Livestock production is the backbone of Indian agriculture and plays a vital role in the Indian economy. It contributes 4.11 per cent in gross domestic product (GDP) and 25.6 per cent of total Agriculture gross domestic product (GDP) (Anonymous 2016). In the country about two-third population depends on livestock and allied sectors for livelihood. Livestock provides nutrient rich food products, draught power, dung as organic manure and regular source of cash income for rural farm households. India houses a population of 535.78 million livestock which mainly comprises of 192.49 million cattle, 109.85 million buffaloes, 74.26 million sheep and 148.88 million goats and 9.06 million pigs (Anonymous 2019).
In India the area under pastures and grasslands is 12 million ha (Roy and Singh 2013), and area under cultivated forages is 8.6 million ha (Kumar et al. 2012). All the forage resources are not sufficient to meet the fodder requirement of existing livestock population, hence in the country there is net deficit of 35.6 per cent green fodder, 10.95 per cent of dry fodder and 44 per cent concentrate feed ingredients (Anonymous 2013). Due to the shortage of feed and fodder the productivity of animals is adversely affected. The ever-increasing demand for feed and fodder to sustain the livestock production can be met through increasing the fodder productivity. There is a potential scope for increasing the fodder production in kharif season because irrigation becomes the limiting factor in rabi season. The fodder productivity can be improved by adequate and proper nutrient management. The application of nutrients not only increases the production but also improves the quality of the fodder crop. Therefore, to make the animal husbandry sector more viable and valuable, the efficient nutrient management in fodder crops is the key to improve the quantity as well as quality of the forages. The nitrogen management studies undertaken on sandy loam soils of Ludhiana revealed significant improvement in plant growth characters, green and dry fodder yields of pearl millet with increasing levels of nitrogen (Kaur and Goyal 2019). Kumar et al. (2016) found significantly better results in green and dry fodder yields of cowpea with the application of 60 kg/ha Phosphorus and 20 kg/ha zinc sulphate in Karnal (Haryana). A study conducted in sandy clay loam soils of Udaipur (Rajasthan) conclusively indicated that the application of 125 per cent of recommended dose of fertilizer (80:40:40::N:P2O5:K2O) resulted in better green fodder yield, dry fodder yield and protein content in sorghum (Gurjar et al. 2019). Jamil et al. (2015) observed significantly better growth parameters, fodder yields, crude protein content and nutrient uptake with the application of N @150 kg/ha+ Zn @10 kg/ha in clay loam soils of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
principles of seed technology notes APB5221,
Seed and seed technology; introduction, definition and importance
deterioration causes of crops varieties and their control; maintenance of genetic purity during seed production, seed quality; definition, characters of good quality seed, different classes of seeds, foundation seeds and certified seed production of important cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fodder and vegetables.
seed certification, phases of certification, procedure for seed certification, field inspection. seed act and seed act enforcement.
Duty and powers of seed inspector, offences and penalties,seed control order 1983, varietal identification through group test and electrophoresis, molecular and biochemical test.
Detection of genetically modified crops, transgene contamination in non GM crops, GM crops and organic seed production.
Seed drying processing and their step seed testing for quality assessment,seed treatment its importance method of application and seed packing.
seed storage general principles stages and factors affecting seed longevity during storage measures for pest and Disease Control during storage.
Seed marketing structure and organization sales generation activities promotional media.
Factors affecting seed marketing role of WTO and OECD in seed marketing.
Private and public sectors and their production and marketing strategies.
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil with audio...KaminiKumari13
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil for agriculture, soil science, agronomy, forestry, land management and planning with audio by Dr. Kamini Roy
principles of seed technology notes APB5221,
Seed and seed technology; introduction, definition and importance
deterioration causes of crops varieties and their control; maintenance of genetic purity during seed production, seed quality; definition, characters of good quality seed, different classes of seeds, foundation seeds and certified seed production of important cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fodder and vegetables.
seed certification, phases of certification, procedure for seed certification, field inspection. seed act and seed act enforcement.
