An organic amendment is any material of plant or animal origin that can be added to the soil to improve its physical, chemical and biological properties.
Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is a new approach to interpreting leaf or plant analysis and a comprehensive system which identifies all the nutritional factors limiting crop production and increases the chances of obtaining high crop yields by improving fertilizer recommendations.
Plant need water, air, light, suitable temperature and 17 essential nutrients for growth and development in the right combination. When plant suffers from malnutrition, exhibits symptoms of being unhealthy reliable nutrient recommendations are dependent upon accurate soil tests and crop nutrient calibrations based on extensive field research. An important part of crop production is being able to identify and prevent plant nutrient deficiencies. Optimization of pistachio productivity and quality requires an understanding of the nutrient requirements of the tree, the factors that influence nutrient availability and the methods used to diagnose and correct deficiencies. Several methods for nutritional diagnosis using leaf tissue analysis have been proposed and used, including the critical value (CV), the sufficiency range approach (SRA), and the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). de both soil and tissues analysis. Renewed and intensified efforts are in progress to identify nutrient constraints using latest diagnostic tools and managing them more precisely through intervention of geospatial technologies (GPS, GIS etc.). There have been consistent concerns about the relegated fertilizer use efficiency, warranting further the revision of ongoing practices, and adoption of some alternative strategies. Diagnosis of nutrient constraints and their effective management has, therefore, now shifted in favour of INM.
Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is a critically important concept in the evaluation of crop production systems. Many agricultural soils of the world are deficient in one or more of the essential nutrients to support healthy and productive plant growth. Efficiency can be defined in many ways and easily increased food production could be achieved by expanding the land area under crops and by increasing yields per unit area through intensive farming. Environmental nutrient use efficiency can be quite different than agronomic or economic efficiency and maximizing efficiency may not always be effective. Worldwide, elemental deficiencies for essential macro and micro nutrients and toxicities by Al, Mn, Fe, S, B, Cu, Mo, Cr, Cl, Na, and Si have been reported.
Pollotion is a risk that has, unfortunately, become an issue in most parts of the world; especially the developing world. The slides presented here are the summary of a study carried out to determine the effect of the use of Water hyacinth as Alternative and cheap treatment option for domestic sewage.
Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is a new approach to interpreting leaf or plant analysis and a comprehensive system which identifies all the nutritional factors limiting crop production and increases the chances of obtaining high crop yields by improving fertilizer recommendations.
Plant need water, air, light, suitable temperature and 17 essential nutrients for growth and development in the right combination. When plant suffers from malnutrition, exhibits symptoms of being unhealthy reliable nutrient recommendations are dependent upon accurate soil tests and crop nutrient calibrations based on extensive field research. An important part of crop production is being able to identify and prevent plant nutrient deficiencies. Optimization of pistachio productivity and quality requires an understanding of the nutrient requirements of the tree, the factors that influence nutrient availability and the methods used to diagnose and correct deficiencies. Several methods for nutritional diagnosis using leaf tissue analysis have been proposed and used, including the critical value (CV), the sufficiency range approach (SRA), and the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). de both soil and tissues analysis. Renewed and intensified efforts are in progress to identify nutrient constraints using latest diagnostic tools and managing them more precisely through intervention of geospatial technologies (GPS, GIS etc.). There have been consistent concerns about the relegated fertilizer use efficiency, warranting further the revision of ongoing practices, and adoption of some alternative strategies. Diagnosis of nutrient constraints and their effective management has, therefore, now shifted in favour of INM.
Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is a critically important concept in the evaluation of crop production systems. Many agricultural soils of the world are deficient in one or more of the essential nutrients to support healthy and productive plant growth. Efficiency can be defined in many ways and easily increased food production could be achieved by expanding the land area under crops and by increasing yields per unit area through intensive farming. Environmental nutrient use efficiency can be quite different than agronomic or economic efficiency and maximizing efficiency may not always be effective. Worldwide, elemental deficiencies for essential macro and micro nutrients and toxicities by Al, Mn, Fe, S, B, Cu, Mo, Cr, Cl, Na, and Si have been reported.
Pollotion is a risk that has, unfortunately, become an issue in most parts of the world; especially the developing world. The slides presented here are the summary of a study carried out to determine the effect of the use of Water hyacinth as Alternative and cheap treatment option for domestic sewage.
