Immunofluorescence is a technique that uses fluorescent antibodies to visualize specific antigens in a sample. It works by binding antibodies that have been chemically conjugated with a fluorescent dye like FITC. When observed under ultraviolet light, the antibodies glow green, allowing the visualization of target molecules. There are two types: direct immunofluorescence uses antibodies directly labeled with fluorescent dye, while indirect uses a secondary antibody labeled with a fluorescent marker to recognize the primary antibody. Immunofluorescence is commonly used clinically to diagnose skin diseases by detecting antigen-antibody complexes.
Immunofluorescence (IF) or cell imaging techniques rely on the use of antibodies to label a specific target antigen with a fluorescent dye (also called fluorophores or fluorochromes) such as fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC).
Introduction, the principle of immunofluorescence, Technique, Fluorescent microscope and its components, Application and types of immunofluorescence, Direct and indirect immunofluorescence, FACS (Fluorescence-activated cell sorting), Uses and limitations of Immunofluorescence
Immunofluorescence (IF) is a technique that permits visualization of virtually many components in any given tissue or cell type. This broad capability is achieved through combinations of specific antibodies tagged with fluorophores. Consequently, the pos
Immunofluorescence (IF) or cell imaging techniques rely on the use of antibodies to label a specific target antigen with a fluorescent dye (also called fluorophores or fluorochromes) such as fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC).
Introduction, the principle of immunofluorescence, Technique, Fluorescent microscope and its components, Application and types of immunofluorescence, Direct and indirect immunofluorescence, FACS (Fluorescence-activated cell sorting), Uses and limitations of Immunofluorescence
Immunofluorescence (IF) is a technique that permits visualization of virtually many components in any given tissue or cell type. This broad capability is achieved through combinations of specific antibodies tagged with fluorophores. Consequently, the pos
Immunofluorescence is a technique allowing
the visualization of a specific antigen by
bindIng a specific antibody chemically
conjugated with a fluorescent dye.
Immunofluorescence : Immunofluorescence is a powerful technique that utilizes fluorescent-labeled antibodies to detect specific target antigens..
Fluorescein is a dye which emits greenish fluorescence under UV light. It can be tagged to immunoglobulin molecules.
This technique is sometimes used to make viral plaques more readily visible to the human eye.
Immunofluorescent labeled tissue sections are studied using a fluorescence microscope.
Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), also known as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), combine antibody binding with enzymatic detection to quantify molecules of interest.
Antigen is substance which when introduced parentally into the body stimulates the production of an antibody with which it reacts specifically and in an observable manner.
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIGENS
Based on Immunogenicity
Complete antigen : substances with both immunogenicity and immunoreactivity Incomplete antigen
Incomplete antigen ( hapten): substances only with immunoreactivity
Hapten +carrier → complete antigen
( Immunogenicity : induction of immune response
• Immunological Reactivity: specific reaction with antibodies or sensitized cells)
HAPTENS
The term Hapten was given by the immunologist Karl Landsteiner, who studied them in early 20th century.
• It came from a Greek word Haptein meaning to fasten.
DEFINITION OF HAPTENS
Small, non-biologic molecules that bind to immune cells receptors but cannot by themselves induce a specific immune response
That are antigenic but not immunogenic Which means that they can bind to immune cells but fail to induce Humoral or cell mediated immune response. Hence no antibodies are raised against them
HAPTENS
The term Hapten was given by the immunologist Karl Landsteiner, who studied them in early 20th century.
• It came from a Greek word Haptein meaning to fasten.
DEFINITION OF HAPTENS
Small, non-biologic molecules that bind to immune cells receptors but cannot by themselves induce a specific immune response
That are antigenic but not immunogenic Which means that they can bind to immune cells but fail to induce Humoral or cell mediated immune response. Hence no antibodies are raised against them
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and its clinical significancerohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and its clinical significance for MBBS, BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
Immunofluorescence is a technique allowing
the visualization of a specific antigen by
bindIng a specific antibody chemically
conjugated with a fluorescent dye.
Immunofluorescence : Immunofluorescence is a powerful technique that utilizes fluorescent-labeled antibodies to detect specific target antigens..
Fluorescein is a dye which emits greenish fluorescence under UV light. It can be tagged to immunoglobulin molecules.
This technique is sometimes used to make viral plaques more readily visible to the human eye.
Immunofluorescent labeled tissue sections are studied using a fluorescence microscope.
Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), also known as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), combine antibody binding with enzymatic detection to quantify molecules of interest.
Antigen is substance which when introduced parentally into the body stimulates the production of an antibody with which it reacts specifically and in an observable manner.
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIGENS
Based on Immunogenicity
Complete antigen : substances with both immunogenicity and immunoreactivity Incomplete antigen
Incomplete antigen ( hapten): substances only with immunoreactivity
Hapten +carrier → complete antigen
( Immunogenicity : induction of immune response
• Immunological Reactivity: specific reaction with antibodies or sensitized cells)
HAPTENS
The term Hapten was given by the immunologist Karl Landsteiner, who studied them in early 20th century.
