- A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal that can be read by an observer or instrument. Sensors need to be calibrated against known standards for accuracy.
- There are different types of sensors including thermal, electromagnetic, mechanical, chemical, optical, acoustic, and biological sensors. Image sensors convert an optical image into an electrical signal using photosensitive diodes.
- Key factors for choosing a sensor include the environment, required range of detection, and desired field of view. CCD and CMOS are the main types of image sensors, with CCD having higher sensitivity but CMOS being more power efficient and able to incorporate additional processing.
This is the image sensing technology base pwerpoint presentation which highlights the basics of image sensing...
Image sensing is a technology of recognising a image or comparing a image or taking a image...
Smart cameras capture high-level descriptions of a scene and perform real-time analysis of what they see. These low-cost, low-power systems push the design space in many dimensions, making them a leading-edge
application for embedded system research.
Seminar on night vision technology pptdeepakmarndi
ppt of night vission technology. this is made under the guidance of teacher. withe this report also given in theis side. main things report is given according to the ppt...........
This is the image sensing technology base pwerpoint presentation which highlights the basics of image sensing...
Image sensing is a technology of recognising a image or comparing a image or taking a image...
Smart cameras capture high-level descriptions of a scene and perform real-time analysis of what they see. These low-cost, low-power systems push the design space in many dimensions, making them a leading-edge
application for embedded system research.
Seminar on night vision technology pptdeepakmarndi
ppt of night vission technology. this is made under the guidance of teacher. withe this report also given in theis side. main things report is given according to the ppt...........
Infrared IR Sensor Circuit Diagram and Working Principleelprocus
An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some aspects of the surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion. These types of sensors measures only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it that is called as a passive IR sensor. Usually in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiations.
Wavelet transform is one of the important methods of compressing image data so that it takes up less memory. Wavelet based compression techniques have advantages such as multi-resolution, scalability and tolerable degradation over other techniques.
Infrared IR Sensor Circuit Diagram and Working Principleelprocus
An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some aspects of the surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion. These types of sensors measures only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it that is called as a passive IR sensor. Usually in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiations.
Wavelet transform is one of the important methods of compressing image data so that it takes up less memory. Wavelet based compression techniques have advantages such as multi-resolution, scalability and tolerable degradation over other techniques.
A Presentation on Charged Coupled Device (CCD).
Presented By:
Adwitiya Biswas
Ankit Prasad
Priyanka Kumari
Students of Asansol Engineering College.
3rd Year Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering.
http://www.axis.com/
When an image is being captured by a network camera, light passes through the lens and falls on the
image sensor. The image sensor consists of picture elements, also called pixels, that register the amount
of light that falls on them. They convert the received amount of light into a corresponding number of
electrons. The stronger the light, the more electrons are generated. The electrons are converted into
voltage and then transformed into numbers by means of an A/D-converter. The signal constituted by the
numbers is processed by electronic circuits inside the camera.
An image sensor or imaging sensor is a device that converts an optical image to an electric signal. It is used mostly in digital cameras and other imaging devices. This paper presents a high speed simulation methodology to reduce the long simulation time problem of traditional CMOS image sensor. A method based on spice model in cadence design platform is proposed to reduce the simulation time. This results simulation time reduced from 16ms to 0.225microsecond.
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
Image Sensor PPT
1. What is a Sensor?
A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal
which can be read by an observer or by an instrument.
For example, a thermocouple converts temperature to an output voltage which can be
read by a voltmeter.
For accuracy, all sensors need to be calibrated against known standards
Physical
phenomenon
Measurement
Output
2. How to choose a sensor?
Environment: There are many sensors that work well and predictably inside, but that
choke and die outdoors.
Range: Most sensors work best over a certain range of distances. If something comes
too close, they bottom out, and if something is too far, they cannot detect it.
Thus we must choose a sensor that will detect obstacles in the range we need.
Field of View: Depending upon what we are doing, we may want sensors that have a
wider cone of detection. A wider “field of view” will cause more
objects to be detected per sensor, but it also will give less information
about where exactly an object is when one is detected.
3. Types of Sensors
Thermal Energy Sensors
Electromagnetic Sensors
Mechanical Sensors
Chemical Sensors
Optical and Radiation Sensors
Acoustic Sensors
Biological Sensors
4. What is an Image Sensor?
An image sensor is a device that converts an optical image into
an electrical signal.
Unlike traditional camera, that use film to capture and store an
image, digital cameras use solid-state device called image
sensor.
Image sensors contain millions of photosensitive diodes known
as photo sites.
