1. Plants use phytoremediation to remove toxic chemicals from soil and water. Poplar trees are used to clean up a contaminated site in Maryland by absorbing chemicals like TCE.
2. Plant bodies are organized into three tissue systems - ground, vascular, and dermal tissues. Vascular tissues transport water and nutrients throughout the plant via xylem and phloem.
3. Primary shoots and roots carry out photosynthesis, water and nutrient transport, and food storage. Leaves are adapted for light capture and gas exchange while roots absorb water and minerals.
Anatomy ( simple permanent tissue inside the plant )peshawabarwary
This document discusses the three types of simple permanent plant tissues: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Simple permanent tissues are composed of differentiated cells that have taken on permanent shapes, sizes, and functions. Parenchyma cells are living cells involved in storage, transport, photosynthesis and gas exchange. Collenchyma provides mechanical support and allows for plant growth. Sclerenchyma cells are dead at maturity and have thick, lignified secondary cell walls, providing structure and protection. The document defines and provides examples of each tissue type.
The document discusses the mechanical tissues in plants and their properties and significance. It explains that plants have developed different types of specialized tissues to withstand environmental forces and stresses. These mechanical tissues include sclerenchyma fibers, sclereids, and collenchyma cells. Their distribution in plants follows engineering principles of strength and stability. Inflexible organs contain tissues arranged like I-beams to resist bending, while inextensible organs have a dense central bundle to resist pulling. Incompressible trunks utilize concentric rings of tissues like concrete pillars. These tissues allow plants to survive in varied habitats through rigidity, elasticity, and efficient material use.
1. Plant tissues are classified as meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are dividing tissues located at specific regions that allow plant growth.
2. Meristematic tissues are further classified as apical, lateral, and intercalary. Permanent tissues are formed when meristematic cells differentiate and take up permanent roles.
3. Common permanent tissues include parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, epidermal tissues, xylem and phloem. Epidermal tissues form the plant outer layer and regulate gas exchange through stomata. Xylem and phloem transport water and nutrients.
The document discusses the structure and types of plant cell walls and tissues. It begins by describing the four layers of the plant cell wall: middle lamella, primary wall, secondary wall, and tertiary wall. It then discusses the ultrastructure of cell walls under electron microscopes. The document also covers the structure and functions of the plasma membrane, pits, plasmodesmata, and the four main types of plant tissues: meristematic tissues, parenchyma tissues, collenchyma tissues, and sclerenchyma tissues. It provides detailed information on each tissue type.
1. The document contains multiple choice questions about plant anatomy and physiology. It tests knowledge of terms like apical meristem, cambium, storage parenchyma, hydathodes, chlorenchyma, mixed buds, primary growth, and rhizomes.
2. The second section contains incomplete statements about root and stem structures, tissues, and functions that need to be completed. Terms mentioned include primary cortex, periderm, vascular bundles, stomata, axillary buds, and others.
3. The third section provides terms related to plant anatomy and asks for their definitions. Terms defined include primary cortex, storage taproot, parenchyma, intercalary meristem, schizogenous gland
This document describes the four main types of plant tissues: meristematic, dermal, ground, and vascular tissues. Meristematic tissue contains cells that divide rapidly to facilitate growth. Dermal tissue forms the plant's outer covering. Ground tissue provides support, carries out photosynthesis, and stores food and water. Vascular tissue transports water, minerals, and food throughout the plant and strengthens its structure. Each tissue type performs distinct but interconnected functions that allow plants to grow, obtain nutrients, and transport materials throughout their bodies.
There are two main types of plant tissues: meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are dividing tissues found in specific regions called meristems, including apical and lateral meristems. They are responsible for growth. Permanent tissues are mature tissues that stop dividing and perform specific functions. They can be simple, composed of a single cell type, or complex, composed of multiple cell types such as xylem and phloem tissues.
The document discusses plant tissues. There are two main types of plant tissue - meristematic and permanent tissue. Meristematic tissue is dividing tissue found at growth points that allows plants to grow. It includes apical, lateral and intercalary meristem. Permanent tissues are non-dividing and include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem and phloem that transport materials.
