This document summarizes the key findings from long-term fertilizer experiments in India. The experiments showed that:
1) Applying a balanced ratio of 100% NPK fertilizer with farmyard manure (FYM) at 10 tons/hectare produced the highest crop yields across different soil and cropping systems.
2) Applying 150% NPK fertilizer resulted in the highest yields for crops grown in alluvial and red loam soils.
3) The rice-wheat cropping system yielded an average of 10.7 tons/hectare/year with balanced NPK and FYM.
4) Continuous application of nitrogen alone reduced yields in acidic soils that were
The document discusses the effect of chemical composition of plant residues on nitrogen mineralization in soil. It presents findings from several case studies and research papers. The chemical composition of different plant residues like lignin, polyphenols and C:N ratio affects their decomposition rate and impacts nitrogen mineralization. Plant residues high in nitrogen and low in lignin and polyphenols decompose faster, releasing nitrogen for plant uptake. The studies show crop residues and tree leaves with higher lignin and polyphenol content immobilize soil nitrogen during decomposition.
Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is a critically important concept in the evaluation of crop production systems. Many agricultural soils of the world are deficient in one or more of the essential nutrients to support healthy and productive plant growth. Efficiency can be defined in many ways and easily increased food production could be achieved by expanding the land area under crops and by increasing yields per unit area through intensive farming. Environmental nutrient use efficiency can be quite different than agronomic or economic efficiency and maximizing efficiency may not always be effective. Worldwide, elemental deficiencies for essential macro and micro nutrients and toxicities by Al, Mn, Fe, S, B, Cu, Mo, Cr, Cl, Na, and Si have been reported.
CROP RESIDUE MANAGEMENT IN Major cropping system.pptxUAS, Dharwad
Crop residue management practices can provide benefits over burning residues. For major cropping systems like rice-wheat, retaining crop residues as mulch and incorporating them into soil can increase soil organic matter, nutrients, and water retention compared to burning. Alternatives like using crop residues for compost or conservation agriculture can also improve yields. Research on rice-wheat systems in India found greater wheat yields and soil quality with zero-tillage and retaining rice straw as mulch compared to conventional tillage with residue removal.
Potassium- Forms,Equilibrium in soils and its agricultural significance ,mech...Vaishali Sharma
The slide is conserned with the potassium fertilisers apllied in the soils. When the fertiliser applied in higher amount then it is avail in different form for plant uptake and there exist a equilibrium in soils and it has many agricultural significance and the slide also deal with brief on the mechanism of potassium fixation in the soil.
Integrated Nutrient Management and Balanced Fertilization by Bhanumahi (CCSH...MahanteshKamatyanatti
This document discusses integrated nutrient management and balanced fertilization. It defines balanced fertilization as applying nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrients in proper proportions to meet crop demands and avoid nutrient deficiencies or inefficiencies. The key aspects of balanced fertilization are applying the right nutrient type and quantity using the right application method at the right time. This helps maximize crop yields, improve cost effectiveness, enhance crop quality, and maintain soil fertility while avoiding pollution. The document recommends fertilizer application based on soil testing, use of high-yielding varieties, correcting all nutrient deficiencies, and following the 4R nutrient stewardship concept of applying the right source at the right rate, right time, and right place.
customized and value added fertilizers.pptxPragyaNaithani
Customized fertilizer are defined as multi nutrient carrier designed to contain macro and / or micro nutrient forms, both from inorganic and/or organic sources, manufactured through a systematic process of granulation, satisfying the crop’s nutritional needs, specific to site, soil and stage, validated by a scientific crop model capability developed by an accredited fertilizer manufacturing/marketing company.
The objectives –
• To provide site specific nutrient management
• To achieve maximum fertilizer use efficiency for the applied nutrients
• To attain cost effective fertilizer application
• A fertilizer composition with additional nutrients as compared to conventional fertilizers, from additional sources such as humic acids, amino acids, treated biochar and proteoglycans etc., which when applied increase yields with reduced fertilizer use.
• The deficiency of secondary and micronutrients can thus be overcome easily by fortification of the presently manufactured N/P/NP/NPK fertilizers
• Value-added fertilizers can increase crop yields by 14 to 17 percent compared with same amount of traditional fertilizers.
CF & FF:- holistic nutrition solution
• In north western India, secondary nutrients (S) and micronutrients (Zn, B, Fe, Mn) deficiencies are reported, which can be tackled with the use of value added fertilizers
• Although, K is sufficiently available, K response was found better after application of customized fertilizers
• The soil survey of India reported in many areas soils and ground water were affected by nitrate pollution (Handa 1986; Kakar 2008; Rawat and Singh 2010). Thus, it is quite essential to avoid overuse and go for usage of fertilizers as per the demand of crop.
The document discusses the effect of chemical composition of plant residues on nitrogen mineralization in soil. It presents findings from several case studies and research papers. The chemical composition of different plant residues like lignin, polyphenols and C:N ratio affects their decomposition rate and impacts nitrogen mineralization. Plant residues high in nitrogen and low in lignin and polyphenols decompose faster, releasing nitrogen for plant uptake. The studies show crop residues and tree leaves with higher lignin and polyphenol content immobilize soil nitrogen during decomposition.
Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is a critically important concept in the evaluation of crop production systems. Many agricultural soils of the world are deficient in one or more of the essential nutrients to support healthy and productive plant growth. Efficiency can be defined in many ways and easily increased food production could be achieved by expanding the land area under crops and by increasing yields per unit area through intensive farming. Environmental nutrient use efficiency can be quite different than agronomic or economic efficiency and maximizing efficiency may not always be effective. Worldwide, elemental deficiencies for essential macro and micro nutrients and toxicities by Al, Mn, Fe, S, B, Cu, Mo, Cr, Cl, Na, and Si have been reported.
CROP RESIDUE MANAGEMENT IN Major cropping system.pptxUAS, Dharwad
Crop residue management practices can provide benefits over burning residues. For major cropping systems like rice-wheat, retaining crop residues as mulch and incorporating them into soil can increase soil organic matter, nutrients, and water retention compared to burning. Alternatives like using crop residues for compost or conservation agriculture can also improve yields. Research on rice-wheat systems in India found greater wheat yields and soil quality with zero-tillage and retaining rice straw as mulch compared to conventional tillage with residue removal.
Potassium- Forms,Equilibrium in soils and its agricultural significance ,mech...Vaishali Sharma
The slide is conserned with the potassium fertilisers apllied in the soils. When the fertiliser applied in higher amount then it is avail in different form for plant uptake and there exist a equilibrium in soils and it has many agricultural significance and the slide also deal with brief on the mechanism of potassium fixation in the soil.
Integrated Nutrient Management and Balanced Fertilization by Bhanumahi (CCSH...MahanteshKamatyanatti
This document discusses integrated nutrient management and balanced fertilization. It defines balanced fertilization as applying nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrients in proper proportions to meet crop demands and avoid nutrient deficiencies or inefficiencies. The key aspects of balanced fertilization are applying the right nutrient type and quantity using the right application method at the right time. This helps maximize crop yields, improve cost effectiveness, enhance crop quality, and maintain soil fertility while avoiding pollution. The document recommends fertilizer application based on soil testing, use of high-yielding varieties, correcting all nutrient deficiencies, and following the 4R nutrient stewardship concept of applying the right source at the right rate, right time, and right place.
customized and value added fertilizers.pptxPragyaNaithani
Customized fertilizer are defined as multi nutrient carrier designed to contain macro and / or micro nutrient forms, both from inorganic and/or organic sources, manufactured through a systematic process of granulation, satisfying the crop’s nutritional needs, specific to site, soil and stage, validated by a scientific crop model capability developed by an accredited fertilizer manufacturing/marketing company.
The objectives –
• To provide site specific nutrient management
• To achieve maximum fertilizer use efficiency for the applied nutrients
• To attain cost effective fertilizer application
• A fertilizer composition with additional nutrients as compared to conventional fertilizers, from additional sources such as humic acids, amino acids, treated biochar and proteoglycans etc., which when applied increase yields with reduced fertilizer use.
• The deficiency of secondary and micronutrients can thus be overcome easily by fortification of the presently manufactured N/P/NP/NPK fertilizers
• Value-added fertilizers can increase crop yields by 14 to 17 percent compared with same amount of traditional fertilizers.
CF & FF:- holistic nutrition solution
• In north western India, secondary nutrients (S) and micronutrients (Zn, B, Fe, Mn) deficiencies are reported, which can be tackled with the use of value added fertilizers
• Although, K is sufficiently available, K response was found better after application of customized fertilizers
• The soil survey of India reported in many areas soils and ground water were affected by nitrate pollution (Handa 1986; Kakar 2008; Rawat and Singh 2010). Thus, it is quite essential to avoid overuse and go for usage of fertilizers as per the demand of crop.
This document presents a summary of several classical theories on plant growth response to nutrients:
1) Liebig's Law of the Minimum states that plant growth is limited by the scarcest nutrient.
2) Blackman's Law of the Limiting Factor states that the growth rate is determined by the slowest acting growth factor.
3) Willcox's Theory of the Nitrogen Constant found plants absorb about 318 lbs of nitrogen per acre at optimum conditions.
4) Spillman's Equation models the relationship between growth amount, maximum possible yield, growth factor quantity, and a constant.
5) Baule Unit defines the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, or potassium needed to produce 50% of maximum possible
SSNM is an approach to optimize soil nutrient supply over space and time to match crop requirements. It involves applying fertilizers at optimal rates based on the nutrient needs of crops and indigenous nutrient sources. SSNM aims to increase crop productivity and fertilizer efficiency while mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Studies show SSNM can increase grain yields by 7-27% and total profits by 12% compared to standard farmer practices through balanced nutrition and reduced disease and insect damage. Tools like sensors, soil sampling, and GPS help implement SSNM site-specifically.
This document discusses acid soils, including their classification, formation processes, characteristics, impacts, and management. It defines acid soils as having a pH below 5.5 and lists various natural and human-induced causes of acidification like rainfall, parent material, and fertilizer use. Characteristics include low nutrient availability, aluminum toxicity, and reduced biological activity. Management involves applying lime to raise pH and supply calcium, with different lime sources and particle sizes impacting effectiveness. Crop residues and manures can also reduce acidity through mineralization reactions.
