This paper presents the impact of the Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) on the
performance of distance protection of EHV transmission lines. A 400kV transmission system having
midpoint connected STATCOM with its control circuit is modeled using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The
impact of STATCOM on distance relay for different fault conditions and different fault locations is analyzed.
Simulation results indicate that the presence of the STATCOM in the transmission system significantly
changes the line impedance seen by the distance relay to be lower or higher than the actual line
impedance. Due to this the performance of the distance relay changes, either overreaches or under
reaches.
Online Voltage Stability Analysis using Synchrophasor Technologyijsrd.com
Voltage instability has been a major problem in all the emerging power systems across the world. Several instances of blackouts in North America, including the 1996 Western Interconnection and the 2003 North East US /Canada blackout are primarily due to voltage collapse. So Monitoring and maintaining voltage stability in real-time is extremely important for operating a power system reliably. In this paper Synchrophasor technology is introduced. Synchrophasor technology has the capability to monitor voltage stability over a wide area in real time. In this paper different methods are introduced for finding the voltage collapse point in the system and also one new method given for identification of voltage collapse point.
The traction inverter is a crucial power device in the electric vehicle’s powertrain, and its failure is intolerable as it would considerably compromise the system’s safety. For more reliable driving, installing a traction inverter that is sufficiently resistant to electrical failure is inherent. Due to its compact size and the small number of switches incorporated in three-phase four-switch inverter, this modular topology was used to compensate for the open switch’s failure. However, it is known to have manifold weaknesses mainly distinguished in the low-frequency region. This paper introduces a new fault-tolerant indirect control that handles the IGBT’s failure constituting the traction inverter. The fault compensator is designed first based on the Proportional Integral regulator combined with the notch filter to mitigate the current imbalance and restore the DC voltage equilibrium.Furthermore, to conceive a comprehensive fault-tolerant control, there must therefore contain an accurate fault detector. In this regard, an uncomplicated fault diagnosis method based on the current spectral analysis has been performed. The effectiveness of the submitted controller was validated by simulation using Matlab.
Direct Torque Control of A 5-Phase Induction Motorijsrd.com
In this paper an effective direct torque control (DTC) for a 5-phase induction motor with sinusoidal distributed windings is developed. First by coordinate transformation, the converter/motor models are represented by two independent equivalent d-q circuit models; and the 5- phase VSI input are decoupled into the torque producing and non-torque producing harmonics sets. Then with the torque production component of the induction motor model, the space vector modulation (SVM) can be applied to the fivephase induction motor DTC control, resulting in considerable torque ripple reduction over the lookup table method. Based on the decoupled system model, the current distortion issue due to lack of back EMF for certain harmonics is analysed. Two equally effective SVM schemes with the harmonic cancellation effect are introduced to solve this problem. To analyse the DTC control torque ripple, an insightful perspective (also applicable to 3-phase analysis) is introduced to predict the torque ripple pattern evolution with changing motor speed and stator flux angular position. Therefore the switching sequence for lowest torque ripple can be determined and rearranged online.
Wide Area Fault Location for Power Transmission Network using Reactance Based...Muhd Hafizi Idris
Download here: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332441499_Wide_Area_Fault_Location_for_Power_Transmission_Network_using_Reactance_Based_Method?_sg=Tkk3ur2Kc3XGh3JHwtJdPM3IdJJx_K42N3Zu9kX_ECutHW5j91ExIMtrJFOui4E-RikSYmuYR0uZWEEVHoSaDTPZuRvC29V6GzZ5g9BS.GnmzKNF1XN22czjk5npta57bMn8D2KxxwQsAMEPlK7abE5qGykkxj8CgUcnYHlzpKEZST1ujqv7avTquOi7Aug
With the advancements in smart grid, communication technology, intelligent electronic device and substation automation, wide area applications for monitoring, protection, control and fault location becoming focused nowadays and improved from time to time. This research focuses on using wide area synchrophasor measurements for fault location in transmission network which acts as a backup to conventional fault location method. Simple reactance based methods together with a developed rules system are used to locate the possible affected line and its fault location. Using the developed rules and algorithm, fault location impedance will be compared at each synchrophasor bus connected lines for different fault types, then between connected lines and finally between synchrophasors buses. Faults at various locations with different fault resistances have been simulated and the results prove that the developed method can be used to locate the fault point and can be used as a backup to main fault location method. Future works also discussed how the method can be improved to get the best and accurate fault location results.
Analysis of harmonics and resonances in hvdc mmc link connected to AC gridBérengère VIGNAUX
High-frequency responses of HVDC-MMC links are essential to study because harmonic and resonance phenomena may impact the AC grid. In this paper, EMT-type simulations are used to analyze converter station’s frequency response.
Transients Caused by Switching of 420 kV Three-Phase Variable Shunt ReactorBérengère VIGNAUX
This paper describes transients caused by uncontrolled and controlled switching of three-phase 420 kV variable shunt reactor (VSR).
Inrush currents due to VSR energization and overvoltages due to de-energization were determined at tap positions corresponding to lowest 80 MVAr and highest 150 MVAr reactive power. Based on the calculation results, mitigation measures and operating switching strategy of VSR were proposed.
Double Circuit Transmission Line Protection using Line Trap & Artificial Neur...IRJET Journal
This document presents a technique for protecting double circuit transmission lines using line traps and artificial neural networks. Line traps are placed at the terminals of the protected line to detect faults based on high frequency transients. An artificial neural network is trained using the RMS voltage and current signals to classify fault types. MATLAB simulation studies were conducted to model a 300km, 25kV, 50Hz transmission system with three zones. RMS measurements from one end were used to train the neural network to classify faults. The neural network approach provides fast, secure and reliable protection for double circuit transmission lines.
Online Voltage Stability Analysis using Synchrophasor Technologyijsrd.com
Voltage instability has been a major problem in all the emerging power systems across the world. Several instances of blackouts in North America, including the 1996 Western Interconnection and the 2003 North East US /Canada blackout are primarily due to voltage collapse. So Monitoring and maintaining voltage stability in real-time is extremely important for operating a power system reliably. In this paper Synchrophasor technology is introduced. Synchrophasor technology has the capability to monitor voltage stability over a wide area in real time. In this paper different methods are introduced for finding the voltage collapse point in the system and also one new method given for identification of voltage collapse point.
The traction inverter is a crucial power device in the electric vehicle’s powertrain, and its failure is intolerable as it would considerably compromise the system’s safety. For more reliable driving, installing a traction inverter that is sufficiently resistant to electrical failure is inherent. Due to its compact size and the small number of switches incorporated in three-phase four-switch inverter, this modular topology was used to compensate for the open switch’s failure. However, it is known to have manifold weaknesses mainly distinguished in the low-frequency region. This paper introduces a new fault-tolerant indirect control that handles the IGBT’s failure constituting the traction inverter. The fault compensator is designed first based on the Proportional Integral regulator combined with the notch filter to mitigate the current imbalance and restore the DC voltage equilibrium.Furthermore, to conceive a comprehensive fault-tolerant control, there must therefore contain an accurate fault detector. In this regard, an uncomplicated fault diagnosis method based on the current spectral analysis has been performed. The effectiveness of the submitted controller was validated by simulation using Matlab.
Direct Torque Control of A 5-Phase Induction Motorijsrd.com
In this paper an effective direct torque control (DTC) for a 5-phase induction motor with sinusoidal distributed windings is developed. First by coordinate transformation, the converter/motor models are represented by two independent equivalent d-q circuit models; and the 5- phase VSI input are decoupled into the torque producing and non-torque producing harmonics sets. Then with the torque production component of the induction motor model, the space vector modulation (SVM) can be applied to the fivephase induction motor DTC control, resulting in considerable torque ripple reduction over the lookup table method. Based on the decoupled system model, the current distortion issue due to lack of back EMF for certain harmonics is analysed. Two equally effective SVM schemes with the harmonic cancellation effect are introduced to solve this problem. To analyse the DTC control torque ripple, an insightful perspective (also applicable to 3-phase analysis) is introduced to predict the torque ripple pattern evolution with changing motor speed and stator flux angular position. Therefore the switching sequence for lowest torque ripple can be determined and rearranged online.