Anatomy ( simple permanent tissue inside the plant )peshawabarwary
This document discusses the three types of simple permanent plant tissues: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Simple permanent tissues are composed of differentiated cells that have taken on permanent shapes, sizes, and functions. Parenchyma cells are living cells involved in storage, transport, photosynthesis and gas exchange. Collenchyma provides mechanical support and allows for plant growth. Sclerenchyma cells are dead at maturity and have thick, lignified secondary cell walls, providing structure and protection. The document defines and provides examples of each tissue type.
The document discusses the mechanical tissues in plants and their properties and significance. It explains that plants have developed different types of specialized tissues to withstand environmental forces and stresses. These mechanical tissues include sclerenchyma fibers, sclereids, and collenchyma cells. Their distribution in plants follows engineering principles of strength and stability. Inflexible organs contain tissues arranged like I-beams to resist bending, while inextensible organs have a dense central bundle to resist pulling. Incompressible trunks utilize concentric rings of tissues like concrete pillars. These tissues allow plants to survive in varied habitats through rigidity, elasticity, and efficient material use.
1. Plant tissues are classified as meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are dividing tissues located at specific regions that allow plant growth.
2. Meristematic tissues are further classified as apical, lateral, and intercalary. Permanent tissues are formed when meristematic cells differentiate and take up permanent roles.
3. Common permanent tissues include parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, epidermal tissues, xylem and phloem. Epidermal tissues form the plant outer layer and regulate gas exchange through stomata. Xylem and phloem transport water and nutrients.
The document discusses the structure and types of plant cell walls and tissues. It begins by describing the four layers of the plant cell wall: middle lamella, primary wall, secondary wall, and tertiary wall. It then discusses the ultrastructure of cell walls under electron microscopes. The document also covers the structure and functions of the plasma membrane, pits, plasmodesmata, and the four main types of plant tissues: meristematic tissues, parenchyma tissues, collenchyma tissues, and sclerenchyma tissues. It provides detailed information on each tissue type.
1. The document contains multiple choice questions about plant anatomy and physiology. It tests knowledge of terms like apical meristem, cambium, storage parenchyma, hydathodes, chlorenchyma, mixed buds, primary growth, and rhizomes.
2. The second section contains incomplete statements about root and stem structures, tissues, and functions that need to be completed. Terms mentioned include primary cortex, periderm, vascular bundles, stomata, axillary buds, and others.
3. The third section provides terms related to plant anatomy and asks for their definitions. Terms defined include primary cortex, storage taproot, parenchyma, intercalary meristem, schizogenous gland
This document describes the four main types of plant tissues: meristematic, dermal, ground, and vascular tissues. Meristematic tissue contains cells that divide rapidly to facilitate growth. Dermal tissue forms the plant's outer covering. Ground tissue provides support, carries out photosynthesis, and stores food and water. Vascular tissue transports water, minerals, and food throughout the plant and strengthens its structure. Each tissue type performs distinct but interconnected functions that allow plants to grow, obtain nutrients, and transport materials throughout their bodies.
There are two main types of plant tissues: meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are dividing tissues found in specific regions called meristems, including apical and lateral meristems. They are responsible for growth. Permanent tissues are mature tissues that stop dividing and perform specific functions. They can be simple, composed of a single cell type, or complex, composed of multiple cell types such as xylem and phloem tissues.
The document discusses plant tissues. There are two main types of plant tissue - meristematic and permanent tissue. Meristematic tissue is dividing tissue found at growth points that allows plants to grow. It includes apical, lateral and intercalary meristem. Permanent tissues are non-dividing and include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem and phloem that transport materials.
The document describes the four main tissue systems in plants: dermal, ground, vascular, and meristematic tissue. Dermal tissue consists of the epidermis and periderm, which cover and protect the plant. Ground tissue includes parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells that provide structure and storage. Vascular tissue is composed of xylem and phloem that transport water and nutrients. Xylem contains tracheids and vessels, while phloem consists of sieve tubes and companion cells.
The document discusses plant tissues and structures. It notes that plants have three main tissue types: 1) structural tissue with four subtypes including epidermal and cork tissues, 2) vascular tissue that transports water and nutrients, and 3) meristem tissue for growth. It also details the internal structures of leaves including the epidermis, mesophyll, stomata, veins and cell structures such as the cell wall, chloroplasts and vacuoles that are unique to plant cells.
It's a PPT for chapter:- Tissue which is in science of class IX. Questions are from NCERT book of Science....
Please see to it .
