This document characterizes soils and determines pollution in agricultural floodplains near Ibadan, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from two profile pits and analyzed. The floodplain soil had evidence of waste deposition including plastic and metal. Testing found high levels of phosphorus and several heavy metals. While crop uptake of some metals could be toxic, field evidence showed no impact on plant health or yields. The surface soils were fertile with moderate to high nutrients but elevated concentrations of lead, zinc, and iron that could potentially be taken up by plants. Overall, the study assessed soil quality and pollution risks in peri-urban agricultural areas impacted by urban waste.
Characterization and quantitative indicators of ground water quality in okrik...IJSIT Editor
This document summarizes a study that characterized groundwater quality in Okrika, Rivers State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from boreholes and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters. The results found that groundwater pH ranged from weakly acidic to alkaline. Total dissolved solids and chloride levels exceeded standards at some locations, indicating potential saltwater intrusion issues. Overall, the study concluded that while some locations had elevated parameters, the groundwater in the area was generally suitable for domestic and agricultural use when compared to international standards. Continued monitoring was recommended to protect the aquifers from pollution and identify any future water quality degradation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
ABSTRACT- Composite soil samples were collected from the rhizospheres of Gmelina arborea, Elaeis guineensis and Hevea brasiliensis plantations as well as the Rain Forest of over 20 years of age in Akampa L.G.A. at depths of 0-15 cm (surface soil) and 15-30 cm (sub surface soil), to examine the effects of land use and management practices on some physical, chemical and microbial properties of the soils. The soils were mainly sandy loam, strongly acid in reaction and generally low in available P, exchangeable Ca2+, K+ and Na+, but moderate in Mg2+ except for the surface soil in Elaeis guineensis plantation which was however, high in organic C (4.29 %), total N (0.37 %) and Mg (3.9 cmol kg-1). The soils regardless of the land use patterns were high in exchangeable acidity with Elaeis guineensis having the least values. Diverse species of microorganisms were isolated across the different plantations and rain forest, however, Elaeis guineensis recorded the highest microbial count. Land use altered the microbial population and also had an effect on the species composition of soil microbial communities. Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp and Mucor spp as well as Aspergillus niger were however, common across the study sites while other organisms were location specific suggesting vegetation and land use meddling. The effects of land use pattern were noted in the chemical and microbial alteration observed mostly in the top of rhizosphere soils. It is pertinent that good management practices such as liming, mulching as well as cover cropping be carried out to increase and maintain the fertility of the soils.
Key-words- Land use, Physicochemical and Microbial properties, Rain Forest, Rhizosphere
The document analyzes the hydrochemical facies and water quality of coastal aquifers in eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria. Hydrogeological investigations found the aquifers are largely unconfined sands with some semi-confined areas. Water quality analysis of 140 groundwater samples found wide ranges and high standard deviations, indicating substantial quality differences within the study area. Six hydrochemical facies were identified using geochemical plots: Na-Cl, Ca-Mg-HCO3, Na-Ca-SO4, Ca-Mg-Cl, Na-Fe-Cl, and Na-Fe-Cl-NO3. Saltwater intrusion between 5-185m and high iron between 20-175m were found natural
This document summarizes a study on the impacts of agricultural activities on water quality in the Dufuya wetlands in Zimbabwe. Samples of groundwater, surface runoff water, and fertilizers were collected and analyzed for pH, conductivity, calcium, nitrates, and phosphates. The results showed that pH, conductivity, calcium, nitrates and phosphates levels in water samples were within WHO guidelines. Nitrate and phosphate concentrations were low and not significantly different between water sources. While fertilizer application rates were high at 30-60 tons/hectare per year, the study found fertilizer use had no negative effects on water quality in the wetlands.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.14
ABSTRACT- The physico-chemical properties of four lands use types in Akokwa of Ideato North, Imo State, Nigeria
were determined. The land use patterns were fallow land (FL), cassava continuously cultivated land (CL), Oil palm
plantation (OPL) and Yam plot (YL). Composite samples were collected from various depths (0 -15 cm, 15 – 30 cm,
30 – 45 cm) across these land use patterns and analyzed in the laboratory. Data generated were subjected to analysis of
variance. Results obtained showed significant difference (P≤0.05) in soil bulk density, organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen
(TN), available phosphorus (Av. P) and ECEC across the four land use types. The bulk density value was highest at
30 – 45 cm depth by CL (1.93 g/cm3), followed by YL (1.89 g/cm3), OPL (1.70 g/cm3) and FL (1.68 g/cm3). The TN
content of the soil was highest in the FL at 0 – 15 cm depth (0.25%) while the lowest was found in the CL plot (0.03%).
The soil Av. P content was highest in the FL at 0 – 15 cm depth (9.63 mg/kg) while the lowest value was obtained in CL
plot (1.16 mg/kg). The values of OC at the depths of 0 – 15 cm, 15 – 30 cm and 30 – 45 cm in the FL (1.03%, 0.49%.
0.45%) were found to be significantly different (P≤0.05) from the CL (0.39%, 0.15%, 0.13%) land use type. Results
obtained showed that different land use types have varying effects on soil physical and chemical properties. The fallow
land had on the surface (0 – 15 cm) the highest content of soil chemical properties and lowest bulk density. Therefore,
farmers may periodically fallow their lands to build up organic matter, stabilize soil aggregates, improves nutrient cycles
for sustainable productivity.
Key-words- Land use, Soil chemical properties, Bulk density, Fallow land, Cassava land, Yam land, Oil palm land
International journal of science technologyMiftahur Rizqi
Sand is an important mineral for our society in protecting the
environment, where this practice of sand and soil mining is becoming an
environmental issue as the demand for sand increases in industry and construction.
Mining and its associated activities can be responsible for considerable
environmental damage. In this article we are discussing about the direct and indirect
impacts due to soil and sand mining to the environment in Indian regions. Pollution
of the water is evident by the colouration of water which in most of the rivers and
streams in the mining area varies from brownish to reddish orange. Low pH (between 2-
3), high electrical conductivity, high concentration of ions of sulphate and iron and toxic
heavy metals, low dissolved oxygen (DO) and high BOD are some of the physicochemical
and biological parameters which characterize the degradation of water quality.
Contamination of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) originating from mines and spoils,
leaching of heavy metals, organic enrichment and silting by sand particles are major
causes of degradation of water quality.
Characterization and quantitative indicators of ground water quality in okrik...IJSIT Editor
This document summarizes a study that characterized groundwater quality in Okrika, Rivers State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from boreholes and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters. The results found that groundwater pH ranged from weakly acidic to alkaline. Total dissolved solids and chloride levels exceeded standards at some locations, indicating potential saltwater intrusion issues. Overall, the study concluded that while some locations had elevated parameters, the groundwater in the area was generally suitable for domestic and agricultural use when compared to international standards. Continued monitoring was recommended to protect the aquifers from pollution and identify any future water quality degradation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
ABSTRACT- Composite soil samples were collected from the rhizospheres of Gmelina arborea, Elaeis guineensis and Hevea brasiliensis plantations as well as the Rain Forest of over 20 years of age in Akampa L.G.A. at depths of 0-15 cm (surface soil) and 15-30 cm (sub surface soil), to examine the effects of land use and management practices on some physical, chemical and microbial properties of the soils. The soils were mainly sandy loam, strongly acid in reaction and generally low in available P, exchangeable Ca2+, K+ and Na+, but moderate in Mg2+ except for the surface soil in Elaeis guineensis plantation which was however, high in organic C (4.29 %), total N (0.37 %) and Mg (3.9 cmol kg-1). The soils regardless of the land use patterns were high in exchangeable acidity with Elaeis guineensis having the least values. Diverse species of microorganisms were isolated across the different plantations and rain forest, however, Elaeis guineensis recorded the highest microbial count. Land use altered the microbial population and also had an effect on the species composition of soil microbial communities. Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp and Mucor spp as well as Aspergillus niger were however, common across the study sites while other organisms were location specific suggesting vegetation and land use meddling. The effects of land use pattern were noted in the chemical and microbial alteration observed mostly in the top of rhizosphere soils. It is pertinent that good management practices such as liming, mulching as well as cover cropping be carried out to increase and maintain the fertility of the soils.
Key-words- Land use, Physicochemical and Microbial properties, Rain Forest, Rhizosphere
The document analyzes the hydrochemical facies and water quality of coastal aquifers in eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria. Hydrogeological investigations found the aquifers are largely unconfined sands with some semi-confined areas. Water quality analysis of 140 groundwater samples found wide ranges and high standard deviations, indicating substantial quality differences within the study area. Six hydrochemical facies were identified using geochemical plots: Na-Cl, Ca-Mg-HCO3, Na-Ca-SO4, Ca-Mg-Cl, Na-Fe-Cl, and Na-Fe-Cl-NO3. Saltwater intrusion between 5-185m and high iron between 20-175m were found natural
This document summarizes a study on the impacts of agricultural activities on water quality in the Dufuya wetlands in Zimbabwe. Samples of groundwater, surface runoff water, and fertilizers were collected and analyzed for pH, conductivity, calcium, nitrates, and phosphates. The results showed that pH, conductivity, calcium, nitrates and phosphates levels in water samples were within WHO guidelines. Nitrate and phosphate concentrations were low and not significantly different between water sources. While fertilizer application rates were high at 30-60 tons/hectare per year, the study found fertilizer use had no negative effects on water quality in the wetlands.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.14
ABSTRACT- The physico-chemical properties of four lands use types in Akokwa of Ideato North, Imo State, Nigeria
were determined. The land use patterns were fallow land (FL), cassava continuously cultivated land (CL), Oil palm
plantation (OPL) and Yam plot (YL). Composite samples were collected from various depths (0 -15 cm, 15 – 30 cm,
30 – 45 cm) across these land use patterns and analyzed in the laboratory. Data generated were subjected to analysis of
variance. Results obtained showed significant difference (P≤0.05) in soil bulk density, organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen
(TN), available phosphorus (Av. P) and ECEC across the four land use types. The bulk density value was highest at
30 – 45 cm depth by CL (1.93 g/cm3), followed by YL (1.89 g/cm3), OPL (1.70 g/cm3) and FL (1.68 g/cm3). The TN
content of the soil was highest in the FL at 0 – 15 cm depth (0.25%) while the lowest was found in the CL plot (0.03%).