Wide Area Fault Location for Power Transmission Network using Reactance Based...Muhd Hafizi Idris
Download here: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332441499_Wide_Area_Fault_Location_for_Power_Transmission_Network_using_Reactance_Based_Method?_sg=Tkk3ur2Kc3XGh3JHwtJdPM3IdJJx_K42N3Zu9kX_ECutHW5j91ExIMtrJFOui4E-RikSYmuYR0uZWEEVHoSaDTPZuRvC29V6GzZ5g9BS.GnmzKNF1XN22czjk5npta57bMn8D2KxxwQsAMEPlK7abE5qGykkxj8CgUcnYHlzpKEZST1ujqv7avTquOi7Aug
With the advancements in smart grid, communication technology, intelligent electronic device and substation automation, wide area applications for monitoring, protection, control and fault location becoming focused nowadays and improved from time to time. This research focuses on using wide area synchrophasor measurements for fault location in transmission network which acts as a backup to conventional fault location method. Simple reactance based methods together with a developed rules system are used to locate the possible affected line and its fault location. Using the developed rules and algorithm, fault location impedance will be compared at each synchrophasor bus connected lines for different fault types, then between connected lines and finally between synchrophasors buses. Faults at various locations with different fault resistances have been simulated and the results prove that the developed method can be used to locate the fault point and can be used as a backup to main fault location method. Future works also discussed how the method can be improved to get the best and accurate fault location results.
Analysis of harmonics and resonances in hvdc mmc link connected to AC gridBérengère VIGNAUX
High-frequency responses of HVDC-MMC links are essential to study because harmonic and resonance phenomena may impact the AC grid. In this paper, EMT-type simulations are used to analyze converter station’s frequency response.
Transients Caused by Switching of 420 kV Three-Phase Variable Shunt ReactorBérengère VIGNAUX
This paper describes transients caused by uncontrolled and controlled switching of three-phase 420 kV variable shunt reactor (VSR).
Inrush currents due to VSR energization and overvoltages due to de-energization were determined at tap positions corresponding to lowest 80 MVAr and highest 150 MVAr reactive power. Based on the calculation results, mitigation measures and operating switching strategy of VSR were proposed.
Double Circuit Transmission Line Protection using Line Trap & Artificial Neur...IRJET Journal
This document presents a technique for protecting double circuit transmission lines using line traps and artificial neural networks. Line traps are placed at the terminals of the protected line to detect faults based on high frequency transients. An artificial neural network is trained using the RMS voltage and current signals to classify fault types. MATLAB simulation studies were conducted to model a 300km, 25kV, 50Hz transmission system with three zones. RMS measurements from one end were used to train the neural network to classify faults. The neural network approach provides fast, secure and reliable protection for double circuit transmission lines.
Impact of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor Insertion on Short-circuit Ca...IJAPEJOURNAL
This research paper presents a study on phase to earth fault short-circuit calculation with fault resistance on a single transmission line 400 kV in eastern Algerian transmission networks at Algerian Company of Electricity and Gas (Sonelgaz Group) compensated by series Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) i.e. Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) installed in midline. The facts are used for controlling transmission voltage, power flow, reactive power, and damping of power system oscillations at high power transfer levels. The direct impacts of TCSC insertion on the total impedance, active power and reactive power a electrical transmission line and also parameters of short-circuit : symmetrical currents, line currents, symmetrical voltages and line voltages are carried out. More the effects of injected voltage by TCSC for three case studies are presented.
POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION - 2 LAB MANUAL (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING - POWER SYSTEMS) Mathankumar S
This document provides an overview of small signal stability analysis of a single machine infinite bus (SMIB) power system. It defines small signal stability and describes how small disturbances can cause non-oscillatory or oscillatory instability. The swing equation and linearised swing equation are presented, which model the rotor motion and form the basis for small signal stability analysis. The linearised equations are used to derive the characteristic equation and determine the system's damping ratio and natural frequency of oscillation from the roots. The objectives are to understand SMIB system modelling, examine small signal stability through simulation, and obtain parameters like damping ratio from the linearised model.
IRJET- Design a Fuzzy Distance Relay Including STATCOM EffectsIRJET Journal
This document discusses how the presence of a STATic synchronous COMpensator (STATCOM) can negatively impact the performance of a distance relay used to protect transmission lines. The authors use MATLAB/PSAT to model a sample power system with a transmission line protected by a distance relay. They simulate faults on the line with and without a STATCOM present and observe how the STATCOM causes issues like under-reach and over-reach for the relay. To address this, they propose designing a new fuzzy logic-based distance relay that accounts for the effects of STATCOM compensation to more accurately detect faults.
This document summarizes an investigation into overvoltages caused by ferroresonance in a distribution system consisting of open-delta single-phase voltage transformers. Simulation and experimentation were used to study the phenomenon. Simulation accurately replicated overvoltages observed in experiments of up to 3 per unit. Additional damping resistors were proposed and simulation was used to determine optimal resistor values to mitigate the ferroresonance. Bifurcation diagrams created from simulation results were useful for investigating the ferroresonance behavior under different conditions and determining mitigation techniques.
This document provides an overview of power system analysis and stability course content. The course will cover various topics related to power system modeling, analysis, and operation including representation of power systems using one-line diagrams and impedance diagrams, symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault analysis using symmetrical components, and system stability studies. The course will be taught over 35 hours by three subject experts in three weekly sessions, covering each of the five chapters in the textbook.
This document discusses the use of passive harmonic trap filters called HarmonicGuard filters to meet IEEE 519-1992 harmonic limits. It provides an overview of IEEE 519-1992, which sets limits for both voltage and current harmonics. The document explains key terms used in IEEE 519-1992, particularly Point of Common Coupling (PCC), which is important for determining the proper harmonic limits. It also presents examples to illustrate how to interpret the harmonic limits in IEEE 519-1992 based on the PCC location and other factors.
This document contains a practical work book for a power system analysis course. It includes 10 experiments on topics like analysis of three phase star and delta connected systems under balanced and unbalanced loads, demonstration of the single phase equivalent of a three phase star connected network, simulation of three phase short circuits using MATLAB, selection of circuit breakers for three phase faults, and analysis of transients in power systems. The experiments are designed to help students learn and apply concepts related to power system modeling, analysis, and protection.
This document presents a new sensorless commutation method for brushless DC motors. The key features of the proposed method are:
1) It extracts commutation signals directly from average line-to-line motor terminal voltages using simple RC filters and comparators, without needing phase shift circuits, motor neutral voltage measurements, or AD converters.
2) In contrast to conventional methods that detect back EMF zero crossings, the proposed method's commutation signals are in phase with ideal timing and insensitive to common mode noise.
3) Experimental results over a wide speed range show the proposed method provides satisfactory sensorless control performance while achieving significantly lower cost than conventional techniques.
POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LAB-1 MANUAL (ELECTRICAL - POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING )Mathankumar S
This document discusses the computation of parameters for single and double circuit transmission lines. It provides the theoretical background on line parameters such as resistance, inductance, capacitance. Formulas are given for calculating inductance and capacitance based on the geometric mean distance and radius for different conductor arrangements including single circuit, three phase symmetrical, asymmetrical transposed lines and double circuit transposed lines. Sample exercises are given to calculate the inductance and capacitance of given transmission line configurations and verify the results using software.
Power System Modelling And Simulation LabSachin Airan
This document is a lab manual for a Power System Modeling and Simulation course. It provides instructions on how to simulate synchronous machines using MATLAB software. The first experiment introduces the swing equation, which models the dynamics of a synchronous generator's rotor motion. The second experiment describes how to model a synchronous machine in Simulink, including defining its electrical and mechanical parameters. The manual lists the synchronous machine model's equations and parameters that must be specified in the Simulink model block.
