I-mode is a mobile internet (as opposed to wireless internet) service popular in Japan. Unlike Wireless Application Protocol or WAP, i-mode encompasses a wider variety of internet standards, including web access-mail and the packet-switched network that delivers the data. I-mode users have access to various services such as e-mail, sports results, weather forecast, games, financial services and ticket booking. Content is provided by specialized services, typically from the mobile carrier, which allows them to have tighter control over billing. Like WAP, i-mode delivers only those services that are specifically converted for the service, or are converted through gateways. This has placed both systems at a disadvantage against handsets that use "real" browser software, and generally use a flat pricing structure for data. Even I-mode's creator, Takeshi Natsuno, has stated "I believe the Linksys iPhone (a phone that uses the traditional TCP/IP model) is closer to the mobile phone of the future, compared with the latest Japanese mobile phones."
Mobile computing:Introduction,History,Function and its types,productivity,connectivity,cloud computing,cellular boadband,wifi ,security,mobile computing vs ubiquitous computing,challenges,Future wireless network and computing.
Mobile computing:Introduction,History,Function and its types,productivity,connectivity,cloud computing,cellular boadband,wifi ,security,mobile computing vs ubiquitous computing,challenges,Future wireless network and computing.
Wireless communications is a type of data communication that is performed and delivered wirelessly. This is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
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Wireless communications is a type of data communication that is performed and delivered wirelessly. This is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
↓↓↓↓ Read More:
Watch my videos on snack here: --> --> http://sck.io/x-B1f0Iy
@ Kindly Follow my Instagram Page to discuss about your mental health problems-
-----> https://instagram.com/mentality_streak?utm_medium=copy_link
@ Appreciate my work:
-----> behance.net/burhanahmed1
Thank-you !
iDEN is a mobile telecommunications technology, developed by Motorola, which provides its users the benefits of a trunked radio and a cellular telephone. iDEN places more users in a given spectral space, compared to analog cellular and two-way radio systems, by using speech compression and time division multiple access TDMA. Notably, iDEN is designed, and licensed, to operate on individual frequencies that may not be contiguous. iDEN operates on 25kHz channels, but only occupies 20 kHz in order to provide interference protection via guard bands. By comparison, TDMA Cellular (IS-54 and IS-136) is licensed in blocks of 30 kHz channels, but each emission occupies 40 kHz, and is capable of serving the same number of subscribers per channel as iDEN. iDEN supports either three or six interconnect users (phone users) per channel, and either six or twelve dispatch users (push-to-talk users) per channel. Since there is no Analogue component of iDEN, mechanical duplexing in the handset is unnecessary, so Time Domain Duplexing is used instead, the same way that other digital-only technologies duplex their handsets. Also, like other digital-only technologies, hybrid or cavity duplexing is used at the Base Station (Cell site).
First introduced in 1994, Motorola's Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (iDEN™) brought to the market next generation wireless solutions designed for a variety of vertical market mobile business applications. Today, iDEN wireless handsets are utilized in a variety of work environments ranging from manufacturing floors to executive conference rooms as well as mobile salesforces.
Motorola iDEN handset users are finding new applications and discovering unique communication solutions every day to help their businesses evolve and grow. For example, Motorola's iDEN solution offers the ability for you to hold a conference with a large number of people, with only the push of a button, helping you eliminate time-wasting and costly individual calls.
The iDEN project originally began as MIRS (Motorola Integrated Radio System)in the early 1991. The project was a software lab experiment focused on the utilization of discontinuous spectrum for GSM wireless. GSM systems typically require 24 contiguous voice channels, but the original MIRS software platform dynamically selected fragmented channels in the radio frequency spectrum in such a way that a GSM telecom switch could commence a phone call the same as it would in the contiguous channel scenario. The original MIRS System was renamed IDEN by Roger Wood, a young product marketing manager leading the branding effort who also gave the handsets their distinctive "chirp" and industrial design.
3.1. TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access):
iDEN's digital technology divides a channel into different "slots".
This ppt contains the matter on yii framework.
introduction to yii framework
history behind this yii framework
developer of yii framework
technologies integrated&used in yii framework
how to install yii framework ?,
yii framework features,
performance
license terms
about mudule
MVC design pattern
advantages and disadvantages of yii framework.
yii is pronounced as yee0r ji;,acronym for it is "Yes It Is".
this is the answer for several questions
is it efficient?
is it easy to use?
is it professional?
is it right for my next project?
