aquitard leakage)
Natural
Recharge
(excess rainfall,
surface water
seepage )
Aquifer storage (groundwater resources)
SUSTAINABLE GROUNDWATER
Human benefitsEnvironmental benefitsEconomic benefits
Water for development
groundwater
abstraction(agriculture,
industry)
Water for People
Groundwater
supply(drinking water&
livelihood)
Water for Environment
ground water
discharge (surface
water, coastal zone)
20.
21. Components of GW Management
Management
Components
Supply-side
Management
Groundwater System
(Aquifer) Management
Demand-side
Management
23. Launched by Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India
under 12th Five Year Development Plan.
Objectives :
• Identify and map aquifers .
• Quantify available groundwater resources potential .
• Propose plans appropriate to scale of demand,
• Characterize aquifer and identify institutional arrangements
for management.
24.
25.
26. Managed Aquifer Recharge and Soil Aquifer Treatment .
Monsoon surface runoff conservation and recharge to potential
aquifer after addressing water quality aspects and subsequent
recovery of recharged water can provide a solution.
Municipal wastewater from urban areas after appropriate treatment
can also be considered for aquifer recharge and subsequent recovery
of groundwater .
27. India is the highest groundwater user in the World. Uses of
GW will continue to rise in future due to competing
sectoral demands.
Groundwater related problems as that because of
overexploitation , are more due to lack of ‘knowledge and
information’.
Groundwater conservation , In future use well technic and
economical method for human being.