Integrated nutrient management is an approach to optimize soil fertility and plant nutrition by using all possible sources of plant nutrients (organic and inorganic) in a balanced and efficient manner. The goals are to optimize plant production and profitability while conserving resources and improving soil quality. In conventional farming, emphasis was placed on chemical fertilizers and high yields, but this caused nutrient depletion and deterioration of soil health over time. Integrated nutrient management balances nutrient supply from organic sources like farmyard manure with inorganic fertilizers, and synchronizes nutrient availability with crop demand to maintain long-term productivity and soil function.
Determination of nutrient need for yield potentiality of crop plantsPreetam Rathore
Crop nutrient needs cannot be met by soil alone, so external fertilizers are needed to achieve yield potential. Three concepts are used to determine fertilizer recommendations: maintenance, cation saturation ratio, and sufficiency level. Precision tools like GPS, sensors, and variable-rate controllers can help tailor fertilizer applications to site-specific crop needs within fields. Field experiments are conducted to develop response equations relating yield to fertilizer levels and determine economic optimum doses.
This document discusses conservation agriculture in India. It notes that over 120 million hectares of land in India is degraded, including from water erosion, wind erosion, salinity, alkalinity and acidity. Conservation agriculture is presented as an alternative that can conserve natural resources by minimizing soil disturbance, maintaining soil cover, and diversifying crop species. The three principles of conservation agriculture are identified as minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotations. Benefits include improved soil structure, organic matter, and reduced erosion. Techniques discussed include zero-tillage, use of crop residues and cover crops, and machinery like the happy seeder.
This document discusses real-time nitrogen management for rice crops. It begins with an introduction and outlines the need for real-time N management. It then describes the basic approaches and tools used in real-time N management including leaf color charts, SPAD chlorophyll meters, and optical sensors. The document also discusses challenges and strategies for N management. It concludes that tools like leaf color charts and SPAD meters allow farmers to adjust N applications based on the crop's real-time nitrogen needs, improving fertilizer use efficiency.
Plants require both macronutrients and micronutrients from the soil to complete their life cycle. Balanced plant nutrition (BPN) is an approach that ensures plants receive adequate amounts of all required nutrients throughout their growth. BPN focuses on sustainability and considers crop type, soil type, and growth stage to balance nutrients. It provides not just the major nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, but also secondary nutrients, micronutrients, and organic manures. For optimal plant health and yield, BPN aims to prevent any single nutrient from limiting growth.
The document discusses concepts of nutrient availability for plant uptake from soil. It defines soil fertility and explains sources of nutrients in soil solution. The principal ways nutrients move from soil to plant roots are mass flow, diffusion and root interception. Macronutrients include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur. Micronutrients include boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum and zinc. The document also discusses plant tissue analysis for identifying nutrient deficiencies.
The document discusses organic nutrient management strategies in agriculture. It compares organic manures to inorganic fertilizers, noting organic manures improve soil health while fertilizers only provide nutrients. Organic sources like farm yard manure and compost are described along with their nutrient contents. Research findings show organic farming led to higher yields than inorganic in some crops and improved soil properties like organic carbon. Foliar sprays and topdressings of vermicompost were also found to increase yields and nutrient uptake in sorghum compared to chemical fertilizers alone.
Nitrogen use efficiency is often low for crops, ranging from 30-50% due to nitrogen losses through mechanisms like ammonia volatilization, nitrate leaching, and denitrification. Methods to improve nitrogen use efficiency include proper fertilizer, soil, and crop management practices as well as modifying fertilizers. Slow release fertilizers, urease inhibitors, and nitrification inhibitors can be used to coat or add chemicals to fertilizers to reduce nitrogen losses and allow for more efficient nitrogen uptake by crops.
This document discusses nitrogen use efficiency in crops. It begins by noting that nitrogen is a limiting nutrient for crop production but is often lost from soils through processes like leaching, denitrification, volatilization, erosion and runoff. Common nitrogen use efficiencies are 30-50%. The document then examines factors influencing nitrogen use efficiency like management practices, environmental conditions and crop characteristics. It concludes by outlining techniques to improve efficiency such as the 4R nutrient stewardship approach of using the right source, right rate, right time and right place of application as well as enhanced efficiency fertilizers.
Micronutrient chelates are inorganic nutrients enclosed by organic or synthetic molecules. Synthetic chelates like EDTA and DTPA are commonly used in soil and foliar applications while organic chelates from wood pulp byproducts and citric acid are biodegradable alternatives. Chelation allows nutrients to penetrate plant leaves and be released for use by forming stable complexes that protect nutrients in alkaline soils. Using chelated micronutrients improves their availability and use efficiency compared to broadcast application, reducing the amounts needed to supply crop needs. This helps boost crop growth and yields while minimizing environmental impacts.
This document provides an overview of soil health and soil science concepts. It defines soil and describes its key properties. Soil is a complex, living system composed of physical, chemical and biological components. The document outlines the different types of soils based on taxonomy and discusses various soil profiles. It also addresses threats to soil health such as erosion, organic matter decline, contamination, salinization and others. The roles of soil in supporting plant growth, water regulation and environmental buffering are examined.
Resource conservation technologies for enhancing water productivity in field ...Nikhil Kumar
This document provides a summary of a credit seminar presentation on resource conservation technologies for enhancing water productivity in field crop production. The presentation covers topics like the definition of water productivity and resource conservation technologies. It discusses various resource conservation technologies that can help improve water productivity, such as laser land leveling, bed planting systems, zero tillage, system of rice intensification, mulching, and crop diversification. It provides examples and research findings on the benefits of these technologies in saving water and increasing crop yields and productivity. The overall aim of the presentation is to promote the adoption of resource conservation technologies for optimizing water use and enhancing agricultural productivity.
A brief study on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). This presentation has created by me after studying many articles and research papers regarding INM. Suggestions are kindly invited.
Characterisation and management of salt affected soils (1)aakvd
Salt affected soils are soils containing soluble salts that negatively impact plant growth. They are classified as saline soils containing neutral salts or alkali soils containing soluble sodium salts. Saline soils occur in arid regions due to insufficient rainfall for leaching salts out of the soil. Alkali soils form due to accumulation of soluble sodium salts that disperse soil particles. Management of salt affected soils involves physical measures like leaching and drainage, chemical amendments like gypsum, and soil management practices like basin irrigation and growing salt tolerant crops.
This document discusses ways to improve fertilizer use efficiency. It explains that fertilizer recommendations are based on soil tests to determine nutrient needs. Efficiency is maximized by selecting the right fertilizer type, applying at the right time and rate based on soil and crop factors. Key losses include leaching, gaseous losses through processes like denitrification, and immobilization through chemical reactions or microbial activity. The document provides strategies to minimize each loss type such as fertilizer placement, addition of nitrification inhibitors, and selecting fertilizers suited to the soil properties.
Precision agriculture in relation to nutrient management by Dr. Tarik MitranDr. Tarik Mitran
Precision agriculture techniques can help optimize nutrient management by accounting for spatial variability within fields. Soil sampling is done on a grid to produce fertility maps showing nutrient levels in different areas. GPS and GIS combine to map yield and collect data that identifies low-yielding zones. Remote sensing uses imagery to detect differences such as no-till fields. Yield monitors coupled with GPS measure harvest yields in various locations. Variable rate technology then applies nutrients precisely based on need. This precision nutrient management improves efficiency and protects the environment.
Fertilizer use efficiency depends on many factors related to the soil, climate, crop, and fertilizer characteristics. Only a fraction of the nutrients in fertilizer may be absorbed by crops, with the rest lost through leaching, volatilization, immobilization, or interactions between fertilizers. Maximum efficiency is obtained when the minimum amount of fertilizer needed is applied based on soil testing. Efficiency varies depending on soil properties like texture, pH, temperature, and moisture as well as the fertilizer type and application method used.
Long-term effect of nutrient management on soil fertility and soil organic ca...Pravash Chandra Moharana
This document summarizes a study on the long-term effects of nutrient management on soil fertility and soil organic carbon pools under a 6-year pearl millet-wheat cropping system. The study found that application of farmyard manure alone or integrated with chemical fertilizers led to significant increases in soil fertility parameters like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur compared to the unfertilized control. It also increased total organic carbon, labile organic carbon, and microbial biomass carbon pools, especially in surface soils. Integrated nutrient management maintaining application of farmyard manure was most effective for enhancing crop productivity, nutrient availability, and soil carbon over the long term according to the carbon management index.
Pearl millet breeding for non-conventional traits and ecologies in South Asia...ICRISAT
Following the principal of demand driven research, key priority areas identified for SA program in Consultation meetings with partners held in 2009, 2011 and 2013 were: blast disease, forage, and heat tolerance. Breeding materials comprising of hybrid parents and germplasm accessions having multi-pathotype resistance to blast were identified, and were utilized in the development of new Blast Resistant breeding materials. Multi-year and multi-location screening of breeding materials were done in high heat stress ecology (air temperatures of >42oC) during summers of 2009-2015 and stable sources of heat tolerance were identified, and new wave of breeding materials have been generated. On forage research, new high biomass materials were identified and utilized to generate hybrids and OPVs providing green forage yields of 45-55 tons ha-1. With the objective of expanding pearl millet hybrid technology to Eastern and Southern African (ESA) region, hybrids were evaluated in ESA region between 2012-2015 which led to identification of some promising hybrids which out yielded local checks by 20-40% in grain yield.
This document presents a summary of several classical theories on plant growth response to nutrients:
1) Liebig's Law of the Minimum states that plant growth is limited by the scarcest nutrient.
2) Blackman's Law of the Limiting Factor states that the growth rate is determined by the slowest acting growth factor.
3) Willcox's Theory of the Nitrogen Constant found plants absorb about 318 lbs of nitrogen per acre at optimum conditions.
4) Spillman's Equation models the relationship between growth amount, maximum possible yield, growth factor quantity, and a constant.
5) Baule Unit defines the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, or potassium needed to produce 50% of maximum possible
SSNM is an approach to optimize soil nutrient supply over space and time to match crop requirements. It involves applying fertilizers at optimal rates based on the nutrient needs of crops and indigenous nutrient sources. SSNM aims to increase crop productivity and fertilizer efficiency while mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Studies show SSNM can increase grain yields by 7-27% and total profits by 12% compared to standard farmer practices through balanced nutrition and reduced disease and insect damage. Tools like sensors, soil sampling, and GPS help implement SSNM site-specifically.