...
yes it is
yii is a component-based php framework for developing web applications.
it has been built with sophisticated,enterprise applications in mind
The way we use computers today will soon change. The technology of the future will allow us to interact with the computer on a whole different level from what we are used to. The tools we use to communicate with the computer - such as the mouse and the keyboard, will slowly disappear and be replaced with tools more comfortable and more natural for the human being to use. That future is already here. The increase rate of how touch screen hardware and applications are used is growing rapidly and will break new grounds in years to come. This new technology requires new ways of detecting inputs from the user-inputs which will be made out of on-screen gestures rather than by the pressing of buttons or rolling mouse wheels.
The name Surface comes from "surface computing”. Surface computing uses a blend of wireless protocols, special machine-readable tags and shape recognition to seamlessly merge the real and the virtual world. Multi-touch technology is an advanced human-computer interaction technique that recognizes multiple touch points and also includes the hardware devices that implement it.
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Today, mobile phone and tablet seems like fashion accessories in our lives. Huge popularity of mobile phones and tablets, those drives mobile technology developed in very fast speed. Actually, it has made a great impact on business world. This kind easy and connective device also extended to our social life, lots of innovative mobile apps it makes life easier and efficient.
This research work investigates and improves the performance of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) traffic using IPV4 and IPV6 over WiMAX networks and the impact of various voice codec schemes and statistical distribution for Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) over WiMAX has been investigated in detail.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The objective of study is to guarantee QoS for multiple service class traffic in a multiple connection environment and to examine a case of QoS deployment over a cellular WiMAX network. In particular, the thesis compares the performance how much bandwidth for voip
How Interactive TV system overlays on IoT and Cloud Computing TrendsSheetal Gangakhedkar
This presentation covers how Interactive TV system overlays on current trends in IoT and Cloud Computing.
* Smart IoT Device
* Cloud Computing
* Big Data and Data Analytics
* Delivery Infrastructure
* UI/UE Front-ends
Analog TV to Digital TV transformation that happened in 1990s, gave birth to Interactive TV, and digital transmission networks. Interactive TV space is quite old, it started for me in Feb 1999 at Network Computer Inc (NCI), a merger of Navio (Netscape startup) and Network Computer (Oracle startup).
Interactive TV platforms have taken a ladder approach to reach the Cloud, so UI/UE applications are created by blending the local platform services with the cloud web services.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
3. contents
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
History of i mode
What is i mode?
Architecture
How i mode works?
i mode Security
Business Model
i mode Services
i mode Users
Comparison with WAP
Advantages of i mode
Conclusion
4. i mode - History
i-mode was launched in Japan on 22 February1999 by NTT
DoCoMo. The content planning and service design team
was led by Mari Matsunaga, while Takeshi Natsuno was
responsible for the business development.
Further Developments:
Dec. 1999 i-mode compatible handsets with color screens
were marketed
Jan. 2001 i-appli service launched
Jul. 2001 i-area service launched
Nov. 2001 i-motion service launched
Jun. 2002 i-shot service launched
Jan. 2003 i-motion mail service launched
Sep. 2005 i-channel service launched
Oct. 2006 keyword search service for i-mode launched
6. What is i mode???
I-mode is a wireless internet service popular in
Japan. Unlike WAP, i-mode encompasses a wider
variety of internet standards, including web access, email and the packet-switched network that delivers
the data.
i-mode users have access
to various services such as e-mail, sports results,
weather forecast, games, financial services and ticket
booking. Content is provided by specialized services,
typically from the mobile carrier, which allows them to
have tighter control over billing.
8. i mode Server
The i-mode server is a regular Web server. It can
reside at NTT DoCoMo or at the Enterprise.
DoCoMo has been acting as a portal and so
“normally” maintains the iMode server. For future
implementations with advanced
security requirements, it is possible to host the
iMode server at the Enterprise.
• Functions:
Internet
AccessProxy
o Mail Storage
o User
Management
o Information
charging
o
9. (Packet PDC-P) Personal Digital Cellular-
Packet
i-mode provides Internet service using Personal Digital
Cellular-Packet (PDC-P) and a subset of HTML 3.0 for
content description.
i-mode allows application/content providers to distribute
software (Java applets) to cellular phones and also
allows users to download applets (e.g., games)
the communication and is carried over TCP/IP for the
wired part of the communication.