The soil Av. P content was highest in the FL at 0 – 15 cm depth (9.63 mg/kg) while the lowest value was obtained in CL
plot (1.16 mg/kg). The values of OC at the depths of 0 – 15 cm, 15 – 30 cm and 30 – 45 cm in the FL (1.03%, 0.49%.
0.45%) were found to be significantly different (P≤0.05) from the CL (0.39%, 0.15%, 0.13%) land use type. Results
obtained showed that different land use types have varying effects on soil physical and chemical properties. The fallow
land had on the surface (0 – 15 cm) the highest content of soil chemical properties and lowest bulk density. Therefore,
farmers may periodically fallow their lands to build up organic matter, stabilize soil aggregates, improves nutrient cycles
for sustainable productivity.
Key-words- Land use, Soil chemical properties, Bulk density, Fallow land, Cassava land, Yam land, Oil palm land
International journal of science technologyMiftahur Rizqi
Sand is an important mineral for our society in protecting the
environment, where this practice of sand and soil mining is becoming an
environmental issue as the demand for sand increases in industry and construction.
Mining and its associated activities can be responsible for considerable
environmental damage. In this article we are discussing about the direct and indirect
impacts due to soil and sand mining to the environment in Indian regions. Pollution
of the water is evident by the colouration of water which in most of the rivers and
streams in the mining area varies from brownish to reddish orange. Low pH (between 2-
3), high electrical conductivity, high concentration of ions of sulphate and iron and toxic
heavy metals, low dissolved oxygen (DO) and high BOD are some of the physicochemical
and biological parameters which characterize the degradation of water quality.
Contamination of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) originating from mines and spoils,
leaching of heavy metals, organic enrichment and silting by sand particles are major
causes of degradation of water quality.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Seasonal variation of physicochemical parameters of water and sediments from ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the seasonal variation of physicochemical parameters in the water and sediments of Iko River in Nigeria. Key findings include:
- Salinity, chloride, and cation levels in the river water exceeded WHO limits, indicating saline water intrusion from the nearby Atlantic Ocean.
- Sediments were predominantly medium to fine sand, containing over 200mg/kg of total hydrocarbons.
- Pollution indices calculated for wet and dry seasons showed some pollution, particularly in the dry season due to lower dilution.
- Most parameters measured, including dissolved oxygen, were within WHO guidelines for surface waters supporting the study's aim to monitor pollution levels.
Gw mh-3-effect of sea water intrusionon gw quality in & around kelwa mahim vi...hydrologywebsite1
This document provides an introduction and methodology for a study on sea water ingress into coastal freshwater aquifers in the Kelwa-Mahim area of Maharashtra, India. The study aims to understand the extent of sea water ingress, delineate the freshwater-saltwater interface, and develop a groundwater management strategy. Key points include:
- Sea water ingress is a concern due to overpumping of groundwater for agriculture/domestic use, depleting the freshwater aquifer.
- The study area covers 74 sq km including the villages of Kelwa and Mahim near the Arabian Sea coastline.
- A variety of investigations were conducted from 2008-2012 including well surveys, piezometer
the suitability of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposesIJEAB
Shallow groundwater in Ikere-Ekiti was assessed for potability and irrigation employing chemical and bacterial analyses. Twenty two groundwater samples were collected and analyzed using Atomic absorption spectrometer for cations and ion chromatographic method for anions determinations (˚C), pH and electrical conductivity (EC) (µS/cm) were measured in the field using pH Testr meter. The bacteriological analysis was carried out using nutrient agar medium to obtain plate count of living bacteria. Results of the analysis revealed that all EC values were less than 1000µS/cm indicating fresh water. The pH with average values of 9.48, 7.82 and 7.44 in migmatite, granite and charnockitic terrains respectively exceeded the approved standard (6.5 – 8.5) for drinking water in two samples from migmatite, one sample from granitic terrain and none from the charnockites. Sodium was the dominant cation with average concentrations (mg/L) of 95.65, 38.33 and 6.61 in migmatite, granite and charnockite respectively while K+ ions in the same order of rock units have average concentrations (mg/L) of 60.49, 32.33 and 15.77. The average concentrations (mg/L) of Ca2+ ions in groundwater located on migmatite, granite and charnockitic terrains were 36.67, 24.63 and 10.98 respectively while those for Mg2+ were 9.94, 7.48 and 4.57. The order of cation abundance was Na+> K+ > Ca2+> Mg2+. In respect of the major anions, Cl- was dominant with average concentrations (mg/L) in charnockites (187.20) within approved standard of 250mg/L while the average values (mg/L) in migmatite (475.2) and granite (340.62) exceeded the standard value. Following the same sequence of rock units, HCO3- average concentrations (mg/L) were 34.6mg/L, 27.07mg/L and 25.7. Sulphate and nitrate were less dominant ions and the order of anions abundance in the groundwater was Cl- > HCO3-> SO42-> NO3-. Bacteria evaluation revealed that all sampled groundwater tested positive to bacteria with TBC values (CFU/100ml) ranging from 1.76X108 to 1.78X109 in migmatite, 5.3x105 to 8.9x108 in granite and 2.55x107 to 8.2x108 in charnockite. Gibb’s diagram revealed that chemical weathering of rock-forming minerals has contributed to solute source in the groundwater of the area. Water type on migmatite was mainly NaCl while granite and charnockite had NaCl and CaCl types revealing lithologic effects. Irrigation water quality assessment employing Sodium absorption ratio (SAR), Soluble sodium percent (SSP), Residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) and Permeability index (PI) revealed that the groundwater is suitable for irrigation purpose. Groundwater in the study area is low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but infected by bacteria pollutants. Differences in rock types affected the chemistry of the groundwater as reflected in their physico-chemical compositions, water facies and irrigation quality.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Rainwater Harvesting in Flouride Affected Area in Jamui, Biharijtsrd
Many people use to drink rainwater, even in areas where clean municipal water is available. Domestic rainwater is defined here as any water collected from building roof tops subsequent to rainfall events and stored by households for later use. Rain water may easily become contaminated on storage unless correct procedures for collection and storage are made. Rainwater may provide the best source of domestic water in areas affected by salinity, high fluoride or areas affected by pollution from various sources. Fluorides are widely distributed in nature and it is estimated to constitute about 0.32 of the earth's crust. Water forms the most important component of eco system therefore any imbalance either in term of its amount or presence of added impurities to it can harm the whole eco system Ranjana, 2009 Nearly 12 million tons of fluoride deposits on the earth's crust are found in India. These fluoride deposits are the reason for fluorosis in 17 states of India UNICEF, 1999 . Rainwater has been found in some cases to contain bacteria, or trace metals, or both. the public to limit rainwater use to outdoor purposes, and to laundry and toilet flushing. In our study, over 12 months, rainwater samples were collected around tested for E. coli and total coliforms. Of many samples tested, more than 50 contained E. coli. The health guideline for E. coli is 0 100 mL for drinking water. A survey on household drinking water choice was undertaken across the metropolitan area. The aim was to determine drinking water choices and to understand the driving forces behind drinking potentially contaminated rainwater in a city where clean municipal water is supplied. The investigation concluded that a higher proportion of households use rainwater as their primary source of drinking water. It was found that a higher proportion of households are using domestic filtration systems to improve municipal water quality. Opposition to municipal water fluoridation was reported, drinking water preferences. Sanjay Khanna | Dr. Arvind Kumar Nag "Rainwater Harvesting in Flouride Affected Area in Jamui, Bihar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26819.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/26819/rainwater-harvesting-in-flouride-affected-area-in-jamui-bihar/-sanjay-khanna
Ijaar v8 no2-p64-74 | Impact of environmental conditions on the yield variabi...Innspub Net
Impact of environmental conditions on the yield variability of durum wheat (Triticum durum. Desf) and its associated characters at Algerian semi-arid areas
By: Megherbi-Benali A, Toumi-Benali F, Zouaoui S, Hamel L, Benyahia M.
Int. J. Agr. Agri. Res. 8(2), 64-74, February 2016.
Abstract
Environmental stresses are most common in Algeria. Drought, cold and hot weather are often present. These production constraints are abiotic, they are combined together more aggravating the loss in crop yields, especially durum. Indeed, a study was conducted under different agro-ecological conditions in the 2010/11 year. The approach adopted has been characterized by integration across experiment and pedoclimatic zoned. To do this, tests were conducted at the three zones and followed up from the installation of the plant to harvest. The observations concern the effects of environmental constraints on yield and traits associated; with measurements, it is focused on morpho-phenological characteristics of the vegetation, soil moisture, and physicochemical properties of the soil. A substantial variation in yield was observed between zones can be explained by the significance of soil tillage, crop rotation the characteristics of each zone. Results confirm particularly that correlations between yield and associated characters exist and that various genotypes respond differently with the environments. Improved genotypes and precocious ensure the best yield. The early stage of heading is a trait often sought in Mediterranean areas since it allows them to avoid the terminal water deficit or deficiency. The study confirmed the existence of significant correlations entered yield and it is components of and that genotypes responded differently depending on the environment to which they are subjected.
Effects of Irrigation Practices on Some Soil Chemical Properties on OMI Irrig...IJERA Editor
Irrigation practices have been observed to impact scheme soil properties and other parameters negatively. These could be as a result of irrigation water quality, method of application and nature of scheme soil. This study was therefore conducted to study the effects of irrigation practices on the soils of Omi irrigation scheme Kogi state, Nigeria after 13years of operation. Soil samples were taken at depths 0 – 20 cm (A1), 20 – 80 cm (A2) and 80 – 120 cm (A3) from two operating lands (OL); OL 5 and OL 18 of the study area. The samples were analysed for chemical parameters (pH, CEC, ESP, Mg2+, Ca2+, OM, and OC). The soil pH which was in the neutral range (pH=6.65 to 7.00) at inception of scheme, has become slightly acidic (pH=6.53 to 6.60). Cation exchange capacity (CEC) levels have also increased from 10cmol+kg-1 to 35cmol+kg-1. While Organic matter (OM) and Organic carbon (OC) also have marked increase in their levels (baseline as 0.93 to 1.08; for year 2013 as 9.52 to 9.79). Generally, the analysis indicated a need for proper monitoring of the scheme soil to prevent further deterioration.