This document discusses acid soils, including their classification, formation processes, characteristics, impacts, and management. It defines acid soils as having a pH below 5.5 and lists various natural and human-induced causes of acidification like rainfall, parent material, and fertilizer use. Characteristics include low nutrient availability, aluminum toxicity, and reduced biological activity. Management involves applying lime to raise pH and supply calcium, with different lime sources and particle sizes impacting effectiveness. Crop residues and manures can also reduce acidity through mineralization reactions.
Integrated nutrient management is an approach to optimize soil fertility and plant nutrition by using all possible sources of plant nutrients (organic and inorganic) in a balanced and efficient manner. The goals are to optimize plant production and profitability while conserving resources and improving soil quality. In conventional farming, emphasis was placed on chemical fertilizers and high yields, but this caused nutrient depletion and deterioration of soil health over time. Integrated nutrient management balances nutrient supply from organic sources like farmyard manure with inorganic fertilizers, and synchronizes nutrient availability with crop demand to maintain long-term productivity and soil function.
Determination of nutrient need for yield potentiality of crop plantsPreetam Rathore
Crop nutrient needs cannot be met by soil alone, so external fertilizers are needed to achieve yield potential. Three concepts are used to determine fertilizer recommendations: maintenance, cation saturation ratio, and sufficiency level. Precision tools like GPS, sensors, and variable-rate controllers can help tailor fertilizer applications to site-specific crop needs within fields. Field experiments are conducted to develop response equations relating yield to fertilizer levels and determine economic optimum doses.
This document discusses conservation agriculture in India. It notes that over 120 million hectares of land in India is degraded, including from water erosion, wind erosion, salinity, alkalinity and acidity. Conservation agriculture is presented as an alternative that can conserve natural resources by minimizing soil disturbance, maintaining soil cover, and diversifying crop species. The three principles of conservation agriculture are identified as minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotations. Benefits include improved soil structure, organic matter, and reduced erosion. Techniques discussed include zero-tillage, use of crop residues and cover crops, and machinery like the happy seeder.
This document discusses real-time nitrogen management for rice crops. It begins with an introduction and outlines the need for real-time N management. It then describes the basic approaches and tools used in real-time N management including leaf color charts, SPAD chlorophyll meters, and optical sensors. The document also discusses challenges and strategies for N management. It concludes that tools like leaf color charts and SPAD meters allow farmers to adjust N applications based on the crop's real-time nitrogen needs, improving fertilizer use efficiency.
Plants require both macronutrients and micronutrients from the soil to complete their life cycle. Balanced plant nutrition (BPN) is an approach that ensures plants receive adequate amounts of all required nutrients throughout their growth. BPN focuses on sustainability and considers crop type, soil type, and growth stage to balance nutrients. It provides not just the major nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, but also secondary nutrients, micronutrients, and organic manures. For optimal plant health and yield, BPN aims to prevent any single nutrient from limiting growth.
The document discusses concepts of nutrient availability for plant uptake from soil. It defines soil fertility and explains sources of nutrients in soil solution. The principal ways nutrients move from soil to plant roots are mass flow, diffusion and root interception. Macronutrients include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur. Micronutrients include boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum and zinc. The document also discusses plant tissue analysis for identifying nutrient deficiencies.
The document discusses organic nutrient management strategies in agriculture. It compares organic manures to inorganic fertilizers, noting organic manures improve soil health while fertilizers only provide nutrients. Organic sources like farm yard manure and compost are described along with their nutrient contents. Research findings show organic farming led to higher yields than inorganic in some crops and improved soil properties like organic carbon. Foliar sprays and topdressings of vermicompost were also found to increase yields and nutrient uptake in sorghum compared to chemical fertilizers alone.
Nitrogen use efficiency is often low for crops, ranging from 30-50% due to nitrogen losses through mechanisms like ammonia volatilization, nitrate leaching, and denitrification. Methods to improve nitrogen use efficiency include proper fertilizer, soil, and crop management practices as well as modifying fertilizers. Slow release fertilizers, urease inhibitors, and nitrification inhibitors can be used to coat or add chemicals to fertilizers to reduce nitrogen losses and allow for more efficient nitrogen uptake by crops.
This document discusses nitrogen use efficiency in crops. It begins by noting that nitrogen is a limiting nutrient for crop production but is often lost from soils through processes like leaching, denitrification, volatilization, erosion and runoff. Common nitrogen use efficiencies are 30-50%. The document then examines factors influencing nitrogen use efficiency like management practices, environmental conditions and crop characteristics. It concludes by outlining techniques to improve efficiency such as the 4R nutrient stewardship approach of using the right source, right rate, right time and right place of application as well as enhanced efficiency fertilizers.
Micronutrient chelates are inorganic nutrients enclosed by organic or synthetic molecules. Synthetic chelates like EDTA and DTPA are commonly used in soil and foliar applications while organic chelates from wood pulp byproducts and citric acid are biodegradable alternatives. Chelation allows nutrients to penetrate plant leaves and be released for use by forming stable complexes that protect nutrients in alkaline soils. Using chelated micronutrients improves their availability and use efficiency compared to broadcast application, reducing the amounts needed to supply crop needs. This helps boost crop growth and yields while minimizing environmental impacts.
This document provides an overview of soil health and soil science concepts. It defines soil and describes its key properties. Soil is a complex, living system composed of physical, chemical and biological components. The document outlines the different types of soils based on taxonomy and discusses various soil profiles. It also addresses threats to soil health such as erosion, organic matter decline, contamination, salinization and others. The roles of soil in supporting plant growth, water regulation and environmental buffering are examined.
Resource conservation technologies for enhancing water productivity in field ...Nikhil Kumar
This document provides a summary of a credit seminar presentation on resource conservation technologies for enhancing water productivity in field crop production. The presentation covers topics like the definition of water productivity and resource conservation technologies. It discusses various resource conservation technologies that can help improve water productivity, such as laser land leveling, bed planting systems, zero tillage, system of rice intensification, mulching, and crop diversification. It provides examples and research findings on the benefits of these technologies in saving water and increasing crop yields and productivity. The overall aim of the presentation is to promote the adoption of resource conservation technologies for optimizing water use and enhancing agricultural productivity.
A brief study on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). This presentation has created by me after studying many articles and research papers regarding INM. Suggestions are kindly invited.
Characterisation and management of salt affected soils (1)aakvd
Salt affected soils are soils containing soluble salts that negatively impact plant growth. They are classified as saline soils containing neutral salts or alkali soils containing soluble sodium salts. Saline soils occur in arid regions due to insufficient rainfall for leaching salts out of the soil. Alkali soils form due to accumulation of soluble sodium salts that disperse soil particles. Management of salt affected soils involves physical measures like leaching and drainage, chemical amendments like gypsum, and soil management practices like basin irrigation and growing salt tolerant crops.
This document discusses ways to improve fertilizer use efficiency. It explains that fertilizer recommendations are based on soil tests to determine nutrient needs. Efficiency is maximized by selecting the right fertilizer type, applying at the right time and rate based on soil and crop factors. Key losses include leaching, gaseous losses through processes like denitrification, and immobilization through chemical reactions or microbial activity. The document provides strategies to minimize each loss type such as fertilizer placement, addition of nitrification inhibitors, and selecting fertilizers suited to the soil properties.
Precision agriculture in relation to nutrient management by Dr. Tarik MitranDr. Tarik Mitran
Precision agriculture techniques can help optimize nutrient management by accounting for spatial variability within fields. Soil sampling is done on a grid to produce fertility maps showing nutrient levels in different areas. GPS and GIS combine to map yield and collect data that identifies low-yielding zones. Remote sensing uses imagery to detect differences such as no-till fields. Yield monitors coupled with GPS measure harvest yields in various locations. Variable rate technology then applies nutrients precisely based on need. This precision nutrient management improves efficiency and protects the environment.
Fertilizer use efficiency depends on many factors related to the soil, climate, crop, and fertilizer characteristics. Only a fraction of the nutrients in fertilizer may be absorbed by crops, with the rest lost through leaching, volatilization, immobilization, or interactions between fertilizers. Maximum efficiency is obtained when the minimum amount of fertilizer needed is applied based on soil testing. Efficiency varies depending on soil properties like texture, pH, temperature, and moisture as well as the fertilizer type and application method used.
Long-term effect of nutrient management on soil fertility and soil organic ca...Pravash Chandra Moharana
This document summarizes a study on the long-term effects of nutrient management on soil fertility and soil organic carbon pools under a 6-year pearl millet-wheat cropping system. The study found that application of farmyard manure alone or integrated with chemical fertilizers led to significant increases in soil fertility parameters like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur compared to the unfertilized control. It also increased total organic carbon, labile organic carbon, and microbial biomass carbon pools, especially in surface soils. Integrated nutrient management maintaining application of farmyard manure was most effective for enhancing crop productivity, nutrient availability, and soil carbon over the long term according to the carbon management index.
Pearl millet breeding for non-conventional traits and ecologies in South Asia...ICRISAT
Following the principal of demand driven research, key priority areas identified for SA program in Consultation meetings with partners held in 2009, 2011 and 2013 were: blast disease, forage, and heat tolerance. Breeding materials comprising of hybrid parents and germplasm accessions having multi-pathotype resistance to blast were identified, and were utilized in the development of new Blast Resistant breeding materials. Multi-year and multi-location screening of breeding materials were done in high heat stress ecology (air temperatures of >42oC) during summers of 2009-2015 and stable sources of heat tolerance were identified, and new wave of breeding materials have been generated. On forage research, new high biomass materials were identified and utilized to generate hybrids and OPVs providing green forage yields of 45-55 tons ha-1. With the objective of expanding pearl millet hybrid technology to Eastern and Southern African (ESA) region, hybrids were evaluated in ESA region between 2012-2015 which led to identification of some promising hybrids which out yielded local checks by 20-40% in grain yield.
Effects of organic and inorganic inputs on phosphorus and potassium transform...P.K. Mani
This document describes a long-term study on the effects of organic and inorganic inputs on phosphorus and potassium transformations in a rice-wheat cropping system in India. The study examined yield trends over 22 cycles, nutrient balances and distributions of phosphorus and potassium forms in the soil under different treatment combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Key findings included higher yields and soil nutrient levels with the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers compared to inorganic-only or control treatments.
