This document summarizes an active learning assignment on infrared sensors. It introduces the topic, explaining that IR sensors are used to detect obstacles like human vision. It then describes the basic components of an IR sensor including the IR LED transmitter, photodiode receiver, and comparator circuitry. The document explains that the IR LED transmits light which bounces off objects and is detected by the photodiode, with the output compared to a reference voltage. Finally, it outlines some common applications of IR sensors and their pros and cons.

1. Active Learning Assignment
Subject:- BPMT (2130003)
Prepared by : KAUSHAL SHAH
Topic: INFRARED SENSOR
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING
COLLEGE

2. TOPICS
 INTRODUCION
 WHAT IS IR SENSOR
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
 BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION
 PROS AND CONS

3. INTRODUCTION
 THIS PROJECT AND IT’S CIRCUIT ARE ONE OF THE MOST BASIC AND POPULAR
SENSER MODULE .IN ELECTRONICS THIS SENSOR ANALOGOUS TO HUMAN’S
VISIONARY SENSES WHICH CAN BE USED TO DETECT AN OBSTACLE, WHICH IS
ONE OF IT’S COMMON APPLICATION. IN ROBOTICS, A GROUP OF SUCH MODULES
ARE USED SO THAT A ROBOT CAN FOLLOW A LINE PATTERN. BASICALLY SENSOR
IS A DEVICE THAT COVERT PHYSICAL QUANTITY INTO ELECTRICAL SIGNAL THAT
CAN BE READ BY OBSERVER OR AN INSTRUMENT.

4. WHAT IS AN IR SENSOR
 AN IR SENSOR IS AN ELECRONIC INSTRUMENT
WHICH IS USED TO SENSE CIRTAIN
CHARACTERISTICS OF IT’S SURROUNDING BY
EITHER EMITTING AND/OR DETECTING IR
RADIATION.
 INFRARED RADIATION IS THE PORTION OF
ELECTROMAGNATIC SPECTRUM HAVING
WAVELENGTH LONGER THAN VISIBLE BUT
SMALLER THAN MICROWAVE
 THE IR REGION IS ROUGHLY FROM 0.75 UM -
1000 UM
 IR SENSOR WORKS AS A PROXIMITY SENSOR

5. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
 IR LED KEEPS TRANSMITTING INFRA RED RAYS
UP TO SOME RANGE .
 WHEN SOME OBJECTS COMES IN THE IN IR
RANGE THE IR WAVE HITS THE OBJECT AND
COMES BACK AT SOME ANGLE
 THE PHOTODIODE NEXT TO IR LED DETECTS
THAT IR RAYS WHICH GOT REFLECTED FROM
THE OBJECT .

6. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
1.LM 358 IC:
.IT COMPARES TWO INPUT VOLTAGES AND
PRODUCE OUTPUT ACCORDING TO INPUT.
SPECIFICATION:-
A.SUPPLY VOLTAGE : 3V – 30 V
B.OUTPUT CURRENT:40 mA
C. PACKAGE : 8 PIN DIP PACKAGE.
FEATURES:
1. LARGE DC VOLTAGE GAIN
2. WIDE BANDWIDTH
3. DIFFERENTIAL INPUT VOLTAGE RANGE EQUAL
TO THE POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGE
4.LOW INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE: 2 MILLIVOLT
5.LOW INPUT OFFSET CURRENT : 2 NANO AMP

7. 2.POWER SUPPLY: 5 VOLT- 10 VOLT’
3.IR LED :
 Also known as ir transmitter
 it usually made of gallium arsenide or
indium gallium arsenide
 It looks like a common led
4.Photodiode:
 It converts light in to current
 It operates in reverse bias
 On/ off time is very less
5.LED
6.Bread board
7.Connecting wire
8.Resistor: 100e
10k
220e
9.Potentiometer:10k

8. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
 THE TRANSMITTER PART OF THE SENSOR
PROJECT IS IR LED AND RECEIVER PART IS
PHOTO DIODE THE OUTPUT OF THE RECEIVER
VARIES DEPENDING UPON ITS RECEPTION OF IR
RAYS.
 THIS OUTPUT IS FED TO THE INPUT OF
COMPARATOR .
 AND THE SECOND INPUT OF COMPARATOR IS
FED FROM POTENTIOMETER.

9. APPLICATIONS
 OBSTACLE DETECTOR
 IN ROBOTICS
 BRIGHTNESS COMPARISON
 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT

10. Pros and cons
ADVANTAGES:
 LOW POWER REQUIREMENT
 SIMPLE CIRCUITERRY
 DIRECTION BEAM
 HIGH NOISE IMMUNITY
DISADVANTAGES:
 LINE OF SIGHT REQUIREMENT
 BLOCKED BY COMMON OBJECTS
 SHORT RANGE
 EASILY AFFECTED BY PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

11. Thank you