There are literally hundreds of lenses on the market now, what are the different types of lenses, what are they used for? This guide will walk you through - http://xlightphotography.com/types-of-camera-lenses/
This is the image sensing technology base pwerpoint presentation which highlights the basics of image sensing...
Image sensing is a technology of recognising a image or comparing a image or taking a image...
There are literally hundreds of lenses on the market now, what are the different types of lenses, what are they used for? This guide will walk you through - http://xlightphotography.com/types-of-camera-lenses/
This is the image sensing technology base pwerpoint presentation which highlights the basics of image sensing...
Image sensing is a technology of recognising a image or comparing a image or taking a image...
http://www.axis.com/
When an image is being captured by a network camera, light passes through the lens and falls on the
image sensor. The image sensor consists of picture elements, also called pixels, that register the amount
of light that falls on them. They convert the received amount of light into a corresponding number of
electrons. The stronger the light, the more electrons are generated. The electrons are converted into
voltage and then transformed into numbers by means of an A/D-converter. The signal constituted by the
numbers is processed by electronic circuits inside the camera.
Computer graphics are pictures and films created using computers. Usually, the term refers to computer-generated image data created with help from specialized graphical hardware and software. It is a vast and recent area in computer science.
Seminar on night vision technology pptdeepakmarndi
ppt of night vission technology. this is made under the guidance of teacher. withe this report also given in theis side. main things report is given according to the ppt...........
http://www.axis.com/
When an image is being captured by a network camera, light passes through the lens and falls on the
image sensor. The image sensor consists of picture elements, also called pixels, that register the amount
of light that falls on them. They convert the received amount of light into a corresponding number of
electrons. The stronger the light, the more electrons are generated. The electrons are converted into
voltage and then transformed into numbers by means of an A/D-converter. The signal constituted by the
numbers is processed by electronic circuits inside the camera.
Computer graphics are pictures and films created using computers. Usually, the term refers to computer-generated image data created with help from specialized graphical hardware and software. It is a vast and recent area in computer science.
Seminar on night vision technology pptdeepakmarndi
ppt of night vission technology. this is made under the guidance of teacher. withe this report also given in theis side. main things report is given according to the ppt...........
Autonomous vehicles: becoming economically feasible through improvements in l...Jeffrey Funk
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how autonomous vehicles are becoming economically feasible throug through improvements in lasers, microelectronic mechanical systems (MEMS), integrated circuits (ICs), and other components. Although the cost of the Google Car is currently about 150,000 USD, 30% annual improvements in lasers, MEMS, and ICs will make these economically feasible for a broad number of users in the next ten years. A key issue is when certain lanes, roads or even entire highway systems are restricted to automated vehicles. This would enable collision avoidance to rely more on between-vehicle communications. This would further reduce the cost of automated vehicles, stimulate diffusion, and also reduce transportation time and increase fuel efficiency.
Autonomous Vehicles: Technologies, Economics, and OpportunitiesJeffrey Funk
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to show how the cost and performance of autonomous vehicles are improving rapidly. LIDAR, other sensors, ICs, and wireless are experiencing rapid improvements that are enabling the overall cost of AVs to fall. For example, the latency of wireless systems is improving rapidly thus enabling vehicles to be controlled with wireless systems. This is also creating many new opportunities in the vehicle industry in the Internet of Things, data analytics, and logistics. The slides include a detailed discussion of AVs in Singapore, a likely early adopter.
Imaging Technologies for Automotive 2016 Report by Yole Developpement Yole Developpement
Imaging technology, which is currently mainly cameras, is exploding into the automotive space, and is set to grow at 20% CAGR to reach $7.3B in 2021
INFOTAINMENT AND ADVANCED DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS (ADAS) PROPEL AUTOMOTIVE IMAGING
Since 2008, when a recession acted as a wakeup call to the whole industry, the automotive market has undergone obvious structural change. Capitalizing on technologies initially developed for smartphones, electronics have invaded, and imaging technology is now taking center stage. From less than one camera per car on average in 2015, there will be more than three cameras per car by 2021, which means 371 million automotive imaging devices.
Cameras were initially mounted for ADAS purposes on high-end vehicles, with deep learning image analysis techniques promoting early adoption. The Israeli company Mobileye has been instrumental in bringing this technology to market, along with On Semiconductor, which provided the CMOS image sensor. Copycat competition will probably pick up as the market now justifies initial investment in design and technology. It is now a well-established fact that vision-based autonomous emergency braking (AEB) is possible and saves life. Adoption of forward ADAS cameras will therefore accelerate.