Living Soils is an initiative to bring a perception change among the farmers, policy makers and their implementers towards biomass availability.
It is aimed at providing a comprehensive and integrated biomass-based eco-fertilisation solution to address the issue of soil health crisis and ensure a sustainable food production system.
The model includes biomass-based community enterprise and creating grassroots institutions, which will, in turn play a very significant role in enhancing the soil health status, facilitating the production of biomass based eco-fertilisers, increasing farmers’ income and securing rural livelihood.
Thus, the project intends to benefit the farmers and the entire village in multiple ways.
Agroforestry for food security and climate resiliencePatrick Worms
Feeding 9 billion people by 2050 on less land, with less water, and more extreme weather can seem hopeless. But it is not so. Agroforestry, evergreen agriculture and using the findings of agrocecology to manage farms can all bring sizeable, durable gains in productivity - even on degraded lands. The debate needs to move on from the facile organic vs. intensive agriculture one - the future will mean combining the best of all technologies while taking the way that natural systems behave into account. Much of the science is in: it's feasible. Now we need to do it.
This document discusses guidelines for conducting morphological tests to assess varietal purity and distinctness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) for plant variety registration. It outlines procedures for grow-out tests, including sampling methodology, field layout, observation criteria, and data analysis. The key aspects covered are distinguishing variety characteristics, minimum sample sizes, isolation distances, generation systems, and national test guideline recommendations for important crops to standardize DUS testing.
Soil health concerns under rice intensificationAshutosh Pal
The document discusses agriculture development in India after independence and the phases of green revolution. It notes that productivity growth rates have declined for major crops since the 1990s. Soil fertility has also declined and nutrient mining has increased, posing a threat to soil health. Many districts in Odisha have witnessed deficiencies in sulfur, boron, and zinc in soils. Long-term experiments show yield increases and nutrient accumulation with balanced fertilization and manure application compared to chemical fertilizers alone. The SRI method of rice cultivation provides yield advantages and water savings compared to conventional practices. However, long-term impacts on soil health need further study for sustainable exploitation of SRI technology.
Germplasm conservation at ICRISAT RS Paroda Genebank - for sustainable food s...ICRISAT
The document summarizes germplasm conservation efforts at ICRISAT's Genebank in Paroda, India. The Genebank conserves over 124,300 accessions from 144 countries representing six mandate crops. It distributes germplasm internationally following the SMTA and has provided over 1.45 million samples to researchers in 148 countries. The collections show wide genetic variability and provide sources of tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses to aid in developing climate-resilient cultivars. ICRISAT collaborates with international researchers on characterization, evaluation and utilization of germplasm in crop improvement programs.
The Green Revolution: Lessons for the FutureCIMMYT
Presentation delivered by Sir Gordon Conway (Imperial College London, UK) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
The document discusses the environmental, economic, social, and political consequences of food production. Environmentally, increased population can lead to desertification through overcultivation, overgrazing, and depletion of groundwater stores. Desertification occurs as productive land turns to desert due to soil erosion and loss of vegetation from these practices. Monocultures from intensive farming also reduce biodiversity and rely on fertilizers and pesticides.
Long term effects of fertilizer and organic manures on the productivity of ri...P.K. Mani
Long-term effects of fertilizers and organic manures on rice-wheat cropping system productivity in West Bengal
The study evaluated different fertilizer and organic manure treatments over 16 crop cycles to determine their effects on soil properties, crop yields, and sustainability. Key findings:
1) Combining reduced chemical fertilizers with farm yard manure, green manure, or paddy straw maintained similar crop yields and improved soil organic carbon, nutrients, and quality indices compared to chemical fertilizers alone.
2) Partial substitution of 25% of chemical fertilizers with organic manures was as effective as full application of chemical fertilizers alone in sustaining production levels long-term.
3) Integrated use of organic man
This document summarizes research on abiotic stress tolerance in cucurbit crops. It discusses the effects of drought, salinity, heat, and cold stress on cucurbits and mechanisms of tolerance. Two case studies are presented: 1) the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in improving watermelon tolerance to drought stress and 2) identification of novel microRNAs involved in salt stress response in two Cucurbita germplasm. The document concludes that grafting, beneficial microbes, and osmoprotectants can help cucurbits tolerate stress, and novel microRNAs may play an important role in salt stress response.
mutation breeding in pre & post genomic era Umesh b s
This document discusses mutation breeding in the pre-genomic and post-genomic eras. In the pre-genomic era, mutation breeding relied on phenotypic screening to identify mutants without knowledge of the specific genes or mutations involved. In the post-genomic era, techniques like TILLING allow identification of mutations within genes of interest and linking them to phenotypes by taking advantage of available genome sequences. Site-directed mutagenesis also allows creation of mutations at specific sites in DNA.
This presentation summarizes fertilizer demand and supply trends in India. It finds that while fertilizer demand is increasing steadily, production growth has not kept pace, leading to widening deficits of nitrogen, phosphate, and potash nutrients. Deficits are expected to increase through 2009-10 before declining in 2010-12. India meets shortfalls through imports, but seeks to boost domestic production through industry incentives and investments abroad. Biofertilizers also offer opportunities but policy uncertainties pose threats to the fertilizer industry.
This document discusses soil pollution, its causes and effects. The main causes of soil pollution are acid rain, solid waste, excess fertilizers, and insecticides/herbicides. Soil pollution harms the environment and reduces crop yields by making the soil acidic or alkaline. Prevention methods include proper waste disposal through landfills, recycling, composting, and incineration.
Fertilizers and pesticides are important for agriculture but can harm the environment if overused. Fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are either natural (leaves, manure) or artificial (ammonium sulfate, urea). While fertilizers increase crop yields, excessive use leads to water pollution from nutrient runoff and eutrophication. Pesticides are chemicals that kill insects, weeds and other pests, but can accumulate in animals and humans in toxic amounts. Their overuse also kills beneficial organisms and develops pest resistance. Biofertilizers from microorganisms are a more environmentally friendly alternative to supplement chemical fertilizers. Proper application of fertilizers and pesticides is
The document provides an overview of the fertilizer industry in India. It discusses that India is the 3rd largest producer and consumer of fertilizers globally. It outlines the history and development of the fertilizer industry in India. It also summarizes the current production, consumption, import trends and major players in the Indian fertilizer industry. Additionally, it discusses the key policies around subsidies and regulations governing the fertilizer industry in India.
Long term effect of integrated nutrient management on soil properties and ava...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— To study the long term effect of integrated nutrient management on soil properties and available nutrients, surface and subsurface soil samples were drawn from the long-term field experiment (LTFE) which is in progress on a Typic Hapludalfs at Research Farm of College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India since Rabi, 1972. The rotation followed was maize-wheat and the treatments included various combinations of N, P, K, Zn, lime, hand weeding and farm yard manure. Results from the study showed that integrated nutrient management over the years resulted in improvement in the soil properties as well as status of available nutrients in the soil at both the depths. Continuous application of urea as a source of N has resulted in acidification of soils (pH 4.3) while lime application increased the pH to 6.2 in the surface soil and 6.0 in subsurface soil. The treatment 100 % NPK + FYM resulted in 66 per cent increase in soil organic carbon content over initial value. Similar effects were recorded on cation exchange capacity and available nutrients. It can be concluded from the study that integrated nutrient management is essential to maintain soil health.
Urea-supergranules and phosphorus application increases irrigated rice yields...INNS PUBNET
Nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies are some of the main factors restricting irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity in Burkina Faso. Urea supergranules (USG) have been proven to increase rice yield but this increased productivity is likely to be constrained because P is becoming limiting in irrigated rice systems. Field experiments were carried out with rice variety Nerica 62N in Sourou valley in the wet season of 2012 and in the dry season of 2013. The effect of two sizes (1.8 and 2.7 g) of USG and five levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 30, 40 and 50 kg P ha-1) were studied in a split plot design on rice yields. The use of USG 2.7 g did not significantly increase rice yields compare with USG 1.8 g in both seasons. P application significantly increased rice yields. The 1.8 g USG significantly increased the agronomic efficiency (AE) by 48.9% over the USG 2.7 g in the 2012 wet season while the increase in AE was 24.4% in the 2013 dry season. The best AE 42 kg kg-1 in 2012 and 25 kg kg-1 in 2013 were obtained with 50P and 30P. This study suggests that USG can be used by farmers in small rate (USG 1.8 g) to improve nitrogen use efficiency and the application of 30 kg P kg-1 seems to be adequate to increase yield in irrigated rice cropping system.
The role of soil acidity and soil fertility management for enhanced and susta...CIMMYT
(1) Application of inorganic fertilizers alone did not significantly increase wheat yields on acidic soils in southern Ethiopia, but combining fertilizers with organic amendments like farmyard manure or the biomass of Erythrina bruci led to major yield gains. (2) Integrated application of NP fertilizer with 10 tons/ha of farmyard manure or potassium increased wheat yields by over 300% at some sites. (3) On-farm trials confirmed that potassium is a limiting nutrient for wheat in acidic soils of the region.
Soil fertility analysis for rice production in the lowland areas of Diplahan,...Open Access Research Paper
The most important practice that contributes to rice production is nutrient management. However, if the nutrient plant required is insufficient, low production is unavoidable. Thus, this study was carried out to determine the soil fertility status of lowland areas in the municipality of Diplahan. Soil samples from each sampling site were collected in rice farms using a composite random soil sampling moving in a zigzag pattern. A depth of 0- 15cm soil samples were collected from 15 – 30 different places in 1-5 hectares. An air-drying procedure was done before it was carried to the laboratory for final testing. Soil samples were analyzed for pH, organic carbon, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium following the BSWM (Bureau of Soils and Water Management) procedures. Furthermore, a soil fertility map was outlined through ArcGIS software by plotting local coordinates in Google Map. Results showed that the areas in 10 selected barangays in the municipality have moderate soil acidity, with a pH level that falls below the desirable range of 5.5 – 7.0 but no lower than 4.5. According to the results of the soil organic carbon analysis, all barangays have insufficient SOC. Only four barangays have the optimal soil organic matter content for lowland rice production. The study also revealed that only two (2) barangays receive an adequate amount of nitrogen, while the rest are considered deficient. Phosphorous-rich soils were found in two (2) barangays; the five (5) barangays have a medium content; and the remaining three (3) barangays have a low content. Lastly, no barangay in the municipality obtains an adequate amount of exchangeable potassium ranging from 82-246 ppm. Problem of insufficient nutrient requirements for rice crop production is widespread in the municipality.