Liquid organic fertilizers: Nutrient rich material is soaked in water for several days or weeks to undergo fermentation. Frequent stirring encourages microbial activity in liquid manures. The resulting liquid can either be used as a foliar fertilizer or applied to the soil.
PRIMERAS JORNADAS DE LA ASOCIACIÓN ARGENTINO URUGUAYA DE ECONOMÍA ECOLÓGICAASAUEE
I Jornadas - Buenos Aires, 22-23 de Noviembre de 2001
“Aspectos ambientales del crecimiento de las ciudades”.
Centro de Estudios Avanzados de la Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires (UBA).
Phytostabilization refers to establishing a plant cover on the surface of the contaminated soils, which reduces their exposure to wind, water, and direct contact with humans or animals. Phytostabilization reduces the mobility, and therefore the risk, of inorganic contaminants without necessarily removing them from the site.
Nutrient management in kharif fodder crops.pptxanju bala
Livestock production is the backbone of Indian agriculture and plays a vital role in the Indian economy. It contributes 4.11 per cent in gross domestic product (GDP) and 25.6 per cent of total Agriculture gross domestic product (GDP) (Anonymous 2016). In the country about two-third population depends on livestock and allied sectors for livelihood. Livestock provides nutrient rich food products, draught power, dung as organic manure and regular source of cash income for rural farm households. India houses a population of 535.78 million livestock which mainly comprises of 192.49 million cattle, 109.85 million buffaloes, 74.26 million sheep and 148.88 million goats and 9.06 million pigs (Anonymous 2019).
In India the area under pastures and grasslands is 12 million ha (Roy and Singh 2013), and area under cultivated forages is 8.6 million ha (Kumar et al. 2012). All the forage resources are not sufficient to meet the fodder requirement of existing livestock population, hence in the country there is net deficit of 35.6 per cent green fodder, 10.95 per cent of dry fodder and 44 per cent concentrate feed ingredients (Anonymous 2013). Due to the shortage of feed and fodder the productivity of animals is adversely affected. The ever-increasing demand for feed and fodder to sustain the livestock production can be met through increasing the fodder productivity. There is a potential scope for increasing the fodder production in kharif season because irrigation becomes the limiting factor in rabi season. The fodder productivity can be improved by adequate and proper nutrient management. The application of nutrients not only increases the production but also improves the quality of the fodder crop. Therefore, to make the animal husbandry sector more viable and valuable, the efficient nutrient management in fodder crops is the key to improve the quantity as well as quality of the forages. The nitrogen management studies undertaken on sandy loam soils of Ludhiana revealed significant improvement in plant growth characters, green and dry fodder yields of pearl millet with increasing levels of nitrogen (Kaur and Goyal 2019). Kumar et al. (2016) found significantly better results in green and dry fodder yields of cowpea with the application of 60 kg/ha Phosphorus and 20 kg/ha zinc sulphate in Karnal (Haryana). A study conducted in sandy clay loam soils of Udaipur (Rajasthan) conclusively indicated that the application of 125 per cent of recommended dose of fertilizer (80:40:40::N:P2O5:K2O) resulted in better green fodder yield, dry fodder yield and protein content in sorghum (Gurjar et al. 2019). Jamil et al. (2015) observed significantly better growth parameters, fodder yields, crude protein content and nutrient uptake with the application of N @150 kg/ha+ Zn @10 kg/ha in clay loam soils of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
Potassium is one of the essential major plant nutrient after nitrogen and phosphorus. Its management is more important since large amount of native k is mined by crops if it is not supplied externally. Role of potassium in increasing the yield of crops and improving the quality of produces has been in the agenda of soil scientists. It is seventh most common element in the lithosphere which contains on average 2.6% potassium.
The total potassium content of indian soils varies from 0.5 to 3.0%.Total potassium present in soils, more than 98% occurs in primary and secondary minerals.
restoring the soil physical structure and chemical fertility, improving soil organic C and therefore, sustaining the system productivity. Nitrogen fixers and phosphate solubilizer contribute through biological fixation of nitrogen, solubilization of fixed nutrients and enhanced uptake of plant nutrients (Gupta et al., 2003).
INM tries to reduce the need for chemical fertilizers by taking advantages of non-chemical sources of nutrients such as the manures, composts and bio-fertilizers (Gopalasundaram et al., 2012). Bio-fertilizers application not only increases plants growth and yield, but increase soil microbial population and activity; resulting in improved soil fertility (Ramesh et al., 2014). They include free-living bacteria which promote plant growth even in polluted soils. Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Thiobacillus are examples of these bacteria (Zahir et al., 2004). Niess (2002) reported that plant growth promoting bacteria reduced the toxicity of heavy metals and increased plant growth and yield.