• It came from a Greek word Haptein meaning to fasten.
DEFINITION OF HAPTENS
Small, non-biologic molecules that bind to immune cells receptors but cannot by themselves induce a specific immune response
That are antigenic but not immunogenic Which means that they can bind to immune cells but fail to induce Humoral or cell mediated immune response. Hence no antibodies are raised against them
HAPTENS
The term Hapten was given by the immunologist Karl Landsteiner, who studied them in early 20th century.
• It came from a Greek word Haptein meaning to fasten.
DEFINITION OF HAPTENS
Small, non-biologic molecules that bind to immune cells receptors but cannot by themselves induce a specific immune response
That are antigenic but not immunogenic Which means that they can bind to immune cells but fail to induce Humoral or cell mediated immune response. Hence no antibodies are raised against them
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and its clinical significancerohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and its clinical significance for MBBS, BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
Immunofluorescence :Fluorescent antibody and its applicationkuldevraj21
the detailed study of Immunofluorescence , fluorescent antibody and its application. Especially made for B.Sc, M.Sc and pHD students.
The medical and immunological aspect is covered in this Presentation. For more such presentations please mail: kuldevraj21@gmail.com
Want to learn about immunofluoresence? This presentation will go over some basic and popular immunofluoresence concepts in a concise fashion. Featuring:
Introduction
History
Similarities & Difference between IF and IHC
Types of Immunofluorescence
Popular Terms
Commonly used Fluorophores
Disease Diagnosed by Immunofluorescence
Antibodies, Proteins and Genes associated with Immunofluorescence
Want to learn about immunofluorescence? This presentation will go over some basic and popular immunofluorescence concepts in a concise fashion.
- Introduction
- History
- Similarities & Differences between IF and IHC
- Types of Immunofluorescence
- Popular Terms
- Commonly used Fluorophores
- Diseases Diagnosed by Immunofluorescence
- Antibodies, Proteins and Genes associated with Immunofluorescence
Most developments in biotechnology originated for their potential applications in health care.
Contributions of biotechnology are more frequent, more notable and more rewarding in health sector.
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is the localization of a known antigen in tissues by utilizing antibodies directed towards that (specific) antigen. In this presentation, we will introduce the procedure of IHC and the troubleshooting solutions.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Unveiling the Energy Potential of Marshmallow Deposits.pdf
IMMUNOFLOURESCENCE.pptx
1.
2. INTRODUCTION
immunoflourescence is a technique is visualization of
a specific antigen by binding a specific antibody
chemically conjugated with a flourescent dye such as
flourescein isothiocyanate ( FITC).
the specific antibodies are labeled with a compound
(FITC) that makes them glow an apple green colour
when observed microscopically under ultraviolet light.
3. FLOURESCENSE
flourescence is the property of certain molecules to
absorb light at one wavelength and emit light at longer
wave length when it is illuminated by light of a
different wavelength.
the flourescence can be visualized using flourescence
microscopy . The if technique allows for a visualization
of the presence as well as distribution of target
molecules in a sample.
4. flourescene is a dye which emits greenish
flourescence under uv light .
this technique is sometimes used to make viral
plaques more readily visible to the humen eye .
flourescent antibodies is visible to flourescent
microscope .
6. 1) DIRECT IMMUNOFLOURESCENCE
staining in the primary antibody is labeled with
flourescence dye.
2) INDIRECT IMMUNOFLOURESCENCE
staining in which a secondary antibody labeled with
flourochrome is used to recognize a primary antibody.
9. IMMUNOFLOURESCENCE DOES
• it is microscopic based technique , used
clinically to diagnose certain cutaneous
diseases (eg) lyme diseases) by the
detection of AG /AB complexes .
techniques including DIF , IDIF & salt – split
skin are utilized depending on clinical
scenario.
10. DIF is performed on patients skin
using flourophore labeled antiodies
that directly bind to pathogenic
autoantibody – antigen complexes In
the skin.
IDIF techniques are used in
dermatology primarily to detect
circulating pathogenic auto
antibodies
20. LIMITATIONS
Flourescence signals depend on the quality &
concentration of antibodies , proper handling of
specimen & detection with appropriate secondary
antibodies.
21. APPLICATIONS
immunoflourescense can be used to tissue sections ,
cultured cell lines , or individual cells, and may be
used to analyse the distribution of proteins and small
biological and non biological molecules
Immunoflourescence can be used in combination with
other non antibody method s of flourescence staining ,
for (ex) use of DAPI, (4,6 – diamidino -2-
phenylindole ) is a flourescent stain that binds
strongly to A-T rich regions in DNA to lable DNA .
22. the technique has a numer of different biological
applications including evalution of cells in suspention
, cultured cells , tissue , beads.
it also play a key role in the diagnosis of autoimmune
disorder.