The document describes a field experiment conducted in Mozambique to evaluate the response of soybean crops to different rates of phosphorus fertilizer. The highest rates of phosphorus (60 kg P2O5 ha-1) led to the tallest plants, highest biomass and grain yields, most pods, and largest seeds. Moderate rates (20-40 kg P2O5 ha-1) optimized some growth parameters. The study demonstrates that phosphorus fertilization can improve soybean yields in the acidic soils of Mozambique's Angónia region.
The document summarizes a study on the growth and yield of tomatoes as influenced by poultry manure and NPK fertilizer. Field experiments were conducted using different application rates of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer. Results showed that applying poultry manure increased the nutrient levels in tomato leaves and soil more than inorganic fertilizer alone. Higher levels of poultry manure also led to better tomato growth and higher yields compared to NPK fertilizer. The study concluded that using poultry manure along with reduced amounts of chemical fertilizer can enhance tomato crop performance while reducing production costs.
Rehabilitation of Salt-Affected Soil Through Residues Incorporation and Its I...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
A two year field study was conducted on a permanent layout to investigate the effect of crop residues (CR) incorporation and P application (0, 40, 80, 120kg P2O5 ha-1) on rehabilitation of saline soil (ECe=4.59 dS m-1; pH=8.38; CaCO3=3.21%; Extractable P=4.07mg kg-1; sandy clay loam) during 2011-12. The experiment was laid out according to split plot design with three replications. Planting of direct seeded rice (DSR) with and without crop residue incorporation @2ton ha-1 were placed in main plots and P application was in sub plots. Data on productive tillers, panicle length, paddy/grain and straw yields was collected. Soil was sampled (0-15cm) before initiation and after the harvest of last crop. On an average of two years, maximum productive tillers (18), panicle length (33), paddy yield (3.26t ha-1) and was produced with P application @ 80kg P2O5 ha-1 along with CR incorporation. Similarly in case of wheat grown after DSR, maximum tillers (17), spike length (17), grain panicle-1 (66) and grain yield (3.56t ha-1) were produced with P application @80kg P2O5 ha-1 along with CR incorporation. Although, the growth and yield contributing parameters with this treatment (80kg P2O5 ha-1+CR) performed statistically equal to 120kg P2O5 ha-1 without CR incorporation during both the years, but on an average of two years, grain yield of DSR and wheat was significantly superior (22 and 24% respectively) than that of higher P rate (120kg ha-1) without CR. Overall, continuous two year CR incorporation further increased (17%) paddy yields during the follow up year of crop harvest. Higher concentration of P, K and Ca2+ in both DSR and wheat plant tissues was found where 80kg P2O5 ha-1 was applied along with CR incorporation or 120kg P2O5 ha-1 alone while Na+ and Mg2+ concentration decreased with CR incorporation and increasing P rate. The soil salinity was decreased and fertility was improved significantly after two years of study.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000582.php
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Maize yield response to potassium and lime application at Bungoma and Trans N...Open Access Research Paper
Maize is the most important staple food in Kenya, and is grown across a wide range of agro-ecological zones, accounting for about 40 present of daily calories. A major constraint in maize production in Kenya is low and declining soil fertility. Nutrient input and output studies on farmlands across Kenya and sub-Saharan Africa show an alarming negative balance leading to widespread land degradation. This study sought to increase maize yield through application of potassium (K) and lime in western Kenya. The studies were conducted at Bungoma and Trans Nzoia counties, considered as the breadbasket region for the country. The objectives were to establish maize responses to K fertilization and lime application. The field studies evaluated maize response to different rates of potash fertilizer (0 – 200 K2Okg/ha) in order to establish the K requirement for maximum/optimum crop yields. Experimental design was a split plot arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated four times. The lime and no lime were assigned to the main plots while the K levels were assigned to the sub-plots. There were three farms in Trans Nzoia county, and two farms in Bungoma county. At Bungoma, liming increased maize stover yields by 70% from 2.4 to 4.3 tons/ha. Bungoma, maize grain yields ranged from 2.2 to 4.5 tons/ha in Mabanga and 3.6-6.2 tons/ha. The optimal response to K at 40kg K2O/ha at Ndengelwa and 80kg/ha at Mabanga sites. In Trans Nzoia, liming treatment stratum was significantly different at 5% level and increased stover yields by 17%. At the 40 K2Okg/ha application, liming increased stover yields by 50% (6.3-9.5 tons/ha), whilst under no liming, 40kg K2O /ha application increased the stover yields by 30% (5.4-6.9 tons/ha). Our work confirms that soils in western Kenya are acidic and have low levels of K. These soils therefore require liming and NPK fertilization for optimal maize production and food security.
This document provides a summary of a seminar presentation on nutrient management in legume crops. It discusses the importance of legumes as a source of protein and their production globally and in India. It then summarizes the speaker's presentation which covered topics like essential plant nutrients, nutrient deficiency in legumes, principles of nutrient management, biological nitrogen fixation, integrated nutrient management, and the effects of fertilizer and organic amendments on the yield and quality of groundnuts. Tables of data from studies on groundnut are also summarized.
This document summarizes a seminar on agricultural production and soil nutrient mining in India. It discusses how India has greatly increased food grain production through green revolution efforts but this has led to depletion of soil nutrients. Continuous crop production without adequate replenishment of nutrients removed by crops has resulted in widespread nutrient deficiencies and depletion of soil reserves. The document then provides details on crop yields, fertilizer usage, nutrient balances, and recommends integrated soil nutrient management practices to control nutrient mining and improve soil health and sustainability of agricultural production in India.
The document discusses the history of understanding phosphorus use in agriculture and its importance as a nutrient for plant growth. It examines world phosphate reserves and how applied phosphorus interacts with soil properties, becoming either available or unavailable to plants over time. Several strategies are presented for improving phosphorus use efficiency in soils and maximizing the availability of phosphorus for crop uptake.
The document discusses the history of understanding phosphorus use in agriculture and its importance as a nutrient for plant growth. It examines world phosphate reserves and how applied phosphorus interacts with soil properties, becoming either available or unavailable to plants over time. Several strategies are presented for improving phosphorus use efficiency in soils, including modifying soil properties, managing phosphorus sources, and optimizing application rates and timing.
Beneficial Effect of Local Resources to Improve Food Crop Production in Tidal...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Soil found in tidal swamp, Indonesia is dominated by acid sulfate soil. This soil is very acidic resulting in infertile soil for plant growth. This soil is also found in large distribution in South Sumatra, Indonesia with low food crop production. This acidic soil is shown in low content of nutrient and organic matter causing farmers should supply fertilizer in large quantity to support plant growth. Due to increasing price of inorganic fertilizers, farmers are difficulty to purchase the conventional fertilizer. To overcome this problem, it can be introduced some local organic resources such as agricultural wastes to supply nutrient for plant growth or applying for indigenous microorganism to increase nutrient problem. To that respect, this paper will discuss about the organic local resources to improve food crop growth such rice and corn planted in acid sulfate soil. The organic materials analysed used were composted rice straw, cow bone powder, cattle slurry, cow blood powder, ash rice straw and additional anorganic materials used like natural rock phosphate and zeolite. Highest content of N, P and K elements released from organic materials were found in cow blood powder with value of 6.51% N, 1.69% P and 0.125% K respectively followed by cow slurry and humic acid substances of composted rice straw. Furthermore, zeolite contained K, Ca and Mg amounting to 1.28% K, 3.39 % Ca and 0.85% Mg, whereas rock phosphate has Ca content amounting to 20.15% and Mg 2.68%. These materials both organic and anorganic substances were prepared for raw material as a solid organic fertilizer. The composition of solid organic fertilized combined with mineral fertilizers consisted of 45% Humic Acid (HA) + 30% Conventional Fertilizer (CF = 4N:2P:1K) + 25% Natural Material (NM) with a dosage of 750 ton/ha provided the best growth of paddy rice with highest yield of 6.12 ton/ha for Ciherang variety. Meanwhile liquid fertilizer with composition of gliricidia leaves, bamboo shoots, banana weevil, maja fruit, bananas and coconuts water with the rate of 10 l /ha yielding 5.92 ton rice/ha. Moreover, application of 1000 ml POME combined with 10% zeolite produced 5.05 ton/ha corn.
The document discusses balancing soil nutrients to improve soil fertility and resilience to weather extremes. It finds soil nutrient levels can vary significantly based on soil type, texture, structure, and weather conditions. Applying the right source, rate, time, place, and ratio of nutrients based on soil tests can help equalize soil nutrients and improve crop yields and economic returns while enhancing soil resilience. Variable rate technology may help adjust nutrient inputs to account for spatial variability in soil properties. Maintaining balanced and adequate soil nutrients through fertility programs can improve a soil's ability to withstand drought and other weather stresses.
Agro-Economic Benefits of Weed Biomass and Crop Residue in Maize Production S...IOSRJAVS
The climatic conditions of coastal Kenya favour rapid weed growth, leading to the accumulation of large biomass of weeds between cropping seasons. Smallholder farmers in the region usually slash and remove the weed biomass and crop residue from their farms during land preparation in order to facilitate easy planting. The impact of such practice on the production of maize has not been assessed. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the farmers’ practice on the performance of maize and fertilizer requirement. Three methods of managing weed biomass and crop residue (removal from field, incorporation into soil, or use as surface mulch) and five fertilizer rates (60 kg N ha-1 , 20 kg P ha-1 , 30 kg N ha-1 , 10 kg P ha-1 , and no fertilizer application) were evaluated. Removal of weed biomass and crop residue from the field led to 20-26% loss in grain yield and reduced the returns to labour by 41-51%.There was no response to applied P where weed biomass and crop residue had been incorporated into soil. Efforts should therefore be made to educate farmers on the advantages of retaining weed biomass and crop residue on their farms as they prepare land for subsequent crops.
The document summarizes the results of several studies on the effects of organic manures and integrated nutrient management on crop yields. Key findings from tables in the document include:
- Application of farmyard manure or vermicompost along with reduced chemical fertilizers increased yields of crops like groundnut, wheat, soybean, garlic, maize, cabbage, and sweet orange compared to chemical fertilizers alone.