Intercropping has been in practice for centuries to sustain yield, minimize risk, utilize the lag phase, and improve productivity (Rao, 2000). It reported that physico-chemical changes in soil under pure and alley cropping with Leucaena leucocephala (after six year) and found that alley cropping more suitable than pure crop (Gangwar et al., 2004).
Effect of integrated nutrient management and mulching practices on performanc...PRAVEEN KUMAR
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner.
For the determination of Ca+ Mg both together, the versenate titration method is most popularly used in which EDTA (Ethelyne diamine tetra acetic acid) disodium salt solution is used to chelate them.
The two cations can also be precisely estimated in water sample using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) but for all practical purposes versenate titration method is good enough.
Calcium alone can also be estimated by versenate method using ammonium purpurate (murexide) indicator and thus Mg can be obtained by deduction of Ca from Ca+Mg content.
Calcium estimation can be done on flame photometer also but the precision is not very high. The formation of Ca and Mg complexes is at pH 10 is achieved by using ammonium hydroxide-ammonium chloride buffer.
Presence of high percentage of exchangeable sodium in soils produced alkali conditions- high pH and poor soil structure. Reclamation of such soils involves the use of gypsum in the form of powder. A useful and rough measure of exchangeable Ca (plus Mg) in soils and the amounts of gypsum required to replace the sodium as an initial step in soil reclamation consists of adding a given amount of saturated solution of gypsum to a weighed amount of soil and by versenate titration, determining the combined Ca and Mg left in solution at equilibrium. The amount of Ca adsorbed by the soil (initial Ca in solution – Ca +Mg in solution after equilibration with soil) is a measure of the gypsum requirement of the soil.
Carbonate and bicarbonate ions in the sample can be determined by titrating it with against standard sulphuric acid (H2SO4) using phenolphthalein and methyl orange as indicators.
Potassium in solution is atomized to flame and the flame excites atom of potassium causing them to emit radiation at specific wavelength. The amount of radiation emitted is directly proportional to concentration of the solution and it is measured in a flame photometer with suitable filter, which transmits only potassium wavelength (768 nm red filter).
Organic carbon in organic matter is oxidized by known but excess of chromic acid. The excess chromic acid not reduced by organic matter is determined by back titration with standard ferrous sulphate solution, using diphenylamine or ferroin indicator. The organic carbon content in soil is calculated from the chromic acid utilized (reduced) by it.
Determination of soil available nitrogen by Alkaline
permanganate method (Subbiah and Asija, 1956).
Nitrogen is necessary for all forms of life. It is most important
essential plant nutrient for crop production as it is constituted the building blocks of almost all the plant structures.
This ppt is about the distribution of wasteland and problem soils. Those lands are wastelands which are ecologically unstable,
whose topsoil has nearly been completely lost, and
which have developed toxicity in the root zones or growth of most plants, both annual crops and trees”.
Sulfur is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16 with atomic mass 32.065.
It is abundant, multivalent, brittle, yellow, tasteless, odourless and non-metallic element.
Sulfur is the tenth most common element by mass in the universe, and the fifth most common on Earth.
In the Bible, sulfur is called brimstone .
Today, almost all elemental sulfur is produced as a by product of removing sulfur-containing contaminants from natural gas and petroleum.
Most soil sources of S are in the organic matter and therefore concentrated in the top soil or low layer.
Under normal conditions, sulfur atom forms cyclic octatomic molecules with a chemical formula S8.
Sulphur is the most abundent and widely distributed element in the nature and found both in free as well as combined states.
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner
Integrated nutrient management (INM) involves efficient and judicious use of all the major components of plant nutrient sources for sustaining soil fertility, health and productivity
Integrated approach for plant nutrition is being advocated because single nutrient approach often reduces fertilizer use efficiency and consequently creates problem fertilizers can help in enhancing and maintaining stability in production with least degradation in chemical and physical properties of the soil.
A healthy soil is a living, dynamic ecosystem that performs many vital functions.
A healthy soil produces a healthy feed for consumption. Improved soil health often is indicated by improvement on physical, chemical and microbiological environment.
