ODD is a immunodiffusion technique is used in detection, identification and quantification of antibodies and antigens. (Analyzing the antigen and antibody)
Direct
Passive
Reverse Passive
Agglutination Inhibition
Coagglutination
Agglutination tests can be done :
On slides
In tubes
In microtritation plates
-Difference between precipitation and agglutination reaction.
Antibodies are immune system-related proteins called immunoglobulins. Each antibody consists of four polypeptides– two heavy chains and two light chains joined to form a "Y" shaped molecule. ... This variable region, composed of 110-130 amino acids, give the antibody its specificity for binding antigen.
ODD is a immunodiffusion technique is used in detection, identification and quantification of antibodies and antigens. (Analyzing the antigen and antibody)
Direct
Passive
Reverse Passive
Agglutination Inhibition
Coagglutination
Agglutination tests can be done :
On slides
In tubes
In microtritation plates
-Difference between precipitation and agglutination reaction.
Antibodies are immune system-related proteins called immunoglobulins. Each antibody consists of four polypeptides– two heavy chains and two light chains joined to form a "Y" shaped molecule. ... This variable region, composed of 110-130 amino acids, give the antibody its specificity for binding antigen.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This ppt file represents a simple overview on what is antibody validation & how to validate an antibody before performing any research.
Used references are also included.
Western Blotting: Techniques, Applications, and Innovations | The Lifescience...The Lifesciences Magazine
Innovations and Advancements in Western Blotting: 1. Automated Western Blotting 2. Multiplexing Capabilities 3. Improved Detection Sensitivity 4. Digital Imaging and Quantification
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technology
COMPLEMENT FIXATION.pptx
1. (REACCREDITED WITH B GRADE WITH A CGPA OF 2.71 IN THE II CYCLE BY NACC
AFFILIATED TO MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY,THIRUNELVELI)
ALWARKURICHI -627 412 TAMILNADU INDIA.
POST GRADUATE & RESEARCH CENTER – DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
(GOVERMENT AIDED)
II SEM - CORE –IMMUNOLOGY
UNIT – III
COMPLEMENT FIXATION
SUBMITTED TO
THE GUIDE
DR.S.VISWANATHAN,PH.D
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
SRI PARAMAKALYANI COLLEGE
ALWARKURICHI.
SUBMITTED BY
ESSAKIMUTHU.G
REG.NO : 20211231516109
I M.SC, MICROBIOLOGY
DATE: 30.04.2022
2. Definition
Complement fixation is one of the
most important and one of the
classical techniques for determining
antigen-antibody complexes present
in the testing sample.
3. Principle
When antigen and antibody interact with each other,
they form a complex called antigen-antibody (Ag-Ab )
complex. The complex then interacts with complement
protein and gets fixed with it. After fixing, the
complement degrades or gets cleaved into two
fragments i.e. smaller and larger fragments.
4. Positive test
Antibody in sample + Antigen (added) +
Complement → Ag-Ab Complex Fixed
with Complement
Complement fixed Ag-Ab + Indicator
System → No change (No hemolysis)
5. Negative test
Sample with no antibody + Antigen (added) +
Complement → Free Complement
Antigen (added) + Antibody in indicator system (On
RBC) → Ag-Ab complex
Ag-Ab complex + Complement → Fixed
Complement System → Hemolysis
6. Complement
Fixation Test Requirements
Samples such as serum or CSF (may or may not
contain the specific antigens or antibodies of interest)
Known complementary antigens based on the
component desired to be detected.
7. Complement Proteins
The native complement present in the sample is
inactivated. Complement obtained from the
serum of other organisms such as Guinea pig is
added to the sample during the test.
8. Indicator
System
Sheep erythrocytes or RBCs coated with
antibodies(mainly derived from Rabbit serum)
on the surface. These RBCs can also be called
sensitized RBCs.
9. Complement
Fixation Test Procedure
1.A serum sample is taken.
2.It is then heated at about 56 °C to remove the
complement proteins already present in the sample.
3.The serum is then adsorbed with washed sheep
RBC. It prevents interference in the test by anti-RBC
antibodies which are cross-reactive.
10. 4.Then the antigen and complement are added to the sample.
5.It is then subjected to incubation at a temperature of 37 °C for
30 minutes. It provides conditions and time for the formation of
the Ag-Ab complex.
6.And the indicator system is then added and the sample is
observed for change due to occurrence or non-occurrence of
hemolysis.
11.
12. Complement
Fixation Test Applications
•Wasserman’s test is one of the complement fixation tests for the
detection of syphilis. It is an antibody detection test.
•It can also be used for the detection of bacterial diseases
caused by Mycobacterium pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis, etc.
•It can be used for the detection of viral infections, and fungal
infections such as Histoplasmosis, Cryptococcosis, etc.
13. Complement
Fixation Test Advantages
•Interpretation of the result after the test is easier.
•It can be used for the detection of a very small
number of antigen or antibody components in the
sample.
•It can be used for the detection of a variety of
infections.
•It has good sensitivity.
14. Complement
Fixation Test Limitations
•It is one of the old methods not used much in current
practices.
•It is slower and more complex in comparison to many
easier rapid detection tests being used currently.
•It is difficult to perform and arrange the reagents used for
it.
•Although it is one of the sensitive tests, it has less
sensitivity than tests such as ELISA.
15. References
1.Goldsby R.A., Kindt T.J., Osborne B.A., (1999) Kuby
Immunology, 4th edition, W.H.Freeman & Co Ltd.
2.Parija S.C., (2009), Textbook of Microbiology and Immunology,
2nd edition, Elsevier, a division of Reed Elsevier India Private
Limited
3.Jeffrey K., Complement Fixation Test Introductory Immunology
(Second Edition), 2019Miller, V. B. (1930). Tests for Syphilis: An
Explanation of the Wasserman Test. The American Journal of
Nursing, 30(6), 707–712.
