The document defines key terms related to the immune system and its components. It describes the immune system as the body's defense against foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The immune system includes white blood cells, organs like the bone marrow, lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, and spleen. When pathogens enter the body, the immune system responds through nonspecific defenses like barriers, inflammation, and phagocytosis by white blood cells. It also has specific defenses like antibodies and lymphocytes that provide long-lasting protection against specific pathogens.
This document defines key terms related to immunity and the immune system. It describes the immune system as composed of cells, molecules, and organs that defend the body against foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The immune system is made up of nonspecific defenses that provide general protection and specific defenses that target specific pathogens. Nonspecific defenses include barriers like skin and mucous membranes, as well as responses like inflammation, fever, and interferon. Specific defenses include antibodies produced by B cells and cell-mediated responses carried out by T cells. The document also discusses disorders of the immune system.
The document discusses innate immunity. It describes the components of innate immunity including epithelial surfaces, antimicrobial substances in blood and tissues, fever, acute phase proteins, and cells of the innate immune system such as phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils), mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, and platelets. These components provide non-specific defenses that help the body resist infection.
This document provides an overview of immunity and the principles of vaccination. It discusses the immune system and the types of immunity, including innate and adaptive immunity. It describes how vaccines work, the goals of vaccination, and examples of different types of vaccines including bacterial, viral, and cancer vaccines. Challenges to developing an HIV vaccine are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of immunity and the principles of vaccination. It discusses the immune system and the types of immunity, including innate and adaptive immunity. It describes how vaccines work, the goals of vaccination, and examples of different types of vaccines including bacterial, viral, and cancer vaccines. Challenges to developing an HIV vaccine are also summarized.
The document summarizes key concepts in immunology, including:
1) It defines innate and adaptive immunity, and the types of natural, acquired, active, and passive immunity.
2) It describes the cells of the immune system including B cells, T cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells.
3) It discusses antibodies, cytokines, and how the immune system can fail to distinguish self from non-self, leading to autoimmune diseases.
dear students,, myself dr manish tiwari tutor department of microbiology at saraswati medical college unnao lucknow if any query regarding this ppt olease contact me my whatsaap no 8979352824.
This document provides an overview of immunology and microbiology. It defines immunology as the study of protection from foreign substances and responses to them. It describes the types of immunity as innate, acquired, humoral, and cellular. It discusses the organs of the immune system including primary lymphoid organs like bone marrow and thymus, and secondary lymphoid organs like spleen and lymph nodes. It also summarizes concepts like phagocytosis, bacterial exotoxins and endotoxins, and importance of immune boosters like protein and vitamin C.
This document provides an overview of the immune system, including both innate and acquired immunity. It describes how the innate immune system provides immediate protection through physical barriers and internal defenses like phagocytes and inflammation. If pathogens breach these defenses, the acquired immune system activates an antigen-specific response involving B and T cells that results in immunological memory. The differences between the innate and acquired systems are highlighted. Specific components of both systems like phagocytosis, inflammation, antibodies, and active/passive immunity are also explained in detail.
This document defines key terms related to immunity and the immune system. It describes the immune system as composed of cells, molecules, and organs that defend the body against foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The immune system is made up of nonspecific defenses that provide general protection and specific defenses that target specific pathogens. Nonspecific defenses include barriers like skin and mucous membranes, as well as responses like inflammation, fever, and interferon. Specific defenses include antibodies produced by B cells and cell-mediated responses carried out by T cells. The document also discusses disorders of the immune system.
The document discusses innate immunity. It describes the components of innate immunity including epithelial surfaces, antimicrobial substances in blood and tissues, fever, acute phase proteins, and cells of the innate immune system such as phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils), mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, and platelets. These components provide non-specific defenses that help the body resist infection.
This document provides an overview of immunity and the principles of vaccination. It discusses the immune system and the types of immunity, including innate and adaptive immunity. It describes how vaccines work, the goals of vaccination, and examples of different types of vaccines including bacterial, viral, and cancer vaccines. Challenges to developing an HIV vaccine are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of immunity and the principles of vaccination. It discusses the immune system and the types of immunity, including innate and adaptive immunity. It describes how vaccines work, the goals of vaccination, and examples of different types of vaccines including bacterial, viral, and cancer vaccines. Challenges to developing an HIV vaccine are also summarized.
The document summarizes key concepts in immunology, including:
1) It defines innate and adaptive immunity, and the types of natural, acquired, active, and passive immunity.
2) It describes the cells of the immune system including B cells, T cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells.
3) It discusses antibodies, cytokines, and how the immune system can fail to distinguish self from non-self, leading to autoimmune diseases.
dear students,, myself dr manish tiwari tutor department of microbiology at saraswati medical college unnao lucknow if any query regarding this ppt olease contact me my whatsaap no 8979352824.
This document provides an overview of immunology and microbiology. It defines immunology as the study of protection from foreign substances and responses to them. It describes the types of immunity as innate, acquired, humoral, and cellular. It discusses the organs of the immune system including primary lymphoid organs like bone marrow and thymus, and secondary lymphoid organs like spleen and lymph nodes. It also summarizes concepts like phagocytosis, bacterial exotoxins and endotoxins, and importance of immune boosters like protein and vitamin C.