Introduction of high yielding varieties, irrigation and use of high analysis fertilizer without proper soil tests, accelerated the mining of native soil nutrient resources.
Under intensive cultivation without giving due consideration to nutrient requirement has resulted in decline in soil fertility and consequent productivity of crops
Vegetables are rich source of energy and nutrition.
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
Indian agriculture feels the pain of fatigue of green revolution.
In the past 50 years, the fertilizer consumption exponentially increased from 0.5 (1960’s) to 24 million tonnes (2013) that commensurate with four-fold increase in food grain output (254 million tonnes) In order to achieve a target of 300 million tonnes of food grains and to feed the burgeoning population of 1.4 billion in 2025, the country will require 45 million tonnes of nutrients as against a current consumption level of 23 million tonnes. The sustainable agriculture and precision farming both are the urgent issues and hence the suitable agro-technological interventions are essential (e.g., nano and biotechnology) for ensuring the safety and sustainability of relevant production system.
Indian agriculture is passing through difficult times due to erractic weather conditions, especially drought and excessive rainfall, there by resulting into wide spread distress among farmers.
The average income of an agricultural household during July 2012 to June 2013 was as low as Rs.6,426.
As many as 22.50% of the farmers live below poverty line, the country also witnessed a sharp increase in the number of farmers suicides due to losses from farming and low farm income.
Farming in India is becoming hard and unsuccessful due to several causes like unexpected rainfalls,droughts, increased cost of cultivation due to pests and diseases, decrease in productivity of land, unavailability of water etc..
Farmers get very low income for their produce due to prevailing market prices that are very unstable.
Decline in Agriculture productivity and Income has a serious effect on rural house holds, and other economic, social as well as sustainability indicators.
Why to use phytoremediation?
Solar-driven Sustainable green technology improves air quality and sequesters greenhouse gases.
Controls erosion, runoff, infiltration, and fugitive dust emissions
Passive and in-situ.
Applicable to remote locations, potentially without utility access
Can be used to supplement other remediation approaches or as a polishing step.
Can be used to identify and map contamination.
Lower maintenance, resilient, and self-repairing.
Provides restoration and land reclamation during clean up and upon completion. Can be cost competitive.
More from Vasantrao Nail Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani (20)
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
IMPACT OF ORGANIC AMENDMENTS ON SOIL QUALITY, PLANT GROWTH AND YIELD OF CROP
1.
2. Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani
College of Agriculture, Latur-413512
PREPARED BY
CHETAN KUMAR C
2015A/40ML
DEPT. OF SSAC
COA, LATUR
Research Guide
Dr. P.H.VAIDYA
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF SSAC
COA, LATUR
Master’s Seminar (SOILS 591)
3. What do you mean by organic
amendments ?
• An organic amendment is any material of plant
or animal origin that can be added to the soil to
improve its physical, chemical and biological
properties.
Objectives :
To know the effect of application of organic
amendments on Soil Quality.
To Know the effect of application of organic
amendments on plant growth and yield.
4. Organic soil amendments
Farm Yard Manure
Compost
Municipal solid Waste Compost
Vermicompost
Sheep and Goat Manure
Poultry Manure
Green Manure
Concentrated Organic Manure( Bird guano, Fish guano, Fish
manure, Raw bonemeal, Steamed bonemeal, Blood meal)Etc…….
5. Schematic representation of the effect of organic amendments on soil
properties by acting as a source of carbon and nitrogen.
Scotti et al.(2015)
6. Classification of organic amendments
Organic manure
Bulky organic manure
Concentrated organic manure
FYM
Compost
Night soil
Sewage sludge
Sheep and goat
manure
Poultry manure
Pig manure
Green manure
Plant origin
Animal origin
Meat bone meal
Fish meal
Bone meal
blood meal
Non edible
Pongamia, neem, castor,
Cotton, linseed, mustard,
mahuva
Edible
Ground nut, sunflower,
Safflower, soybean,
sesamum
Insitu
Cowpea
Dhaincha
Beersem
Exsitu
Pongamia
Neem
Glyricidia
11. Problems of soil which can be reclaimed by
addition of organic ammendments -
Salinity
Sodicity
Hard pan soil
Physically poor soil
12. Effect of organic ammendments in soil.
(i) The decomposition of organic matter, evolution of CO2 and certain
organic acids.
(ii) Lowering of pH and the release of cations by solubilization of
CaCO3 and other soil minerals.
