This document discusses potassium fixation in different clay minerals. It explains that potassium fixation was first reported in 1887 and involves potassium penetrating between clay layers and becoming tightly held. The degree of potassium fixation varies between clay types, with vermiculite showing the highest fixation due to its high charge density and large interlayer space, followed by illite, montmorillonite, and kaolinite. Factors like charge density, interlayer space size, solution concentration, and presence of other cations can influence how much potassium is fixed within clay minerals. The practical implication is that fixed potassium contributes to long-term potassium availability in soils.
Potassium- Forms,Equilibrium in soils and its agricultural significance ,mech...Vaishali Sharma
The slide is conserned with the potassium fertilisers apllied in the soils. When the fertiliser applied in higher amount then it is avail in different form for plant uptake and there exist a equilibrium in soils and it has many agricultural significance and the slide also deal with brief on the mechanism of potassium fixation in the soil.
Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is a new approach to interpreting leaf or plant analysis and a comprehensive system which identifies all the nutritional factors limiting crop production and increases the chances of obtaining high crop yields by improving fertilizer recommendations.
Potassium- Forms,Equilibrium in soils and its agricultural significance ,mech...Vaishali Sharma
The slide is conserned with the potassium fertilisers apllied in the soils. When the fertiliser applied in higher amount then it is avail in different form for plant uptake and there exist a equilibrium in soils and it has many agricultural significance and the slide also deal with brief on the mechanism of potassium fixation in the soil.
Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is a new approach to interpreting leaf or plant analysis and a comprehensive system which identifies all the nutritional factors limiting crop production and increases the chances of obtaining high crop yields by improving fertilizer recommendations.
Presence of high percentage of exchangeable sodium in soils produced alkali conditions- high pH and poor soil structure. Reclamation of such soils involves the use of gypsum in the form of powder. A useful and rough measure of exchangeable Ca (plus Mg) in soils and the amounts of gypsum required to replace the sodium as an initial step in soil reclamation consists of adding a given amount of saturated solution of gypsum to a weighed amount of soil and by versenate titration, determining the combined Ca and Mg left in solution at equilibrium. The amount of Ca adsorbed by the soil (initial Ca in solution – Ca +Mg in solution after equilibration with soil) is a measure of the gypsum requirement of the soil.
Introduction
enlist of problematic soil
Salt affected soil
Characteristic of salt affected soil
Comparison between salt affected soil
Reclamation of Saline soils
Reclamation of sodic soils
Reclamation of saline-sodic soils
Acidic soils
Reclamation of acidic soil
Acid Sulphate soils and its management
Calcareous soil
Potassium-forms, equilibrium in soils and its agricultural significance; mechanism of potassium fixation; management of potassium fertilizer under field condition
Presence of high percentage of exchangeable sodium in soils produced alkali conditions- high pH and poor soil structure. Reclamation of such soils involves the use of gypsum in the form of powder. A useful and rough measure of exchangeable Ca (plus Mg) in soils and the amounts of gypsum required to replace the sodium as an initial step in soil reclamation consists of adding a given amount of saturated solution of gypsum to a weighed amount of soil and by versenate titration, determining the combined Ca and Mg left in solution at equilibrium. The amount of Ca adsorbed by the soil (initial Ca in solution – Ca +Mg in solution after equilibration with soil) is a measure of the gypsum requirement of the soil.
Introduction
enlist of problematic soil
Salt affected soil
Characteristic of salt affected soil
Comparison between salt affected soil
Reclamation of Saline soils
Reclamation of sodic soils
Reclamation of saline-sodic soils
Acidic soils
Reclamation of acidic soil
Acid Sulphate soils and its management
Calcareous soil
Potassium-forms, equilibrium in soils and its agricultural significance; mechanism of potassium fixation; management of potassium fertilizer under field condition
Potassium is an essential plant nutrient and is required in large amounts for proper growth and reproduction of plants. It affects the plant shape, size, color, taste and other measurements attributed to healthy produce.
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References : https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/16VSZMPMASMNVB47JdBUa_7udBk1qvK2U?usp=sharing
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Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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2. CONTENTS
• Potassium
• Forms of potassium
• Fixation of potassium
• Relation to clay minerals
• Factor affecting potassium fixation
• Practical implications of fixed potassium
• References
3. POTASSIUM (K)
• K Constitutes About 2.5% Of Earth Crusts, The Seventh Abundant Element And Fourth Abundant
Mineral. It Is Found In Large Concentration 1-5% In Plants.
• Roles Of K+ In Plants
• Osmotic Regulation,
• Translocation Of Assimilates,
• Metabolic Processes,
• Improving Quality Of Fruits, Flowers And Vegetables,
• Imparting Resistance To Disease, Pests And Environmental Stress.
5. FIXATION OF POTASSIUM
• Fixation Of Potassium Was First Reported By Kellner In 1887 And Dyer In 1894
• The K Which Penetrates The Intermicellar And Gets Fit Snugly Into The Holes And such are held
tightly as they come in contact.
• Becomes Relatively Nonexchangeable Called Fixed (Rich 1968, Bolt Et Al 1976, Van Der Marel
1959)
6. LATTICE HOLE THEORY
•According to PAGE AND BAVER,1940, the exposed surface and surfaces
between sheets of 2:1 layer mineral consist of oxygen ions, arranged
hexagonally.
•The opening within the hexagon is equal to the diameter of an oxygen ion (2.8Å).
•Any cation(K) with similar size can get fitted
8. Order of K fixation in clay minerals
Vermiculite > Illite > Montmorillonite >
Kaolinite
9.
10. •VERMICULITE:
•High Charge Density
•More exchange sites
•ILLITE:
•Interlayer Space Is Same As K+ Ion
•Non Expanding
•MONTMORILLONITE:
•It Has Large Interlayer Space
•FILLED WITH Ca & Mg
•KAOLINITE:
•Low Charge Density
•Non Expanding
•No Interlayer Space
11. FACTORS AFFECTING POTASSIUM FIXATION
• CHARGE DENSITY OF CLAY:
Vermiculites fix more potassium compared to smectites due to
internal charge density.
• EXTENT OF WEDGE ZONE:
Deeper the wedge zone higher the amount of potassium fixed.
12. • SOLUTION CONCENTRATION
The solution K+ concentration affects the equilibrium between
exchangeable and fixed K+ in soil.
• NATURE AND CONCENTRATION OF OTHER CATIONS
The presence of cations like NH4+ (2.86Å) and Rb+(2.96Å) compete
with the K+ ion for interlayer space.
13. PRACTICAL IMPLICATION OF FIXED K+
• TISDALAND NELSON (1975) Said That Potassium Fixation Is A Process Of Conserving
Potassium In Nature.
• Non Exchangeable K+ Contributes Substantially To K+ Availability In Soils.
• HAYLOCKS (1956) Introduced Terms Of “STEP-K” And “CONSTANT RATE K” As A
Measure Of Potassium Reserve In Soils.