Duty and powers of seed inspector, offences and penalties,seed control order 1983, varietal identification through group test and electrophoresis, molecular and biochemical test.
Detection of genetically modified crops, transgene contamination in non GM crops, GM crops and organic seed production.
Seed drying processing and their step seed testing for quality assessment,seed treatment its importance method of application and seed packing.
seed storage general principles stages and factors affecting seed longevity during storage measures for pest and Disease Control during storage.
Seed marketing structure and organization sales generation activities promotional media.
Factors affecting seed marketing role of WTO and OECD in seed marketing.
Private and public sectors and their production and marketing strategies.
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil with audio...KaminiKumari13
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil for agriculture, soil science, agronomy, forestry, land management and planning with audio by Dr. Kamini Roy
Pulses are a very important source of protein in Indian diets as majority of population is vegetarian. however, the production of pulses is not keeping pace with the growing population in the country. lentil is one of the important Rabi pulses. it is one of the oldest pulse crops and the most nutritious of the pulses. it is also used as a cover crop to check the soil erosion in problem areas. lentil contributes about 6% in total pulses area as well as production of India. It is mostly eaten as "DAL". the pulse is first converted into split pulse or 'dal' by the removal of skin and the separation of the fleshy cotyledons. It is cooked easily and hence preferred. It is good for patients too. Lentil contains about 11% water, 25% protein and 60% carbohydrates. It is also rich in calcium, iron and niacin
The Contingency plans cover contingency strategies to be taken up by farmers in response to major weather related aberrations such as delay in onset and breaks in monsoon causing early, mid and late season droughts, floods, unusual rains, extreme weather events such as heat wave, cold wave, frost, hailstorm and cyclone.
The plant breeder frequently uses different tools/ instruments and materials to carry out selfing, artificial crossing and for taking field observations.
This presentation covers the production technology of the arhar crop. It also includes the latest data with respect to the area and production in India and a little about its origin and botany of the plant.
Pulses are a very important source of protein in Indian diets as majority of population is vegetarian. however, the production of pulses is not keeping pace with the growing population in the country. lentil is one of the important Rabi pulses. it is one of the oldest pulse crops and the most nutritious of the pulses. it is also used as a cover crop to check the soil erosion in problem areas. lentil contributes about 6% in total pulses area as well as production of India. It is mostly eaten as "DAL". the pulse is first converted into split pulse or 'dal' by the removal of skin and the separation of the fleshy cotyledons. It is cooked easily and hence preferred. It is good for patients too. Lentil contains about 11% water, 25% protein and 60% carbohydrates. It is also rich in calcium, iron and niacin
The Contingency plans cover contingency strategies to be taken up by farmers in response to major weather related aberrations such as delay in onset and breaks in monsoon causing early, mid and late season droughts, floods, unusual rains, extreme weather events such as heat wave, cold wave, frost, hailstorm and cyclone.
The plant breeder frequently uses different tools/ instruments and materials to carry out selfing, artificial crossing and for taking field observations.
This presentation covers the production technology of the arhar crop. It also includes the latest data with respect to the area and production in India and a little about its origin and botany of the plant.
COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE OF SRI OVER TRANSPLANTED RICE IN TERMS OF YIELD A...P.K. Mani
Advantage of SRI over Conventionally Transplanted Rice are discussed on the following Parameters: Yield and Yield Attributing Characters, Water Productivity, Soil Properties, Nitrogen Use Efficiency ,Phosphorus and Potassium use efficiency, Ammonia Loss and Microbiological Properties.
restoring the soil physical structure and chemical fertility, improving soil organic C and therefore, sustaining the system productivity. Nitrogen fixers and phosphate solubilizer contribute through biological fixation of nitrogen, solubilization of fixed nutrients and enhanced uptake of plant nutrients (Gupta et al., 2003).