Dynamic Performance of Distance Relayson Series Compensated Transmission Line...Premier Publishers
Series compensation is installed in power system networks to increase power transfer capacity, improve the system stability, reduce system losses, improve voltage regulation and for achieving flexible power flow control. Distance relays are widely used as main or backup protection of transmission lines including series-compensated transmission lines. The performance of conventional distance relays is affected by series capacitors and cause certain protection issues. This paper briefly discusses the problems like voltage inversion, current inversion, overreach and under reach during the fault conditions specific to series compensated lines. The behavior of capacitor protection techniques is discussed with simulations performed using Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) simulator for a typical 400 kV system having series compensation. The analysis is based on Transmission Line fault simulations, internal and external to the 400-transmission line where the Fixed Series Compensation (FSC)is installed.
IRJET- A Placement Method of Fuzzy based UPFC to Enhance Voltage Stability Ma...IRJET Journal
This document presents a method for placing a fuzzy logic-based unified power flow controller (UPFC) in a power system network to enhance dynamic voltage stability. Voltage stability indices, including the LQP index and voltage collapse point indicators (VCPI), are used to determine the weakest transmission line under dynamic load variations. The UPFC's shunt and series converters are controlled using fuzzy logic and PI controllers, respectively. Simulations in PSCAD show that placing the fuzzy-based UPFC on the weakest line identified by the indices significantly improves voltage stability in IEEE 5-bus and 14-bus test systems.
Fuzzy-Logic-Controller-Based Fault Isolation in PWM VSI for Vector Controlled...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
“An Assessment of Voltage Stability based on Line Voltage Stability Indices a...iosrjce
The issue of voltage instability is becoming a matter of concern throughout the world. It is of
absolute importance to maintain the stability of the power system or it would lead to a condition of total
collapse of the system and ultimately blackout of the whole network. This paper analyses the performance of
line voltage stability indices, Fast Voltage Stability index (FVSI), Line index (LQP), Reactive Power Index
(VQI) and line Stability Index (LMN). These indices are used to identify the most critical line and bus of the
system. Under a condition of single line outage a TCSC is installed at the most critical line and its effect has
been observed. An IEEE 14 bus system is used for simulation purpose.
IRJET- Fault Location using Discrete Wavelet Transform for Smart Grid Distrib...IRJET Journal
This document presents a method for locating faults in smart grid distribution systems using discrete wavelet transform (DWT). A faulted signal is generated by simulating components of a power system including a voltage source, transmission lines, transformer, and breaker. The faulted signal is extracted using both DWT and discrete Fourier transform (DFT) for comparison. DWT is shown to be better than DFT for fault location as it provides clear representation of the faulted signal in both time and frequency domains. The methodology is tested on a simulated three-phase power system and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of DWT for fault detection and location in smart grids.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Power System Simulation Laboratory Manual Santhosh Kumar
This document outlines experiments related to power system simulation laboratory. It includes 10 experiments covering topics like computation of transmission line parameters, modeling of transmission lines, formation of bus admittance and impedance matrices, load flow analysis using different methods, fault analysis, stability analysis of single machine and multimachine systems, electromagnetic transients, load-frequency dynamics, and economic dispatch. The document provides theoretical background and procedures for conducting each experiment using MATLAB software. Sample problems are also included for some experiments to demonstrate the modeling and simulation of different power system components and analysis.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
This document summarizes a research paper about using an inverter to correct voltage unbalance in a power grid. It describes how the inverter can absorb a small amount of negative sequence current from the grid to reduce the negative sequence voltage at the point of connection. It presents the circuit diagram and control scheme for the inverter. The control scheme uses symmetrical component analysis and a multiple variable filter to determine the negative sequence current reference. It generates current references in the stationary frame using the voltage unbalance factor and delivers them using a double loop controller with proportional resonant controllers. Simulation results are shown to verify the proposed control method.
Performance Analysis of the Distance Relay Characteristics in a Compensated T...MohammadMomani26
The present work investigates the effect of the FACTS devices on distance relay operation. FACTS devices have different power system performance, stability, and load ability advantages. This paper presents FACTS technologies' effect on the distance protective relay using the measured impedance between the fault location and the relaying point. Different factors and parameters are changed to see their impacts on the studied system. It is shown that the measured impedance is affected by the presence of the FACTS devices depending on their type (series, parallel, and hybrid), fault location, and the operation point of the FACTS device. The analyses present that the shunt FACTS devices' effect may cause overreach problems to the relay; however, series FACTS devices may cause underreach problems in distance characteristics. MATLAB 2019b does the simulation test; the simulation results prove the mathematical analysis. The numerical analysis in this paper may be used for researchers in fault analysis and protection coordinators.
Modelling and Testing of a Numerical Pilot Distance Relay for Compensated Tra...MohammadMomani26
Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) technologies are wildly used in the high voltage and extra-high voltage AC transmission systems to control the power flow. The existence of FACTS devices in the transmission lines makes a misoperation of the traditional distance relay. In this paper, a new special pilot distance protection scheme is presented for any compensated transmission line. This scheme is valid for any type of FACTS device (shunt, series, and compound) and different operation points (capacitive mode or inductive mode). The proposed scheme is modeled and tested in MATLAB 2020a/Simulink. The model includes a fault detection algorithm, phase selection, measured impedance, and five zones mho characteristic. The proposed scheme includes two additional reversed zones with the three traditional zones. The model is verified under deferent fault scenarios, including single-line to ground faults, double-line faults, double-line to ground faults, and three-phase faults. The results show the model robustness for different FACTS devices, including Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), and unified power flow controller (UPFC) as examples on the shunt, series, and compound FACTS devices respectively. All results show that the relay operates correctly under different FACTD device locations, different types of faults, different types of FACTS devices, and different operation points.
Impact of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor Insertion on Short-circuit Ca...IJAPEJOURNAL
This research paper presents a study on phase to earth fault short-circuit calculation with fault resistance on a single transmission line 400 kV in eastern Algerian transmission networks at Algerian Company of Electricity and Gas (Sonelgaz Group) compensated by series Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) i.e. Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) installed in midline. The facts are used for controlling transmission voltage, power flow, reactive power, and damping of power system oscillations at high power transfer levels. The direct impacts of TCSC insertion on the total impedance, active power and reactive power a electrical transmission line and also parameters of short-circuit : symmetrical currents, line currents, symmetrical voltages and line voltages are carried out. More the effects of injected voltage by TCSC for three case studies are presented.
POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION - 2 LAB MANUAL (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING - POWER SYSTEMS) Mathankumar S
This document provides an overview of small signal stability analysis of a single machine infinite bus (SMIB) power system. It defines small signal stability and describes how small disturbances can cause non-oscillatory or oscillatory instability. The swing equation and linearised swing equation are presented, which model the rotor motion and form the basis for small signal stability analysis. The linearised equations are used to derive the characteristic equation and determine the system's damping ratio and natural frequency of oscillation from the roots. The objectives are to understand SMIB system modelling, examine small signal stability through simulation, and obtain parameters like damping ratio from the linearised model.
IRJET- Design a Fuzzy Distance Relay Including STATCOM EffectsIRJET Journal
This document discusses how the presence of a STATic synchronous COMpensator (STATCOM) can negatively impact the performance of a distance relay used to protect transmission lines. The authors use MATLAB/PSAT to model a sample power system with a transmission line protected by a distance relay. They simulate faults on the line with and without a STATCOM present and observe how the STATCOM causes issues like under-reach and over-reach for the relay. To address this, they propose designing a new fuzzy logic-based distance relay that accounts for the effects of STATCOM compensation to more accurately detect faults.