This document provides an overview of the immune system, including both innate and acquired immunity. It describes how the innate immune system provides immediate protection through physical barriers and internal defenses like phagocytes and inflammation. If pathogens breach these defenses, the acquired immune system activates an antigen-specific response involving B and T cells that results in immunological memory. The differences between the innate and acquired systems are highlighted. Specific components of both systems like phagocytosis, inflammation, antibodies, and active/passive immunity are also explained in detail.
This document provides an overview of the immune system, including both innate and acquired immunity. The innate immune system provides immediate response through physical barriers like skin and mucus as well as internal defenses like phagocytes and inflammation. If pathogens breach these defenses, the acquired immune system activates an antigen-specific response using B and T cells. The document also discusses active and passive immunity, humoral versus cell-mediated immunity, and how vaccines work to stimulate immune response.
This document provides an introduction to innate immunity. It defines immunity and its types, with a focus on innate immunity. Innate immunity provides immediate protection and has no memory. It relies on pre-existing components like physical barriers, phagocytic cells, and humoral factors. Pattern recognition receptors on innate immune cells allow detection of microbial patterns. Innate immunity defenses include inflammation and antiviral responses. The document outlines the components and functions of the innate immune system.
The document discusses the human immune system. It describes how the innate immune system provides an immediate response to pathogens through physical barriers and cells. If pathogens breach these defenses, the adaptive immune system provides a targeted response through B cells and T cells. The adaptive system also develops immunological memory to mount faster responses. Vaccinations work by exposing the immune system to antigens to develop immunity without causing disease.
The document describes the human immune system and its defenses against pathogens. It discusses both nonspecific defenses like physical and chemical barriers provided by the skin, mucus, stomach acids, and inflammatory response, as well as specific defenses like the antibody-mediated and cell-mediated responses involving B cells, T cells, memory cells, and vaccines.
The immune system protects the body from infection through a complex network of interacting cells and molecules. It includes both non-specific defenses that provide immediate protection, and specific adaptive defenses that develop over time through vaccination or exposure to pathogens. The adaptive immune system includes B cells that produce antibodies, T cells that coordinate immune responses, and phagocytes that engulf foreign substances. Vaccination exposes the immune system to an antigen in a controlled way to stimulate lifelong immunity against disease.
This document summarizes the immune system, including both innate and acquired immunity. It discusses the barriers that prevent pathogen entry and the components of the innate system that provide an immediate response, like phagocytes. The acquired system mounts a pathogen-specific response through B and T cells. It also covers the differences between these systems and gives examples of vaccination methods that stimulate immune memory.
This document provides an overview of immunology, including a brief history, definitions of innate and adaptive immunity, and descriptions of the components and mechanisms of each. It discusses the functions of epithelial layers, types of immune responses, phagocytosis, and the roles and mechanisms of natural killer cells. Key topics covered include physical and chemical barriers, phagocytic cells, inflammation, acute phase proteins, cellular and humoral immune responses, and how pathogens can overcome phagocytosis.
The document discusses immunity and the immune system. It defines immunity as the natural or acquired resistance of an individual to pathogens. The immune system is a complex system that distinguishes self from non-self and provides defense against infectious agents. Immunology is the study of the immune system and immune responses. The immune system includes innate immunity, which provides a natural defense, and acquired immunity, which develops from exposure to pathogens. Key components of the immune system are antigens, antibodies, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and lymphoid organs that help the immune system function.
The document summarizes immunity and the immune system. It defines immunity as the body's ability to resist harmful microbes and discusses the immune system's role in protecting the body from disease. The immune system uses both innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity provides non-specific defenses like physical barriers and inflammatory responses. Acquired immunity allows for specific pathogen recognition through B cells, T cells, and antibodies and provides immunological memory.
This document summarizes screening methods for immunomodulators. It describes in vitro and in vivo methods for testing immunological factors. Some key in vitro methods discussed include inhibition of histamine release from mast cells and mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation assays. Key in vivo models described are the anti-anaphylactic activity (Schultz-Dale reaction) assay and delayed type hypersensitivity testing in sensitized animals. The document also provides details on the procedures and evaluations for some of these screening methods.
The document provides an overview of the human immune system, including its major components and functions. It discusses how the innate and adaptive immune systems work together to defend against pathogens. The immune system must balance fighting infections while avoiding attacks on the body's own tissues. When this balance is disrupted, it can lead to immunodeficiency diseases, autoimmunity, allergies, or transplant rejection. Vaccines stimulate adaptive immunity to generate immunological memory and protect against severe infectious diseases.
This document provides an overview of immunology and immunity. It discusses the study of immunology, the function of the immune system including innate immunity, acquired immunity, antigens, and the effects of age on the immune response. Innate immunity provides non-specific protection through physical and chemical barriers while acquired immunity develops specific responses with immunological memory after exposure to antigens. Both humoral and cell-mediated immunity play important roles in the immune response to infection.