INM tries to reduce the need for chemical fertilizers by taking advantages of non-chemical sources of nutrients such as the manures, composts and bio-fertilizers (Gopalasundaram et al., 2012). Bio-fertilizers application not only increases plants growth and yield, but increase soil microbial population and activity; resulting in improved soil fertility (Ramesh et al., 2014). They include free-living bacteria which promote plant growth even in polluted soils. Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Thiobacillus are examples of these bacteria (Zahir et al., 2004). Niess (2002) reported that plant growth promoting bacteria reduced the toxicity of heavy metals and increased plant growth and yield.
Intercropping has been in practice for centuries to sustain yield, minimize risk, utilize the lag phase, and improve productivity (Rao, 2000). It reported that physico-chemical changes in soil under pure and alley cropping with Leucaena leucocephala (after six year) and found that alley cropping more suitable than pure crop (Gangwar et al., 2004).
Effect of integrated nutrient management and mulching practices on performanc...PRAVEEN KUMAR
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner.
An organic amendment is any material of plant or animal origin that can be added to the soil to improve its physical, chemical and biological properties.
IMPORTANCE OF MICRONUTRIENT AND BIOFERTILIZERS FOR ENHANCEMENT OF PULSE PRODU...UAS, Dharwad
Pulses occupy a unique position in every system of Indian farming as a main, catch, cover, green manure and intercrop. These are the main source of protein particularly for vegetarians and contribute about 14 per cent of total protein of an average Indian diet. These cover an area of about 23.47 million hectares with an annual production of 18.34 million tones and productivity of 730 kg ha-1 in India (Anon., 2014).
The productivity of pulses continues to be low, as they are generally grown in rainfed areas under poor management conditions and face various kind of biotic and abiotic stresses. Unfavourable weather, low availability of quality seeds, socio-economic factors, weed infestation, less fertile and nutrient deficient soils etc. Among these constraints, recently emerged constraint is micronutrient deficiency which is one of the cause for reduction in yield of pulses. Hence, proper management of micronutrient can enhance the production.
Bio-fertilizers are one of the best modern tools for pulse production. These are cost effective, eco-friendly and renewable source of plant nutrients in sustainable pulse production. These are microbial inoculants which enhance crop production through improving the nutrient supply and their availability.
Biochar preparation and effect of biochars on corn growth, yield , nutrient ...Dr. Pavinchandra patel
Biochar is sterile, odorless, high carbon solid that can be produced from a variety of organic feedstock. Soil application of biochar can reduce the overall total BD of the soil which is desirable for most plant growth and increased WHC. Nutrient availability can be affected by increasing CEC, altering soil pH, or direct nutrient contributions from biochar. The soil fertility of course texture is poor, so biochar application improved soil fertility of sandy loam soils, especially soil having low O.C., CEC, available P, exchangeable K, Ca, Mg and increased nutrient uptake resulted in increased in crop yield.
• Application of corn stover biochar @ 10 t ha-1 along with RDF increased DM and CP yield, chlorophyll content and plant height (at 30 and 60 DAS) as compared to CB and PJ biochars and FYM.
• Nutrient uptake like P, K, Ca, Mg, S and Cu were significantly increased with the application of RDF+MS10 while in case of uptake of N and Mn were significantly increased in RDF+MS5.
• RDF+MS10 was found most effective in obtaining significantly higher DMY and CPY and larger removal of nutrients from the soil and found beneficial for built up nutrients in soil. It also showed significantly higher CEC and OC content in sandy loam soil.
• Application of RDF+MS5 significantly increased DMY and CPY content of forage corn crop which ultimately resulted in larger removals of nutrients from the soil.
Similar to Nutrient management in kharif fodder crops.pptx (20)
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. Introduction
• Livestock production is the backbone of Indian agriculture.
• Contributes 4.11 % in gross domestic product and 25.60 % in agriculture gross domestic
product.
• Provides nutrient rich food products, dung as organic manure and regular source of cash
income for rural farm households.
• Livestock population of India is 535.8 million.