- Maximum yields were often obtained at treatments combining farmyard manure or other organic manures with 50-75% of the recommended chemical fertilizer dose.
11.combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yiel...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic (NP or NPK) fertilizers led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination of both organic and inorganic fertilizers worked best for increasing soil fertility and barley production sustainably.
Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yield o...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic fertilizers (NP or NPK) led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination led to the greatest increases in soil fertility and barley production.
Similar to Lessons from Long Term Fertilizer Experiments (20)
This document discusses leadership qualities and lists several qualities of a blessed leader. A blessed leader knows where they are going, why they are going, and how to get there. They know no discouragement and present no excuses. They lead without being dictatorial and develop other leaders while leading. A blessed leader has their head in the clouds but feet on the ground, and considers leadership an opportunity to serve.
1. Soil organic matter is composed of a diverse range of organic compounds including plant and animal residues in various stages of decomposition, microbial metabolites, and stable humus substances.
2. It can be categorized into non-humic substances like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and amino acids, and humic substances which make up the majority of stable soil organic matter.
3. Humic substances are high molecular weight, dark colored organic acids that are the stabilized remains of decomposed plant and animal materials that are associated with soil minerals and colloids. They constitute the major fraction of soil organic matter.
History of Soil Organic Matter Studies Continued, Developments during 20th Century, Contributions by Shmuk, Trusov, Berzelius and others on Soil Organic Matter
The document summarizes soil physical constraints and management practices in Tamil Nadu, India. It describes the different soil types and regions in the state. The most common physical constraints identified are excessive permeability, subsoil hardpan, slow permeability, and shallow soils. These constraints affect water retention, nutrient availability, and root growth. Recommended management practices include compaction, addition of clay or organic matter, drainage improvements, and growing deep-rooted crops. The document provides data on the extent of different constraints across districts and evaluated technologies demonstrated to address subsoil hardpan issues.
1) The document discusses innovative production technologies for maximizing rice productivity and profit, focusing on irrigated rice systems in Tamil Nadu, India. It describes techniques for crop establishment, nutrient management, soil-water-weed management, and direct wet seeded rice.
2) Key recommendations include using a modified rice mat nursery to produce robust 15-day old seedlings, transplanting these seedlings at wider spacing, and using site-specific nutrient management guided by the leaf color chart to optimize fertilizer application.
3) Adopting these integrated crop management practices can increase yields by 32-50% and profits by Rs. 12,000/ha compared to conventional methods.
The document summarizes key concepts regarding soil-water-plant relationships. It discusses the constituents of soil and nutrients required for plant growth. It describes soil properties like texture, structure, bulk density and porosity. Different soil types are classified. The importance of water in soil and concepts like soil water potential, matric potential, and soil water release curves are explained. Finer textured soils retain more water than coarse soils at a given tension due to differences in pore size distribution.
1) Soil degradation, especially from erosion, is a major threat to Indian agriculture, with over half of the country's land degraded. Erosion accounts for the loss of over 5 billion tons of soil per year.
2) The document outlines several government policies and programs aimed at preventing further soil degradation, promoting conservation, and improving water and nutrient management. It emphasizes the need for integrated approaches like wasteland development and precision irrigation.
3) Key recommendations include better mapping of degradation hazards, incentives for conservation practices, and further research on sustainable farming techniques to balance soil health and productivity over the long term.
This document discusses the challenges facing Indian agriculture and how science and technology can help meet those challenges. It outlines several emerging challenges including population growth, resource degradation, climate change, and globalization. To increase food production sustainably, the document proposes focusing on improving input efficiency, bridging yield gaps between potential and actual yields, and developing new stress-resistant crop varieties. It emphasizes the need for location-specific integrated crop management approaches.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
Lessons from Long Term Fertilizer Experiments
1. LESSONS FROM LONG TERM FERTILISER EXPERIMENTS
Dhakshinamoorthy, M., Santhy, P., Selvi, D., Savithri, P. and T.M.Thiyagarajan
Directorate of Soil and Crop Management Studies
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003
The continuously growing population and increasing demand for food call for
greater reliance on agriculture than had ever been witnessed. The mining of nutrients from
soil for ages along with their losses due to erosion and other causes if allowed to continue
would severely limit crop production in the coming years. Fertiliser inputs have
undoubtedly proved to be one of the major components of raising the soil productivity.
The increasing demand for plant nutrients grew by leaps and bounds with the introduction
of high yielding varieties which even under the best possible management cannot be met
from the inherent soil fertility . The present day agriculture all over the world has therefore
become much dependent upon chemical fertilisers to produce more and more from the
shrinking land area.
Since the early days of use of chemical fertilisers there has been some
apprehensions regarding the soil fertility and crop yield being adversely affected by their
prolonged usage. As a sequel to these had come the world's oldest classical manurial
experiments started by Lawes and Gilbert at Broadbalk fields in Rothamsted (England).
The succeeding decades saw permanent manurial experiments being set up in several parts
of the world. India started three such experiments after the Rothamsted model towards the
end of the last and the beginning of the present century at Kanpur (U.P.), Coimbatore
(Tamil Nadu) and Pusa (Bihar) followed by some more permanent field trials at other
locations.
These classical experiments did provide valuable information on the effect of
rotational cropping , use of bulky organic manures, nutrient application alone or in
combinations on crop yields, nutrient uptake and on changes in soil physico - chemical
properties of the soil. The change over of the cropping pattern based on high yielding
technology and multiple cropping and breaking of the age old yield barrier gave new
dimensions to agricultural production strategy in the country. The yield levels and the
nutrient input requirements have gone up several folds with a rapid turnover of the
nutrients in the soil plant systems. Multiple cropping, irrigation and pest control measures,
all directed towards achieving higher levels of production, necessarily have a much greater
impact on soil and crop environment than ever conceived before. It becomes imperative,
therefore, to examine how far the soil, which is one of the greatest natural resources can
be manipulated without seriously damaging the long term viability of the farm on which
the livelihood of all ultimately depends. There is a general agreement that long term
experiments play an important role in identifying the soil constraints that limit crop yields
and help in monitoring the soil conditions so as to protect the crop plants and food chain
from attaining harmful concentrations of various environmental pollutants in the years to
2. come, besides maintaining soil fertility and productivity through suitable soil ameliorative
measures as necessary warrants.
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research sponsored an All India Coordinated
Research Project on Long Term Fertiliser Experiments during the Fourth Plan Period to
examine as to what would happen to soil fertility and productivity on a long term basis
under high input soil management technology. Thus, a new set of statistically designed
field experiments in keeping with the modern intensive system of agriculture were started
at eleven selected centres in 1971. Six more centres were added during 1996 to provide
more wider representations for the major soil-climatic zones of the country.
The treatments adopted at these centres essentially consisted of 50, 100 and 150 %
optimum NPK, 100 % NPK with handweeding , ZnSO4 application @ 25kg ha-1 , S free
sources of NPK fertilisers and FYM @ 10 t ha-1, 100 % optimum NP, 100 % optimum N
and a control. The lessons learnt from these Long Term Fertiliser Experiments will be
discussed in this paper.
RESPONSE IN CROP YIELDS
Balanced application of 100 % NPK with FYM @ 10 t ha-1, produced highest
grain yield response in almost all the soils and cropping systems. However , 150 % NPK
recorded the highest yield response in alluvial soil of Barrackpore and New Delhi and the
red loam of Bangalore and Hyderabad. Among the various cropping systems studied, rice-
wheat rotation followed at Pantnagar on foot hill (Terai) soil produced the highest average
grain yield of the order of 10.7 t / ha / year over the years with an additional output of
about 4 t / ha of cowpea fodder. Similarly, the grain yield under maize-wheat, rice-rice and
soybean-wheat cropping systems averaged from 7.5 to 7.7, 6.9 to 7.5 and 4.1 to 6.5
t/ha/year, respectively. Thus, the importance of balanced NPK nutrition and FYM
incorporation was very much evinced in maintaining yield stability.(Santhy et al., 1998a)
In order to evaluate the net trend in yield over years in each treatment and
crop the average yield in each treatment in each year was related to time in a semilog
function as
Y = at b,
_1
where Y is yield in kg ha , t is the time in months and a and b are constants. A negative b
value is an indication of declining trend and a positive one , for yield sustainability.
The results indicated that in finger millet a declining yield growth over
years occurred in control and 100% N treatment whereas in other treatments the yield
growth was sustainable. In maize sustainable yield growth over years occurred in all
treatments including control. But in grain cowpea the yield growth was sustainable only
in 100% NP, 100% NPK + ZnSO4 and 100% NPK + FYM treatments whereas in other
treatments the yield growth was found to be declining (Table 1).
2
3. Table 1. Temporal effect of Treatments on yield
Treatments Finger millet Maize
a b a b
Control 639 (-) 0.0006 118 0.0103
100% N 916 (-) 0.0010 317 0.0061
100% NP 2392 0.0007 1525 0.0040
50% NPK 2101 0.0015 1212 0.0048
100% NPK 2101 0.0015 1480 0.0045
150% NPK 2416 0.0012 1737 0.0040
100% NPK + ZnSO4 2276 0.0010 1772 0.0035
100% NPK + FYM 2724 0.0011 1920 0.0039
100% NPK + HW 2441 0.0006 1669 0.0037
100% NPK (S free) 2392 0.0006 1604 0.0040
(Murugappan et. al., 1997)
RESPONSE TO NPK
Mean response of rice to N ( kg grain / kg N ) was found to be 18 kg in new
alluvium of Barrackpore, 6 to 10 kg in red loam of Hyderabad, 8 to 14 kg in laterite soil
of Bhubaneswar and 12 kg in Terai soil of Pantnagar. While response of wheat to N was
17 kg at Pantnagar, it was only 4 to 5 kg in medium black and acidic sub-montane soil.
The N failed to give any response in acidic red loam soils(Ranchi and Bangalore). Poor
response to N in medium black and acidic red loam soil was to be due to inadequate
availability of P.
Response to P was found to be very high in acidic red loams (Bangalore and
Hyderabad) medium black soils (Jabalpur and Coimbatore) and acidic sub-montane
(Palampur) soils where P has been found to be one of the major soil constraints limiting
crop production. Response to P in alluvial soils of New Delhi and Ludhiana have been
found to be quite encouraging (8 to 13 kg grain / kg P 2O5 ).
