introduction of adaptive immunity. classification of adaptive immunity, factor affecting it and mechanism of adaptive immunity comparison between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. characteristic of adaptive immunity . cell mediated immune responses immunoglobulins
types of immunoglobulins. functions of immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity reactions
introduction of adaptive immunity. classification of adaptive immunity, factor affecting it and mechanism of adaptive immunity comparison between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. characteristic of adaptive immunity . cell mediated immune responses immunoglobulins
types of immunoglobulins. functions of immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity reactions
Humoral immunity is defined as the immunity mediated by antibodies, which are secreted by B lymphocytes.
B lymphocytes secrete the antibodies into the blood and lymph
Humoral immunity is defined as the immunity mediated by antibodies, which are secreted by B lymphocytes.
B lymphocytes secrete the antibodies into the blood and lymph
Studying the Adaptive Immune Response - Tools for T & B Cell Research: Host D...QIAGEN
Adaptive immunity, powered by T cells and B cells, provides specific, long-lasting protection of the host from harmful invaders. This slidedeck provides an overview of T cells and B cells and their role in cell-mediated immune responses and antibody responses, respectively, against pathogens. There is also information on tools that enable analysis of T and B cell gene expression and regulation, genotyping and signal transduction pathway activation.
Lymphocytic cells involved in human immune systemAbhay jha
This slide share was basically based on the immune system of human regarding the cellular activity involve to save human body against any pathogenic attack and we are talking about the lymphatic cells wich are T cells B cells natural kills T cell (NKT) innate lymphatic cells and their functions in our body.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Are There Any Natural Remedies To Treat Syphilis.pdf
Cell mediated immune response
1. Immune Response II
DR. SUFI H. Z. RAHMAN
MBBS, MD (IMMUNOLOGY)
LECTURER, MEDICAL FACULTY, AUCMS
2. Objectives
◆Role of antigen presenting cells in cellular
immune response
◆Role of lymphocytes in cellular immune
response
◆Mechanisms involved in cellular immune
response
◆Types cytokines and their role in cellular
immune response
◆Interaction between the components of the
immune system in regulating immune
response
3. Cell Mediated Immunity
◆Provided by T lymphocytes
◆Provides immunity to (i) intracellular bacteria
(ii) viruses, (iii) fungi, (iv) protozoa and (v)
tumours
◆T cells can recognize antigen only when it is
presented on the surface of Antigen presenting
cells (APCs) by self MHC molecules
◆This self MHC restriction results from positive
selection during maturation of T cells in the
thymus
4. Antigen Presenting Cells
◆Cells that present antigens to T lymphocytes and activate
them
◆Express both Class I and Class II MHC molecules on
surface
◆Also express B7 (B7.1 and B7.2) molecules
◆Present antigens by Class I MHC molecules to CD8+ T
cells and by Class II MHC molecules to CD4+ T cells
◆Professional APCs are Dendritic cells, Macrophages and B
6. Antigen Presentation
APCs process and present
antigens in two pathways
1. Exogenous or Endocytic
pathway: Phagocytosed
microorganisms are degraded
in the phagosomes and
peptides are presented in this
pathway by Classs II MHC
molecules
2. Endogenous or Cytosolic
pathway: Intracellular
microorganisms synthesize
protein in the cytoplasm that
are presented in this pathway
by Class I MHC molecules
8. ◆Derived from bone marrow by haematopoiesis
◆Progenitor T (Pro- T) cells migrate to thymus
◆Maturation occurs in the thymus
• Rearrange TCR gene segments and acquire TCR
• Undergo two selection process
Positive selection: Self MHC restriction
Negative selection: Self tolerance
• Acquire surface CD molecules e.g. CD3, CD4/
CD8
◆Two population of T cells are released to the
circulation:
• CD4+ or helper T (TH) cells
• CD8+ or Cytotoxic T (TC) cells
T lymphocytes
Maturation
11. Mechanism of CMI
APCs present antigens by Class I MHC molecules to CD8+ (TC)
cells and by Class II MHC molecules to CD4+ T (TH) cells
TC
B7 CD28
Antigen recognition by T cells
12. ◆T cells recognize specific
antigens presented with
MHC molecules on the
surface of APCs by TCR
◆Each T cell has 105 TCRs
on its surface all of which
recognize a one antigen
(or epitope)
◆1010 clones of T cells will
recognize 1010 antigens
Antigen recognition by T cells
Mechanism of CMI
13. ◆Antigen recognition by
TCR provides Stimulatory
signal (Signal 1) to the T
cell
◆Binding of B7 molecule
on APC with CD28
molecule on T cell
provides Co-stimulatory
signal (Signal 2) to the T
cell
Antigen recognition by T cells
Mechanism of CMI
14. ◆When T cells receive
both Stimulatory (Signal
1) and Co-stimulatory
(Signal 2) signals they
are activated (clonal
activation)
◆If the T cells receive only
the Stimulatory signal
without Co-stimulatory
signal, they are
permanently inactivated
(clonal anergy)
Stimulatory signal+ Costimulatory signal= Activation
Stimulatory signal without Costimulatory signal= Anergy
T cell
T cell
T cell activation
Mechanism of CMI
15. ◆Activated T cells start to
proliferate, synthesize and
secrete IL-2 and express IL-
2 receptors on cell surface
◆After several divisions they
differentiate to effector
and memory T cell
populations
◆Memory T cells have long
life span (20- 30 years)
and provide immunity if
the person is re-exposed
to the same antigen
T cell differentiation
Mechanism of CMI
16. Effector T cells are short-lived (few days to
weeks) cells and carry out specialized
functions e.g.