When you take a picture, the camera's shutter opens briefly and
each photo site on the image sensor records the brightness of the
light that falls on it by accumulating photons. The more light
that hits a photo site, the more photons it records.
5. What is a Pixel?
The smallest discrete component of an image or
picture on a CRT screen is known as a pixel.
Each pixel is a sample of an original image,
where more samples typically provide more-
accurate representations of the original.
What is Fill Factor?
Fill factor refers to the percentage of a photo
site that is sensitive to light.
If circuits cover 25% of each photo site, the
sensor is said to have a fill factor of 75%. The
higher the fill factor, the more sensitive the
sensor.
6. Image Sensor History
Before 1960 mainly film photography was done and vacuum tubes were being used.
From 1960-1975 early research and development was done in the fields of CCD and
CMOS.
From 1975-1990 commercialization of CCD took place.
After 1990 re-emergence of CMOS took place and amorphous Si also came into the
picture.
7. Types of Image Sensors
CCD: Charged Coupled Device CMOS: Complementary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor
8. Charged Coupled Device (CCD)
Charge-coupled devices (CCDs)
are silicon-based integrated
circuits consisting of a dense
matrix of photodiodes that
operate by converting light
energy in the form of photons
into an electronic charge.
Electrons generated by the
interaction of photons with
silicon atoms are stored in a
potential well and can
subsequently be transferred
across the chip through registers
and output to an amplifier.
9. Basic Operation of a CCD
In a CCD for capturing images, there is a
photoactive region, and a transmission region
made out of a shift register (the CCD, properly
speaking).
An image is projected by a lens on the capacitor
array (the photoactive region), causing each
capacitor to accumulate an electric charge
proportional to the light intensity at that location.
A one-dimensional array, used in cameras,
captures a single slice of the image, while a two-
dimensional array, used in video and still
cameras, captures a two-dimensional picture
corresponding to the scene projected onto the
focal plane of the sensor.
10. Types of CCD Image Sensors
1. Interline Transfer CCD Image Sensor 2. Frame Transfer CCD Image Sensor
11. Interline Transfer vs. Frame Transfer
Frame transfer uses simpler technology (no photodiodes), and achieves higher fill factor
than interline transfer.
Interline transfer uses optimized photodiodes with better spectral response than the photo
gates used in frame transfer.
In interline transfer the image is captured at the same time (`snap shot' operation) and the
charge transfer is not subject to corruption by photo detection (can be avoided in frame
transfer using a mechanical shutter).
Frame transfer chip area (for the same number of pixels) can be larger than interline
transfer.
Most of today’s CCD image sensors use interlines transfer.
12. Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
(CMOS)
“CMOS" refers to both a particular style
of digital circuitry design, and the family
of processes used to implement that
circuitry on integrated circuits (chips).
CMOS circuitry dissipates less power
when static, and is denser than other
implementations having the same
functionality.
CMOS circuits use a combination of p-
type and n-type metal–oxide–
semiconductor field-effect transistors
(MOSFETs) to implement logic gates and
other digital circuits found in computers,
telecommunications equipment, etc.
13. Basic Operation of CMOS
The CMOS approach is more flexible
because each pixel can be read individually.
In a CMOS sensor, each pixel has its own
charge-to-voltage conversion, and the sensor
often also includes amplifiers, noise-
correction, and digitization circuits, so that
the chip outputs digital bits.
With each pixel doing its own conversion,
uniformity is lower. As shown above, the
CMOS image sensor consists of a large pixel
matrix that takes care of the registration of
incoming light.
The electrical voltages that this matrix
produces are buffered by column-amplifiers
and sent to the on-chip ADC.
14. Types of CMOS Image Sensors
1. Active Pixel Image Sensor 2. Passive Pixel Image Sensor
15. CCD vs CMOS
CMOS image sensors can incorporate other circuits on the same chip, eliminating the
many separate chips required for a CCD.
This also allows additional on-chip features to be added at little extra cost. These
features include image stabilization and image compression.
Not only does this make the camera smaller, lighter, and cheaper; it also requires less
power so batteries last longer.
CMOS image sensors can switch modes on the fly between still photography and video.
CMOS sensors excel in the capture of outdoor pictures on sunny days, they suffer in low
light conditions.
Their sensitivity to light is decreased because part of each photo site is covered with
circuitry that filters out noise and performs other functions.
17. The percentage of a pixel devoted to collecting light is called the pixel’s fill factor.
CCDs have a 100% fill factor but CMOS cameras have much less.
The lower the fill factor, the less sensitive the sensor is and the longer exposure
times must be. Too low a fill factor makes indoor photography without a flash
virtually impossible.
CMOS has more complex pixel and chip whereas CCD has a simple pixel and chip.