This document summarizes an investigation into overvoltages caused by ferroresonance in a distribution system consisting of open-delta single-phase voltage transformers. Simulation and experimentation were used to study the phenomenon. Simulation accurately replicated overvoltages observed in experiments of up to 3 per unit. Additional damping resistors were proposed and simulation was used to determine optimal resistor values to mitigate the ferroresonance. Bifurcation diagrams created from simulation results were useful for investigating the ferroresonance behavior under different conditions and determining mitigation techniques.
This document provides an overview of power system analysis and stability course content. The course will cover various topics related to power system modeling, analysis, and operation including representation of power systems using one-line diagrams and impedance diagrams, symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault analysis using symmetrical components, and system stability studies. The course will be taught over 35 hours by three subject experts in three weekly sessions, covering each of the five chapters in the textbook.
This document discusses the use of passive harmonic trap filters called HarmonicGuard filters to meet IEEE 519-1992 harmonic limits. It provides an overview of IEEE 519-1992, which sets limits for both voltage and current harmonics. The document explains key terms used in IEEE 519-1992, particularly Point of Common Coupling (PCC), which is important for determining the proper harmonic limits. It also presents examples to illustrate how to interpret the harmonic limits in IEEE 519-1992 based on the PCC location and other factors.
This document contains a practical work book for a power system analysis course. It includes 10 experiments on topics like analysis of three phase star and delta connected systems under balanced and unbalanced loads, demonstration of the single phase equivalent of a three phase star connected network, simulation of three phase short circuits using MATLAB, selection of circuit breakers for three phase faults, and analysis of transients in power systems. The experiments are designed to help students learn and apply concepts related to power system modeling, analysis, and protection.
This document presents a new sensorless commutation method for brushless DC motors. The key features of the proposed method are:
1) It extracts commutation signals directly from average line-to-line motor terminal voltages using simple RC filters and comparators, without needing phase shift circuits, motor neutral voltage measurements, or AD converters.
2) In contrast to conventional methods that detect back EMF zero crossings, the proposed method's commutation signals are in phase with ideal timing and insensitive to common mode noise.
3) Experimental results over a wide speed range show the proposed method provides satisfactory sensorless control performance while achieving significantly lower cost than conventional techniques.
POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LAB-1 MANUAL (ELECTRICAL - POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING )Mathankumar S
This document discusses the computation of parameters for single and double circuit transmission lines. It provides the theoretical background on line parameters such as resistance, inductance, capacitance. Formulas are given for calculating inductance and capacitance based on the geometric mean distance and radius for different conductor arrangements including single circuit, three phase symmetrical, asymmetrical transposed lines and double circuit transposed lines. Sample exercises are given to calculate the inductance and capacitance of given transmission line configurations and verify the results using software.
Power System Modelling And Simulation LabSachin Airan
This document is a lab manual for a Power System Modeling and Simulation course. It provides instructions on how to simulate synchronous machines using MATLAB software. The first experiment introduces the swing equation, which models the dynamics of a synchronous generator's rotor motion. The second experiment describes how to model a synchronous machine in Simulink, including defining its electrical and mechanical parameters. The manual lists the synchronous machine model's equations and parameters that must be specified in the Simulink model block.
Dynamic Performance of Distance Relayson Series Compensated Transmission Line...Premier Publishers
Series compensation is installed in power system networks to increase power transfer capacity, improve the system stability, reduce system losses, improve voltage regulation and for achieving flexible power flow control. Distance relays are widely used as main or backup protection of transmission lines including series-compensated transmission lines. The performance of conventional distance relays is affected by series capacitors and cause certain protection issues. This paper briefly discusses the problems like voltage inversion, current inversion, overreach and under reach during the fault conditions specific to series compensated lines. The behavior of capacitor protection techniques is discussed with simulations performed using Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) simulator for a typical 400 kV system having series compensation. The analysis is based on Transmission Line fault simulations, internal and external to the 400-transmission line where the Fixed Series Compensation (FSC)is installed.
IRJET- A Placement Method of Fuzzy based UPFC to Enhance Voltage Stability Ma...IRJET Journal
This document presents a method for placing a fuzzy logic-based unified power flow controller (UPFC) in a power system network to enhance dynamic voltage stability. Voltage stability indices, including the LQP index and voltage collapse point indicators (VCPI), are used to determine the weakest transmission line under dynamic load variations. The UPFC's shunt and series converters are controlled using fuzzy logic and PI controllers, respectively. Simulations in PSCAD show that placing the fuzzy-based UPFC on the weakest line identified by the indices significantly improves voltage stability in IEEE 5-bus and 14-bus test systems.
Fuzzy-Logic-Controller-Based Fault Isolation in PWM VSI for Vector Controlled...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
“An Assessment of Voltage Stability based on Line Voltage Stability Indices a...iosrjce
The issue of voltage instability is becoming a matter of concern throughout the world. It is of
absolute importance to maintain the stability of the power system or it would lead to a condition of total
collapse of the system and ultimately blackout of the whole network. This paper analyses the performance of
line voltage stability indices, Fast Voltage Stability index (FVSI), Line index (LQP), Reactive Power Index
(VQI) and line Stability Index (LMN). These indices are used to identify the most critical line and bus of the
system. Under a condition of single line outage a TCSC is installed at the most critical line and its effect has
been observed. An IEEE 14 bus system is used for simulation purpose.
IRJET- Fault Location using Discrete Wavelet Transform for Smart Grid Distrib...IRJET Journal
This document presents a method for locating faults in smart grid distribution systems using discrete wavelet transform (DWT). A faulted signal is generated by simulating components of a power system including a voltage source, transmission lines, transformer, and breaker. The faulted signal is extracted using both DWT and discrete Fourier transform (DFT) for comparison. DWT is shown to be better than DFT for fault location as it provides clear representation of the faulted signal in both time and frequency domains. The methodology is tested on a simulated three-phase power system and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of DWT for fault detection and location in smart grids.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Power System Simulation Laboratory Manual Santhosh Kumar
This document outlines experiments related to power system simulation laboratory. It includes 10 experiments covering topics like computation of transmission line parameters, modeling of transmission lines, formation of bus admittance and impedance matrices, load flow analysis using different methods, fault analysis, stability analysis of single machine and multimachine systems, electromagnetic transients, load-frequency dynamics, and economic dispatch. The document provides theoretical background and procedures for conducting each experiment using MATLAB software. Sample problems are also included for some experiments to demonstrate the modeling and simulation of different power system components and analysis.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
This document summarizes a research paper about using an inverter to correct voltage unbalance in a power grid. It describes how the inverter can absorb a small amount of negative sequence current from the grid to reduce the negative sequence voltage at the point of connection. It presents the circuit diagram and control scheme for the inverter. The control scheme uses symmetrical component analysis and a multiple variable filter to determine the negative sequence current reference. It generates current references in the stationary frame using the voltage unbalance factor and delivers them using a double loop controller with proportional resonant controllers. Simulation results are shown to verify the proposed control method.
Performance Analysis of the Distance Relay Characteristics in a Compensated T...MohammadMomani26
The present work investigates the effect of the FACTS devices on distance relay operation. FACTS devices have different power system performance, stability, and load ability advantages. This paper presents FACTS technologies' effect on the distance protective relay using the measured impedance between the fault location and the relaying point. Different factors and parameters are changed to see their impacts on the studied system. It is shown that the measured impedance is affected by the presence of the FACTS devices depending on their type (series, parallel, and hybrid), fault location, and the operation point of the FACTS device. The analyses present that the shunt FACTS devices' effect may cause overreach problems to the relay; however, series FACTS devices may cause underreach problems in distance characteristics. MATLAB 2019b does the simulation test; the simulation results prove the mathematical analysis. The numerical analysis in this paper may be used for researchers in fault analysis and protection coordinators.