4. Constraints in achieving high fodder productivity
• Uncontrolled and continuous grazing
• Absence of improved grasses and forage legumes
• Poor management practices
1. Dominance of weeds
2. Lack of nutrient management
3. Poor irrigation facilities
4. Improper cutting management
• Less area under cultivated fodder crops
• Lack of technical know how
5. Strategies for improving fodder production
1. Agronomic management
a) Weed management
b) Planting of improved grass and legume species
c) Nutrient management
d) Proper cutting and grazing management
2. Forage production on terrace risers or bunds
3. Forages in Agroforestry system
a) Silvi-pastoral system
b) Agri-silvi-pastoral system
c) Agri-horti-silvicultural system
d) Horti-pastoral system
6. Nutrient management in forages
• Proper nutrient management resulted in better herbage yield per unit area per unit time
• Decreased or increased nutrient content of fodder crop affect the livestock health
• Excess fertilization may contribute towards accumulation of nitrates in forages which is a
potent anti – nutritional component and may cause large scale livestock losses
12. Table 4 Effect of different fertility levels on fodder yields and crude protein content of
Sorghum
Treatments Green fodder yield
(t/ha)
Dry fodder yield
(t/ha)
Crude protein
content (%)
75% RDF 47.93 11.16 6.47
100% RDF 52.82 13.56 7.07
125 % RDF 55.78 13.87 7.19
CD (P=0.05) 3.47 0.45 0.12
Gurjar et al. (2019)
International Journal of Bio-resource
and Stress Management 10(6): 587-
592
Udaipur (Rajasthan)
Soil type: Sandy clay loam
Available N-247.2 kg/ha P2O5 -
20.8 kg/ha, K2O- 375.9 kg/ha
Recommended dose of fertilizer(RDF): 80:40:40 ::N, P2O5 & K2O respectively.
Application: nitrogen- ½ at sowing, ¼ at 35 DAS & remaining ¼ after 45 DAS.
Whole Phosphorus and Potassium: at sowing
13. Table 5 Effect of different sources of nutrients on yield and uptake of nutrients by fodder
cowpea
Treatments Green fodder
yield (q/ha)
N uptake
(kg/ha)
P uptake
(kg/ha)
K uptake
(kg/ha)
Zn
uptake
(kg/ha)
T1- Control 196.9f 78.2h 9.5f 34.8h 89.7i
T2- 100% RDF 311.8cde 140.4e 18.6c 60.4f 160.6f
T3- 100% RDF+PSB 320.1bc 153.7b 20.6b 66.0d 164.0de
T4- 100% RDF+ KSB 315.9cd 151.0bc 19.5bc 74.3c 165.2d
T5- 100% RDF+ ZnSB 313.8cd 149.4bc 18.4c 62.0ef 168.1c
T6- 100% RDF+ Rhizobium+ PSB+ KSB+ ZnSB 334.5a 172.0a 23.0a 86.0a 189.0b
T7- 66.67% RDF+ Rhizobium+ PSB+ KSB+ ZnSB 331.5ab 172.5a 22.6a 81.9b 192.0a
T8- 15 kg N+ 60 kg P2O5+ 40 kg K2O /ha +Rhizobium 309.8cde 142.4de 18.7c 61.5ef 162.7e
T9- 10 kg N+60 kg P2O5 +40 kg K2O /ha +Rhizobium 321.5abc 146.8cd 19.1c 63.1e 168.4c
T10- 60 kg P2O5 + 40 kg K2O /ha +Rhizobium 313.6cd 146.7cd 18.3c 64.0de 162.8e
T11- FYM (5 t /ha) +Rhizobium+ PSB+ KSB+ ZnSB 304.3de 131.8f 17.1d 65.7d 155.0g
T12- FYM (10 t/ha) 298.6e 121.4g 15.8e 55.2g 140.8h
Dutta et al. (2020)
Legume Research
Karnal (Haryana)
Variety: C-152
Soil: clay loam
Available N: 175.6 kg/ha, P2O5 : 20.8 kg/ha, K2O : 212.6
kg/ha & Zinc: 0.432
Control: N0P0K0
Recommended dose of fertilizer: nitrogen @20 kg/ha, Phosphorus @60 kg/ha, Potassium 40 kg/ha through urea SSP & MOP, respectively, as a basal
application.