(iii) Replacement of exchangeable Na by Ca and Mg and thereby lowering
the ESP.
(iv) Physical properties like bulk density, porosity, void ratio, water
permeability and hydraulic conductivity are significantly improved.
(v) Increases soil aggregation and aggregate stability; increases the CEC
(the ability to attract and retain nutrients); and contributes N, P and
other nutrients.
13. Vital role of soil organic amendments
• Improve soil structure and aeration
• Increase water-holding capacity
• Increase availability of water to plants
• Reduce compaction and hardpan conditions
• Improve drainage
• Alkali soil reclamation
• Release of “locked” nutrients
• Better chemical incorporation
• Better root development
• Higher yields and quality
14. Table : 1. Effect of application of biogas poultry manure on some chemical
properties of soil at harvest of maize.
Treatments PH EC
(ds/
m)
OC Available nutrients
(kg/ha)
Micronutrients content
(mg/kg)
N P2O5 K20 Fe Mn Cu Zn
T1-State recommendation dose
of fertilizers
8.19 0.09 0.51 200.55 33.51 193.39 15.89 56.19 2.00 3.38
T2- 50% N through biogas
poultry manure
8.20 0.09 0.53 206.24 38.60 196.37 15.27 57.91 2.29 4.53
T3- 75% N through biogas
poultry manure
8.25 0.09 0.55 217.32 39.65 219.15 17.48 60.56 2.30 4.75
T4- 100%N through biogas
poultry manure
8.20 0.09 0.59 238.33 45.29 228.11 16.98 61.74 2.32 4.79
T5- 50% N through poultry
manure
8.18 0.09 0.58 229.74 39.47 209.44 15.59 60.13 2.15 4.33
T6- 75% N through poultry
manure
8.27 0.08 0.59 254.08 44.64 218.77 15.42 58.35 2.11 4.21
T7- 100%N through poultry
manure
8.23 0.09 0.57 272.93 46.83 226.99 14.70 63.39 2.28 4.42
T8- Absolute control 8.25 0.09 0.58 196.54 29.09 178.56 17.00 55.33 2.01 3.64
SE (m)+ 0.03 0.004 0.03 11.25 1.72 6.59 1.02 2.93 0.07 0.13
CD at 5% - - - 34.44 5.26 20.17 - - 0.22 0.40
CV (%) 0.56 7.67 8.13 8.22 7.50 5.46 11.06 8.57 5.75 5.52
Chandra Deepak, et al. (2009)
15. Table-2. Effect of different amendments on some chemical
characteristics of soil after harvest of wheat.
Treatments Depth (cm) SAR ESP %
control
0-15 15.6 17.9
15-30 15.1 17.4
30-60 14.8 17.0
Mean 15.2 17.4
FYM
0-15 7.44 8.85
15-30 8.24 9.82
30-60 8.13 9.69
Mean 7.93 9.45
Compost
0-15 8.06 9.61
15-30 7.98 9.51
30-60 8.53 10.2
Mean 8.19 9.76
CD (P=0.05) 0.21 0.23
Abd Elrahman et al.(2012)
16. Table-3. Effect of inorganic fertilizers, organic manures and crop residues
management on pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, and available N, P and
K status of soil (0-0.15 m) in rice- wheat cropping system
Fertilizer management
in rice
pH EC
(dS m-1)
Organic C
(g kg-1)
Available N
(kg ha-1)
Available P
(kg ha-1)
Available K
(kg ha-1)
100% NPK 7.52 0.32 3.44 139 38.9 113
100% NPK 7.42 0.31 4.59 152 49.0 136
FYM+50% NPK 7.30 0.30 4.40 1.68 53.0 155
FYM+50% NPK 7.30 0.30 4.70 170 59.2 155
FYM+100% NPK 7.29 0.26 4.94 173 65.2 160
GM+50% NPK 7.31 0.30 4.59 166 52.3 148
GM+50% NPK 7.15 0.28 4.72 168 53.1 153
GM+100% NPK 7.22 0.29 4.87 173 57.8 157
LSD (P=0.05) 0.17 Ns 0.55 15 9.0 24
Initial status 7.6 0.36 3.70 119 25.0 123
16
Balwinder kumar, et al (2008)
17. Table-4. Influence of soil amendments and their methods of application on soil
parameters in dry land crops.
parameters soil depth
(cm)
Initial status Chemical
fertilizer
FYM
Water holding capacity
(%)
0-15 4.7 4.8 5.1
15-30 5.46 5.5 5.8
pH 0-15 6.0 6.1 6.3
15-30 6.2 6.3 6.3
EC (ds/m) 0-15 0.06 0.07 0.08
15-30 0.09 1.00 0.07
OC 0-15 0.51 0.50 0.54
15-30 0.53 0.52 0.56
Subbareddy et al.(2004)
18. Table-5. Effect of organic manures application on pH, EC, organic
carbon and major nutrient status of post harvest soil in rice.