Effect of K on yield was found to be quite high in light alluvial sandy soil of
Ludhiana and red loam of Hyderabad . Increasing response to K was recorded in acidic
red loam, acidic sub-montane, foot hill and even in K rich medium black (Jabalpur) soil
when N and P were not limiting. Response to K was not observed in the mixed black soils
of Long Term Fertiliser Experiments at Coimbatore centre.
3
4. EFFECT OF CONTINUOUS N APPLICATION
Application of N alone had a deleterious effect on soil productivity resulting in
diminishing yields in acidic red loam (Ranchi and Bangalore) and sub-montane (Palampur)
soils where P and K were deficient. Even though the mixed black soils of Coimbatore
centre have medium P and high K status, continuous application of N alone has reduced
the yield to a tune of 70% over 100% NPK in finger millet and maize (Santhy et. al.
1998 b) and Jayasree et. al. 2000). This ensures the importance of P and K in determining
the response to N suggesting the need for balanced nutrition.
EFFECT ON SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Bulk Density
Ploughing and cultivation increase soil aeration and the physical disruption caused
by intensive cultivation can result in break down of soil aggregates and produce a tilth that
is very fine and loose. The reduced aggregate stability is associated with increased
porosity and aeration and a decrease in bulk density within the plough depth. Such a
reduction in bulk density was observed due to combined application of 100 % NPK +
FYM in some intensive cropping systems (Table 2).
Table 2. Bulk density of soils (Mg m-3) under intensive cropping systems
Treatments Location/Soil type/Cropping system
Barrackpore Hyderabad Bhubaneswar Pantnagar Coimbatore
Alluvial Red loam Laterite Silty clay Inceptisol
loam
Rice-Wheat- Rice-Rice Rice-Rice Rice- Finger
Jute Wheat- millet -
Cowpea Maize -
fodder Cowpea
fodder
1. 100 % NPK 1.44 1.68 1.63 1.32 1.40
2. 150 % NPK 1.40 1.62 1.55 1.33 1.41
3. 100 % NP 1.41 1.58 1.62 1.29 1.42
4. 100 % N 1.46 1.78 1.61 1.28 1.36
5. 100 % NPK 1.40 1.34 1.56 1.31 1.30
+ FYM
6. Control 1.46 1.53 1.65 1.33 1.44
C.D.(P=0.05) 0.014 0.12 0.08 0.008 0.063
(Anon., 1989 and 1999)
No appreciable changes in B.D. were observed between the uncultivated A2
horizon and the cultivated Ap horizon of an Andisol under long term cultivation in Japan.
This has been attributed to the fact that the depletion of organic matter associated with
cultivation was low (Table 3). The application of 100% NPK with FYM recorded a
4
5. reduced bulk density value of 1.30 Mg m-3 compared to other treatments which could be
ascribed to better aggregation. (Anon., 1999)
Table 3. Effect of cultivation on soil properties
Property Uncultivated A2 horizon Cultivated Ap horizon
Organic C (g.kg-1) 93.9 ± 7.3 81.2 ± 14.2
Total N (g.kg-1) 5.76 ± 0.53 5.46 ± 0.76
C/N ratio 16.3 ± 0.7 14.8 ± 0.9
Bulk density (Mg.m-3) 0.56 ± 0.06 0.61 ± 0.04
(Higuchi & Kashiwagi, 1993 )
Porosity
Soil porosity is influenced by the amount of clay and the arrangement of soil
particles. An increase in clay content is likely to increase the capillary porosity.
Aggregation of soil particles into stable structure is bound to result in the proper
distribution of capillary and noncapillary porosity. Continuous incorporation of cattle
manure increased the porespace in the OPM and NPM experiments at Coimbatore.
Increase in total and noncapillary porosity and a decrease in capillary porosity due to the
continuous incorporation of 100 % NPK have been observed in an intensive cropping
system involving Fingermillet-Maize-Cowpea fodder (Table 4 ).
Table 4. Effect of intensive cropping and continuous fertilisation on soil porosity(%)
Treatment Total porosity Capillary porosity Non capillary porosity
100 % NPK 56.14 38.26 17.87
150 % NPK 56.98 39.47 17.51
100 % NP 52.11 35.76 17.15
100 % N 52.24 34.88 17.36
100 % NPK + FYM 58.85 40.86 20.50
Control 54.18 36.61 17.57
C. D. (P=0.05) 2.04 2.82 2.85
(Anon., 1999)
Hydraulic conductivity
Intensive cultivation results in less organic carbon, low porosity, few water stable
aggregates, a smaller mean weight diameter of water stable aggregates and lower
saturated hydraulic conductivity (Arvidsson and Hakansson, 1996). This is due to the fact
that ploughing largely restores the macroporosity of the soil within the plough layer. A
slight increase in saturated hydraulic conductivity has been observed in Barrackpore
5
6. alluvial sandy loam soil and in Vertic Ustropept of Coimbatore under FYM treatment. But
a reduction in hydraulic conductivity was observed in laterite soils of Bhubaneswar under
FYM treatment due to reduction in non capillary porosity.(Table 5 )
Table 5. Hydraulic conductivity under intensive cropping (cm.hr-1)
Treatments Barrackpore* Bhubaneswar* Coimbatore
Alluvial sandy Laterite sandy loam Inceptisol sandy clay
loam loam
100 % NPK 0.095 3.02 1.81
150 % NPK 0.099 3.00 1.87
100 % NP 0.095 3.02 1.66
100 % N 0.095 3.03 1.73
100 % NPK + FYM 0.106 2.90 2.61
Control 0.088 3.09 1.44
*(Nambiar and Abrol, 1989)
(Anon., 1999)
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Soil reaction ( pH )
Suresh Lal and Mathur (1988) reported that continuous application of fertilisers
for eight years lowered the soil pH. However application of FYM alone had either
maintained or slightly increased the pH but the incorporation of fertilisers with it
decreased the same (Prasad et al., 1983). The rise in pH under FYM treatment was due to
the deactivation of Fe3+ and Al3+ with concomitant release of basic cations (Ca2+,Mg2+ and
K+ ) during its decomposition. They also stated that the pH of the control plot had also
increased after 28 years of continuous cropping. This may be due to the release of HCO 3-1
and OH-1 into the soil solution for the uptake of anions such as nitrate, phosphate,
sulphate, molybdate and borate.
However, no perceptible change in soil reaction was observed in near neutral to
alkaline soils after a decade of intensive cropping and manuring under the ICAR's Long
Term Fertiliser Experiments including Coimbatore centre (Santhy et. al., 1999) (Table 6).
But there was an increase in acidity in acidic red loam soil of Bangalore and Ranchi and
sub-montane soil of Palampur. Maximum acidity was observed in 100 % N treatment, the
effect being more pronounced in acidic red loam soil where urea and ammonium sulphate
were used as N source. The increased acidity may lead to a decline in productivity in acid
soils in the long run.
Electrical conductivity ( EC )
The major source of salts to the soil is irrigation water and wherever the irrigation
water used contains considerable quantities of salts, it will result in increased electrical
conductivity of the soil over the years (Wang and Fang, 1978 ). In general, the electrical
conductivity of the soil does not vary markedly due to long term manurial practices
(Anon., 1979), unless the schedule involves the addition of heavy doses as in the case of
gypsum (Singh and Abrol,1988). Long term application of lime and K to a Typic
Haplustalfs soil increased the soil electrical conductivity where as continuous application
of inorganic fertilisers alone (N, NP and NPK) for 14 years did not change the electrical
6
7. conductivity in a sandy loam soil (Kapur et al., 1986). In the Long Term Fertiliser
Experiments at Coimbatore centre, continuous cropping and manuring did not alter the
soil electrical conductivity to any appreciable extent (Table 6).
Table 6. Effect of intensive cropping on soil physico-chemical properties
Treatments pH Electrical conductivity (dSm-
1
)
50 % NPK 8.1 0.95
100 % NPK 8.2 0.75
150 % NPK 8.2 0.80
100 % NPK + FYM 8.1 0.63
Control 8.1 0.62
CD (P=0.05) 0.05 0.03
(Santhy et. al., 1999)
Cation exchange capacity ( CEC )
The cation exchange capacity of a soil is influenced mainly by the content of
organic matter and clay fraction. Since long term application of manures and fertilisers is
likely to alter the organic carbon status of the soil, significant changes in soil cation
exchange capacity as a result of manurial practices over the years has been quoted in the
past (Krishnamoorthy and Ravikumar, 1973). Continuous application of N and compost to
rice crop in a permanent manurial experiment at Cuttack increased the cation exchange
capacity of the soil (Table 7).
Table 7. Effect of N and compost on CEC of rice soils ( C mol. p + kg-1 )
N levels (kg ha-1) Compost levels ( t.ha-1)
0 9.2 Mean
0 21.6 22.1 21.8
22.4 21.7 22.1 21.9
44.8 21.6 22.9 22.2
67.2 22.2 22.9 22.5
89.6 21.3 22.6 21.9
Mean 21.6 22.5
(Patnaik et al., 1989)
The cation exchange capacity of a sandy loam soil (Typic Ustochrept) was
practically unaffected due to the continuous application of inorganic fertilisers to a fixed
maize-wheat rotation (Kapur et al., 1986 ). Higher CEC was recorded under 100 % NPK
+ FYM in a Long Term Fertiliser Experiment at Coimbatore and this has been attributed
to the build up of humus due to the application of FYM and the presence of higher
amounts of crop residues (Sheeba, 1994).
SOIL NUTRIENT STATUS
Nitrogen
7
8. In a Long Term Fertiliser Experiment at Coimbatore, continuous intensive
cropping was found to have a general depletion in the total N status of the soil. The order
of depletion of soil N reserve with crops in the rotation was found to be Maize > Cowpea
fodder > Finger millet. The available N was also depleted in all plots including the control
due to intensive cropping except in plots receiving 100 % NPK + FYM ( Table 8 ).