Immunology is the study of the body's protective and defensive mechanisms against foreign substances. The immune system is made up of organs, tissues, cells, and soluble factors that defend against harmful agents like viruses, bacteria, fungi, and tumor cells. It has two main roles - providing a defense mechanism and identifying and destroying abnormal cells. The immune system consists of innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides non-specific protection and is the body's first line of defense, while adaptive immunity provides acquired, antigen-specific immune responses.
1. The immune system protects the body through innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides immediate defense while adaptive immunity provides long-term protection through immune memory.
2. Edward Jenner discovered vaccination by observing that milkmaids who recovered from cowpox did not get smallpox. His experiment inoculating cowpox material into a boy demonstrated that vaccination could induce immunity.
3. The immune system consists of organs, cells, and soluble factors that work together to recognize and eliminate pathogens. Primary lymphoid organs generate immune cells while secondary lymphoid organs activate immune responses.
Immune system is our defense mechanism which provides protection against various infections and ailments. Low immunity is the root cause for all the problems so Planet Ayurveda presents a fabulous herbal formulation for enhancing immunity power.
The document defines common terminology related to the immune system such as agglutination, apoptosis, complement, cytotoxic T cells, and epitope. It then summarizes the structure of the immune system including organs, cells, and functions of lymphoid and myeloid cells. Finally, it outlines the three lines of defense of the human body - anatomical/biochemical barriers, mechanical clearance by white blood cells, and the immune response through antibodies.
The document discusses the host response to infection. It defines antigens and their properties, types, and structure. It describes the innate and adaptive immune system, including barriers, cells and proteins involved in each. It explains the differences between innate and adaptive immunity. It also discusses antibodies, their structure and classes (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE). The overall document provides an overview of the key concepts regarding the immune system and how the body responds to pathogens and infection.
Immunity, vaccine, prophylaxis,immune system contains:
➢innate components (composed of primitive bone marrow cells that
are programmed to recognise foreign substances and react)
➢adaptive components (composed of more advanced lymphatic cells
that are programmed to recognise self substances and don't react
General immunity - is formed when the pathogen enters the bloodstream, as a
result, IgM and IgG (humoral immunity) are formed, and / or lymphocytes
specific against this pathogen are activated with different functional directions,
performing cellular protection (cellular immunity).
▪ Local immunity - is formed in places of accumulation of lymphoid tissue
(mucous membranes, salivary, mammary glands), intended for local humoral
(IgA and IgG) and cellular protection. Lymphoid tissue is especially potent in
the intestinal mucosa, less in the respiratory tract.
▪ It should be noted that the strength of the immune system and the speed of the
immune response increase with repeated, especially multiple, meetings with
the pathogen (booster effect).
This document discusses patient safety and medical errors. It defines key terms like adverse events, near misses, and sentinel events. Errors can be caused by active failures from individuals or latent system issues. The Swiss cheese model of accident causation illustrates how multiple factors can align to cause harm. A just culture approach examines systems instead of blaming individuals. International patient safety goals aim to reduce errors through practices like proper patient identification and hand hygiene. Communication failures and lack of labeling contributed to a case where epinephrine was given instead of saline. Overall, patient safety requires a systems approach rather than blaming individuals.
This document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs). It defines KPIs as quantifiable measures used to gauge performance against strategic goals. The document outlines objectives, types, advantages, and characteristics of good KPIs. It provides examples of common KPIs for shipping/logistics and infrastructure, such as sales forecasts, inventory levels, and client satisfaction. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of what KPIs are and how they can be used to track organizational performance.
This document provides an overview of the immune system, including both innate and acquired immunity. The innate immune system provides immediate response through physical barriers like skin and mucus as well as internal defenses like phagocytes and inflammation. If pathogens breach these defenses, the acquired immune system activates an antigen-specific response using B and T cells. The document also discusses active and passive immunity, humoral versus cell-mediated immunity, and how vaccines work to stimulate immune response.
This document provides an introduction to innate immunity. It defines immunity and its types, with a focus on innate immunity. Innate immunity provides immediate protection and has no memory. It relies on pre-existing components like physical barriers, phagocytic cells, and humoral factors. Pattern recognition receptors on innate immune cells allow detection of microbial patterns. Innate immunity defenses include inflammation and antiviral responses. The document outlines the components and functions of the innate immune system.
The document discusses the human immune system. It describes how the innate immune system provides an immediate response to pathogens through physical barriers and cells. If pathogens breach these defenses, the adaptive immune system provides a targeted response through B cells and T cells. The adaptive system also develops immunological memory to mount faster responses. Vaccinations work by exposing the immune system to antigens to develop immunity without causing disease.
The document describes the human immune system and its defenses against pathogens. It discusses both nonspecific defenses like physical and chemical barriers provided by the skin, mucus, stomach acids, and inflammatory response, as well as specific defenses like the antibody-mediated and cell-mediated responses involving B cells, T cells, memory cells, and vaccines.
The immune system protects the body from infection through a complex network of interacting cells and molecules. It includes both non-specific defenses that provide immediate protection, and specific adaptive defenses that develop over time through vaccination or exposure to pathogens. The adaptive immune system includes B cells that produce antibodies, T cells that coordinate immune responses, and phagocytes that engulf foreign substances. Vaccination exposes the immune system to an antigen in a controlled way to stimulate lifelong immunity against disease.