I hope it will help You...
Thanks.
Plant cells differentiate into different types of tissues. Primary meristems located at root and shoot tips are responsible for cell division and elongation. Cells differentiate into epidermal, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem tissues each with distinct structures and functions. Meristems are classified based on their origin as apical, intercalary or lateral, with apical meristems located at tips producing primary tissues and lateral meristems producing secondary tissues through cell division.
This document discusses plant cells, tissues, and their structures and functions. It covers the structure of the basic plant cell including the cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, vacuole, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. It states that active cell division occurs in the apical and lateral meristems. It defines plant tissue as a group of cells with a common function, such as transportation, strengthening, or protection. It describes the basic tissues in plants including meristematic, protective, vascular, strengthening, and packing tissues.
The cell wall is present in plants, fungi, algae, most bacteria, and archaea. It is located outside the cell membrane and provides structural support and protection to the cell. The composition of the cell wall varies between organisms but generally includes cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and sometimes lignin. In plants, the cell wall has a multilayer structure and performs critical functions like allowing cells to withstand pressure, regulate growth, and transport nutrients.
This document discusses plant tissues and how they are organized in plant structures like stems, roots, and leaves. It describes the basic tissue types found in plants like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem, phloem and epidermis. The chapter also examines how plant tissues develop and are arranged differently between monocots and dicots.
Presentation03 - Plant and Animal TissuesMa'am Dawn
There are four main types of plant tissues: meristematic, dermal, ground, and vascular tissues. Meristematic tissue contains cells that can divide to facilitate growth. Dermal tissue forms the outer covering of the plant. Ground tissue provides support, carries out photosynthesis, and stores food and water. Vascular tissue transports water, minerals, and food throughout the plant.
The document summarizes key information about cell walls. It discusses that cell walls provide structural support and protection for plant and prokaryotic cells. The material in cell walls varies by species but generally includes cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and pectin. Cell walls give cells rigidity and strength while also acting as a semi-permeable filter. Plant cell walls in particular must withstand high internal turgor pressure.
This document provides an overview of the various cell organelles found in plant cells, including their structures and functions. It discusses 13 major organelles: the cell wall, plasma membrane, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, ribosomes, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, and sphaerosomes. Each organelle is described in terms of its location within the cell, main components, and biological role. The document aims to educate readers on the membranous structures that carry out specialized functions within plant cells.
Parts of Plant, plant tissues, microscopy and morphologyBikashAdhikari26
This document provides an introduction to plant cells and tissues. It describes the basic structures and organelles of plant cells, including the cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria and other organelles. It discusses cell inclusions like starch, oils, and minerals. It also outlines the three main types of plant tissues - meristematic tissues, permanent tissues, and dermal tissues - and describes the functions of parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues.
This document discusses plant tissues. There are two main types of plant tissues: meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are undifferentiated and can divide, while permanent tissues have differentiated and lost the ability to divide. The three main permanent tissues are dermal/protective, fundamental/supportive, and vascular/conductive tissues. Dermal tissue covers the plant, fundamental tissue provides structure and storage, and vascular tissue transports water and nutrients. Within these tissues are cell types specialized for different functions like photosynthesis, support, and long-distance transport.
Plant tissues are divided into meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues include apical and vascular cambium, which are responsible for growth. Apical meristem promotes primary growth at tips while vascular cambium promotes secondary growth by increasing diameter. Permanent tissues derive from meristematic tissues and include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals upwards while phloem transports food materials horizontally. Transpiration creates a pull that drives the movement of water through xylem vessels via capillary action from roots to shoots.
Cell wall | structure composition and Functionssehriqayyum
Cell wall | structure composition and Functions
A cell wall is an outer layer surrounding certain cells that is outside of the cell membrane. All cells have cell membranes, but generally only plants, fungi, algae, most bacteria, and archaea have cells with cell walls. The cell wall provides strength and structural support to the cell, and can control to some extent what types and concentrations of molecules enter and leave the cell. The materials that make up the cell wall differ depending on the type of organism. The cell wall has evolved many different times among different groups of organisms.
The cell wall has a few different functions. It is flexible, but provides strength to the cell, which helps protect the cell against physical damage. It also gives the cell its shape and allows the organism to maintain a certain shape overall. The cell wall can also provide protection from pathogens such as bacteria that are trying to invade the cell. The structure of the cell wall allows many small molecules to pass through it, but not larger molecules that could harm the cell.