Engineered biosystem treatment trains: A review of agricultural nutrient sequ...journal ijrtem
ABSTRACT: Nutrient pollution is a problem across the globe. Excess nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) are impacting lakes, rivers, and oceans with algal blooms, hypoxia, and fish kills. As such, there are many opportunities for intervening to protect receiving ecosystems from excess nutrients. Historic treatment options have failed to control nonpoint source pollution. New options for trapping and treating intensively managed cropland runoff (IMCR) are presented; with a wealth of wastewater treatment experience in removing N and P, innovation is spilling over into the IMCR world. Agricultural producers can use technology to increase productivity and decrease nutrient runoff to streams and lakes using trap and treat biosystems engineering technology. In-field cover crops and mycorrhizae can be employed to increase nutrient use efficiency. At field-edge and beyond, riparian buffers (surface and subsurface), wetlands (natural and constructed), and varying forms of carbon bioreactors can be utilized for nutrient consumption and sequestration. Options to mitigate IMCR nutrient pollution occur best with landscape treatment trains. The treatment train approach is possible and needed for ecosystem health; however, the key issues are 1) pathway and process awareness, and 2) balancing who pays the cost for best management practices and who reaps the benefits.
KEYWORDS: nitrogen, phosphorus, nonpoint source pollution, treatment train
This presentation outlines the ARCC Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment & Adaptation Study.
The objectives of the study were to take an ecosystems approach in:
1) Identifying CC impact and vulnerabilities of rural poor and their environment - water resources, food security, livelihoods and biodiversity (fisheries and wildlife);
2) Identifying hot spots in the LMB: provide a scientific evidence base to guide the selection of pilot project sites;
3) Defining adaptation strategies to inform community and ecosystem-based adaptation pilot projects and
4) Communicating the results of the vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Does fertilization practices increase residual nitrate nitrogen in soil irrig...IJEAB
Treated wastewater has significantly improved DM yield compared to ground water. The form of nitrogen provided by the water was determinant in drawing yields. Irrigation with ground water (where nitrogen is as nitrate) induces a faster migration of nitrogen at depth. In contrast, using treated wastewater (where nitrogen is as ammonium), resulting in a relative distribution of the remaining nitric smaller in the lower profile and therefore higher in the surface, especially after the second year (2010). In addition, the relative distribution of nitrates in the soil surface is even more important in the presence of organic manure. All happens as if a certain amount of ammonium provided by treated wastewater is retained in the organic compounds of manure. Yields were significantly lower in irrigation with treated wastewater in the second year and especially when fertilization was given in additional. If the soil can be used for storage of the nitrogen supplied by the treated wastewater during the first year of irrigation (24 kg N-NO3/ha before irrigation to 115 kg N-NO3/ha after irrigation), to the second year the capacity drops (to 64 N-NO3/ha) and a significant increase in nitrate leaching occurs. Therefore, unlike the contribution of manure that seems enrich the topsoil nitrate nitrogen, at least during the first campaign, mineral fertilization unreasoning causes faster migration of nitrogen at depth.
This document summarizes a study on the soil fertility status of three villages in Chilika Block, Odisha, India. Soil samples were collected from uplands, medium lands, and low lands in each village. Testing found that organic carbon and available nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur were generally highest in low land soils, while potassium levels varied. Specifically:
- Organic carbon levels ranged from low to very high, and were highest in Vellery village due to black soil.
- Nitrogen levels were low and positively correlated with organic carbon. Levels were highest in Chasangara village low lands.
- Phosphorus levels were moderate overall, but highest in V
The document describes the agroecological zones of Bangladesh. Bangladesh has been divided into 30 agroecological zones based on factors such as physiography, soils, land levels in relation to flooding, and agroclimatic conditions. These 30 zones have been further subdivided into 88 sub-regions and 535 agroecological units. The zones are described in terms of their defining characteristics including soil types, fertility levels, flooding patterns, and suitable crops. The zones cover different floodplains, river basins, and other geographical regions across Bangladesh.
This study shows the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and water use of Capsicum annuum L. (Bell pepper) grown in a hydraulic weighing lysimeter. A hydraulic weighing lysimeter made from PVC drum was designed, constructed and installed to study the crop water use of Bell pepper. Analyses were carried out to determine the physico-chemical properties of soil and crop water use of Bell pepper in humid savanna zone of Omu-Aran, Nigeria. The soil in the study area is a slightly alkaline and the soil micro and macro porosity at depth 0-15cm to be 0.194, 0.536, and 0.73 respectively with that of depth 15-30 cm to be 0.115, 0.425, and 0.54 respectively. Also, bulk density for the 0-15 cm depth was 0.714 g/cm3 while that of 15-30cm was 1.261g/cm3 indicating that sample for 15-30cm is more compacted. The results also revealed that the ETc of the bell pepper crop increases during the development and mid stages hence the crop water use is highest during the crop growth mid stage.
The effects of global climate change on agriculture(4)Paktia University
This document summarizes the effects of global climate change on agriculture. It finds that agriculture contributes approximately 20% of annual greenhouse gas emissions through practices like deforestation, livestock production, and biomass burning. Rising temperatures and shifts in precipitation patterns from climate change will impact agricultural production globally and regionally. Effects may include changes in crop yields, suitable land areas, and increased pest/disease pressure. Adaptations can help mitigate these impacts to some degree but climate change poses risks for global and local food security.
Hashemi - iran, sustainable water allocation, an eco-hydrological approachWANA forum
This document discusses allocating environmental water requirements for Lake Urmia in Iran using an ecohydrological approach. Lake Urmia is an important ecosystem that has been shrinking in recent decades due to decreased water inflows. An ecohydrological model was used to determine that the minimum ecological water requirement for Lake Urmia is 3,100 MCM per year. This can help inform new wetland policies that harmonize ecological and water needs in a sustainable manner.
Environmental resources and prospective agriculture in madhesh region Sujit Thakur
This document summarizes the environmental resources and prospects for agriculture in Madhesh region of Nepal. It discusses the physical setting of the region, biological resources like forests and wildlife, land and human resources, water resources including irrigation infrastructure, environmental concerns like degradation of farmland and water-related issues, and the context of climate change. The key points are that Madhesh region covers 23% of Nepal's land but faces high population pressure, deforestation has been a major issue, irrigation systems need rehabilitation, and climate change poses risks for agriculture in the region.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Impact of long term application of agrochemicals on the agro-ecology of the l...Alexander Decker
This study assessed the impact of long-term agrochemical use on soil and water quality in the lower Anambra River Basin in Nigeria. Samples were analyzed for heavy metal content and microbial load. Results found heavy metal levels in soil and runoff water exceeded standards for agriculture and domestic use. Microbial loads in soil samples were also reduced compared to standards. Long-term application of agrochemicals like fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides introduced heavy metals into the soil and water that harmed microbial life and contaminated the environment. Countermeasures like adding organic manure were recommended to remediate soils and improve quality.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Seasonal variation of physicochemical parameters of water and sediments from ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the seasonal variation of physicochemical parameters in the water and sediments of Iko River in Nigeria. Key findings include:
- Salinity, chloride, and cation levels in the river water exceeded WHO limits, indicating saline water intrusion from the nearby Atlantic Ocean.
- Sediments were predominantly medium to fine sand, containing over 200mg/kg of total hydrocarbons.
- Pollution indices calculated for wet and dry seasons showed some pollution, particularly in the dry season due to lower dilution.
- Most parameters measured, including dissolved oxygen, were within WHO guidelines for surface waters supporting the study's aim to monitor pollution levels.
Gw mh-3-effect of sea water intrusionon gw quality in & around kelwa mahim vi...hydrologywebsite1
This document provides an introduction and methodology for a study on sea water ingress into coastal freshwater aquifers in the Kelwa-Mahim area of Maharashtra, India. The study aims to understand the extent of sea water ingress, delineate the freshwater-saltwater interface, and develop a groundwater management strategy. Key points include:
- Sea water ingress is a concern due to overpumping of groundwater for agriculture/domestic use, depleting the freshwater aquifer.
- The study area covers 74 sq km including the villages of Kelwa and Mahim near the Arabian Sea coastline.