Table 8. Total and available N status in a Long Term Fertiliser Experiment(mg kg-1)
Treatments Total N (mg. kg-1) Available N (mg. kg-1)
Finger Maize Cowpea Finger Maize Cowpea
millet millet
Control 288 293 281 62 66 62
100%N 516 509 510 72 71 75
100%NP 516 511 512 77 73 79
50%NPK 434 432 432 73 69 74
100%NPK 523 531 532 76 74 77
150%NPK 553 544 544 77 80 80
100%NPK+ ZnSO4 553 540 541 75 74 77
100%NPK + FYM 664 593 631 92 86 91
100%NPK + HW 490 492 487 77 73 75
100%NPK (S free) 497 486 487 74 72 72
*C.D.(P=0.05) 12.59 5.59
*Treatment Crop interaction effect (Velusamy, 1996)
Cultivation is an oxidative process since it typically promotes good aeration and
consequently promotes rapid decomposition of organic matter and mineralization of
organically bound N. Mineralized N may be denitrified or leached besides fulfilling crop
uptake and this may explain the reasons for depletion of N under intensive cropping.
Crop rotations have been suggested to reduce soil N depletion. Olsen et al.(1970)
found that crop rotation reduced NO3 leaching at a depth of 1.2 to 1.5 m by 34 to 82 per
cent compared to continuous corn. They found that the decrease in solution NO 3 was
directly proportional to the number of years in oats, meadow or alfalfa and attributed this
to the combined recovery of NO3 by shallow rooted oat crops followed by deep rooted
alfalfa crops.
In a Long Term Fertiliser Experiment on sugarcane for 11 years in a slightly acidic
soil, there was a drastic reduction in soil NPK status in the control treatment due to
intensive cultivation . Application of NPK with FYM improved the soil fertility ( Rabindra
and Gowda, 1986). Muthuvel et al.(1977) reported that the available N content was
higher in the organic manure treatment than in the fertilised plots due to optimum
microbial population and quicker mineralization enhanced by FYM application.
Balanced application of NPK at 100 % level reflected in a positive balance of N in
alluvial soil of Barrackpore, Ludhiana and New Delhi , medium black soil of Coimbatore,
red loam soils of Bangalore and Hyderabad, acidic sub-montane soil of Palampur and
8
9. laterite soil of Bhubaneswar. Negative N balance was observed in medium black soil of
Jabalpur, acidic red loam soil of Ranchi and Terai soil of Pantnagar. (Nambiar and Ghosh,
1984)
Phosphorus
In the Old and New Permanent Manurial experiments at Coimbatore, the
plots receiving inorganic P and cattle manure recorded higher available and total P
content. In the Long Term Fertiliser Experiments, considerable build up of P was noticed
in 100 % and 150 % NPK treatments at Barrackpore, Ludhiana and Delhi. Depletion of P
was noticed in 100 % N alone as compared to control, probably due to greater removal of
P for enhanced plant growth brought about by N application. Depletion of P (from the
initial level) after 10 years was 37, 47, and 77 % at New Delhi, Barrackpore and Ludhiana
while it was 37, 42 and 66 %, respectively under control (Nambiar and Ghosh, 1984).
Similar results have been observed at Coimbatore centre. The P reduction in the soil was
for a continuous addition of N alone was from 490 to 423 ppm in total P and 4.92 to 2.00
ppm in available P over a period if 20 years in the medium black soils of Coimbatore
(Jayasree et. al., 2000).
Potassium
In ongoing Long Term Fertiliser Experiment at Coimbatore centre, continuous
cropping even with the recommended dose of NPK + FYM had a declined on total as
well as available K status of the soil. The depletion was of high magnitude in situation
were no K additions were done (Murugappan et. al., 1999). The non exchangeable K
generally showed a declining trend indicating the role of this form of K in meeting the crop
requirement when the soil available pool remains constantly under K stress. The total K
also showed a declining trend with the progress in the number of crops, as a result of K
removal by the crops which far exceeded the fertiliser K input into the soil. The available
K also decreased due to crop uptake over and the quantity of fertilisers applied (Table 9).
Table 9. Content of K fractions in soil under Long Term Fertiliser Experiments
(mg. kg-1)
Treatments Water Exchange- Nonexcha Lattice-K Total K Available-
soluble-K able K ngeable-K K
50 % NPK 16 215 813 2621 3685 238
100 % NPK 20 231 899 2620 3788 255
150 % NPK 24 244 1036 2620 3939 273
100 % NP 7 108 514 1621 3275 127
100 % N 10 126 707 2627 3485 139
100 % NPK 23 254 971 2618 3890 281
+ FYM
Control 12 183 813 2643 3665 198
CD(P=0.05) 1 13 80 NS 89 13
(Santhy., et al.,1998b)
9
10. Similar results indicating a depletion in available K under intensive cropping had
been observed by Nambiar and Ghosh (1984 ).
Organic matter
Organic matter is the centre of nearly all life activities in the soil. It serves
as a source of food for microflora, fauna and other living matter in the soil. Long term
recycling of crop residues can improve the organic matter content of soil as a result of
increased dry matter production( Bhat et al., 1991). The rotation which included only a
cereal crop gave only a lower organic matter status as against a rotation with a green
manure or legume crop( Havanagi and Mann, 1970 ; Campbell et al., 1991). The organic
matter is higher under continuous cropping than under fallow ( Jansen, 1987 ). The results
of 15 years of Long Term Fertiliser Experiments at Ludhiana, Hyderabad, Bhubaneswar,
Palampur and Coimbatore showed that organic matter levels increased due to intensive
cropping ( Nambiar and Ghosh, 1984).
Secondary and micronutrients
A decrease in exchangeable Ca and Mg by fertiliser additions but increase
under FYM treatment had been observed by several workers(Prasad and Singh, 1981 ;
Suresh Lal and Mathur, 1988; Patiram and Singh, 1993 ).The results of Long Term
Fertiliser Experiments from Barrackpore, Bhubaneswar and Coimbatore centres have
shown that the available S content was decreased due to intensive cropping especially
when S free fertilisers were added. Addition of S containing fertilisers and FYM with 100
% NPK maintained or improved the S status of the soil ( Nambiar and Ghosh, 1984). A
steep decrease in DTPA-Zn over years due to intensive cultivation of Coimbatore centre
was observed (2.58 to 0.90 mg kg -1). However the ZnSO4 application @ 25 kg ha-1 to
maize alone resulted in an increase in the available Zn status of the soil (2.86 mg kg -1)
(Selvi et. al., 2000). Zinc deficiency symptoms were not observed at Barrackpore even
after the 14th crop cycle ( Anon.,1989). Prasad et al.(1994) observed a similar pattern of
depletion of micronutrients under continuous maize - wheat rotations.
The biomass C, N and P were all found to be the highest for the content
application of 100% NPK + FYM. The activity of phosphorus enzyme was higher for the
intensive application of 100% NPK + FYM which was on par with 150% NPK (Santhy,
et. al., 2000). The biomass C : N ratio was narrower in the case of 100% NPK + FYM
and wider in unmanured control than 100% NPK. Depletion of P and K widened the
ratio in case of 100% N application (Selvi, et. al., 2000).
CONCLUSIONS
The data collected from experiments conducted over a period of 30 years indicated
little response to N fertilizer in the absence of P application on Vertic Ustochrepts
(Coimbatore) and Chromusterts (Jabalpur). Application of N fertilizer alone had a
deleterious effect on crop yields on both Haplustalfs (Ranchi) and Hapludalfs (Palampur),
and the crop yields in respect of N treatment were lower than the yields from unmanured
plots. The yield of crops appreciated markedly with the application of P fertilizer in
10
11. combination with N, which showed further improvement with balanced use of N, P and K
fertilizers. The integrated use of organic manures and chemical fertilizers was found to be
quite promising in maintaining stability in crop production through correction of marginal
deficiencies of secondary and micronutrient elements in the course of mineralization on the
one hand and providing favourable physical and soil ecological conditions on the other.
The deteriorating productivity was found to be associated with the imbalance in secondary
nutrients like S and micronutrients like Zn. The original productivity could be restored
with the application of nutrients which were otherwise yield-limiting. The role of S in
maintaining productivity was more marked in respect of certain crops than others in the
multiple-cropping systems. Its effect was more marked on kharif rice on both
Eutrochrepts (Barrackpore) and Haplaquepts (Bhubaneswar) after 2 and 3 annual
cropping cycles, respectively, as the available soil-S (Morgan’s-extractable S) dropped to
around 4 mg kg-1 soil.
No perceptible change in soil pH was observed over the years (1971-99) in respect
of soils with neutral to alkaline in reaction but the soil pH decreased by 0.9 - 1.0 from the
initial values on both Haplustalfs (Ranchi) and Hapludalfs (Palampur) under N treatment.
However, incorporation of farm yard manure along with NPK fertilizers showed some
moderating effect on soil pH. Appreciable improvement in soil organic carbon over the
initial level was noticed at optimal to superoptimal (100-150%) NPK doses on almost all
the soils except on Hapludolls (Pantnagar), Eutrochrepts (Barrackpore) and Haplustalfs
(Ranchi), where considerable reduction in organic carbon was noticed. However, the
initial level of organic carbon was maintained with NPK + FYM treatment.
The available soil-N improved appreciably at optimal to superoptimal (100-150%)
NPK doses over the initial levels on almost all the soils. It declined to a very low level in
unmanured plots. The available soil-P at optimal to superoptimal (100-150%) NPK doses
was raised from low to high status on Chromisters (Jabalpur), medium to high on
Ustochrepts (Delhi), Haplustalfs (Ranchi), Hapludolls (Pantnagar) and Vertic Ustropept
(Coimbatore), high to very high on Eutrochrepts (Barrackpore) and Haplustalfs
(Palampur) and low to very high on Ustochrepts (Ludhiana). An appreciable build-up in
the available soil-K (N NH4Oac-extractable K) was noticed even at the optimal (100%)
NPK dose on Ustochrepts (Ludhiana and Delhi) and Haplustalfs (Ranchi) and it was at
superoptimal (150%) NPK dose on Hapludalfs (Palampur) and Hapludolls (Pantnagar).
However, available soil-K declined over the years on Vertic Ustropepts (Coimbatore),
Chromusterts (Jabalpur) and Tropaquepts (Hyderabad) even at superoptimal NPK dose,
indicating considerable soil mining of its available K. The highest depletion in available
soil-K was noted under NP treatment. Incorporation of farm yard manure (along with
optimal NPK dose) improved soil physical properties like bulk density, total porosity and
hydraulic conductivity over other treatments.
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