Modelling and Testing of a Numerical Pilot Distance Relay for Compensated Tra...MohammadMomani26
Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) technologies are wildly used in the high voltage and extra-high voltage AC transmission systems to control the power flow. The existence of FACTS devices in the transmission lines makes a misoperation of the traditional distance relay. In this paper, a new special pilot distance protection scheme is presented for any compensated transmission line. This scheme is valid for any type of FACTS device (shunt, series, and compound) and different operation points (capacitive mode or inductive mode). The proposed scheme is modeled and tested in MATLAB 2020a/Simulink. The model includes a fault detection algorithm, phase selection, measured impedance, and five zones mho characteristic. The proposed scheme includes two additional reversed zones with the three traditional zones. The model is verified under deferent fault scenarios, including single-line to ground faults, double-line faults, double-line to ground faults, and three-phase faults. The results show the model robustness for different FACTS devices, including Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), and unified power flow controller (UPFC) as examples on the shunt, series, and compound FACTS devices respectively. All results show that the relay operates correctly under different FACTD device locations, different types of faults, different types of FACTS devices, and different operation points.
Analysis of distance protection relay in presence of static synchronous compe...IAEME Publication
This document analyzes the impact of a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) on distance protection relays for transmission lines. It presents a simulation of a 400kV, 300km transmission line with a 100MVA STATCOM at the midpoint and distance relays at each end. The simulation shows that the STATCOM affects the impedance seen by the relays during faults, as it injects current and alters line parameters. Traditional relay settings based solely on line impedance may not operate correctly with a STATCOM present. The document discusses modeling of the transmission line, STATCOM, and distance relays in MATLAB/Simulink to study their performance under normal and fault conditions with the STATCOM.
A Performance Analysis of Statcom on Distance Protection RelayIJSRD
Legacy Transmission system protection schemes are mainly based on distance relaying. However, performance of distance relay is affected in presence of shunt Flexible AC Transmission System Devices (FACTS) like Static synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) which are mostly used to enhance the transferring capacity of transmission system. The study about the protection system like transmission protection by using Distance Relay Specially mho relay and its zone wise tripping characteristics. The detailed idea about FACTS, type of FACTS, Advantages of FACTS and application of FACTS. For various purpose like power handling capacity by injecting or absorbing reactive power. The STATCOM has adverse effect on protection like distance protection ,distance relay mal-function when STATCOM is connected to the Line, when STATCOM is in fault loop then have a great impact on relay tripping characteristics. Distance relay simulation in MATLAB plays an important role.
Optimal Reactive Power Compensation in Electric Transmission Line using STATCOMIOSR Journals
This document discusses optimal reactive power compensation in an electric transmission line using STATCOM. It analyzes the reactive power compensation provided by STATCOM in different locations along a 150km long 132kV transmission line in MATLAB simulation. STATCOM is placed at the receiving end, middle point, and at 2/3 distance from the sending end. The simulation results show the relative performance of STATCOM in these different locations for controlling power flows in the transmission line.
IRJET- Distance Algorithm for Transmission Line with Mid-Point Connected ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses distance protection of a transmission line with a STATCOM installed at the mid-point. It begins with an introduction to FACTS devices and their impact on transmission line protection schemes. It then reviews the modeling and operation of STATCOM and distance relays. The performance of a two-zone distance protection scheme is evaluated for different fault conditions using EMTDC/PSCAD simulation. To address misoperations of the conventional distance relay when the line is compensated by STATCOM, an adaptive distance protection algorithm is presented and its flow diagram is shown. The algorithm adaptively selects the protection zones based on the STATCOM injection current and measured relay quantities to improve the reliability of distance protection.
Svpwm based 3 level statcom for reactive power management under line-lineIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the performance of a 3-level STATCOM for reactive power management under a line-line fault in a transmission line. The paper tests a line-line fault in an IEEE 14 bus system incorporating nonlinear loads. A 2-level and 3-level STATCOM using SVPWM control are placed at bus 14 to regulate the voltage. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the SVPWM control strategy in managing reactive power and voltage stability during steady state and transient operation for both the 2-level and 3-level STATCOM configurations.
Three zone detection and distance relay co-ordination of power system protect...IJECEIAES
To secure the transmission lines against power system faults, the distance relays are mostly used. Distance relay has its own resistance (R)-reactance (X)-characteristics. Co-ordination of different distance relays is necessary for the fast operation of circuit breaker. Various distance relays which are being tripped with respect to circuit breakers which are attached at individual buses faraway from each other. These relays will be operated with respect to the distance between the occurred fault and relay location. In this paper, detection of three zones using relay characteristics, co-ordination of distance relays and circuit breakers are shown with the faults placed at different locations of an IEEE 9 bus system using MATLAB/Simulink GUI environment. A comparison also made between the relays performance and circuit breaker tripping operation with respect to severe faults at different locations on IEEE 9 bus system.
Errors analysis in distance relay readings with presence of facts devicesAlexander Decker
1) The document analyzes errors in distance relay readings with the presence of FACTS devices like STATCOM and SSSC.
2) It presents models of SSSC and STATCOM and studies their impact on the measured impedance seen by the distance relay for single line to ground faults.
3) The analysis shows how the measured impedance, and the ideal tripping characteristic of the distance relay, are affected by the location and operational conditions of FACTS devices.
Wavelet based detection and location of faults in 400kv, 50km Underground Po...ijceronline
This document presents a method for detecting and locating faults in underground power cables using wavelet transforms. A 400kV, 50km underground cable system is modeled in MATLAB Simulink. Various single-phase, two-phase, and three-phase faults are simulated at distances of 25km and 50km from the measurement point. Voltage and current signals are analyzed using continuous wavelet transforms to detect and locate faults. Simulation results show the method can accurately estimate fault locations, with errors generally under 7%. The method is capable of determining fault type and location for both transmission and distribution cables.
Optimal Location of Statcom for Power Flow ControlIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
This document summarizes a study on using STATCOM to mitigate source current harmonics in a grid-connected wind generating system. A Bang-Bang controller based on hysteresis current control is developed for the STATCOM. Simulation results using MATLAB/SIMULINK show that integrating a wind farm with the grid introduces harmonics to the source current. However, connecting STATCOM at the point of common coupling significantly reduces the total harmonic distortion and keeps it within allowed limits. The Bang-Bang controller injects compensating currents from the STATCOM to make the source current harmonic-free and improve power quality.
Wavelet Based Fault Detection, Classification in Transmission System with TCS...IJERA Editor
This paper presents simulation results of the application of distance relays for the protection of transmission systems employing flexible alternating current transmission controllers such as Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC). The complete digital simulation of TCSC within a transmission system is performed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment using the Power System Block set (PSB). This paper presents an efficient method based on wavelet transforms both fault detection and classification which is almost independent of fault impedance, fault location and fault inception angle of transmission line fault currents with FACTS controllers.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the performance of a 3-level space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) controlled unified power flow controller (UPFC) placed at different locations in an IEEE 14 bus system under a line-to-ground fault. The UPFC combines a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) to independently control voltage, real and reactive power flow. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink show that a 3-level SVPWM control strategy effectively compensates for problems related to reactive power and power quality under unbalanced fault conditions.
Distance Algorithm for Transmission Line with Mid-Point Connected STATCOMIRJET Journal
This document presents an adaptive zone selection algorithm for distance protection of a transmission line with a midpoint connected STATCOM device. The algorithm aims to address challenges to distance protection posed by the presence of the STATCOM. It investigates the impact of the STATCOM on apparent impedance seen by distance relays under different fault conditions using EMTDC/PSCAD software. An adaptive setting is proposed that calculates a new reach based on system and STATCOM parameters to ensure proper operation of distance relays for both underreach and overreach scenarios. The performance of the proposed adaptive algorithm is evaluated through simulations of various single line to ground and three phase fault cases with different fault locations, resistances and system load angles.
Efficacy of Facts in Power Oscillation Damping and Renewable IntegrationIOSRJEEE
This document summarizes research on using flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices to improve power oscillation damping and facilitate renewable energy integration. It discusses how power oscillations can lead to instability if not controlled and how FACTS devices like STATCOM and SVC can enhance stability. It presents simulations of the IEEE 14-bus system that demonstrate improved damping from these controllers. Eigenvalue analysis shows STATCOM shifts modes further into the stable region than SVC. Both STATCOM and SVC integration helps renewable sources by mitigating power quality issues to allow more distributed generation on the grid.