- A variety of investigations were conducted from 2008-2012 including well surveys, piezometer
the suitability of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposesIJEAB
Shallow groundwater in Ikere-Ekiti was assessed for potability and irrigation employing chemical and bacterial analyses. Twenty two groundwater samples were collected and analyzed using Atomic absorption spectrometer for cations and ion chromatographic method for anions determinations (˚C), pH and electrical conductivity (EC) (µS/cm) were measured in the field using pH Testr meter. The bacteriological analysis was carried out using nutrient agar medium to obtain plate count of living bacteria. Results of the analysis revealed that all EC values were less than 1000µS/cm indicating fresh water. The pH with average values of 9.48, 7.82 and 7.44 in migmatite, granite and charnockitic terrains respectively exceeded the approved standard (6.5 – 8.5) for drinking water in two samples from migmatite, one sample from granitic terrain and none from the charnockites. Sodium was the dominant cation with average concentrations (mg/L) of 95.65, 38.33 and 6.61 in migmatite, granite and charnockite respectively while K+ ions in the same order of rock units have average concentrations (mg/L) of 60.49, 32.33 and 15.77. The average concentrations (mg/L) of Ca2+ ions in groundwater located on migmatite, granite and charnockitic terrains were 36.67, 24.63 and 10.98 respectively while those for Mg2+ were 9.94, 7.48 and 4.57. The order of cation abundance was Na+> K+ > Ca2+> Mg2+. In respect of the major anions, Cl- was dominant with average concentrations (mg/L) in charnockites (187.20) within approved standard of 250mg/L while the average values (mg/L) in migmatite (475.2) and granite (340.62) exceeded the standard value. Following the same sequence of rock units, HCO3- average concentrations (mg/L) were 34.6mg/L, 27.07mg/L and 25.7. Sulphate and nitrate were less dominant ions and the order of anions abundance in the groundwater was Cl- > HCO3-> SO42-> NO3-. Bacteria evaluation revealed that all sampled groundwater tested positive to bacteria with TBC values (CFU/100ml) ranging from 1.76X108 to 1.78X109 in migmatite, 5.3x105 to 8.9x108 in granite and 2.55x107 to 8.2x108 in charnockite. Gibb’s diagram revealed that chemical weathering of rock-forming minerals has contributed to solute source in the groundwater of the area. Water type on migmatite was mainly NaCl while granite and charnockite had NaCl and CaCl types revealing lithologic effects. Irrigation water quality assessment employing Sodium absorption ratio (SAR), Soluble sodium percent (SSP), Residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) and Permeability index (PI) revealed that the groundwater is suitable for irrigation purpose. Groundwater in the study area is low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but infected by bacteria pollutants. Differences in rock types affected the chemistry of the groundwater as reflected in their physico-chemical compositions, water facies and irrigation quality.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Rainwater Harvesting in Flouride Affected Area in Jamui, Biharijtsrd
Many people use to drink rainwater, even in areas where clean municipal water is available. Domestic rainwater is defined here as any water collected from building roof tops subsequent to rainfall events and stored by households for later use. Rain water may easily become contaminated on storage unless correct procedures for collection and storage are made. Rainwater may provide the best source of domestic water in areas affected by salinity, high fluoride or areas affected by pollution from various sources. Fluorides are widely distributed in nature and it is estimated to constitute about 0.32 of the earth's crust. Water forms the most important component of eco system therefore any imbalance either in term of its amount or presence of added impurities to it can harm the whole eco system Ranjana, 2009 Nearly 12 million tons of fluoride deposits on the earth's crust are found in India. These fluoride deposits are the reason for fluorosis in 17 states of India UNICEF, 1999 . Rainwater has been found in some cases to contain bacteria, or trace metals, or both. the public to limit rainwater use to outdoor purposes, and to laundry and toilet flushing. In our study, over 12 months, rainwater samples were collected around tested for E. coli and total coliforms. Of many samples tested, more than 50 contained E. coli. The health guideline for E. coli is 0 100 mL for drinking water. A survey on household drinking water choice was undertaken across the metropolitan area. The aim was to determine drinking water choices and to understand the driving forces behind drinking potentially contaminated rainwater in a city where clean municipal water is supplied. The investigation concluded that a higher proportion of households use rainwater as their primary source of drinking water. It was found that a higher proportion of households are using domestic filtration systems to improve municipal water quality. Opposition to municipal water fluoridation was reported, drinking water preferences. Sanjay Khanna | Dr. Arvind Kumar Nag "Rainwater Harvesting in Flouride Affected Area in Jamui, Bihar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26819.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/26819/rainwater-harvesting-in-flouride-affected-area-in-jamui-bihar/-sanjay-khanna
Ijaar v8 no2-p64-74 | Impact of environmental conditions on the yield variabi...Innspub Net
Impact of environmental conditions on the yield variability of durum wheat (Triticum durum. Desf) and its associated characters at Algerian semi-arid areas
By: Megherbi-Benali A, Toumi-Benali F, Zouaoui S, Hamel L, Benyahia M.
Int. J. Agr. Agri. Res. 8(2), 64-74, February 2016.
Abstract
Environmental stresses are most common in Algeria. Drought, cold and hot weather are often present. These production constraints are abiotic, they are combined together more aggravating the loss in crop yields, especially durum. Indeed, a study was conducted under different agro-ecological conditions in the 2010/11 year. The approach adopted has been characterized by integration across experiment and pedoclimatic zoned. To do this, tests were conducted at the three zones and followed up from the installation of the plant to harvest. The observations concern the effects of environmental constraints on yield and traits associated; with measurements, it is focused on morpho-phenological characteristics of the vegetation, soil moisture, and physicochemical properties of the soil. A substantial variation in yield was observed between zones can be explained by the significance of soil tillage, crop rotation the characteristics of each zone. Results confirm particularly that correlations between yield and associated characters exist and that various genotypes respond differently with the environments. Improved genotypes and precocious ensure the best yield. The early stage of heading is a trait often sought in Mediterranean areas since it allows them to avoid the terminal water deficit or deficiency. The study confirmed the existence of significant correlations entered yield and it is components of and that genotypes responded differently depending on the environment to which they are subjected.
Effects of Irrigation Practices on Some Soil Chemical Properties on OMI Irrig...IJERA Editor
Irrigation practices have been observed to impact scheme soil properties and other parameters negatively. These could be as a result of irrigation water quality, method of application and nature of scheme soil. This study was therefore conducted to study the effects of irrigation practices on the soils of Omi irrigation scheme Kogi state, Nigeria after 13years of operation. Soil samples were taken at depths 0 – 20 cm (A1), 20 – 80 cm (A2) and 80 – 120 cm (A3) from two operating lands (OL); OL 5 and OL 18 of the study area. The samples were analysed for chemical parameters (pH, CEC, ESP, Mg2+, Ca2+, OM, and OC). The soil pH which was in the neutral range (pH=6.65 to 7.00) at inception of scheme, has become slightly acidic (pH=6.53 to 6.60). Cation exchange capacity (CEC) levels have also increased from 10cmol+kg-1 to 35cmol+kg-1. While Organic matter (OM) and Organic carbon (OC) also have marked increase in their levels (baseline as 0.93 to 1.08; for year 2013 as 9.52 to 9.79). Generally, the analysis indicated a need for proper monitoring of the scheme soil to prevent further deterioration.
Engineered biosystem treatment trains: A review of agricultural nutrient sequ...journal ijrtem
ABSTRACT: Nutrient pollution is a problem across the globe. Excess nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) are impacting lakes, rivers, and oceans with algal blooms, hypoxia, and fish kills. As such, there are many opportunities for intervening to protect receiving ecosystems from excess nutrients. Historic treatment options have failed to control nonpoint source pollution. New options for trapping and treating intensively managed cropland runoff (IMCR) are presented; with a wealth of wastewater treatment experience in removing N and P, innovation is spilling over into the IMCR world. Agricultural producers can use technology to increase productivity and decrease nutrient runoff to streams and lakes using trap and treat biosystems engineering technology. In-field cover crops and mycorrhizae can be employed to increase nutrient use efficiency. At field-edge and beyond, riparian buffers (surface and subsurface), wetlands (natural and constructed), and varying forms of carbon bioreactors can be utilized for nutrient consumption and sequestration. Options to mitigate IMCR nutrient pollution occur best with landscape treatment trains. The treatment train approach is possible and needed for ecosystem health; however, the key issues are 1) pathway and process awareness, and 2) balancing who pays the cost for best management practices and who reaps the benefits.
KEYWORDS: nitrogen, phosphorus, nonpoint source pollution, treatment train
This presentation outlines the ARCC Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment & Adaptation Study.
The objectives of the study were to take an ecosystems approach in:
1) Identifying CC impact and vulnerabilities of rural poor and their environment - water resources, food security, livelihoods and biodiversity (fisheries and wildlife);
2) Identifying hot spots in the LMB: provide a scientific evidence base to guide the selection of pilot project sites;
3) Defining adaptation strategies to inform community and ecosystem-based adaptation pilot projects and
4) Communicating the results of the vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Does fertilization practices increase residual nitrate nitrogen in soil irrig...IJEAB
Treated wastewater has significantly improved DM yield compared to ground water. The form of nitrogen provided by the water was determinant in drawing yields. Irrigation with ground water (where nitrogen is as nitrate) induces a faster migration of nitrogen at depth. In contrast, using treated wastewater (where nitrogen is as ammonium), resulting in a relative distribution of the remaining nitric smaller in the lower profile and therefore higher in the surface, especially after the second year (2010). In addition, the relative distribution of nitrates in the soil surface is even more important in the presence of organic manure. All happens as if a certain amount of ammonium provided by treated wastewater is retained in the organic compounds of manure. Yields were significantly lower in irrigation with treated wastewater in the second year and especially when fertilization was given in additional. If the soil can be used for storage of the nitrogen supplied by the treated wastewater during the first year of irrigation (24 kg N-NO3/ha before irrigation to 115 kg N-NO3/ha after irrigation), to the second year the capacity drops (to 64 N-NO3/ha) and a significant increase in nitrate leaching occurs. Therefore, unlike the contribution of manure that seems enrich the topsoil nitrate nitrogen, at least during the first campaign, mineral fertilization unreasoning causes faster migration of nitrogen at depth.
This document summarizes a study on the soil fertility status of three villages in Chilika Block, Odisha, India. Soil samples were collected from uplands, medium lands, and low lands in each village. Testing found that organic carbon and available nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur were generally highest in low land soils, while potassium levels varied. Specifically:
- Organic carbon levels ranged from low to very high, and were highest in Vellery village due to black soil.
- Nitrogen levels were low and positively correlated with organic carbon. Levels were highest in Chasangara village low lands.
- Phosphorus levels were moderate overall, but highest in V
The document describes the agroecological zones of Bangladesh. Bangladesh has been divided into 30 agroecological zones based on factors such as physiography, soils, land levels in relation to flooding, and agroclimatic conditions. These 30 zones have been further subdivided into 88 sub-regions and 535 agroecological units. The zones are described in terms of their defining characteristics including soil types, fertility levels, flooding patterns, and suitable crops. The zones cover different floodplains, river basins, and other geographical regions across Bangladesh.
This study shows the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and water use of Capsicum annuum L. (Bell pepper) grown in a hydraulic weighing lysimeter. A hydraulic weighing lysimeter made from PVC drum was designed, constructed and installed to study the crop water use of Bell pepper. Analyses were carried out to determine the physico-chemical properties of soil and crop water use of Bell pepper in humid savanna zone of Omu-Aran, Nigeria. The soil in the study area is a slightly alkaline and the soil micro and macro porosity at depth 0-15cm to be 0.194, 0.536, and 0.73 respectively with that of depth 15-30 cm to be 0.115, 0.425, and 0.54 respectively. Also, bulk density for the 0-15 cm depth was 0.714 g/cm3 while that of 15-30cm was 1.261g/cm3 indicating that sample for 15-30cm is more compacted. The results also revealed that the ETc of the bell pepper crop increases during the development and mid stages hence the crop water use is highest during the crop growth mid stage.
The effects of global climate change on agriculture(4)Paktia University
This document summarizes the effects of global climate change on agriculture. It finds that agriculture contributes approximately 20% of annual greenhouse gas emissions through practices like deforestation, livestock production, and biomass burning. Rising temperatures and shifts in precipitation patterns from climate change will impact agricultural production globally and regionally. Effects may include changes in crop yields, suitable land areas, and increased pest/disease pressure. Adaptations can help mitigate these impacts to some degree but climate change poses risks for global and local food security.