14. Table 6 Effect of different nutrient management on yield and quality of fodder maize
Treatments Green
fodder yield
(t/ha)
Dry
fodder
yield
(t/ha)
Crude
protein
content (%)
Crude protein
yield (t/ha)
T1- Control 30.50 5.90 7.29 0.43
T2- 100% RDK 44.70 8.20 8.71 0.72
T3- 100% RDK+ 0.5% Zn as foliar spray 43.10 8.30 8.63 0.71
T4- 75% RDK+ PGPR 37.50 6.80 8.25 0.56
T5- 100% RDK+ PGPR 43.40 8.30 8.67 0.72
T6- 75% RDK+ PGPR+ 0.5 % Zn as foliar spray 37.30 6.90 8.13 0.56
T7- 100% RDK+ PGPR+ 0.5 % Zn as foliar spray 50.40 9.50 8.63 0.82
T8- 75% RDK+ PGPR+ FYM (5 t/ha) + 0.5 % Zn foliar spray 49.70 9.30 8.69 0.81
T9- 100 % RDK+ PGPR+ FYM (5 t/ha)+ 0.5% Zn foliar spray
at 35 DAS and 50 DAS.
51.40 9.70 8.77 0.85
CD(P=0.05) 4.40 0.70 0.29 0.10
Baljeet et al. (2020)
Indian Journal of Animal
Nutrition 37(3): 235-241
Karnal (Haryana)
Variety: J-1006
Soil: clay loam
Low in available N & Zn
Medium in available P2O5 & K2 O
PGPR: Plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria, FYM: Farmyard manure
Recommended dose of potassium: 40 K/ha- at sowing
Nitrogen @100 kg/ha: ½ at sowing and ½ at knee high stage
Phosphorus @60 kg/ha: at sowing
15. Table 7 Effect of nitrogen and zinc application on yield, quality and nutrient uptake by the
fodder maize
Treatments Plant height
(cm)
Green fodder
Yield (q/ha)
Crude protein
content (%)
Nitrogen uptake
(kg/ha)
Zinc uptake
(kg/ha)
T1- Control 83.03d 361.62d 6.31g 6.40e 11.17g
T2- 50 kg N/ha+ 5 kg Zn/ha 141.87c 478.70c 7.50f 12.46d 23.21f
T3- 50 kg N/ha+ 10 kg Zn/ha 164.43bc 490.91c 7.74e 13.79d 28.20e
T4- 100 kg N/ha+ 5 kg Zn/ha 172.97b 565.59b 8.21d 18.15c 38.78d
T5- 100 kg N/ha+ 10 kg Zn/ha 183.50b 569.67b 8.46c 20.76b 47.54c
T6 -150 kg N/ha+ 5 kg Zn /ha 219.30a 611.01a 9.19b 25.08a 57.79b
T7- 150 kg N/ha+ 10 kg Zn/ha 226.17a 626.20a 9.45a 27.02a 67.39a
Bahawalpur Pakistan
Jamil et al. (2015)
Pakistan Journal of
Agricultural Sciences 52(3):
637-643
Soil: Sandy loam
Available Phosphorus and Zinc: low & Potassium:
medium
Recommended dose of Phosphorus and Potassium is 60 kg N/ha and 75 kg/ha, respectively.
Source of N, P, K and Zn is Urea, SSP, SOP & ZnSO4.
P, K & Zn: application at sowing. While N half N applied at sowing & remaining half at 2nd irrigation.