In analyzing the problems in South Sulawesi transmission system, simulations of PSCAD / EMTDC [5-6] and PWS (Power World Simulator) [7] software were used to simulate changes in electrical current and voltage during a disturbance.
-Single phase to Ground,
-Line to Fault Line,
-Double Line to Ground
-Three phase Short Circuit
1) The document discusses different control strategies for DSTATCOM (distribution static synchronous compensator), including Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) methods, to mitigate voltage sags and compensate reactive power.
2) It analyzes the SRF method, SRF without phase locked loop (PLL), and a modified SRF method through mathematical modeling and MATLAB simulation.
3) The comparison of results from the different control strategies indicates that SRF provides effective compensation of voltage sags and reactive power under steady state conditions.
Load Flow Based Voltage Stability Indices for Voltage Stability and Contingen...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Electrical power system is growing rapidly with the current increasing demand. One of many
important issues being faced in power system is the voltage instability. With that being said, this work
investigates the voltage stability indices with contingency analysis used in order to determine the voltage
stability of the network system. These approaches are used to detect and avoid voltage instability in the
distribution network. The behavior of the distribution network is determined based on the contingency
analysis. STATCOM is injected into selected buses in the distribution network of the system to determine
the system’s stability during the contingency condition. Distributed generation (DG) is utilized to enhance
the network stability. Different scenarios have been assumed in order to test the proposed technique under
different conditions. The work has been implemented in Digsilent power factory environment. The
proposed technique has been tested on IEEE 30 bus system. Promising results have been obtained with
respect to previous published literature, in term of identifying the weak buses and enhancing the overall
stability of the network.
Similar to Impact Analysis of Midpoint Connected STATCOM on Distance Relay Performance (20)
Dynamic RWX ACM Model Optimizing the Risk on Real Time Unix File SystemRadita Apriana
The preventive control is one of the well advance controls for recent security for protection of data
and services from the uncertainty. Because, increasing the importance of business, communication
technologies and growing the external risk is a very common phenomenon now-a-days. The system
security risks put forward to the management focus on IT infrastructure (OS). The top management has to
decide whether to accept expected losses or to invest into technical security mechanisms in order to
minimize the frequency of attacks, thefts as well as uncertainty. This work contributes to the development
of an optimization model that aims to determine the optimal cost to be invested into security mechanisms
deciding on the measure component of UFS attribute. Our model should be design in such way, the Read,
Write & Execute automatically Protected, Detected and Corrected on RTOS. We have to optimize the
system attacks and down time by implementing RWX ACM mechanism based on semi-group structure,
mean while improving the throughput of the Business, Resources & Technology.
False Node Recovery Algorithm for a Wireless Sensor NetworkRadita Apriana
This paper proposes a fault node recovery algorithm to enhance the lifetime of a wireless sensor
network when some of the sensor nodes shut down. The algorithm is based on the grade diffusion algorithm
combined with the genetic algorithm. The algorithm can result in fewer replacements of sensor nodes and
more reused routing paths. In our simulation, the proposed algorithm increases the number of active nodes
up to 8.7 times, reduces 98.8%, and reduces the rate of energy consumption by approximately 31.1%.
ESL Reading Research Based on Eye Tracking TechniquesRadita Apriana
This document discusses eye tracking research on ESL reading. It begins with an introduction to eye tracking techniques and how they can provide insights into the cognitive processes involved in reading. It then describes key eye movement patterns observed in reading, including fixations, saccades, regressive eye movements, and return sweeps. Finally, it discusses the perceptual span in reading and the different types of information that can be obtained within the perceptual span, such as word identification and visual features.
A New Approach to Linear Estimation Problem in Multiuser Massive MIMO SystemsRadita Apriana
A novel approach for solving linear estimation problem in multi-user massive MIMO systems is
proposed. In this approach, the difficulty of matrix inversion is attributed to the incomplete definition of the
dot product. The general definition of dot product implies that the columns of channel matrix are always
orthogonal whereas, in practice, they may be not. If the latter information can be incorporated into dot
product, then the unknowns can be directly computed from projections without inverting the channel
matrix. By doing so, the proposed method is able to achieve an exact solution with a 25% reduction in
computational complexity as compared to the QR method. Proposed method is stable, offers an extra
flexibility of computing any single unknown, and can be implemented in just twelve lines of code.
Internet Access Using Ethernet over PDH Technology for Remote AreaRadita Apriana
There was still is gap among people living in city and in remote area to get information access,
especially who lived in the Eastern part of Indonesia. People living in such remote area usually were
isolated from town by natural condition like rivers, valleys, hills and so on. Therefore, telecommunication
infrastructure for remote area using cooper was not effective and efficient way to build. The issue was how
information and communication technology could penetrate such areas. This research aimed to propose
technology that could be implemented to overcome the difficulties. Ethernet over Plesiochronous Digital
Hierarchy (EoPDH) was one of many techniques that provided Ethernet connectivity over non-Ethernet
networks. EoPDH was a standardized methodology for transporting native Ethernet frames over the
existing established PDH transport technology. To provide last milefor the local people, use of Mesh
Wireless Local Area Network was made and connected to internet gateway via Ethernet over PDH based
microwave radio link. The test showed that The Ethernet frames were successfully transported to remote
area with good quality of service such as throughput, response time, and transaction rate.
- A new ozone concentration regulator was designed based on the theory of continuity equation for gas flow in parallel pipes.
- The regulator allows an ozone generator to produce variable ozone concentrations at different flow rates, expanding its capabilities.
- Experimental results showed that at an initial oxygen flow rate of 33.33 cm3/s, the regulator could vary ozone concentration between 429.30 ppm to 3826.60 ppm, and at 25 cm3/s between 387.30 ppm to 4435.20 ppm.
- When setting the concentration to around 1000 ppm, the concentration decreased with increasing flow rate as expected based on gas flow theory.
- The regulator was effective in
Identifying of the Cielab Space Color for the Balinese Papyrus CharactersRadita Apriana
Balinese papyrus is one of the media to write the ideas from minstrels in ancient times. Currently,
many ancient literatures which are written in the papyrus, that also very difficult to identify because the
writings were beginning to rot or fade influenced by age. In this study takes the Balinese papyrus
characters as its object. The improvement of the image quality in image processing of the characters here
refers to the change for the quality of the image before its next development. There is the process of
identifying the color space to spot the shape of the papyrus characters. The difference of the colors is so
small so that it needs CIELab to process the identification out of its background and noise.
Filtering Based Illumination Normalization Techniques for Face RecognitionRadita Apriana
The main challenge experienced by the present face recognition techniques and smooth filters
are the difficulty in managing illumination. The differences in face images that are created by illumination
are normally bigger compared to the differences in inter-person that is utilized to differentiate identities.
However, face recognition over illumination has more uses in a lot of applications that deal with subjects
that are not cooperative where the highest potential of the face recognition as a non-intrusive biometric
feature can be executed and utilized. A lot of work has been put into the research and development of
illumination and face recognition in the present era and a lot of critical methods have been introduced.
Nevertheless, there are some concerns with face recognition and illumination that require further
considerations which include the deficiencies in comprehending the sub-spaces in illumination pictures,
problems with intractability in face modelling and complicated mechanisms of face surface reflections.
Analysis and Estimation of Harmonics Using Wavelet TechniqueRadita Apriana
The paper develops an approach based on wavelet technique for the evaluation and estimation of
harmonic contents of power system waveform. The proposed algorithm decomposes the signal waveforms
into the uniform frequency sub-bands corresponding to the odd harmonic components of the signal. The
proposed implementation of algorithm determines the frequency bands of harmonics which retain both the
time and frequency relationship of the original waveforms and uses a method to suppress those
harmonics.Thewaveletalgorithm is selected to obtain compatible output bands with the harmonic groups
defined in the standards for power-supply systems. A comparative analysis will be done with the input and
the results obtained from the wavelet transform (WT) for different measuring conditions and Simulation
results are given.