This document summarizes the immune system, including both innate and acquired immunity. It discusses the barriers that prevent pathogen entry and the components of the innate system that provide an immediate response, like phagocytes. The acquired system mounts a pathogen-specific response through B and T cells. It also covers the differences between these systems and gives examples of vaccination methods that stimulate immune memory.
This document provides an overview of immunology, including a brief history, definitions of innate and adaptive immunity, and descriptions of the components and mechanisms of each. It discusses the functions of epithelial layers, types of immune responses, phagocytosis, and the roles and mechanisms of natural killer cells. Key topics covered include physical and chemical barriers, phagocytic cells, inflammation, acute phase proteins, cellular and humoral immune responses, and how pathogens can overcome phagocytosis.
The document discusses immunity and the immune system. It defines immunity as the natural or acquired resistance of an individual to pathogens. The immune system is a complex system that distinguishes self from non-self and provides defense against infectious agents. Immunology is the study of the immune system and immune responses. The immune system includes innate immunity, which provides a natural defense, and acquired immunity, which develops from exposure to pathogens. Key components of the immune system are antigens, antibodies, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and lymphoid organs that help the immune system function.
The document summarizes immunity and the immune system. It defines immunity as the body's ability to resist harmful microbes and discusses the immune system's role in protecting the body from disease. The immune system uses both innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity provides non-specific defenses like physical barriers and inflammatory responses. Acquired immunity allows for specific pathogen recognition through B cells, T cells, and antibodies and provides immunological memory.
This document summarizes screening methods for immunomodulators. It describes in vitro and in vivo methods for testing immunological factors. Some key in vitro methods discussed include inhibition of histamine release from mast cells and mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation assays. Key in vivo models described are the anti-anaphylactic activity (Schultz-Dale reaction) assay and delayed type hypersensitivity testing in sensitized animals. The document also provides details on the procedures and evaluations for some of these screening methods.
The document provides an overview of the human immune system, including its major components and functions. It discusses how the innate and adaptive immune systems work together to defend against pathogens. The immune system must balance fighting infections while avoiding attacks on the body's own tissues. When this balance is disrupted, it can lead to immunodeficiency diseases, autoimmunity, allergies, or transplant rejection. Vaccines stimulate adaptive immunity to generate immunological memory and protect against severe infectious diseases.
This document provides an overview of immunology and immunity. It discusses the study of immunology, the function of the immune system including innate immunity, acquired immunity, antigens, and the effects of age on the immune response. Innate immunity provides non-specific protection through physical and chemical barriers while acquired immunity develops specific responses with immunological memory after exposure to antigens. Both humoral and cell-mediated immunity play important roles in the immune response to infection.
Immunology is the study of the body's protective and defensive mechanisms against foreign substances. The immune system is made up of organs, tissues, cells, and soluble factors that defend against harmful agents like viruses, bacteria, fungi, and tumor cells. It has two main roles - providing a defense mechanism and identifying and destroying abnormal cells. The immune system consists of innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides non-specific protection and is the body's first line of defense, while adaptive immunity provides acquired, antigen-specific immune responses.
1. The immune system protects the body through innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides immediate defense while adaptive immunity provides long-term protection through immune memory.
2. Edward Jenner discovered vaccination by observing that milkmaids who recovered from cowpox did not get smallpox. His experiment inoculating cowpox material into a boy demonstrated that vaccination could induce immunity.
3. The immune system consists of organs, cells, and soluble factors that work together to recognize and eliminate pathogens. Primary lymphoid organs generate immune cells while secondary lymphoid organs activate immune responses.
Immune system is our defense mechanism which provides protection against various infections and ailments. Low immunity is the root cause for all the problems so Planet Ayurveda presents a fabulous herbal formulation for enhancing immunity power.
The document defines common terminology related to the immune system such as agglutination, apoptosis, complement, cytotoxic T cells, and epitope. It then summarizes the structure of the immune system including organs, cells, and functions of lymphoid and myeloid cells. Finally, it outlines the three lines of defense of the human body - anatomical/biochemical barriers, mechanical clearance by white blood cells, and the immune response through antibodies.
The document discusses the host response to infection. It defines antigens and their properties, types, and structure. It describes the innate and adaptive immune system, including barriers, cells and proteins involved in each. It explains the differences between innate and adaptive immunity. It also discusses antibodies, their structure and classes (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE). The overall document provides an overview of the key concepts regarding the immune system and how the body responds to pathogens and infection.
Immunity, vaccine, prophylaxis,immune system contains:
➢innate components (composed of primitive bone marrow cells that
are programmed to recognise foreign substances and react)
➢adaptive components (composed of more advanced lymphatic cells
that are programmed to recognise self substances and don't react
General immunity - is formed when the pathogen enters the bloodstream, as a
result, IgM and IgG (humoral immunity) are formed, and / or lymphocytes
specific against this pathogen are activated with different functional directions,
performing cellular protection (cellular immunity).