The main component of the plant cell wall is cellulose, a carbohydrate that forms long fibers and gives the cell wall its rigidity. Cellulose fibers group together to form bundles called microfibrils. Other important carbohydrates include hemicellulose, pectin, and liginin.
The document discusses the different types of plant tissues. There are three main types of plant tissues: dermal tissue (epidermis), ground tissue (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma), and vascular tissue (xylem and phloem). Xylem tissue transports water and minerals throughout the plant. Phloem tissue transports sugars and nutrients. Meristematic tissue consists of actively dividing cells and is responsible for growth in plants. As cells differentiate, they take on specialized roles and functions as part of the permanent tissues that make up the main tissue systems in plants.
The document summarizes the three main tissue systems in flowering plants:
1. The epidermal tissue system forms the outer covering of the plant and includes the epidermis, stomata, and epidermal appendages.
2. The ground tissue system lies below the epidermis and includes regions like the hypodermis, cortex, endodermis, and pith that are involved in storage.
3. The vascular tissue system comprises the conducting tissues xylem and phloem which occur in vascular bundles and transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
Form 3 Biology Book based on Somaliland Biology Syllabus by Ahmed Omaar -Ombi...Ahmed Omaar
Form 3 biology book for Somali secondary school students, based on Somaliland Biology Secondary School Syllabus.
Best simplified biology books for Somali secondary school students.
Author - Ahmed Omaar
Somaliland biology teachers
Ombiology books
Political science is the study of the state, government, and politics. It examines how individuals associate into political communities and how those communities are governed. The scope of political science includes political theory, public law, and public administration. It is interrelated with other social sciences like history, economics, geography, sociology, anthropology, and psychology. The goals of studying political science include gaining knowledge and understanding of citizenship, government, and liberal education. A state is defined as a political community occupying a territory with its own government and sovereignty. States are distinguished from nations and governments. Governments are necessary to advance public welfare and consequences arise in their absence. Forms of government vary based on who exercises sovereign power and the relationship between branches
The document provides an overview of the key features and development of the modern state. It discusses three main points:
1) The rise of direct rule and bureaucracy established the modern state's monopoly on power through imposing direct control over subjects and concentrating all authority in the monarch. This was administered through an impartial bureaucracy.
2) Nationalism and the creation of nation-states imposed cultural uniformity on populations to increase control and predictability. States promoted a single national identity and culture through tools like education and a shared language.
3) The modern state accumulated vast resources and power far beyond any pre-modern ruler. It mobilized huge armies, developed advanced weapons, and claimed sole authority over violence within its territory.
The document summarizes key concepts in the study of political science. It defines political science as the systematic study of the state and government. It outlines the scope of political science to include political theory, public law, international law, and public administration. It discusses why students should study political science, including for citizenship education and understanding government. It also defines concepts like the state, origins of states, differences between states and nations versus governments, and different forms of government.
EssayCorp provide a detailed political science assignment help which is more economically priced than the others. We cover all its branches like Political Theory and Philosophy, Civics, Comparative politics, Political economy, International relations, Public policy & Public administration
The document describes the four main tissue systems in plants: dermal, ground, vascular, and meristematic tissue. Dermal tissue consists of the epidermis and periderm, which cover and protect the plant. Ground tissue includes parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells that provide structure and storage. Vascular tissue is composed of xylem and phloem that transport water and nutrients. Xylem contains tracheids and vessels, while phloem consists of sieve tubes and companion cells.
The document discusses plant tissues and structures. It notes that plants have three main tissue types: 1) structural tissue with four subtypes including epidermal and cork tissues, 2) vascular tissue that transports water and nutrients, and 3) meristem tissue for growth. It also details the internal structures of leaves including the epidermis, mesophyll, stomata, veins and cell structures such as the cell wall, chloroplasts and vacuoles that are unique to plant cells.
It's a PPT for chapter:- Tissue which is in science of class IX. Questions are from NCERT book of Science....
Please see to it .
I hope it will help You...
Thanks.
Plant cells differentiate into different types of tissues. Primary meristems located at root and shoot tips are responsible for cell division and elongation. Cells differentiate into epidermal, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem tissues each with distinct structures and functions. Meristems are classified based on their origin as apical, intercalary or lateral, with apical meristems located at tips producing primary tissues and lateral meristems producing secondary tissues through cell division.