Hashemi - iran, sustainable water allocation, an eco-hydrological approachWANA forum
This document discusses allocating environmental water requirements for Lake Urmia in Iran using an ecohydrological approach. Lake Urmia is an important ecosystem that has been shrinking in recent decades due to decreased water inflows. An ecohydrological model was used to determine that the minimum ecological water requirement for Lake Urmia is 3,100 MCM per year. This can help inform new wetland policies that harmonize ecological and water needs in a sustainable manner.
Environmental resources and prospective agriculture in madhesh region Sujit Thakur
This document summarizes the environmental resources and prospects for agriculture in Madhesh region of Nepal. It discusses the physical setting of the region, biological resources like forests and wildlife, land and human resources, water resources including irrigation infrastructure, environmental concerns like degradation of farmland and water-related issues, and the context of climate change. The key points are that Madhesh region covers 23% of Nepal's land but faces high population pressure, deforestation has been a major issue, irrigation systems need rehabilitation, and climate change poses risks for agriculture in the region.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Impact of long term application of agrochemicals on the agro-ecology of the l...Alexander Decker
This study assessed the impact of long-term agrochemical use on soil and water quality in the lower Anambra River Basin in Nigeria. Samples were analyzed for heavy metal content and microbial load. Results found heavy metal levels in soil and runoff water exceeded standards for agriculture and domestic use. Microbial loads in soil samples were also reduced compared to standards. Long-term application of agrochemicals like fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides introduced heavy metals into the soil and water that harmed microbial life and contaminated the environment. Countermeasures like adding organic manure were recommended to remediate soils and improve quality.
Surface and ground water pollution in abata ogun agricultural wetlandAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study assessing the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer application on surface and ground water quality in Abata Ogun agricultural wetland in Nigeria. Water sampling during rainy and dry seasons found high concentrations of nutrients, bacteria, and other pollutants indicating contamination from agricultural activities. Wells and streams on the farm had lower water quality than the control well, with measurements exceeding standards. The wetland's stream deposited sediments and contamination spread downstream. The study highlights the need for awareness and sustainable farming practices to prevent health risks from consuming contaminated water.
Natural resources are classified as renewable and non-renewable. Renewable resources like water and soil can be used sustainably while non-renewable resources like coal are depleted over time. Some key natural resources are forests, water, minerals, food, land, and energy. Forests provide timber, fuel, and help regulate climate and soil fertility. Water is essential for life but faces threats from pollution, overuse, and natural disasters. Mineral extraction disturbs the environment and causes problems like acid mine drainage. Food resources rely on sustainable agriculture but current practices like the green revolution use pesticides that harm soils and ecosystems. Conservation of natural resources requires practices like organic farming, reducing pollution, and sustainable management of forests, lands,
Health risks of heavy metals in selected food crops cultivatedAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed heavy metal levels in soils and two commonly consumed food crops (cassava and plantain) in small-scale gold mining communities in Ghana. Soil samples contained heavy metals within permissible limits, though pollution load indices revealed significant metal loading. Heavy metal levels were higher in the food crops than soils. Lead, cadmium, zinc and copper levels in plantain, and lead, cadmium and zinc levels in cassava exceeded international safety standards. Analysis showed local inhabitants were at risk of long-term health effects from dietary exposure to these heavy metals.
Investigation of Soil Status in Degraded Soils from Tantalum Mining in Gatumb...Premier Publishers
Different soil properties from Gatumba Mining Area were assessed to characterize them and contribute in setting up practices for soil restoration. The present study was conducted to assess the soil status in degraded soils from tantalum mining in Gatumba. Nine soil profiles which were prepared in 2009 during dry season were sharpened and soils from all visible horizons were sampled. Soil analysis was performed in the soil laboratory at National University of Rwanda. Results showed that the active soil pH was lower in technosol developed on schist (4.8) and higher in technosol composed by pegmatite dump (5.61) and ranged from slightly acid (5.61) to acidic (4.73). Acid saturation was lower in strongly disturbed fluvisol (3.4%) and higher in technosol composed by pegmatite (10.78%) while base saturation was lower in cambic-fluvisol (37.5%) and higher in technosol composed by pegmatite (89.3%). However, a significant difference (p=0.012) only observed in base saturation between soil profiles. In general, soils affected by mining had low base saturation and higher acid saturation than unaffected. Therefore, recommendation of more soluble amendment such as lime and dolomite would improve the soil pH and provide macronutrients like Ca2+ and Mg2+.
Aptitude of Ground waters for Irrigation in the South-East Coastal Region of ...inventionjournals
Development of agricultural areas pressures on the availability of water resources in the South-East coastal region of Côte d'Ivoire (from Abidjan to Aboisso) require farmers to use groundwater for irrigation food and industrial crops. The objective of this study is to assess the aptitude of groundwater for irrigation in this region by using methods that take into account the Sodium Adsorption Report (SAR) and the Permeability Index (PI). The different results show that the SAR values range from 0.03 to 9.90 with an average of 1.83 while the PIs range from 5.11 to 210.77 with an average of 91.40. The C1S1 and C2S1 classes, corresponding to the water suitable for irrigation, represent 95% of the water sampled. In general, therefore, the sampled waters quality is suitable for irrigation except the boreholes waters of Memni (No. 59) and Palmafrique (No. 64).
Assessment of Zinc and Copper Status of Fadama Soils In Borgu Local Governmen...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The document summarizes a study that assessed the zinc and copper levels in fadama soils from three extension blocks in Borgu Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from farms across the blocks and analyzed for various properties. The results showed the soils had a sandy loam texture with slightly acidic to neutral pH. Zinc and copper levels were very low across all locations but did not differ significantly. This suggests soil amendments are needed to increase the availability of zinc and copper and support optimal crop yields for farmers.
A Baseline Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon in the Mangroves of the Bakassi ...ijtsrd
The mangrove soils as one of the global soil types is a major carbon store that helps to curb the rising global temperatures. This is not unconnected to their high carbon storing and sequestration potentials of the peat soils. The conclusion is characterized by some knowledge gaps on the actual carbon stock and sequestration potentials of some mangroves soils on the Central African Sub regional landscape. Some of these areas are the Bakassi mangroves in the South West Cameroon. Cross border conflicts, piracy and over exploitation have rendered the sourcing of appropriate data on its carbon stock and sequestration potentials difficult. In strive to bridge this knowledge gap, this work carried out baseline assessments of the carbon stock and sequestration rate of this peat soil. To achieve the study objectives, stratified random opportunistic sampling using an inventory design based on five forest canopy height classes, with collection of peat soils using a soil auger to different depth for laboratory analysis was done. Soils Organic Carbon stocks were estimated from soils to a depth of 100cm and determined using chromic acid digestion and spectrophotometric analysis. Parameters determined were bulk density and percentage carbon. Results showed that soil carbon stock density ranged from 705.8 Mg ha to 546.2 Mg ha . Thus on average, for a hectare in Bakassi, the Soil Organic carbon stock was 632.65 Mg ha Kamah Pascal Bumtu | Nkwatoh Athanasius Fuashi | Longonje Simon Ngomba "A Baseline Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon in the Mangroves of the Bakassi Peninsula South-West Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30515.doc Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/30515/a-baseline-assessment-of-soil-organic-carbon-in-the-mangroves-of-the-bakassi-peninsula-southwest-cameroon/kamah-pascal-bumtu
This study evaluated the quality of irrigation water resources in the central Albanian regions of Kavaja and Kruja over 2009-2010. Water samples were collected and analyzed for various parameters including pH, salts, chemicals, and nutrients. The results found that water resources in Kruja generally had low salt levels within established standards. However, resources in Kavaja showed higher salt levels that could cause light soil salinity issues in some areas. Specifically, sodium and chloride levels in certain Kavaja resources posed toxicity risks. Based on standards, the study classified all resources as Class 2 quality. The authors conclude continuous monitoring is needed due to pollution risks from increasing industrial and urban activities in the regions.
Agro ecological assessment of soil quality of a river watershed in the niger ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed soil samples from 9 sites around the River Ediene watershed in Nigeria to determine soil quality. Chemical tests found the soil to have low levels of important nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium compared to standards. Organic matter content was only 0.9%, far below the ideal level of 5%. The soil was also acidic with a pH of 6.17. Overall, the study concluded the soil quality was poor and would need to be improved for effective agriculture due to deficiencies in important nutrients and organic matter.
Quantification of Heavy Metals using Contamination and Pollution Index in Sel...IJEAB
Many sites in urban cities are used for dumping of domestic, industrial and municipal wastes because of high human population density in the area. Most often, people use these dumpsites for growing of crops without knowing the level of heavy metal contamination in soils of these areas. This study evaluated the quantification and contamination level of heavy metals in some refuse dumpsites in communities of the State Nigeria. Three replicate soil samples were collected from the dumpsites and at 20 m away from the non - dumpsite which do not receive sewage water within the root zone of 0 – 40 cm depth using soil auger sampler. Samples were analysed for soil properties and heavy metal concentrations using standard methods. The concentrations of the studied heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd) were compared with the permissible limits of other countries. Results showed that in the three studied locations, soil pH at dumpsites were 40 .6%, 39.4% and 38.9% higher than the values in the control sites while soil organic carbon were higher in the dumpsites by 50.1%, 31.3% and 41.1% as compared to the control sites. Cu concentrations at the three locations were below the standard limits of United Kingdom, European Union (EU), USA and WHO. The concentrations of the studied heavy metals passed the contamination stage and therefore will pose negative effect on plant and soil environment. Use of the dumpsite for crop cultivation or as compost materials should be avoided and construction of shallow wells near these areas should be discouraged.
The Response of Chickpea Cultivars to Irrigation with Treated WastewaterMarwan Haddad
This document summarizes a three-year study on the response of four chickpea cultivars (Bulgarit, WIR-32, Jordan, ICC 11293) to irrigation with treated wastewater versus freshwater. The results showed that the Bulgarit and ICC 11293 cultivars maintained yield when irrigated with treated wastewater, and even saw some biological growth improvements. However, the WIR-32 and Jordan cultivars showed significant yield reductions when irrigated with treated wastewater compared to freshwater. Soil analysis found no significant difference between the two irrigation water types.