▪ Local immunity - is formed in places of accumulation of lymphoid tissue
(mucous membranes, salivary, mammary glands), intended for local humoral
(IgA and IgG) and cellular protection. Lymphoid tissue is especially potent in
the intestinal mucosa, less in the respiratory tract.
▪ It should be noted that the strength of the immune system and the speed of the
immune response increase with repeated, especially multiple, meetings with
the pathogen (booster effect).
This document discusses patient safety and medical errors. It defines key terms like adverse events, near misses, and sentinel events. Errors can be caused by active failures from individuals or latent system issues. The Swiss cheese model of accident causation illustrates how multiple factors can align to cause harm. A just culture approach examines systems instead of blaming individuals. International patient safety goals aim to reduce errors through practices like proper patient identification and hand hygiene. Communication failures and lack of labeling contributed to a case where epinephrine was given instead of saline. Overall, patient safety requires a systems approach rather than blaming individuals.
This document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs). It defines KPIs as quantifiable measures used to gauge performance against strategic goals. The document outlines objectives, types, advantages, and characteristics of good KPIs. It provides examples of common KPIs for shipping/logistics and infrastructure, such as sales forecasts, inventory levels, and client satisfaction. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of what KPIs are and how they can be used to track organizational performance.
This document defines key concepts in healthcare, including health, healthcare providers, healthcare facilities, and healthcare systems. It differentiates between healthcare providers and professionals, and outlines the skills needed for healthcare professionals. It describes different types of healthcare facilities including hospitals and clinics, and classifications of hospital services. The document also defines the four levels of care - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary care. Finally, it identifies stakeholders and components of a healthcare system, and benefits of well-functioning healthcare systems.
Team work; problems and incentives.pptxhayatalakoum1
This document provides an overview of teams and teamwork. It defines what a team is, describes different types of teams, and discusses the benefits and challenges of teamwork. The document also covers team development stages, factors that influence team effectiveness, and ways to manage conflicts within teams. Key points include: teams have common goals, different types include functional, cross-functional, and self-directed teams, benefits are synergy and increased productivity, disadvantages can be groupthink and intergroup conflicts, and effective teams have clear roles and utilize resources.
Nursing education and patient teaching has evolved from a standard role to an independent nursing function. Various organizations have established standards recognizing health education as an essential nursing responsibility. Barriers to effective education include lack of nurse preparation, limited time, and obstacles learners face like illness effects and low health literacy. Future research is needed on new technologies, cost-effectiveness, underserved groups, and measuring education outcomes.
This document discusses how various biological, environmental, social, and lifestyle factors can impact individual health. It identifies several key factors, including genetic inheritance, pollution exposure, socioeconomic status, employment, education, and personal habits around diet, exercise, substance use, and sexual practices. The document also examines different types of abuse and their emotional health consequences. Finally, it notes that people can work to minimize adverse impacts and plan goals to improve their health over the short, medium, and long term.
This document discusses the assessment and management of allergic disorders. It defines allergies as immune system disorders leading to hypersensitivity reactions. There are four types of hypersensitivity reactions involving different immune mechanisms and time courses. Type I (allergic) reactions are immediate and involve IgE antibodies, while Type IV reactions are delayed and cell-mediated. Diagnostic tests for allergies include skin prick tests and measuring allergen-specific IgE levels in blood. Nursing assessments focus on patients' allergy histories and understanding, while nursing diagnoses address impaired breathing, circulation, pain, and skin integrity that can result from allergic reactions.
The document discusses HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV attacks helper T cells in the body, weakening the immune system and potentially causing AIDS. AIDS occurs when the immune system is severely damaged by HIV.
- Common symptoms of HIV/AIDS include fever, weight loss, fatigue, and infections that typically do not affect people with healthy immune systems.
- HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be prevented by practices like condom use and needle exchange. There is no cure for HIV/AIDS, but treatment can suppress the virus and prevent transmission.
introduction to medical terminology pptxhayatalakoum1
The document provides an introduction to medical terminology. It defines medical terminology as language used to accurately describe the human body, conditions, and procedures in a scientific manner. The importance of medical terminology is that it simplifies communication through a common language. Medical terms are made up of word elements including word roots, combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes. Word roots provide the core meaning, combining forms join roots, and prefixes and suffixes modify meanings. Examples of various prefixes, suffixes, and word roots are provided, along with basic rules for combining elements to form medical terms.
The document provides information about the respiratory system. It discusses the main functions of the respiratory system as oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, production of sound, body cooling. It lists the main structures of the respiratory system as the diaphragm, pleural cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, and alveolar sacs. It then provides a list of Greek and Latin roots often found in medical terms related to the respiratory system and their meanings.
The document discusses several body systems including the integumentary system, muscular system, skeletal system, and nervous system. It provides information on the main components and functions of each system. For the integumentary system it mentions the skin, hair, nails and their protective functions. It then discusses the many muscles in the body, their fiber composition and roles in movement. It notes there are over 200 bones in the skeletal system and describes their protective and supportive functions. Finally, it outlines the central and peripheral divisions of the nervous system and their roles in voluntary and involuntary control of the body.