This document discusses plant cells, tissues, and their structures and functions. It covers the structure of the basic plant cell including the cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, vacuole, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. It states that active cell division occurs in the apical and lateral meristems. It defines plant tissue as a group of cells with a common function, such as transportation, strengthening, or protection. It describes the basic tissues in plants including meristematic, protective, vascular, strengthening, and packing tissues.
The cell wall is present in plants, fungi, algae, most bacteria, and archaea. It is located outside the cell membrane and provides structural support and protection to the cell. The composition of the cell wall varies between organisms but generally includes cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and sometimes lignin. In plants, the cell wall has a multilayer structure and performs critical functions like allowing cells to withstand pressure, regulate growth, and transport nutrients.
This document discusses plant tissues and how they are organized in plant structures like stems, roots, and leaves. It describes the basic tissue types found in plants like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem, phloem and epidermis. The chapter also examines how plant tissues develop and are arranged differently between monocots and dicots.
Presentation03 - Plant and Animal TissuesMa'am Dawn
There are four main types of plant tissues: meristematic, dermal, ground, and vascular tissues. Meristematic tissue contains cells that can divide to facilitate growth. Dermal tissue forms the outer covering of the plant. Ground tissue provides support, carries out photosynthesis, and stores food and water. Vascular tissue transports water, minerals, and food throughout the plant.
The document summarizes key information about cell walls. It discusses that cell walls provide structural support and protection for plant and prokaryotic cells. The material in cell walls varies by species but generally includes cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and pectin. Cell walls give cells rigidity and strength while also acting as a semi-permeable filter. Plant cell walls in particular must withstand high internal turgor pressure.
This document provides an overview of the various cell organelles found in plant cells, including their structures and functions. It discusses 13 major organelles: the cell wall, plasma membrane, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, ribosomes, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, and sphaerosomes. Each organelle is described in terms of its location within the cell, main components, and biological role. The document aims to educate readers on the membranous structures that carry out specialized functions within plant cells.
Parts of Plant, plant tissues, microscopy and morphologyBikashAdhikari26
This document provides an introduction to plant cells and tissues. It describes the basic structures and organelles of plant cells, including the cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria and other organelles. It discusses cell inclusions like starch, oils, and minerals. It also outlines the three main types of plant tissues - meristematic tissues, permanent tissues, and dermal tissues - and describes the functions of parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues.
This document discusses plant tissues. There are two main types of plant tissues: meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are undifferentiated and can divide, while permanent tissues have differentiated and lost the ability to divide. The three main permanent tissues are dermal/protective, fundamental/supportive, and vascular/conductive tissues. Dermal tissue covers the plant, fundamental tissue provides structure and storage, and vascular tissue transports water and nutrients. Within these tissues are cell types specialized for different functions like photosynthesis, support, and long-distance transport.
Plant tissues are divided into meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues include apical and vascular cambium, which are responsible for growth. Apical meristem promotes primary growth at tips while vascular cambium promotes secondary growth by increasing diameter. Permanent tissues derive from meristematic tissues and include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals upwards while phloem transports food materials horizontally. Transpiration creates a pull that drives the movement of water through xylem vessels via capillary action from roots to shoots.
Cell wall | structure composition and Functionssehriqayyum
Cell wall | structure composition and Functions
A cell wall is an outer layer surrounding certain cells that is outside of the cell membrane. All cells have cell membranes, but generally only plants, fungi, algae, most bacteria, and archaea have cells with cell walls. The cell wall provides strength and structural support to the cell, and can control to some extent what types and concentrations of molecules enter and leave the cell. The materials that make up the cell wall differ depending on the type of organism. The cell wall has evolved many different times among different groups of organisms.
The cell wall has a few different functions. It is flexible, but provides strength to the cell, which helps protect the cell against physical damage. It also gives the cell its shape and allows the organism to maintain a certain shape overall. The cell wall can also provide protection from pathogens such as bacteria that are trying to invade the cell. The structure of the cell wall allows many small molecules to pass through it, but not larger molecules that could harm the cell.