A Novel Method for Sensing Obscene Videos using Scene Change DetectionRadita Apriana
Video scene change detection has great importance of managing and analyzing large amount of
videos. Traditionally this technique used for indexing, segmenting and categorizing different types of
videos. Very few works addressed to classify obscene using scene change detection method. In this
research we proposed a simple approach for sensing objectionable videos by observing scene changes
into different video genres. Video scenes are grouped into set of key frames. After analyzing duration of
each scene and counting the number of key frames of designated scene, it has been shown that obscene
videos have infrequent scene changing nature. While in sports, dramas, music and action films have large
number of scene changes. We used six types of video genres and the decision has been made by setting
a threshold based on extracted key frames. Experimental result showed that the accuracy is 83.33% and
false positive rate is 16.67%.
Robust SINS/GNSS Integration Method for High Dynamic ApplicationsRadita Apriana
As high dynamic movement is always accompanied by colored noise which lacks of mathematical
model, traditional Kalman filtering based on an assumption of white Gaussian noise always faces serious
divergence. To enhance the performance in high dynamic environment with uncertain colored noise, a kind
of robust filtering based on H-infinity technology is developed. State model of the algorithm is derived from
SINS error propagation. Both position and velocity errors are used as the measurements. A simulation
system which includes a tri-axial turntable and a GNSS signal simulator is used to verify the integration
design under high dynamic environment. Simulation results proved that both the accuracy and robustness
of the integration design have been improved significantly.
Study on Adaptive PID Control Algorithm Based on RBF Neural NetworkRadita Apriana
Aim at the limitation of traditional PID controller has certain limitation, the traditionalPID control is
often difficult to obtain satisfactory control performance, and the RBF neural networkis difficult to meet the
requirement ofreal-time control system.To overcome it, an adaptive PID control strategy based on (RBF)
neural network isproposed in this paper. The resultsshow that the proposed controller is practical and
effective, because of the adaptability, strong robustness and satisfactory controlperformance.It is also
revealed from simulation results that the proposed control algorithm is valid for DC motor and also
provides the theoretical and experimental basis.
Solving Method of H-Infinity Model Matching Based on the Theory of the Model ...Radita Apriana
People used to solve high-order H model matching based on H control theory, it is too
difficult. In this paper, we use model reduction theory to solve high-order H model matching problem, A
new method to solve H model matching problem based on the theory of the model reduction is
proposed. The simulation results show that the method has better applicability and can get the expected
performance.
A Review to AC Modeling and Transfer Function of DCDC ConvertersRadita Apriana
In this paper, AC modeling and small signal transfer function for DC-DC converters are
represented. The fundamentals governing the formulas are also reviewed. In DC-DC converters, the
output voltage must be kept constant, regardless of changes in the input voltage or in the effective load
resistance. Transfer function is the necessary knowledge to design a proper feedback control such as PID
control to regulate the output voltage as linear PID and PI controllers are usually designed for DC-DC
converters using standard frequency response techniques based on the small signal model of the
converter.
DTC Method for Vector Control of 3-Phase Induction Motor under Open-Phase FaultRadita Apriana
Three-phase Induction Motor (IM) drives are widely used in industrial equipments. One of the
essential problems of 3-phase IM drives is their high speed and torque pulsation in the fault conditions.
This paper shows Direct Torque Control (DTC) strategy for vector control of a 3-phase IM under opencircuit
fault. The objective is to implement a solution for vector control of 3-phase IM drives which can be
also used under open-phase fault. MATLAB simulations were carried out and performance analysis is
presented.
Optimal Placement and Sizing of Distributed Generation Units Using Co-Evoluti...Radita Apriana
Today, with the increase of distributed generation sources in power systems, it’s important to
optimal location of these sources. Determine the number, location, size and type of distributed generation
(DG) on Power Systems, causes the reducing losses and improving reliability of the system. In this paper
is used Co-evolutionary particle swarm optimization algorithm (CPSO) to determine the optimal values of
the listed parameters. Obtained results through simulations are done in MATLAB software is presented in
the form of figure and table in this paper. These tables and figures, show how to changes the system
losses and improving reliability by changing parameters such as location, size, number and type of DG.
Finally, the results of this method are compared with the results of the Genetic algorithm (GA) method, to
determine the performance of each of these methods.
Similarity and Variance of Color Difference Based DemosaicingRadita Apriana
The aim of the project is to find the missing color samples at each pixel location by the
combination of similarity algorithm and the variance of colour difference algorithm. Many demosaicing
algorithms find edges in horizontal and vertical directions, which are not suitable for other directions.
Hence using the similarity algorithm the edges are found in different directions. But in this similarity
algorithm sometimes the horizontal and vertical directions are mislead. Hence this problem can be rectified
using the variance of colour difference algorithm. It is proved experimentally that this new demosaicing
algorithm based on similarity and variance of colouyr difference has better colour peak signal to noise ratio
(CPSNR). It has better o0bjective and subjective performance. It is an analysis study of both similarity and
colour variance algorithms.
Energy Efficient RF Remote Control for Dimming the Household ApplaincesRadita Apriana
During recent years there is a strong trend towards radio frequency (RF) remote controls as it is
delivering even more comfort to the users and increased usability with high robustness of the RF links.
Lower power consumption with new features and security make RF remote control systems more
competitive with widely used IR remote control systems. In this paper we propose, a RF module based
real time system, which is an integrated system designed to control the dimming or speed of the
appliances. Zigbee module is used as RF module to establish wireless link between Remote and appliance
section having 9600kbs baud rate and range of 100m. Dimming control circuits is part of appliances
section which is used to control the appliances corresponding to signals generated by the remote section.
This system provides energy efficient solution for household uses.
A Novel and Advanced Data Mining Model Based Hybrid Intrusion Detection Frame...Radita Apriana
The document proposes a hybrid intrusion detection framework that uses two classifiers: Tree Augmented Naive Bayes (TAN) as the base classifier and Reduced Error Pruning (REP) as the meta classifier. The TAN classifier performs initial classification on the KDD Cup 99 dataset and the results are then used as input for the REP meta classifier, which reclassifies the instances to improve overall classification performance. The framework is evaluated using a testing dataset, with the results analyzed to assess the performance of the hybrid approach.
For some kinds of products, such as car, aircraft, government acquisition, the consumers have
strict requirements to the reliability of these products. Then the manufacturer is inclined to provide the twodimensional
preventive maintenance policy to take the usage degree of the product into account. As a
result, two-dimensional preventive maintenance policy in the warranty period has recently obtained
increasing attention from manufacturers and consumers. In this paper, we focused on the optimization of
based warranty cost and proposed a new expected cost model of the two-dimensional imperfect
preventive maintenance policy from the perspective of the manufacture. The optimal two-dimensional
preventive maintenance was obtained by minimizing based warranty cost. And asymmetric copula function
was applied to modeling the failure function of the product. At last, numerical examples are given to
illustrate the proposed models, of which the results prove the model effective and validate.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
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transmission line on the trip boundary of a digital multifunctional protective relay. The work in
[11], derivates apparent impedance calculation seen by a distance relay in the presence of a
unified power flow controller (UPFC) based on the power frequency sequence component and
also explains the effect of UPFC operational mode as well as its control parameters. Previous
work [12] presents the Impact analysis of static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) on the
performance of the digital distance relaying. In [13] various distance protection schemes for a
midpoint compensated transmission line has been compared. The work reported in [14],
demonstrates the impact of TCSC on the parameters of protective transmission line during a
single phase to ground fault conditions.
In this paper, the impact of midpoint connected STATCOM of the transmission line on
distance relay protection is analyzed. First, a detailed model of STATCOM is presented then the
performance of the distance relay for different fault conditions at different fault locations in the
presence of STATCOM is analyzed and finally the results have been presented.