The document discusses various research instruments used in research, including questionnaires, interviews, and observations. It focuses on questionnaires, describing the different types of questions used (structured/closed-ended, unstructured/open-ended, contingency, and matrix questions). Guidelines are provided for constructing questionnaires, including ordering questions, presentation, pretesting, and administration. Response rates and the importance of cover letters are also discussed. Interviews are described as well, with types being informal/conversational, general guide, and standardized/open-ended.
The document discusses splenectomy, a surgical procedure to remove the spleen. It provides details on preoperative management which involves stabilization of conditions like trauma, hemorrhage, or thrombocytopenia. Postoperative management focuses on preventing respiratory complications, monitoring for hemorrhage and fever, and daily platelet counts. Potential complications include pancreatitis, hemorrhage, infection, and overwhelming postsplenectomy infection. Nursing interventions are aimed at effective breathing, fluid monitoring, thrombosis prevention, infection prevention, and pain relief.
Statistical analysis involves investigating trends, patterns, and relationships using quantitative data. It requires careful planning from the start, including specifying hypotheses and designing the study. After collecting sample data, descriptive statistics summarize and organize the data, while inferential statistics are used to test hypotheses and make estimates about populations. Key steps in statistical analysis include planning hypotheses and research design, collecting a sufficient sample, summarizing data with measures of central tendency and variability, and testing hypotheses or estimating parameters with techniques like regression, comparison tests, and confidence intervals. The results must be interpreted carefully in terms of statistical significance, effect sizes, and potential decision errors.
This document discusses defining and selecting a good research problem. It explains that a research problem exists if there is a difficulty, objectives to be met, alternative solutions, and uncertainty. When selecting a problem, the researcher should consider factors like feasibility, familiarity, and importance. Defining the problem involves specifically stating it, understanding it, reviewing literature, and refining it. Sources of problems in nursing research come from practice, education, administration, societal trends, and theory. Selecting a good problem considers interest, scope, expertise, relevance, and ethics. The statement of the problem should capture attention, be researchable, indicate scope, and give purpose.
Contact dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin caused by direct contact with chemicals or allergens. It can be either allergic, resulting from sensitization to a substance, or irritant, caused by direct skin damage from chemicals or physical agents. Diagnosis involves identifying the triggering substance through patch testing and treating the inflammation with topical corticosteroids and avoidance of the allergen or irritant. Proper skin care and patient education on preventing further irritation are also important aspects of management.
Primary immunodeficiency diseases are genetic disorders that affect the immune system and cause recurrent infections in infants and children. Over 95 such diseases have been identified that involve deficiencies in white blood cells, antibodies, or the complement system. Left untreated, affected children rarely survive to adulthood. Treatment involves antibiotics, immunoglobulin replacement therapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, or gene therapy depending on the specific immune deficiency. Secondary immunodeficiencies are acquired conditions such as cancer, HIV, or medications that impair immune function. Proper infection control and avoiding illness are important for managing both primary and secondary immunodeficiencies.
This document defines key concepts in healthcare, including health, healthcare providers, healthcare facilities, and healthcare systems. It discusses how healthcare is delivered at different levels of care from primary to quaternary. Primary care involves basic diagnosis and treatment while higher levels involve more specialized care, facilities, and expertise. The document also outlines the types of healthcare facilities, including profit, non-profit and government-run, and how they are similar and different. Finally, it defines a healthcare system as the organization of resources that deliver services to populations and lists some of its key stakeholders and components.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
2. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Immune system: group of cells, molecules,
and organs that act together to defend the
body against foreign invaders that may
cause disease such as bacteria, viruses or
fungi.
Immunology: the study of our protection
from foreign macromolecules or invading
microorganisms and our responses to them.
3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Immunity: ability to resist damage from
foreign substances.
Antigen: any molecules that trigger an
immune response; a protein that stimulates
an immune reaction, causing the production
of antibodies.
Antibodies: proteins that fight infections; a
globulin produced by B cells as a defense
mechanism against foreign materials.
4. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Epidemiology: study of how disease
is produced, and its distribution in a
given population.
Pathogens: microorganisms or
proteinaceous substances capable of
producing disease.
Virulence: ability to cause diseases
5. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Nosocomial infections: acquired in a health care
setting
Immunocompetent : client whose immune system
is able to identify antigens and effectively destroy or
remove them.
Immunocompromised: client whose immune
system is unable to effectively destroy or remove
antigens
Mast cells: tissue cells that resemble a peripheral
blood basophil and that contains granules with
chemical mediators.
7. WHAT IS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
The body’s defense against disease causing
organisms, malfunctioning cells, and foreign particles
8. WHERE IS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Cells of the immune system are:
Distributed throughout the body in the blood, lymph,
epithelial and CT.
oArranged in small spherical nodules (lymphoid
nodules) found in CT and inside various organs.
Found in the mucosa of digestive (tonsils, Peyer’s
patches), respiratory, reproductive, urinary systems are
MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
Organized as differently sized organs—lymphoid
organs—the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone
marrow.
9. IMMUNE SYSTEM COMPONENTS
All parts of the body
that help in the
recognition and
destruction of foreign
materials. White blood
cells, phagocytes and
lymphocytes, bone
marrow, lymph nodes,
tonsils, thymus, and
your spleen are all part
of the immune system.