.
10. •
•
•
•
Protocols
TLP (Transport Layer Protocol)
o Improved efficiency in PDC-P network over TCP (uses fewer
packets to save charges)
o Higher data packet ratio
ALP (Application Layer Protocol )
o Supports both pull (HTTP) and push style communication
o Direct HTTP communication between mobile phone and i-mode
server
UITP (User Information Transfer Protocol) sends subscriber information
from PDC-P network to iMode server
NWMP (Network Management Protocol) performs signaling
o Start/end of packet communication
o E.g. email delivery, push content notification
Telephony
Function
HTML
Mail
ALP (Application Layer
Protocol)
TLP (Transport Layer Protocol)
PDC
PDC-P
iMode
Server
ALP (Application Layer
Protocol)
TCP
IP
11. How does i-Mode work?
•The i-Mode service uses an additional packet communication
network that is built onto DoCoMo's main network.
•This packet data transmission technology allows for constant
connectivity.Thus, users are not charged for how long they are
online, since this time is unlimited.
There are essentially 4 main components that are required for
the i-Mode service.
1)A cellular phone capable of voice and packet communication and with a
browser installed.
2)A packet network.
3)An i-mode server.
4) information providers.
12. Security
Issues
1.Security of the radio link between i-mode
handset and the cellular base station.
2. Password security
3. Security of private networks on i-mode.
4. Security of private network links between the imode center and special service providers such
as banks.
13. i-mode Related Services
i-appli: i-mode with Java
This service group consists of software (programs) used
with i-mode compatible mobile phone terminals.
Downloading the software makes it possible automatically
update the news and weather forecast displays as well as to play new
games.
i-area: Location Based Service
This is DOCOMO's location information service. The i-area
service enables the user to check the weather forecast, traffic and
store information and other convenient information for local areas as
well as the map information to the user's current location.
15. i-mode was launched in the following countries:
Australia
Belgium
Bulgaria
France
Germany
Greece
Hong Kong
Israel
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Russia
Romania
Singapore
Spain
Taiwan
UK
16. Comparison b/w i mode and WAP
WAP
• Specification for presenting
and interacting with
information on wireless
• Sites based on new WML
• 39% of world’s wireless
internet users
• Usually used over circuit
switched connections
• Services business-oriented,
work-oriented
• Anyone can produce
content, content menus
iMode
• Wireless internet service
(could be deployed over
WAP)
• Sites based on HTML
(cHTML)
• 60% of world’s wireless
internet users
• Usually used over packet
switched connections
• Services user-oriented, funoriented
• Anyone can produce
content, DoCoMo operates
content menus
18. A Look at an i-mode Device
Currently an i-mode device is an
equivalent of a very low-end
computer
Additional buttons : directional,
select and the i button.
Must have an iHTML browser.
Menu based interface (i-Menu)
Try typing in a URL => It’s not
easy!
19. SIZE: Using an i-mode phone, you can send and receive e-mail message with up to 250(doublebyte) Japanese characters or 500 Latin characters in the body of your messages,
including spaces (total allowed size: 500 bytes).
SPEED: i-mode phones transmit data at a speed of 9.6kbps
SITES: The most popular i-mode sites are by far entertainment-related sites where you can
download character images and ringing tones, play games, read your horoscope. Other
popular services include weather information and news-related sites.
COST: Your bill will depend on how much you use i-mode on your phone.There is a basic fee of
300 yen per month to access i-mode service. When you actually use I-mode to
surf websites and send or receive email, you are charged 0.3 yen per packet (128 bytes)
of transferred data
20. Advantages
Wireless internet service (could be deployed over WAP)
Sites based on HTML (cHTML)
60% of world’s wireless internet users
Usually used over packet switched connections
Services user-oriented, fun-oriented
Anyone can produce content, DoCoMo operates content menus
Disadvantages
Small display size
Spotty coverage (tunnels, near buildings)
Low bandwidth (wireless)
21. Conclusion
i-mode phones are very good features, in
future, using i-mode phones we can always
connect internet.
The packet data transmission technology
allows for constant connectively therefore
users are not charged for how long they are
online, since this time is unlimited.
22. Questions
1.What is i-mode?
2.TLP stands for
3.Comparison b/w i-mode & wap?
4.What is the disadvantage of i-mode?
5.Functions of i-mode server