Soil Organic Carbon as observed in lowlands of Continuous Rice Cropping in Gu...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Advocated organic matter (OM) supplying to agriculture soil should be according to the soil properties, resulting different rates requirement instead of applying blank recommendation (12 tha-1 ). Two lowlands under continuous rice-rice cropping in the centre of Côte d’Ivoire were surveyed in 2013 considering 31 rice fields (farmers) for each location. Soil samples (93) were taken in 0 – 20 cm depth systematically (50 m along × 20 m across) extending the hydromorphic zone (HZ), the fringe valley (FV) and the valley bottom (VB) along the upper stream (US), median (MS) and downstream (DS) positions respectively. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content was differently observed in association with clay or silt particles according the topographic positions. Lowest amounts of SOC, maximum stable C (31.02% – 31.66%) and highest C mineralization (2.72% – 2.97%) rate (K2) were often accounting for the HZ contrasting with the VB. Unexpected higher rates of 224 tha-1 , 269.4 tha-1 and 281.03 tha-1 as rice and weed residues were required across the transversal section of the valley respectively over the current recommendation of 12 tha-1 . Dissolved C and leached nutrients (Na, K, Mg and Ca) may be released from HZ to VB contributing to rice yield gap (4.5 – 6.44 th-1 ). Soil contents of clay and K were the most relevant yield increasing factors against the contents of sand, silt and K2 value. More enriched organic-C source was required for improving organic input in the studied agro-systems emphasizing a major constraint for lowland rice production.
natural resources- water, air , food , organic and inorganicNaveen Prabhu
This document discusses natural resources including renewable resources like soil, water and air and non-renewable resources like minerals and fossil fuels. It then focuses on forest resources, highlighting that forests cover about 1/3 of the world's land area and provide commercial and environmental benefits. The document also discusses overexploitation of forests through activities like shifting cultivation, fuel collection and infrastructure development. It notes the effects of deforestation and describes forest conservation methods.
Assessing soil nutrient depletion to household food insecurity in the smallho...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study assessing soil nutrient depletion and its impact on household food insecurity in smallholder farming systems in the western hills of Lake Abaya, Ethiopia. Key findings include:
1) Soil analysis showed progressively decreasing organic matter, phosphorus, potassium, and cation exchange capacity with distance from homesteads, indicating soil nutrient depletion.
2) 61% of households were food insecure, unable to feed themselves for more than 9 months per year, compared to 28.2% in low-lying areas.
3) Per capita food availability was below the minimum recommended level in some villages, with undernourishment rates over 100% in the most food insecure village.
4
Erodibility of slash and-burn soils along a toposequence in relation to four ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the erodibility of soils after slash-and-burn agriculture in southeastern Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from plots along a hillslope before and after burning to analyze changes in properties. Results showed burning increased bulk density and decreased porosity by disrupting soil structure. Burning also increased pH and nutrients but decreased organic carbon. Erodibility increased by 14-20% after burning across landscape positions. Soil pH had the strongest correlation with erodibility. However, the specific amounts of ash added from burning were unknown.
In the agroecological zone of the Biemso basin in the Ashanti Region of Ghana, soil erodibility
and rainfall erosivity patterns were estimated. The study aimed at investigating the temporal
variability of rainfall erosivity using the Fournier Index Method and assessing the soil
erodibility parameters of a Sawah site using the WEPP model. Four plots representing the
major land uses in the area for maize, oil palm, natural vegetation and plantain cultivation
were selected. Results showed that soil organic matter content ranged from 1.95 to 5.52%;
sand ranged from 14.34 to 31.86 %; silt ranged from 31.63 to 68.77%; clay ranged from 16.04
to 20.08% and very fine sand from 3.38 to 8.84%. The derived interrill erodibility (Ki) values
ranged from 44.26 to 51.70 kg s m-4 under all land uses considered at the study site and soils
in the study area were moderately resistant to erosion by raindrops. The derived rill erodibility
(Kr) values ranged from 0.005 to 0.012 s m-1 under all land uses considered at the study site.
Rill erodibility values were higher at the foot slopes under all land uses except under Oil Palm
land use. Rainfall values exceeded the 20-25 mm threshold value for erosive rains. Erosivity
values determined for the study site revealed a moderate erosion risk in the major rainy season
(April-July); low erosion risk in the minor rainy season (August-October ) and very low erosion
risk in the dry season (November-March). It is recommended that soil and land management
practices that would reduce water erosion during the major rainy season should be implemented
such as bunding, mulching and contour farming.
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Characterisation and soil pollution in agrarian floodplain of ibadan peri urban in south western nigeria
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.4, No.24, 2014
29
Characterisation and Soil Pollution in Agrarian Floodplain of
Ibadan Peri-Urban in South Western Nigeria
Ande O.T1
. Adetunji A. M2
., Akinpelu M. E2
. Senjobi B.A3
.
1.Inst of Agric Research and Training , Obafemi Awolowo University, Apata, Ibadan
2.Federal College of Agriculture, Moor Plantation, Apata, Ibadan, Nigeria
3.Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
*funmiande67@gmail.com
Abstract
Ibadan metropolis in Nigeria has population of about 6millons people. There is increasing concern about lowland
soils around Ibadan periurban where most of the industrial wastes transported majorly by River Ona were
deposited. These soils are used for dry season farming and contribute to food security. This research was carried
out to characterise and determine the vulnerability of periurban lowland soils to industrial pollution . The area
was studied using 50mx50m grid. Surface samples were taken at 50m interval. Representative profile pits were
dug and described using USDA method. Particle size analysis and chemical analyses including Phosphorus,
Nitrogen , exchangeable Cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K,), Mn and heavy metals such as Pb. Cu, Zn, Cr, Fe, Cd
determinations were carried out. The results shows that the surface soil of the flood plain was fertile with high N
(0.35cmol/kg), P (51.25 cmol/kg), K (0.61 cmol/kg) with very high to toxic levels of phosphorous in the soil
which range between 28.99 to 87.70 ppm. Average lead concentration was (34.30 mg/kg), Zn (171.20 mg/kg),
Fe (83.97 mg/kg), Cu (19.11 mg/kg), Mn (31.10 mg/kg), Cr (0.69 mg/kg), Cd (0.3 mg/kg). The predictions from
soil-plant heavy metal transfer coefficient (Pb:35-343; Cr:0.46-4.6; Zn:171-1712; Cu:19-191; Fe:83-840; Mn:31-
281; Cd:0.1-10) shows that there might be toxic level in crops in the area but the high yield and health of plant
from field evidence and farmers interaction indicate that the high level of P (28.99-87ppm) must have inhibited
uptake of some metals such as Pb, Zn and Cu.
Keywords: Fadama, Urban waste, Heavy metals, Soil pollution, Peri-urban farming
Introduction
The need for food security especially during the dry season is majorly suppled by dry season farming on fadama.
A sustainable production of vegetables to meet the demands of an ever increasing population in the country is of
great concern. The need for these basic nutritional needs is always sourced for within the fertile lowland after the
upland become too dry to cultivate during the dry season. Moreover farmers depend on rain fed agriculture for
upland cultivation of crops. However in lowlands with associated perennial rivers surface irrigation is common
to sustain production during the dry season
Industrial waste constitute the major soil pollution from urban areas.These wastes include a variety of
chemical like heavy metals Lead, Cadmium etc. Recently industrial effluent and sewage sludge are being used
on farm land hence, these toxic metals can be transferred and concentrated into plant tissues from the soil and
these metals have changing effect on the plants (Mungur et al., 1995)
In Ibadan the peculiar case of river Ona that flows through the city is a peculiar case because it has
impact on the surrounding Peri-urban associated Fadama. The residential and industrial wastes are usually
discharge into the river. The waste that deposited on the floodplain along the river serve as source of vegetables
and some arable like maize during the dry season due to haphard use of lands , fadama are under increasing
pressure from various land users. (Ardo, 2004). Under these conditions, the resources base of the Fadama lands
would deteriorate and Fadama farmers would experience a long term crop yield reduction and soil pollution that
could jeopardize the self-reliance the country enjoys in the production of vegetables under Fadama.
Consequently, profitability would reduce and the standard of living would fall. Thus, an assessment of the
quality of fadama is invaluable. This is because urban and peri-urban agriculture and fadama cultivation are
growing fast around all major cities in Africa with the increase of urban population and consequent rising
demand. In times of drought, the importance of fadama cannot be overemphasized since it serves as the
substitutes or compliment to upland crop production during dry season or when there is crop failure. Hence,
fadama resources guarantee urban food security and possibility of all year round food production. Hence this
research was set up to assess the impact of urban activities on soil quality of fadama associated with River Ona
in Ibadan with specific objectives to characterise the soils and determine the effect of urban waste on peri-urban
agriculture.
2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.4, No.24, 2014
30
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.1 Description of the Project Site
3.1.1 Location
The samples were collected in the valley bottom soil in Oluyole Local Government Area along Ijebu ode Road
in periurban areas close to Ibadan metropolis.
3.1.2 Climate
The climate of Ibadan is dominated by the influence of two major wind currents. One from North- east is hot and
very dry and other from the south west is warm and very moist. These winds current give rise to a hot dry season
from December to February and a cooler rainy season in potential era transportation and precipitation at Oluyole
along Ijebu-Ode-CRIN, Ibadan road. The short dry period separating the two period of peak rainfall at Ibadan is
clearly shown by the period of moisture stress, when the water needed exceeds the supply.
Although only the months of December, January and February have an average rainfall, less than 254mm from
the month of march. Rainfall start in the area early in March and last for about 25mm monthly total rainfall
(Moor plantation, meteorological station). The average rainfall ranges from 62.85 to 196.96 mm in March. The
average rainfall has risen to 131.30mm.
3.2 Land use
The land use in the area include: maize (Zea mays) vegetables Okra ( Abelmoscus escuents) Tomatoes
(Lycopesium esculentus) sweet pepper (Capsium annum) etc. The timing of planting operation and the number
and type of crops which can be grown are influenced by one onset of the rains, the regime and duration of the
wet season.
3.3. Vegetation
The project site fall in lowland rainforest. It consists of elephant grass with few bananas and plantain with few
citrus trees. In clearing the land for arable farming, cutlass or machete are used. The principal food crops of the
area are maize (Zea mays), yam (Discorea spp), okra (Abelmocus esculentus), and pepper (Capsicum annum).