• CD8+ effector T cells: Induce apoptosis of
virus infected and tumour cells (Cytotoxic
killing)
• CD4+ effector T cells: Secrete cytokines
that cause macrophage activation to kill
intracellular pathogens and to help TC cell
and B cell activation
T cells differentiation
Mechanism of CMI
17. Antigen Elimination by CMI
Cytotoxic T cells induce
apoptosis of infected cells
bearing antigen on the
surface
CD8+ Effector T cells
18. Antigen Elimination by CMI
◆ With influence of cytokines
e.g. IL- 12 from APCs, TH
cells differentiate to TH1 cells
◆ TH1 cells release cytokines
e.g. interferon- g (IFN- g)
◆ IFN-g activates macrophages
that phagocytose and
eliminate intracellular
pathogens
CD4+ Effector T cells
19. Antigen Elimination by CMI
Activated macrophages have more phagocytic and killing
activity and they phagocytose and kill intracellular pathogens
effectively
CD4+ Effector T cells
20. Naïve cytotoxic T cells (cytotoxic T cell precursor) require
cytokines from TH cells for activation
TH cells help TC cell activation
Regulatory role of TH cells
21. Activation of naïve B cells
require
◆Direct interaction with TH cells
by
• Antigen in Class II MHC and
TCR
• CD40 and CD40L
• B7 and CD28
◆Cytokines from TH cells
TH cells help B cells
TH cells help B cells to induce humoral immune response
Regulatory role of TH cells
22. Regulatory Role of TH cells
◆ Cytokines from TH1 cells also
help TC cell activation
◆ Thus TH1 cells regulate CMI
◆ With the influence of IL-4
(from mast cells?) TH cells
differentiate to TH2 cells
◆ Cytokines from TH2 cells
help B cell activation
◆ Thus TH2 cells regulate
humoral immunity
23. 4a. Activated T cells differentiate to
effector T cells and memory T cells
(macrophages)
Interaction between the components of the immune system
CD4+ T (TH) cells regulate the function of both TC and B cells
24. TH cell activation by Superantigens
◆Superantigens are viral or
bacterial proteins that bind
simultaneously to the Vb
domain of a TCR and to the a
chain of class II MHC
molecule
◆They bind outside of the TCR
antigen binding cleft
◆Any T cell expressing a
particular Vb sequence will be
activated by a corresponding
superantigen
25. ◆Hence, the activation of TH cells by
superantigens is polyclonal and can affect a
huge number TH cells
◆It results in overproduction of cytokines from
TH cells (e.g. IL-2) and from macrophages
(e.g. IL-1, TNF)
◆Huge amount of cytokines produce toxic
systemic effects e.g. shock, vomiting,
diarrhoea, organ failure etc. rather than
providing immunity
◆Super antigens are usually soluble proteins
secreted by bacteria (exogenous) but may
TH cell activation by Superantigens
26. Superantigen Disease
Enterotoxin of Staphylococcus aureus Food poisoning
Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSS1) of
Staphylococcus aureus
Toxic shock syndrome
Exfoliative dermatitis toxin of
Staphylococcus aureus
Scalded skin syndrome
Erythrogenic toxin of Streptococcus
pyogenes
Scarlet fever
Pyrogenic toxin of Streptococcus
pyogenes
Streptococcal Toxic shock
syndrome
Mycoplasma arthritidis supernatant Arthritis, Shock
TH cell activation by Superantigens
27. Cytokines
◆ Protein molecules secreted by
cells that regulate function of
that cell or other cells
◆ The name denotes their role in
cell to cell communication
◆ Development of an effective
immune response involves
lymphocytes and other
leukocytes
◆ Cytokines play key role in the
complex interaction between
cells of the Immune system
28. Cytokines
◆ Autocrine: Acts on the same
cell that secretes it
◆ Paracrine: Acts on adjacent
cells
◆ Endocrine: Carried by the
blood or body fluid to a
distant site and acts on
distant cells
29. Cytokines
◆ One cytokine may act on various cells and
produce various effects
◆ Many cytokines may act on the same cell
and produce same effect
◆ One cytokine may increase action of the
other
◆ One cytokine may inhibit action of the others
30.
31. Cytokines
◆ Cytokines secreted by some leukocytes and
acting on other leukocytes are called
interleukins
◆ Cytokine secreted by lymphocytes are called
lymphokines
◆ Cytokines secreted by monocytes and
macrophages are sometimes called
monokines
◆ Cytokines that cause chemotaxis of
leukocytes are called chemokines