16. Table 8 Effect of FYM, biofertilizers and fertilizer levels on plant height, shoot number and yield of
sorghum sudan grass (pooled over two years)
Treatments Plant height
(cm)
Shoots per square meter Green fodder yield
(t/ha)
Dry fodder yield
(t/ha)
Cut I Cut II Cut I Cut II
FYM and biofertilizers
Control 127.7 97.8 101 52 27.91 6.10
FYM @10 t/ha 149.7 118.9 121 66 38.66 9.12
Azotobacter + PSB 138.0 108.4 110 61 33.74 7.70
FYM @10 t/ha
+Azotobacter + PSB
160.0 126.0 131 73 43.19 10.42
CD (P=0.05) 5.82 5.35 5.8 3.0 1.14 0.42
Fertilizer levels
Control 115.8 89.0 85 46 26.13 5.48
50% RDF 143.6 111.9 114 62 35.68 7.96
75% RDF 153.3 121.5 126 69 39.43 9.44
100% RDF 162.7 128.8 137 74 42.26 10.47
CD(P=0.05) 5.8 5.3 5.8 3.0 1.14 0.42
Chahal et al. (2020)
Journal of Plant
Nutrition
Variety SSGH (Red Rasili)
Soil: Silty clay loam
Available N-242 kg/ha, P2O5 -17.5 kg/ha, K2O- 206 kg/h
Palampur (Himachal Pradesh)
Azotobater: seed treatment @20 g/kg seed
Recommended dose of fertilizer(RDF): 90:30:30 though urea, SSP & MOP, respectively.
Application: nitrogen- ½ at sowing, ¼ at 30-35 DAS & remaining ¼ after 1st cut, phosphorus and potassium: at sowing
17. Table 9 Effect of FYM, biofertilizers and fertilizer levels on nutrient uptake by Sorghum sudan grass
(pooled over two years)
Treatments Nitrogen uptake
(kg/ha)
Phosphorus uptake
(kg/ha)
Potassium uptake
(kg/ha)
FYM and biofertilizers
Control 69.4 6.25 91.32
FYM @10 t/ha 111.2 12.43 140.98
Azotobacter + PSB 90.1 9.39 116.95
FYM @10 t/ha +Azotobacter + PSB 129.1 14.62 162.03
CD (P=0.05) 5.4 0.67 7.24
Fertilizer levels
Control 58.3 5.34 80.17
50% RDF 94.1 9.68 121.28
75% RDF 115.8 12.80 146.07
100% RDF 131.58 15.15 163.76
CD(P=0.05) 5.36 0.67 7.24
Chahal et al. (2020)
Journal of Plant Nutrition
Azotobater: seed treatment @20 g/kg seed
Recommended dose of fertilizer(RDF): 90:30:30 though urea, SSP & MOP, respectively.
Application: nitrogen- ½ at sowing, ¼ at 30-35 DAS & remaining ¼ after 1st cut, phosphorus and potassium: at sowing
Variety SSGH (Red Rasili)
Soil: Silty clay loam
Available N-242 kg/ha P2O5 -17.5 kg/ha, K2O- 206 kg/h
Palampur (Himachal Pradesh)
18. Table 10 Effect of different levels of phosphorus and potassium on growth, yield and quality
of fodder cluster bean
Treatments Plant height
(cm)
Number of
branches per
plant
Green fodder
yield (t/ha)
Dry fodder yield
(t/ha)
Crude protein
content (%)
P-K (kg/ha)
T1 (0-0) 122.30 19.00 25.50 6.07 15.88
T2 (25-0) 128.70 22.26 26.46 6.13 16.07
T3 (25-25) 132.00 23.33 28.18 6.70 16.20
T4 (40-40) 133.69 23.00 30.31 7.26 16.29
T5 (55-55) 134.30 23.33 31.56 7.50 16.57
T6 (70-70) 139.30 24.67 32.71 7.73 18.82
T7 (85-85) 139.30 27.33 34.89 7.90 18.35
T8 (100-100) 134.30 25.00 33.05 7.84 17.30
CD(P=0.05) 9.1 2.89 0.56 0.33 0.77
Ayub et al. (2012)
The Journal of Animal & Plant
Sciences 22(2): 479-483
Variety: BR-99
Soil: Sandy clay loam
Available Nitrogen: 0.046%,Phosphorus:8.75
ppm & Potassium: 165 ppm