3.4. Geology
The site is majorly combination of alluvium deposit and hill wash soils with many waste materials.
3.5. The soils
The soil is generally sandy loam and to its poorly drained has incomplete oxidation and poorly developed soil
profile due to layering cause by annual flooding. The water table is generally high and therefore it could be
cultivated only during the dry season and used for planting swamp rice, dry season maize, early yam and
vegetables such as Amaranthus, tomatoes, okra, pepper, pumpkin and lettuce.
3.6 Field work
The land area was surveyed using grid method, River Ona was used as baseline, transect was cut across the slope
perpendicular to the river. Sampling point was 50m interval, after measuring with the meter tape, then the point
was augered and samples were taking out at 0-15cm. Two profile pits were dug based on the results of auger
hole borings and minipits. The first was cited in the polluted areas usually flooded while the second was sited
about 10m away from the flood plain for comparison. The profiles were described based on USDA standard;
samples were collected from the horizons demarcated in the pits.
3.7 Laboratory analysis
The soil were air dried and sieved with 2mm screen sieve after gentle grinding with mortar and pestle, Analysis
such as routine, trace element and mechanical analysis were carried out on the soil, where the routine analysis
involved the determination of PH in the soil by using PH meter with glass electrode (Mclean, 1982), Available
phosphorous was extracted by using Bray1 method (Bray and Kurtz, 1945), Organic Carbon was determined by
wet oxidation method of Walkey and Blacky which was modified by Allison (1965), Exchangeable bases to
determine the concentration of Na+
, K+
, Mg2+
Ca2+
& Mg+
was determined by using flame photometer while Ca2+
,
mg2+
was determined by automatic adsorption spectrophotometer. Mechanical analysis was also done using
hydrometer by Bouyoucos (1962) to determine the amount of sand, silt and clay present in the soil. Trace
element like: Fe, Cd, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr and Pb were determined by addition of 50 ml of 0.1NHCL solution in to 5g
of soil samples and it is then determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
4.0. Results and discussion
4.1 Morphology description
The morphological description of the profile Pit 1 is attached in Appendix 1. This soil unit was located at the
3. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.4, No.24, 2014
31
floodplain, has geo-genetic origin with evidence of commulization due to different layers of sandy loam to
loamy sand texture. The different layers probably represent different deposition from the river when it overflows
the flood plain. The profile is dominated with urban waste including clothe pieces, nylon, plastic, iron sheet or
pieces in the horizon. The consistence and structure varies from sub-angular blocky to very firm. The colour
varies from dark brown to dark greyish brown which shows the high level of organic matter in the soil. The
water table was reached at 80 cm depth. The soil is non-plastic to slightly sticky with common abundance refuse
in the profile.
The morphological description of pit 2 located just above the floodplain is shown in Appendix 2. The
colour ranged between very dark brown to dark yellowish brown with prominent Fe/Mn nodles, may gravels.
The profile has very firm to firm moist consistency, non-sticky and non-plastic, few to may fibrous rock and few
rotten rocks at 29 – 35 cm before the saprolitic hard pan. The depth to water table was 100 cm
4.2 Physical and chemical properties
Table 1 shows the physical and chemical soil properties of the profile pit located in River Ona floodplain. The
table reveals that the texture varied from sandy loam to loamy sand in the profile. The clay and silt contents are
low with high percent sand (68.8 – 86.8 %). There was no evidence of cutan to show illuvial formation of clay,
but stratification is attributed due to different time of deposition. The chemical properties show that the pH is
neutral and the cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) varied from low to high (3.93 – 7.8 cmol kg-1
). In spite of
the heavy load of waste material the profile was not sodic. Sodium (Na) content was less than 15 % of the total
CEC. Phosphorus (P) content was high (43.78 – 55.94 ppm) in the soil profile pH. The variable inclusion of
urban wastes were evident, which could account for this carbon content, which varied from 0.54 – 1.44 % and
nitrogen (N) from 0.05 – 0.45 %. The average concentration of heavy metal is stated in Table 2. Heavy metal
distribution in the soil was also highly variable. Lead (Pb) content ranged from 40.00 – 41.40 ppm, chromium
(Cr) (0.76 – 1.04 ppm), zinc (Zn) (12.83 – 254.50 ppm), copper (Cu) (5.45 – 18.06 ppm), iron (Fe) (46.00 –
181.00 ppm).
The physical and chemical properties of the soil from Pit 2, classified as Gambari series are shown in
Table 3 and 4. The soil texture varies from loamy sand to sandy loam. The pH is neutral to slightly acidic (6.28 –
7.35). CEC varies from 3.94 – 9.74 cmol kg-1
. Potassium (K) is moderate in the topsoil (0.23 cmol kg-1
) and low
in the subsoil (0.05 – 0.08 cmol kg-1
). The P content was very high in the surface horizon (87.70 ppm), but low
in subsoil (2.74 – 3.87 ppm) where laterite formation is observable. N is low in the soil profile (0.05 – 1.4 %)
and organic carbon is moderate at the surface, but low in the subsoil (0.02 – 0.09 %).
The concentrations of heavy metals in Pit 2 are shown in Table 4. Pb was only present in first and second
horizon (33.00 – 41.00 ppm). This horizon accumulates more of the heavy metals compared to other horizons,
except Fe.
4.3. Physical and chemical properties of the surface soils
The area is basically used for arable cultivation. Therefore the surface parameters were analysed to show the
range and average concentration in the soil. The physical and chemical properties of the surface samples were
shown in Tables 5 and 6. The soils are sandy loam to loamy sand with low silt (15.70 %) and clay content
(8.16 %). pH is neutral (6.82 – 7.03). The average CEC is 6.62 cmol kg-1
with high content of K (0.46 cmol kg-1
)
and low Mg content (0.6 cmol kg -1
). P is very high (40.49 ppm) and average % carbon content is 2.48 % with
0.25 % N.
Heavy metals concentrations in the surface soil as shown in table 6 shows high content of Pb (34.33
ppm). Zn (171.2 ppm), Fe (97.0 ppm). The uptake of this nutrient was examined using soil –plant metal transfer
coefficient as shown in tables 7 and 8.The results show probability of high uptake of Zn, Fe, Cu, in plants if
other factors that affect the uptake remain conducive. Phosphorus to zinc ratio was calculated. A ratio below 54
has been reported to result to deleterious concentration in plants (Agbede, 2009).
4.3 Discussion
The soil morphology shows that the floodplain soil is geogenetic because the accumulation of sandy loam soil
with various urban wastes in the profile. A placic-like layer (thin layer of iron pan) was found in the flood plain
profile, which formation is attributed to geogenetic process because of waste materials not yet decomposed
visible throughout the profile (i.e. Pit 1) and Pit 2 is a pedo-genetic soil with increase in clay to the ferruginous
layer, but no evidence of cutan and the size of the horizon is too small to an argillic horizon (6 cm). The soils
from the floodplain are classified as Entisols. The pit is shallow (100 cm) with formation of hardened Fe and Mn
concretions. The pit occupies break of slope just above the floodplain and occasionally flooded. The depth to
water table during the wet season was 90cm. At the second Pit, there is increase in clay content up to 42.86 %,
which shows soil development, but not quantity as argillic and classified as Inceptisol.
The surface soil properties show that the soil is rich in nutrient, except Mg. The fertility is high due to
4. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.4, No.24, 2014
32
high N, P and K in the soil and field evidence shows average yield of about 5 tha-1
.The heavy metal
concentrations are high for Zn, Cu, Fe, Pb and Mn. The highest Fe concentration was recorded in anaerobic
horizons in Pits 1 and 2. It has been reported that Fe becomes more soluble in anaerobic condition as Fe2+
. When
the soil dries it oxidises to Fe 3+ which is less available to plant, likewise, low level of Cr recorded which
according to Agbede, 2009 that at neutral pH, Cr becomes less available. Cr has been reported to be more
soluble in acidic environment (Ryabova, 2001).
The soil plant metal transfer coefficient table of Kloke et al. (1984) indicate that some of the heavy
metals in high concentration might become too concentrated in the plant growth in this area. The neutral pH
enhances the release of their metals in soil solution, but the high level of organic matter may also inhibit
luxurious uptake of heavy metals (Jan, 1984), except Fe and Cr. It has been reported that root crops store more of
such elements in their roots; therefore, root crops should not be encouraged in this environment. It is expected
that high concentration of heavy metals will be present based on soil-plant transfer coefficient, but high level of
phosphorus at toxic level has been reported in Agbede, 2009 to inhibit translocation of excess Zn, Fe, Cu to
plants. The P/Zn ratio shows that there might be deleterious accumulation of Zn in plants. Hence, Zn
concentration is too high for high content of P to inhibit excess uptake of Zn from the soils.
5. Conclusion and recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
The floodplain associated with Ona River in Oluyole Local Government area in Ibadan is fertile with high
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The phosphorus was available up to toxic level, but its effect was probably
neutralized by high organic carbon at the surface. The high level of phosphorus can also be deduced to inhibit
toxic absorption of heavy metals such as iron, copper and zinc, which were very high in the soil. There is
probably a balance in chemical dynamic of the soil where toxic level of some anions were deduced to have
reduced uptake of excess heavy metals resulting to high yield based on farmers interaction and field evidence of
arable crop (maize and vegetable). The area will be good for dry season farming with little input because
fertilizer will not be necessary for production. However the actual concentration in plants of the area should be
studied.
5.2 Recommendation
The urban waste should not be dumped into rivers because their presence in the soil horizon as decomposed
materials like plastic, iron, and nylon make cultivation of land difficult since more time and labour will be
required to remove this from the surface of soils.
Farmers’ efforts have been noticed on the field with local rubber tubes, which is laborious for irrigation purposes.
Government should come to farmers’ aid in terms of irrigation during dry seasons for maximum production.
Further study is also recommended to analyse the nutrients in the plants to complement the predicted values.
References
Agbede, O.O., 2009. Understanding Soil and Plant Nutrition. 1st
Edn., Salman Press and Co. Nig. Ltd., Nigeria,
pp: 179-231.
Adisa, B.O., O.A. Adeokun and M.A. Oladoja, 2006. Effects of socio-economic factors on perceived adequacy
of training received by women in agriculture in Ijebu and Remo Division of Ogun State Nigeria. J. Agric., 9:101-
108.