10. IMMUNE SYSTEM COMPONENTS
1. Leukocytes
1. Engulf and destroy
pathogens
(bacteria)
2. Suppress inflammation
3. Fight parasitic infections
4. Produce antibodies
and provide immunity
a. Granulocytes-
immediate response to
cell injury
• Neutrophils-
phagocytic, first cell to
site of cell injury
• Eosinophils-
hypersensitivity reaction
• Basophil-inflammatory
response
b. Agranulocytes-
fight infection
• Monocytes –phagocytosis
• Lymphocytes- production of
immunoglobulins
11. Class Percentage
of Total
Characteristics and Functions
IgG 75% Found in blood, lymph, and intestines
Active against bacteria, its toxins and viruses
Enhances phagocytosis, crosses placenta and is active in a
second response
IgA 10-15% Saliva, tears, bronchial, GI, prostatic and vaginal secretions
Provides local protection on exposed mucous membrane
surfaces and potent antiviral activity
Prevents absorption of antigens from food, and protects
against respiratory, GI, and GU infections
IgM 5-10% Levels decrease during stress
Found in blood and lymph
First antibody produced with primary immune response
High concentrations early in infection, decrease within about
a week
IgD <1% Unknown function, found in blood and lymph
IgE <0.1%
Found on mast cells and basophils
Involved in immediate hypersensitivity response
IMMUNOGLOBULIN CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS
12. CELLS INVOLVED IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Macrophages
B-cells
T-cells
NK-cells
16. 16
Primary Lymphoid Organs
o Bone Marrow and Thymus
o Maturation Site
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
o Spleen, lymph nodes,
o MALT (mucosal associated lymph tissue)
o GALT (gut associated lymph tissue)
o Trap antigen, APC (antigen-
presenting cell), Lymphocyte
Proliferation
ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
17.
18. CENTRAL IMMUNE ORGANS
Central Immune Organs are the sites of generation,
differentiation and maturation of immunocytes.
Bone marrow
Thymus
Bursa of Fabricius (the
site of B cells
maturation in birds)
But absent in Humans
19. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
An antigen (invading bacteria) enters the body.
A macrophage attacks the antigen and retains some
of the antigen’s protein on its surface.
The macrophage carries the protein markers to
lymphoid tissue; T-lymphocytes interpret them as
foreign.
Antibodies attack the antigens.
20. FUNCTIONS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Defend and protect the body from infection
by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.
Removing and destroying damaged or dead
cells.
Identifying and destroying malignant cells,
thereby preventing their further
development into tumors.
22. FACTORS INVOLVED IN INFECTION
Portal of entry
Virulence of organism
Aggressiveness
Toxin production
Dose (number) of pathogens
Individual condition (predisposition) to infection
23. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO HIGH RISK OF
INFECTION IN OLDER ADULTS
High prevalence of chronic conditions
High rate of hospitalization and institutionalization
Age-related changes
24. INTERVENTIONS TO STRENGTHEN THE
IMMUNE SYSTEM
Promote good general health.
Assure immunizations are current.
Encourage foods that have positive effect on immunity
Assist patient to maintain skin integrity.
Teach stress management techniques.
Encourage regular exercise.
Counsel against overuse of antibiotics.
Teach infection control measures.
Adhere to strict infection prevention measures.
25. EFFECTS OF AGING ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Thymus gland progressively declines in size.
Immature T-cells increase.
T-cell function declines.
Cell-mediated immunity is deficient.
Serum distribution of IgA and IgG increase.
Serum distribution of IgM and IgD decrease.
Antibody response to vaccines is reduced.
Skin loses macrophages.
26. EFFECTS OF FASTING ON THE IMMUNE
SYSTEM
Increased:
Macrophage activity
Immunoglobulin levels
Neutrophil antibacterial activity
Improvement of:
Cell-mediated immunity
Ability of monocytes to kill bacteria
Natural killer cell activity
Reductions in:
Free radicals
Antioxidant damage
27. FACTORS AFFECTING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Diet
Exercise
Immunization
Stress
Mind-body connection
Antibiotic use
28. ORGANS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
Thymus
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Stress can affect the function of the immune
system.
30. TRAITS CONSISTENT WITH A STRONG IMMUNE
SYSTEM
Assertiveness
Faith in God or a higher power
Ability to trust and offer unconditional love
Willingness to be open and confide in others
Purposeful activity
Control over one’s life
Acceptance of stress as a challenge rather than a
threat
Altruism
Development and exercise of multiple facets of
personality
31. PROMOTING SAFE ANTIBIOTIC USE
Assist patients in health promotion efforts.
Adhere to strict infection control practices.
Use alternatives to antibiotics whenever possible.
Educate about the realities and risks of antibiotics.
Advise patients not to save and use antibiotics for
future illnesses.
32. TYPES OF BODY DEFENSES AGAINST
DISEASE
Nonspecific defenses
Effective against any harmful agent
Specific defenses
Effective against a certain agent only
33. NONSPECIFIC IMMUNITY
Nonspecific immunity is composed of successive
lines of defense.
First line of defense: barriers
Second line of defense: internal nonspecific responses
Specific immunity is the final line of defense.
