The document presents an analysis of groundwater resources in India, highlighting its critical role in drinking, irrigation, and industry. It discusses the issues of over-exploitation, pollution, and declining water levels due to various factors, including climate change and agricultural practices. The document also emphasizes the need for sustainable management and conservation strategies to address these challenges.

2. Presented By:-
Subhash Chand Jat
BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
Research Scholar, Department of Soil Science & Agri. Chemistry
RAJIV GANDHI SOUTH CAMPUS
BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY
MIRZAPUR (UP)
(scjatag@gmail.com)

3.  Groundwater –
 Ground water is an essential and vital component of our life support
system. The ground water resources are being utilized for drinking, irrigation
and industrial purposes.

5.  General characters of Ground water
Constant composition
Bacteriologically safe
No dissolved oxygen
High hardness
H2S ,Fe, Mn
(Davis & cornwell , 2008)
Characteristic Groundwater
Temperature Equal all with season
Turbidity Low or nil
Colour Due about all dissolved solids
Mineral content
Largely constant

6. Romani , 2010 (area- MP)

7. 1. Ground Water-Hydrological Cycle –
 Most of the earth’s water sources get
their water supplies from precipitation ,
 The average annual rainfall in the
country is 1194 mm
2. Survival by wells and Tube wells,
 Currently 19 million wells in India

8. DEPTH OF GROUNDWATER
 Depth to water level generally ranges from 10-40 m bgl.
 In major parts of north-western states – Rajasthan, Haryana, and Delhi etc.
 Almost major parts of Rajasthan, water level of more than 40 m bgl is recorded.

9. Ground water use in India
 About 85% of the ground water sources are drawn for irrigation and
domestic , Industry etc .
 Ground water use in Delhi, Haryana, Punjab & Rajasthan is more than
100% and in States of Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh it
is more than 70%. (CGWB report 2006)
 Causing imbalance between over-withdrawal of ground water and deficit
recharge
 Resulting permanent fall in the water table every year to the tune of 2 -3
meters

10. Domestic
Waste
Soluble
effluents
Run off
from Urban
areas
Agricultural
Waste
Industrial
waste Source

11.  Groundwater Pollution in Different parts of India
RISK ZONE AVERAGE FERTILIZER
N CONSUMPTION
(kg/hac.)
AVERAGE NO3 IN
GROUNDWATER
(mg/l)
GROUNDWATER
DEVELOPMENT (% OF
TOTAL AVAILABLE IN
1985)
REGION (STATES)
Little or No risk 2 6.8 <2 North eastern
states, J&K
Low risk 4-11 8-45 5-22 HP, MP, MH,
Orissa
Moderate risk 14-53 13-50 16-40 UP, Uttaranchal,
Bihar, Jharkhand,
WB, AP, GJ
High risk 118-163 55-100 70-100 Punjab, Haryana
Handa, (1986)

13.  Over-exploitation of resource
 Contamination- both geogenic and
anthropogenic
 Limited availability and sustainability in
hard rock areas
 Less recharge potential and resource
availability in arid areas
 Water logging and salinity problems
 Impact of climate change on ground
water regime.

14. 1. RAJASTHAN
 Over exploitation
 Deep water levels
 Ground water quality –Salinity
 About 93% area shows >20m water
level and maximum water level is
about 100meter below ground level .

15.  Declining water levels
 Water for Agricultural and Industrial purposes State of ground water
utilization ranges
Bihar-
 Major GW issue is Arsenic contamination affecting
 Total number of villages: 839
 Arsenic affected villages: 273
 Total Population : 27.52 lacs
 Population of the affected villages: 7.68 lacs
 % of population living in affected villages: 28%

16.  Groundwater is the only source
of irrigation in 80 % of the area.
 Decline in groundwater levels .
 High concentration (> 1.50 mg/l)
of Fluoride in some parts.
Maharashtra
 Over Exploitation –Stage of GW
Development has increased over
the period of time.
 Overdraft for irrigation purpose ,
Sustainability of wells for irrigation
 Additional area can be brought
under cultivation .

17. Harmful effects of
groundwater
pollution
Harmful effects
on soil
increases
alkalinity
affects soil
fertility
Harmful effect on
Human body
Epidemic &
Chronic disease-
Tuberculosis ,
hepatitis
causing skin and
stomach diseases
fatal diseases like
lung cancer
Plant metabolism
severely & disturb
the whole
ecosystem

19. Artificial
Recharge
(Irrigation losses,
Wastewater
returns
Indirect Recharge
(aquitard leakage)
Natural
Recharge
(excess rainfall,
surface water
seepage )
Aquifer storage (groundwater resources)
SUSTAINABLE GROUNDWATER
Human benefitsEnvironmental benefitsEconomic benefits
Water for development
groundwater
abstraction(agriculture,
industry)
Water for People
Groundwater
supply(drinking water&
livelihood)
Water for Environment
ground water
discharge (surface
water, coastal zone)

21. Components of GW Management
Management
Components
Supply-side
Management
Groundwater System
(Aquifer) Management
Demand-side
Management

22. Groundwater Management Challenges
Increasing
demands in all
sectoral usages
Anticipated climate
changes
Management
Challenges
Major alluvial
plainsCoastal plains
Hilly areasHard rock
areas

23.  Launched by Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India
under 12th Five Year Development Plan.
Objectives :
• Identify and map aquifers .
• Quantify available groundwater resources potential .
• Propose plans appropriate to scale of demand,
• Characterize aquifer and identify institutional arrangements
for management.

26.  Managed Aquifer Recharge and Soil Aquifer Treatment .
 Monsoon surface runoff conservation and recharge to potential
aquifer after addressing water quality aspects and subsequent
recovery of recharged water can provide a solution.
 Municipal wastewater from urban areas after appropriate treatment
can also be considered for aquifer recharge and subsequent recovery
of groundwater .

27.  India is the highest groundwater user in the World. Uses of
GW will continue to rise in future due to competing
sectoral demands.
 Groundwater related problems as that because of
overexploitation , are more due to lack of ‘knowledge and
information’.
 Groundwater conservation , In future use well technic and
economical method for human being.

28. Preservation
Save Water
Conservation
Utilization
&
of every drop of water

29. Thankyou
“Speak only if it improves upon the silence.”
Mahatma Gandhi