Allison, L.E., 1965. Organic carbon. In C.A black (ed) Methods of Soil Analysis. Agronomy 9:1367-1389
Ardo, H.J., 2004. Natural resources management and conflict among Fadama communities. Proceedings of the
Workshop on Environmental Governance and Consensus Building for Sustainable Natural Resources
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Bouyoucos, G.J., 1962. Hydromter method improved for making particle size analysis of soils. Agronomy
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Vol.4, No.24, 2014
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Jan, V., 1984. Short term uptake of heavy metals by periphyton algae. Hydrobiologia, 119: 171-179
Table 1: Physical and chemical soil properties of the profile pit located at River Ona floodplain (Pit 1)
Properties 0 – 15 cm 15 – 35 cm 35 – 82
Sand (%)
Silt (%)
Clay (%)
pH
Na (cmol kg-1
)
K (cmol kg-1
)
Mg c(mol kg-1
)
Ca (cmol kg-1
)
CEC (cmol kg-1
)
P (ppm)
C (gkg-1
)
N (%)
84.80
8.80
6.40
7.35
0.41
0.38
0.20
6.81
7.80
54.84
11.02
0.10
86.80
6.40
6.80
7.28
0.28
0.18
0.20
5.01
5.67
43.78
5.4
0.05
68.80
20.80
10.40
7.38
0.33
0.18
0.41
8.82
3.93
55.02
11.40
0.14
Table 2: Physical and chemical soil properties of the profile pit located at the lower slope above River Ona
floodplain (Pit 1)
Property 0 – 15 cm 15 – 35 cm 35 – 82 Ave. pit content Range in soil
Pb (mg kg-1
)
Cr (mg kg-1
)
Zn (mg kg-1
)
Cu (mg kg-1
)
Fe (mg kg-1
)
Mn (mg kg-1
)
Cd (mg kg-1
)
P:Zn
ND
0.76
12.83
5.45
64.50
28.30
ND
4.27
41.40
1.03
254.50
18.06
46.00
24.50
0.30
0.17
40.00
1.04
18.27
17.65
181.00
25.00
ND
3.01
27.13
0.94
95.20
13.72
97.17
25.93
0.10
2.48
33 – 40
0.21 – 1.21
3.09 – 263.50
4.57 – 17.87
86.20– 181.00
7.90 – 34.60
0 – 0.01
ND – Not Detected
.
Table 3: Physical and chemical soil properties of the profile pit located in River Ona floodplain (Pit 2)
Property 0 – 21 cm 21 – 29 cm 29 – 35 35 – 100
Sand (%)
Silt (%)
Clay (%)
pH
Na (cmol kg-1
)
K (cmol kg-1
)
Mg (cmol kg-1
)
Ca (cmol kg-1
)
CEC (cmol kg-1
)
P (cmol kg-1
)
C (gkg-1
)
N (cmol kg-1
)
74.80
18.80
8.40
7.27
0.35
0.23
2.41
7.62
10.61
87.70
11.44
0.14
72.80
18.80
8.40
6.28
0.24
0.08
0.61
3.01
3.94
2.74
4.6
0.05
74.80
2.40
1.20
6.74
0.20
0.05
0.60
2.01
3.86
3.87
1.8
0.02
76.8
8.40
14.80
6.68
0.24
0.07
1.22
2.40
9.74
3.73
9.0
0.09
Table 4: Heavy metals in the profile pit located in River Ona floodplain (Pit 2)
Property 0 – 21 cm 21 – 29 cm 29 – 35 35 – 100 Ave. pit
content
Pb (mg kg-1
)
Cr (mg kg-1
)
Zn (mg kg-1
)
Cu (mg kg-1
)
Fe (mg kg-1
)
Mn (mg kg-1
)
Cd (mg kg-1
)
P:Zn
33.00
1.21
263.50
17.87
80.80
34.60
0.10
0.33
41.00
0.97
207.00
17.56
115.00
12.30
0.10
0.01
ND
0.21
3.09
4.57
86.20
7.90
0.10
1.25
ND
0.98
1.90
4.24
72.30
9.20
ND
1.96
18.50
0.84
118.87
11.06
88.58
16.00
0.08
0.89
ND – Not Detected
6. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.4, No.24, 2014
34
Table 5:Distribution of physical and chemical of the surface samples at River Ona floodplain
Property T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Average
Sand (%)
Silt (%)
Clay (%)
pH
Na (cmol kg-1
)
K (cmol kg-1
)
Mg (cmol kg-1
)
Ca (cmol kg-1
)
P (cmol kg-1
)
C (g kg-1
)
N (%)
CEC (cmol kg-1
)
81.33
10.93
7.73
6.82
0.28
0.28
0.41
3.27
28.99
1.48
0.15
4.24
76.53
15.60
7.87
6.84
0.40
0.56
0.40
6.55
51.25
1.90
0.19
7.91
75.70
16.40
7.90
6.87
0.31
0.61
0.61
5.16
40.42
2.25
0.23
6.69
73.72
18.00
8.30
6.98
0.41
0.51
1.17
6.71
43.59
3.29
0.33
8.80
74.10
16.90
9.00
7.03
0.36
0.36
0.41
4.32
38.20
3.47
0.35
5.45
76.28
15.57
8.16
6.91
0.35
0.46
0.60
5.21
40.49
2.48
0.25
6.62
Table 6: Distribution of the heavy metals in surface soil sample at River Ona floodplain
Property T1/T2 T3/T4 T5 Average
Pb (mg kg-1
)
Cr (mg kg-1
)
Zn (mg kg-1
)
Cu (mg kg-1
)
Fe (mg kg-1
)
Mn (mg kg-1
)
Cd (mg kg-1
)
22.70
ND
155.10
11.87
9.41
9.90
ND
34.60
0.45
12.50
13.56
230.00
11.60
ND
48.70
0.93
346.00
31.90
12.50
71.80
0.30
34.33
0.69
171.20
19.11
83.97
31.30
0.30
T1: transect 1; T2 :transect 2; T3:transect 3; T4:transect4; T5 :transect 5
Table 7: Soil-plant heavy metal transfer coefficient
Element Soil-plant heavy metal transfer coefficient
Cadmium
Cobalt
Chromium
Copper
Mercury
Nickel
Lead
Titanium
Zinc
Ascenic
Barium
Selenium
Tin
1.0 – 10.0
0.01 – 0.10
0.01 – 0.10
0.10 – 10.0
0.01 – 0.10
0.01 – 0.10
0.01 – 0.10
1.0 – 10.0
1.0 – 10.0
0.01 – 0.10
0.01 – 0.10
0.01 – 0.10
0.01 – 0.10
Source: Kloke et al. (1984))
Table 8: Heavy metals in plant based on transfer coefficient
Element Soil-plant heavy
metal transfer
coefficient
T1/T2 T3/T4 T5 T ave.
Lead
Chromium
Zinc
Copper
Iron
Manganese
Cadmium
1.0 – 10.0
0.01 – 0.10
0.01 – 0.10
0.10 – 10.0
0.01 – 0.10
0.01 – 0.10
0.01 – 0.10
22.70 - 227
0 - 0
155.10-1551
11.87 –118.7
9.41 – 94.1
9.90 – 9.90
0 – 0
34.60 - 346
0.45 – 4.5
12.50 – 125
13.56 –135.6
230.00 -2300
11.60 - 116
0 – 0
48.70 – 457
0.93 – 9.3
346.00–3460
31.90 – 319
12.50 – 125
71.80 – 718
0.30 – 3.0
35.3-343.3
0.46-4.6
171-1712
19.1-191.1
83.97-840
31-281.3
0.1-1.0
7. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.4, No.24, 2014
35
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Morphological description of pit and root
Horizon
depth (cm)
Colour Texture Structure
Consistence
Conc.
Depth of water
table (cm)
Presence of waste
materials
Presence
Moist Wet
0 – 15
15 – 35
35 - 82
DYB
DGB
DB
LS
LS
SL
VF
VF
F
NP
NP
NP
SS
S
SS 80
Nylon and clothing
materials
Common refuse
and materials
Nylon of different
kinds
MFR
Legend:
DYB – Dark yellowish brown DGB – Dark greyish brown
DB – Dark brown SL – Loamy sand
VF – Very firm F – Firm
NP – Non-plastic SS – Slightly sticky
S – Sticky MFR – Many fibrous roots
Appendix 2: Morphological description of pit and root
Horizon
depth (cm)
Colour Texture Structure
Consistence
Conc.
Depth of
water table
(cm)
Presence of
waste
materials
PresenceMoist Wet
0 – 21
21 – 29
29 – 35
35 – 100
VDB
DYB
DB
BY
SL
SL
S
SL
VF
F
F
F
P
P
NP
NS
NS
NS
SS
VS
MFR
MF & MFR
FFR
-
80+
80+
80+
80+
Nylon
Nylon
Legend:
VDB – Very dark brown BY – Brownish yellow
DYB – Dark yellowish brown DGB – Dark greyish brown
DB – Dark brown SL – Loamy sand
VF – Very firm F – Firm
NP – Non-plastic SS – Slightly sticky
S – Sticky MFR – Many fibrous roots
MF & FWR – Many fibrous and few woody rots
FFR – Few fibrous roots
Appendix 3: Soil fertility classes in Nigeria
Element Low Medium High
Nitrogen %
Phosphorus(Bray1-P)(mg kg-1
)
Potassium (cmol (+) kg-1
)
Organic matter (%)
% C
Soil pH (H2O)
Magnesium (cmol kg-1
)
0.15
8
0.20
2.0
1.16
4.5 – 5.0
0.3 – 1.0
0.15 – 0.20
8 – 20
0.20 – 0.40
2.0 – 3.0
1.16 – 1.74
5.1 – 5.5
1.0 – 3.0
> 0.20
20
0.40
3.0
1.74
5.5 – 6.5
3.0 – 8.0
Source: Agbede, 2009)
Appendix 4: Soil acidity scale
Reaction pH
Strongly acidic
Acidic
Weakly acidic
Neutral
Weakly alkaline
Alkaline
Strongly alkaline
3.0 – 4.0
4.0 – 5.0
5.0 – 6.0
7.0
7.0 – 8.0
8.0 – 9.0
9.0 – 10.0
Source: Yogodin (1984)
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