Treatments pH EC
dsm1
OC% Available nutrient
kg/ha
N P K
S1=Farm yard manure +composted poultry
manure
7.77 0.67 0.74 295.2 17.3 592.9
S2=Farm yard manure +composted coir pith 7.78 0.66 0.74 277.8 16.8 583.0
S3=Farm yard manure + green leaf manure 7.71 0.65 0.78 289.7 17.5 626.3
S4=Composted poultry manure + composted coir
pith
7.77 0.70 0.77 290.1 17.4 595.8
S5=Composted poultry manure +green leaf
manure
7.65 0.64 0.79 301 .1 17.5 643.7
S6=Composted coir pith +green leaf manure 7.73 0.69 0.75 298.3 16.9 619.1
S7=Recommended NPK through fertilizers 7.70 0.65 0.68 270.4 16.7 615.8
Mean 7.73 0.66 0.75 288.9 17.1 610.9
SE d 0.02 0.01 0.01 5.08 0.11 3.08
CD (p=0.05) 0.03 0.03 0.02 10.48 10.22 6.35
Yadav and Christopher, (2004)
19. Table-6. Effect of organic manures application on secondary and
micronutrient status of post harvest soil in rice crop.
Treatments Exchangeable cations
(C mol (p+)kg-1
Total nutrients (ppm)
Ca Mg Na Fe Mn Zn Cu
S1=Farm yard manure +composted poultry
manure
14.92 7.26 3.25 1858.5 291.1 27.19 29.40
S2=Farm yard manure +composted coir pith 11.72 6.92 2.92 1851.2 287.6 23.87 27.39
S3=Farm yard manure + green leaf manure 15.79 7.63 3.54 1883.1 356.0 27.69 33.24
S4=Composted poultry manure + composted
coir pith
15.28 7.43 3.31 1864.4 324.9 24.32 26.17
S5=Composted poultry manure +green leaf
manure
16.35 8.01 3.76 1893.1 400.2 30.54 39.04
S6=Composted coir pith +green leaf manure 14.32 7.16 3.26 1869.8 292.2 24.84 27.00
S7=Recommended NPK through fertilizers 12.96 6.76 2.97 1824.0 210.8 22.89 29.13
Mean 14.48 7.31 3.29 1863.4 309.0 25.91 30.19
SE d 1.07 0.04 0.05 5.11 12.78 0.35 0.48
CD (p=0.05) 2.21 0.08 0.10 10.55 26.39 0.73 0.99
Yadav and Christopher, (2004)
20. Treatments N P2O5
K2O
Control 150.85 13.15 223.85
RDF 208.85 30.29 308.35
75 N + 25 FYM 213.30 35.16 314.80
50 N + 50 FYM 215.65 35.95 315.90
25 N + 75 FYM 216.05 36.38 316.15
100 FYM 216.95 36.38 316.15
75 N + 25 Vermicompost 219.05 37.45 317.50
50 N + 50 Vermicompost 221..50 38.28 318.35
25 N + 75 Vermicompost 221.90 38.45 318.70
100 Vermicompost 222.20 32.67 318.95
75 N + 25 Poulty Manure 216.70 36.65 316.85
50 N + 50 Poulty Manure 219.15 37.52 317.85
25 N + 75 Poulty Manure 220.25 37.83 318.00
100 Poulty Manure 221.05 37.98 318.15
S.Ed.± 1.13 0.37 0.52
CD (P=0.05) 2.30 0.75 1.05
Table- 7. Effect of organic manures and Nitrogen levels on soil in maize-soyabean
cropping system
Gopal Reddy et al. (1998)
26. Table-13. Effect of biogas poultry manure on fodder yield of cowpea (q/ha).
Treatments Yield (q/ha)
T1- Recommended dose of fertilizers 34.8
T2- 50% N through biogas poultry manure 37.5
T3- 75% N through biogas poultry manure 37.1
T4- 100%N through biogas poultry manure 41.8
T5- 50% N through poultry manure 40.5
T6- 75% N through poultry manure 39.6
T7- 100%N through poultry manure 39.7
T8- Absolute control 31.9
Mean 37.9
SE (m)+ 1.23
CD (P=0.05) 3.56
Shanti et al., (2015)
27. Table-14. Effect of animal urine application and its dilution on
germination and biomass production of fodder maize.