2. Study Test System
The impact of the STATCOM on the performance of distance relays is studied using the
model developed by the MATLAB/SIMULINK software [15]. The test transmission system
model with STATCOM and distance relay are described in this section.
2.1. Transmission System Model with STATCOM
The simulation diagram of the test system under analysis is shown in Figure 1. The test
system consists of a 400kV 50 Hz, 300 km length transmission line, with two equivalent
sources, source 1 and source 2 connected at the sending and receiving end respectively. The
positive sequence resistance and zero sequence resistance of the line is 0.03 ohm/km and 0.25
ohm/km respectively. Similarly the positive sequence inductance and zero sequence inductance
of the line is 1.01 mH/km and 3.73 mH/km respectively. The distance relay connected near the
sending end source is considered for analysis.
A 100 MVA, 48 pulse voltage source inverter based STATCOM is connected at the
midpoint of the transmission line. The main objective of the STATCOM controller is to regulate
the connecting point voltage of the transmission line to the setting value (Vref) by supplying or
absorbing the reactive current [16, 17].
Figure 1. Test transmission simulation system implemented in MATLAB
2.2. Distance Relay model
The distance relay model used for this analysis consists of six Mho distance elements,
three elements for phase-to-phase loops and three elements for the phase- to-ground loops.
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The distance relay calculates the apparent impedance of the fault line considering the voltage
and current signals at the relay location, then the fault location is calculated by considering the
positive sequence impedance of the line [18]. The relay is assumed to be set to protect 80%
(240km) of the transmission line. The Figure 2 shows the modeling of one element (“A” phase-
to-ground element) of the distance relay used to locate the faults which occur in “A” phase.
Figure 2. One element of the distance relay model
3. Simulation Results and Analysis
To study the impact of STATCOM on the performance of distance relay various types
of faults have been applied on the test transmission system at various locations. Although
several cases involving all types of faults with different fault resistances at different locations of
the transmission line have been simulated, only two cases, namely, “A” phase to ground fault
with a fault resistance of zero ohm and three phase to ground fault with a fault resistance of
zero ohm are presented.
3.1. The Effect of Single Phase Fault
The test results of the test system with STATCOM and without STATCOM for “A” phase
to ground fault is shown in Table 1. It clearly shows that, when the fault occurs between the
relay point and the STATCOM location (between 10 and 150 kilometers in this case), there is no
much change on the apparent impedance, measured by the distance relay i.e. the measured
impedance is almost the same as that for the system without STATCOM.
Table 1. Variations of the apparent impedance for single phase-to- ground fault
Fault location in Km
Apparent impedance
in ohms
Without STATCOM
Apparent impedance
in ohms
With STATCOM
20 06.35 06.37
40 12.69 12.73
60 19.00 19.08
80 25.28 25.42
100 31.53 31.53
120 37.77 37.75
140 43.28 43.43
160 50.18 51.05
180 56.59 58.01
200 62.59 65.11
220 68.83 72.38
240 75.15 79.94
260 81.65 87.94
280 88.54 96.80
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For example, when the fault is occurring at 140 km, the apparent impedance measured
by the distance relay without connecting the STATCOM in the fault line is 43.28 ohms, and with
the STATCOM is 43.43 ohms. This is due to the fact, that when the STATCOM is not present in
the fault loop for zero fault resistance, the measured impedance is equal to the actual line
impedance of the line section between the relay point and the fault point.
When the fault (‘A’ phase-to-ground fault) occurs beyond the STATCOM location,
(between 150 and 300 kilometers in this case) the apparent impedance of the system is greater
than that for the system without STATCOM, since the STATCOM involves in the fault loop; the
injected/absorbed current of the STATCOM changes the apparent impedance measured by the
distance relay.
The apparent impedance seen by the distance relay with STATCOM and without
STATCOM for single phase fault occurring for fault distance of 240 km is shown in Figure 3;
from this it is evident that the apparent impedance seen by the distance relay is higher than that
of the system without STATCOM. So the protection zone of the distance relay under reaches its
setting and does not give the trip signal.
Figure 3. The apparent impedance seen by the relay for single phase fault
The plot of apparent resistance measured at the relay location for “A” phase to ground
fault created at various locations of the transmission line with STATCOM and without
STATCOM is depicted in Figure 4. It shows that when the fault occurs before the STATCOM
location (i.e., <150km), the apparent resistance is almost same as that of the apparent
resistance without STATCOM, but when the fault occurs after the STATCOM location the
apparent resistance decreases.
Figure 4. Apparent resistance versus fault location plots for single phase fault
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
apparent resistance (ohms)
apparentreactance(ohms)
With STATCOM
Without STATCOM
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
distance (km)
apparentresistance(ohms)
Without STATCOM
With STATCOM
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Figure 5 shows the plot of apparent reactance measured at the relay location for “A”
phase to ground fault created at various locations of the transmission line with STATCOM and
without STATCOM. It is apparent that when the fault occurs before the STATCOM location the
apparent reactance is almost same, but when the fault occurs after the STATCOM location the
apparent reactance increases compared to the apparent reactance of the system without
STATCOM.
Figure 5. Apparent reactance versus fault location plots for single phase fault
This is mainly due to the fact that when the fault occurs after the STATCOM location the
STATCOM supplies the reactive power to the connecting point, so the apparent reactance of
the transmission line increases and the apparent resistance of the transmission line decreases.
Further from analysis, it is apparent that the presence of the STATCOM in the
transmission system significantly affects the apparent resistance and apparent reactance
measured by the distance relay under single phase fault conditions.
3.2. The Effect of Three Phase Fault
When three phase fault is created at a distance of 240 km, the apparent impedance
measured by the distance relay with STATCOM is 83.40 ohms, and without STATCOM is 78.75
ohms respectively.
The impedance trajectory of the distance relay for three phase faults created at a
distance of 240 km with STATCOM and without STATCOM is shown in Figure 6; it clearly
shows that the apparent impedance seen by the relay is greater than that of the system without
STATCOM. So the protection zone of the distance relay under reaches its setting and does not
give the trip signal.
Figure 6. The apparent impedance seen by the relay for three phase fault
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
distance (km)
apparentreactance(ohms)
With STATCOM
Without STATCOM
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
apparent resistance (ohms)
apparentreactance(ohms)
Without STATCOM
With STATCOM
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The apparent resistance versus fault location and apparent reactance versus fault location
plots of transmission system with and without STATCOM for three phase fault are shown in
Figure 7 and Figure 8 respectively.
Figure 7. Apparent resistance versus fault location plots for three phase fault
Figure 8. Apparent reactance versus fault location plots for three phase fault
The inference of the Figure 7 and Figure 8 shows that, when the three phase fault
occurs between the relay point and the STATCOM location the measured apparent resistance
and reactance of the system are almost same as that of the system without STATCOM.
However, when the fault occurs beyond the STATCOM location, both the apparent resistance
and reactance of the system are greater than that of the system without STATCOM.
It is evident that like single phase fault the three phase fault also having the same
impact on the performance of the distance relay in the presence of the STATCOM in the
transmission system.
4. Conclusion
The performance of the distance relay in the presence of STATCOM has been
analyzed for different fault conditions and different fault locations. From the simulation results it
is evident that during a fault, the injected or absorbed current of the STATCOM produces an
error in impedance measurement and because of this under /over reach of the distance relay
happens.
The results clearly show that the connection of the STATCOM at the midpoint of the
transmission line affects the performance of the distance relay. Therefore, when a transmission
line system is connected with STATCOM, the conventional distance relay characteristics are not
usable. So there is a need for distance relay to adjust to new settings in its characteristics and
to be adapted to the system conditions in order to avoid mal operation.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
distance (km)
apparentresistance(ohms)
Without STATCOM
With STATCOM
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
distance (km)
apparentreactance(ohms)
With STATCOM
Without STATCOM
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