Growth of imaging for automotive is also being fueled by the park assist application, and 360° surround view camera volume is skyrocketing. While it’s becoming mandatory in the US to have a rearview camera, that uptake is dwarfed by 360° surround view cameras, which enable a “bird’s eye view” perspective. This trend is most beneficial to companies like Omnivision at sensor level and Panasonic and Valeo, which have become the main manufacturers of automotive cameras.
Mirror replacement cameras are currently the big unknown and take-off will primarily depend on its appeal and car design regulation. Europe and Japan are at the forefront of this trend, which should become slightly significant by 2021.
Solid state lidar is well talked about and will start to be found in high end cars by 2021. Cost reduction will be a key driver as the push for semi-autonomous driving will be felt more strongly by car manufacturers. The report will analyse the impact of lidar for automotive vision in detail.
Night vision cameras using Long Wave Infrared (LWIR) technology were initially perceived as a status symbol. However, they’re increasingly appreciated for their ability to automatically detect pedestrians and wildlife. LWIR will therefore become integrated into ADAS systems in future.
3D cameras will be limited to in-cabin infotainment and driver monitoring. This technology will be key for luxury cars and therefore is of limited use today.
If any significant semi-autonomous trend picks up, the technology will probably become mandatory, due to safety issues.
More information on that report at http://www.i-micronews.com/reports.html
Sensors and Data Management for Autonomous Vehicles report 2015 by Yole Devel...Yole Developpement
Multiple sensing technologies will ensure many market opportunities for Tier 1 players, Tier 2 players, and newcomers alike
Sensor technologies are a driving force in making fully autonomous vehicles a reality. Automakers are racing to develop safe self-driving cars, but this race is a distance run more than a sprint, where multiple automation stages will imply multiple sensors. Ultrasonic sensors, radars, and multiple cameras systems are already embedded in high-end vehicles -- and within 10 years, they could also include long-range cameras, LIDAR, micro bolometer and accurate dead reckoning. These devices will work concurrently and each technology will support another to ensure codependency and avoid concerns. Even though sensors are only part of the puzzle, their market opportunities are promising.
Charge Coupled Devices Converts analogue signal of the light image into digital signals and then transfer to the camera’s memory system and store as an electronic data.
CCDs are not inherently color sensitive.
Three different ways are commonly employed to produce colour images with CCD camera systems in order to capture the visual appearance.
three-chip design
frame-sequential method
Bayer's pattern (most common)
An image sensor or imaging sensor is a device that converts an optical image to an electric signal. It is used mostly in digital cameras and other imaging devices. This paper presents a high speed simulation methodology to reduce the long simulation time problem of traditional CMOS image sensor. A method based on spice model in cadence design platform is proposed to reduce the simulation time. This results simulation time reduced from 16ms to 0.225microsecond.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
2. Brief History
In 4th century BC mozi invented camera of Obscura.
2
Figure: 1 Camera of Obscura
3. 1490, Leonardo da Vinci
1724, Heinrich Schulze and 1822,
Nicephore invented Heliography.
1833, Louis Daguerre invented
Daguerreotype.
1839, Robert Cornelius took first
selfie.
1840, Henry Fox Talbot invented
Calotype.
1841, Sir John Hershal gives term
photography.
1957, Russel Kirsch generated
first digital image.
3
Figure: 2 Selfie of Robert
Cornelius using Daguerreotype
Contd.
4. 1975, Steve Sasson invented first
digital camera.
4
Figure: 3 Steven Sasson with first digital camera(left) and first digital image taken
by a digital camera(right)
Source: www.Wikipedia.com
Contd.
5. Digital camera
• Digital camera is nothing but a box with a hole, you may find some other
parts which helps in better functioning of camera but even today all the
cameras are based on the basic principle of camera of obscura.
• Digital camera sample light from our world, or outer space, spatially,
tonally and by time.
• Digital camera stores image as array of numbers which can only be read
using computer.
• Digital camera work in three phases:
(i) Focus light on sensor in adequate amount.
(ii) Store electrical signal generated by sensor on any storing unit.
(iii) Show the image on digital screen using computer.
5
6. External parts of digital camera
6
Figure: 4 External parts of digital camera
7. Types of Digital Camera
Compact
SLR
Mirrorless interchangeable-lens
cameras
Digital single-lens reflex camera
(DSLR)
Digital Single Lens Translucent
(DSLT) cameras
Line-scan camera
Infrared camera
7
Figure: 5 Compact camera(above)
and DSLR(below)
Source: www.Wikipedia.com
8. Working of digital camera
• A digital camera takes light and focuses it via the lens onto a sensor made
out of silicon. It is made up of a grid of tiny photosites that are sensitive to
light. Each photosite is usually called a pixel, a contraction of "picture
element"..