Gangaiah, et al., (2004)
Treatment Germination
percentage
Biomass production (g/plant)
Green Dry
(urine : water
dilution)
Buffalo
urine
Cattle
urine
Buffalo
urine
Cattle
urine
Buffalo
urine
Cattle
urine
Control (water
alone )
100.0 100.0 2.54 2.54 0.676 0.676
1:1 (50:50ml) 82.5 75.0 1.78 1.61 0.124 0.377
1:3 (25:75ml) 87.5 87.5 2.23 2.12 0.514 0.486
1:9(10:90ml) 100.0 100.0 2.36 2.29 0.539 0.546
SE m+ 0.9 1.4 0.13 0.097 0.0025 0.0131
CD (P=0.05) 3.1 4.3 0.40 0.30 0.008 0.041
CV (%) 1.7 2.6 9.9 7.8 0.8 4.72
28. Table-15. Effect of animal shed washings on growth and fodder production of
maize in field conditions
Treatment Plant height
(cm)
Leaves per
plant
Leaf: stem
ratio
Fodder yield (tones /ha )
Green dry
Control 144.2 11.0 0.54 31.2 7.12
100kg N 247.8 13.9 0.64 53.3 12.07
Animal shed washing 271.8 14.4 0.67 58.4 12.99
SE m + 4.90 0.18 0.01 0.85 0.17
CD ( P= 0.05) 14.16 0.52 0.03 2,54 0.50
CV ( %) 6.96 4.25 5.03 5.67 4.99
Gangaiah, et al., (2004)
29. Table-16. Growth parameters and dry matter accumulation in sweet sorghum as
influenced by FYM, Sewage sludge and Urban compost
Treatments Plant height
(cm)
Internodal
(length )
Girth of
the stem
(cm)
Dry matter
( g/plant )
Sewage sludge @ 5.3 t/ha (equivalent to 100 kg N) 227.0 22.82 1.79 119.86
Urban compost @ 11 t/ha (equivalent to 100 kg N) 234.3 24.09 1.86 123.46
FYM @ 14.7 t/ha (equivalent to 100 kg N) 210.8 21.97 1.70 106.48
Sewage sludge @ 2.68 t/ha (50 kg N ) + Urban
compost @ 5,5 t/ha (50 kg/ha )
231.8 23.90 1.80 122.56
Sewage sludge @ 1.34 t/ha (25 kg N ) + Urban
compost @ 8.2 t/ha (75 kg/ha)
221.7 23.47 1.76 116.41
Sewage sludge @ 2.68 t/ha (50 kg N ) + FYM @
7.35 t/ha (50 kg/ha )
220.0 22.30 1.74 115.63
Sewage sludge @ 1.34 t/ha (25 kg N ) + FYM @
11..02 t/ha (75 kg/ha )
218.7 22.20 1.72 113.07
RDF : 100:75: 40 Kg NPK /ha 226.5 22.66 1.79 117.97
control 205.6 19.30 1.55 99.97
SE (m) +_ 6.64 0.43 0.04 1.58
CD (P= 0.05) 20.8 1.29 0.12 4.01
Rukmangada reddy et al., (2007 )
30. CONCLUSION
Application of organic amendments improve the physical, chemical and
biological properties of soil.
The application of urban compost @ 11t/ha resulted in higher yield and
improved plant growth of sweet sorghum.
Application of organic manures significantly reduced the soil pH and
increased the soil organic carbon content , which were higher than plots
treated with recommended NPK through fertilizers in rice crop.
Available N , P and K, exchangeable Ca Mg, Na total Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu of
soil after harvest of crop were significantly higher in organic manures applied
field as compared to recommended NPK through fertilizers.
Organic amendments supply all the essential nutrients for plants growth.
This indicated that the application of organic amendments improves the soil
quality, plant growth and yield of crop.
31. “ Feed the soil rather than feeding
the plant….”
Thank you….