Faisalabad (Pakistan)
Nitrogen @ 25 kg/ha (urea) as basal dose, Phosphorus: SSP & Potassium: K2SO4
19. Table 11 Effect of different nitrogen levels on growth, yield and quality of Cluster
bean
Treatments Plant height
(cm)
Branches per
plant
Crude protein
content (%)
Green fodder
yield (t/ha)
Dry fodder
yield (t/ha)
N levels
(kg/ha)
0 141.70c 12.41c 14.92c 29.69c 6.36c
30 159.29b 18.24b 15.91b 30.96b 7.50b
45 176.84a 22.22a 17.06a 32.67a 8.36a
Ayub et al. (2011)
Journal of Agricultural technology
7(5): 1409-1416
Faisalabad (Pakistan)
Phosphorus@ 60 kg/ha: At sowing
Half nitrogen applied at sowing & half at first irrigation
20. Table 12 Effect of different fertilizer levels on yield and quality of Bajra X Napier hybrid
(Pooled over two years)
Treatments Dry matter yield
(q/ha)
Crude protein content
(%)
Crude protein yield
(q/ha)
100% RDF 44.63 6.38 28.42
125 % RDF 50.39 6.61 33.30
150% RDF 55.09 6.84 37.78
CD (P=0.05) 0.44 0.01 0.29
Pathan et al. (2012)
Forage Research 38(2): 74-79
Soil: Clayey
Available N-198.0 kg/ha P2O5 -17.4
kg/ha, K2O- 515.0 kg/ha
Rahuri (Maharashtra)
100% RDF :: 150:60:60 kg/ha :: N: P2O5 :K2O
125% RDF :: 187.5:75:75 kg/ha :: N: P2O5 :K2O
150% RDF :: 225:90:90 kg/ha :: N: P2O5 :K2O
21. Table 13 Effect of different levels of Farmyard manure and Nitrogen on green fodder yield
and quality of Guinea grass
Treatments Green fodder yield (t/ha) Crude protein content (%)
1st year 2nd year 3rd year 1st year 2nd year 3rd year
Farmyard Manure (t/ha)
0 14.05 28.39 16.07 6.82 6.58 6.35
5 17.48 32.57 18.23 6.96 6.73 6.48
10 18.90 35.28 19.97 7.01 6.78 6.57
CD(P=0.05) 0.59 1.25 0.65 0.12 0.15 0.17
Nitrogen levels (kg/ha)
0 13.33 26.18 15.04 6.79 6.49 6.22
40 17.82 33.81 18.75 6.97 6.75 6.51
80 19.28 36.25 20.54 7.04 6.85 6.67
CD(P=0.05) 1.24 2.60 1.35 0.25 0.31 0.35
Ram and Trivedi (2012)
Forage Research 38(1): 49-52
Jhansi (Uttar Pradesh) Soil: Sandy loam
Available N: low, P205 & K2O: medium
22. Conclusion
• In case of organic nutrient sources application of 10 t/ha FYM +Azotobacter + PSB in sorghum sudan
grass and 10 t/ha FYM in guinea grass improved the fodder yield over the control.
• In inorganic nutrient management practices application of 90 kg N/ha in pearl millet, 150 kg N/ha+ 10 kg
Zn/ha in maize, 90 kg N, 30 kg P2O5 and 30 K2O kg/ha (RDF) in sorghum sudan grass, 60 kg P2O5+ 60
kg ZnSO4 in cowpea improved the fodder yields over the control and lower doses.
• Integrated nutrient management practices also improved the fodder productivity for e.g. application of
100% RDF+ Rhizobium+ PSB+ KSB+ ZnSB in fodder cowpea, 100 % RDK+ PGPR+ 5 t/ha FYM + 0.5%
Zn foliar spray at 35 DAS and 50 DAS in fodder maize increased the fodder yield over other treatments.
• Integrated nutrient management system has been found promising in arresting the decline trend in soil-
health and productivity and can bring about equilibrium between degenerative and restorative activities in
the soil eco-system.