• Each photosite on a CCD or CMOS absorbs photons and releases electrons
through the photoelectric effect. The electrons are stored in a well as an
electrical charge that is accumulated over the length of the exposure.
• The charge that is generated is proportional to the number of photons that
hit the sensor.
• This charge is then amplified and sent to A-to-D converter, which gives
DN to voltage on basis of gain factor, this is called stepping.
8
9. 9
Figure: 6 Path of
light when shutter
is closed(top) and
when shutter is
open(bottom)
10. Digital image
Spatial sampling: A
digitized image is made up of a
grid of pixels which are
represented by numbers. The
numbers specify the pixel's
location in the grid, and the
brightness of the red, green and
blue colour channels.
Tonal sampling: Digital
camera measure light and break its
continuously varying tones into
discrete steps.
10
Figure: 7 Spatial sampling(top) and tonal sampling(bottom)
11. Numbers: Digital image is saved in numbers which makes working easier.
Linear vs Non linear : Images are stored after non-linear stretching.
11
Saving image
Figure: 8 Difference between linear and non-linear stretch.
12. Sensors
How film works
When shutter is released the film is exposed to light and silver halide crystals
began to breakdown in electron and free silver.
12
Figure: 9 Working of silver halide film
13. Digital Sensor
•A digital sensor is based on photodiode which converts light energy to
electrical energy, a photodiode is a doped semi-conductor mostly silicon
•The P-type and N-type semi-conductor can be combined to make a PN-
junction
13
Figure: 10 PN-junction
14. • Reverse bias type pn-junction is a
photodiode.
• When light of specific wavelength
i.e. 190-1100 nm(which include
visible region) hits a photodiode then
due to absorption of energy of photon
a electron-hole pair is generated.
• Electron run towards n side of
junction which is positively charged
this is called photo-electric effect.
• From here we can measure the
intensity of light by measuring
number of electrons or the voltage.
14
Figure: 11 Photo-electric effect
Contd.
15. CCD & CMOS
• CCD(Charged Coupled Device)
CCD uses no wire instead it uses a single silicon slab divided with insulating
channels, the slab is then coated with thin layer of silicon oxide and tiny strips
of aluminium is laid perpendicular to the channel.
15
Figure: 12 Working of CCD
16. • CMOS(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)
Like CCD, a CMOS sensor is made out of single piece of silicon. But
instead of shuttling electron row by row, each pixel has a small capacitor
and signal amplifier. This amplified voltage is sent down through tiny
wires into a bus and processed in parallel.
16
Figure: 13 Working of CMOS
Contd.
17. • In CCD the image is recorded
in a single instant, a CMOS
sensor records data line by
line.
• In CMOS the information
collected from the top of the
frame is slightly ahead of
time than the information
from the bottom.
17
Figure: 14 Comparison between CMOS and CCD
images
Contd.
18. Colour Image
• In 1861, Maxwell used RGB i.e. red, green and blue filters separetely to
capture image of a ribbon, on combining these images what he gets was the
first ever color image.
18
Figure: 15 Maxwell setup to generate colour image(left) and world’s first
ever colour image(right)
19. Digital colour
•Digital camera uses additive color
technique to generate color image.
•A CCD detects only light intensity.
•For color photograph we need to
separate the entering light into red,
green and blue, this can be achieved
by following two ways:
(i) Using three sensors.
(ii) Using mosaic filter.
19
Figure: 16 Measuring light using three
different filters and CCDs
20. • In consumer cameras the single
CCD is covered with a filter with
red, green and blue pixel sized
section.
• This creates an as a mosaic of
these three colors.
• The camera applies an algorithm
to estimate correct color for each
pixel.
20
Figure: 17 Mosaic filter to take colour photo
using single CCD
Contd.
22. Reference
Internet Document
1. How Digital Cameras Work
(2015). Available online at http://www.astropix.com/HTML/I_ASTROP/HOW.HTM, updated on 2/2/2015, checked on 10/22/2016.
Abstract:
How Digital Cameras Work
Keywords:
How Digital Cameras Work
Internet Document
Wikipedia (Ed.) (2016):
2. Calotype - Wikipedia.
Available online at https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=741202483, updated on 10/18/2016, checked on 10/22/2016.
Internet Document
Wikipedia (Ed.) (2016):
3. Digital camera - Wikipedia.
Available online at https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=745146118, updated on 10/19/2016, checked on 10/22/2016.
Internet Document
Wikipedia (Ed.) (2016):
4. Daguerreotype - Wikipedia.
Available online at https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=745632006, updated on 10/22/2016, checked on 10/22/2016.
Internet Document
Wikipedia (Ed.) (2016):
5. Heliography - Wikipedia.
Available online at https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=745617005, updated on 10/22/2016, checked on 10/22/2016.
22