34. NONSPECIFIC IMMUNITY
THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
Barriers
Skin
Mucous membranes
Body secretions
Body reflexes
Sneezing
Coughing
Vomiting
Diarrhea
35. NONSPECIFIC IMMUNITY
THE SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
Nonspecific Reponses Phagocytosis
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Natural killer cells
Inflammation
Fever
Interferon
Complement
36.
37. NONSPECIFIC IMMUNITY
Phagocytosis
White blood cells take in and destroy waste and
foreign material.
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Natural Killer Cell
Type of lymphocyte found in lymph nodes, spleen,
bone marrow, blood
Recognizes body cells with abnormal membranes
and secretes protein that breaks down cell
membrane
38. NONSPECIFIC IMMUNITY
Inflammation
Infection is inflammation caused by pathogens
Inflammatory reaction
Heat, redness, swelling, pain
Cells release histamine
Leukocytes enter tissue
Granulocytes, macrophages, mast cells
Leukocytes and plasma produce inflammatory
exudate
Pus is produced
Lymph nodes enlarge
39.
40. FACTORS THAT MAY IMPAIR HEALING
Factors Effect
Malnutrition
Protein deficient Prolongs inflammation and impairs healing
process
Carbohydrates and
kilocalorie deficient
Impairs metabolic process; proteins are
used for energy rather than healing
Vitamin deficits
Vit. A Limits epithelialization and capillary
formation
B-complex Inhibits enzymatic reaction that contributes
to wound healing
Vit. C Impairs collagen synthesis
Tissue Hypoxia Associated with an increase risk of infection
and impaired healing
Impaired blood supply Inadequate delivery of Oxygen and
nutrients
41. NONSPECIFIC IMMUNITY
FEVER
As phagocytes work, they release substances that
raise body temperature.
Stimulates phagocytes
Increases metabolism
Decreases some organisms’ ability to multiply
42. NONSPECIFIC IMMUNITY
INTERFERON
Group of substances that prevent nearby cells from
producing more virus
IFN α (alpha)
IFN β (beta)
IFN γ (gamma)
Also acts nonspecifically on immune system cells
45. SPECIFIC IMMUNITY
Power to overcome a specific disease agent
Characteristics
Specific response to specific pathogens
Acquired over lifetime
Stimulated by antigens
47. SPECIFIC IMMUNITY
T Cells
Originate in red bone marrow
Mature in thymus
Become sensitized to specific antigens
Provide cell-mediated immunity
48. SPECIFIC IMMUNITY
Types of T cells
Cytoxic T cells
Helper T cells
Regulatory T cells
Memory T cells
Stimulated by antigen-presenting cells
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
49.
50. SPECIFIC IMMUNITY
B Cells
Originate and mature in red bone marrow
Produce antibodies
Provide humoral immunity
Cell types
Plasma cells
Secrete antibodies
Memory b cells
51.
52. SPECIFIC IMMUNITY
FUNCTIONS OF ANTIBODIES
Bind antigen
Promote phagocytosis
Activate nk cells
Neutralize toxins
Activate complement
53.
54. SPECIFIC IMMUNITY
TYPES OF SPECIFIC IMMUNITY
Naturally acquired immunity
Natural active immunity
Natural passive immunity
Artificially acquired immunity
Artificial active immunity
Artificial passive immunity
55. SPECIFIC IMMUNITY
NATURALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Natural active immunity
Acquired through contact with a specific disease
organism
Natural passive immunity
Acquired through transmission of maternal antibodies to
fetus and baby
56. SPECIFIC IMMUNITY
ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Artificial active immunity
Acquired through contact with a vaccine
Artificial passive immunity
Acquired through delivery of manufactured antibodies to
individual
57.
58. SPECIFIC IMMUNITY
TYPES OF VACCINES
Live
Attenuated
Toxoid Killed by heat or chemicals
Antigenic component
Genetically engineered
59. SPECIFIC IMMUNITY
BOOSTERS
Active immunity does not always last a lifetime
Repeated inoculations (booster shots) help
maintain high titer of antibodies in the blood
Number and timing varies with vaccines
60. DISORDERS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Allergy
Hypersensitivity
Anaphylaxis
Autoimmunity
Immune deficiency diseases
Congenital
Acquired (e.g., AIDS)
Multiple myeloma
61. DISORDERS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
ALLERGY
Abnormal reactivity to one’s own tissues
Factors
Disease
Loss of immune system control
Cross-reaction of antibodies and self antigens
Treatments
Immune-suppressing drugs
Chemotherapy/stem cell replacement
62. DISORDERS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Failure of immune system
May involve any part of system
Varies in severity
Congenital or acquired (e.g., AIDS)
HIV
A retrovirus; uses reverse transcriptase enzyme
63.
64. DISEASE DISORDERS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
MULTIPLE MYELOMA
Cancer of blood-forming bone marrow cells
Effects of disease
Lowered resistance to infection
Anemia
Bone pain
Bone tissue loss
Kidney failure
Treatment
Chemotherapy
Bone marrow transplants
65. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND CANCER
Immune surveillance
Declines with age
Immunotherapy
T cells activated with interleukin
Vaccines