The main component of the plant cell wall is cellulose, a carbohydrate that forms long fibers and gives the cell wall its rigidity. Cellulose fibers group together to form bundles called microfibrils. Other important carbohydrates include hemicellulose, pectin, and liginin.
The document discusses the different types of plant tissues. There are three main types of plant tissues: dermal tissue (epidermis), ground tissue (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma), and vascular tissue (xylem and phloem). Xylem tissue transports water and minerals throughout the plant. Phloem tissue transports sugars and nutrients. Meristematic tissue consists of actively dividing cells and is responsible for growth in plants. As cells differentiate, they take on specialized roles and functions as part of the permanent tissues that make up the main tissue systems in plants.
The document summarizes the three main tissue systems in flowering plants:
1. The epidermal tissue system forms the outer covering of the plant and includes the epidermis, stomata, and epidermal appendages.
2. The ground tissue system lies below the epidermis and includes regions like the hypodermis, cortex, endodermis, and pith that are involved in storage.
3. The vascular tissue system comprises the conducting tissues xylem and phloem which occur in vascular bundles and transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
Form 3 Biology Book based on Somaliland Biology Syllabus by Ahmed Omaar -Ombi...Ahmed Omaar
Form 3 biology book for Somali secondary school students, based on Somaliland Biology Secondary School Syllabus.
Best simplified biology books for Somali secondary school students.
Author - Ahmed Omaar
Somaliland biology teachers
Ombiology books
Political science is the study of the state, government, and politics. It examines how individuals associate into political communities and how those communities are governed. The scope of political science includes political theory, public law, and public administration. It is interrelated with other social sciences like history, economics, geography, sociology, anthropology, and psychology. The goals of studying political science include gaining knowledge and understanding of citizenship, government, and liberal education. A state is defined as a political community occupying a territory with its own government and sovereignty. States are distinguished from nations and governments. Governments are necessary to advance public welfare and consequences arise in their absence. Forms of government vary based on who exercises sovereign power and the relationship between branches
The document provides an overview of the key features and development of the modern state. It discusses three main points:
1) The rise of direct rule and bureaucracy established the modern state's monopoly on power through imposing direct control over subjects and concentrating all authority in the monarch. This was administered through an impartial bureaucracy.
2) Nationalism and the creation of nation-states imposed cultural uniformity on populations to increase control and predictability. States promoted a single national identity and culture through tools like education and a shared language.
3) The modern state accumulated vast resources and power far beyond any pre-modern ruler. It mobilized huge armies, developed advanced weapons, and claimed sole authority over violence within its territory.
The document summarizes key concepts in the study of political science. It defines political science as the systematic study of the state and government. It outlines the scope of political science to include political theory, public law, international law, and public administration. It discusses why students should study political science, including for citizenship education and understanding government. It also defines concepts like the state, origins of states, differences between states and nations versus governments, and different forms of government.
EssayCorp provide a detailed political science assignment help which is more economically priced than the others. We cover all its branches like Political Theory and Philosophy, Civics, Comparative politics, Political economy, International relations, Public policy & Public administration
The document summarizes the three branches of Canada's federal political system:
1) The legislative branch includes the House of Commons, Senate, and governor general, and has the power to make laws. The House of Commons debates and votes on bills.
2) The executive branch includes the Prime Minister and cabinet ministers, who govern the country according to law. The Prime Minister leads the government and chooses cabinet ministers to head departments.
3) The judicial branch includes courts like the Supreme Court of Canada, and interprets laws and applies them through legal judgments, protecting rights and freedoms. It remains independent of the other branches.
Montesquieu developed the theory of separation of powers which proposes dividing the sovereign power of a state among legislative, executive, and judicial branches. This was intended to prevent tyranny and protect liberty. He argued each branch should have distinct and independent powers to check the others. While complete separation is impossible, the theory emphasizes limiting concentration of power. It influenced government designs like the US Constitution's system of checks and balances among the three branches.
A state is defined as a community of people occupying a definite territory with its own government that the people obey. It has three main elements - people, territory, and government. The people are the population living within the state's demarcated territory. The government is the agency that formulates, expresses, and carries out the will of the state and has sovereignty, or supreme power over the people in its territory as well as freedom from external control by other states.
the four elements of state in the Philippines Artsil Agagad
The four key elements of statehood are:
1. A permanent population living in the territory. There is no minimum population size requirement.
2. A defined territory, which can be very small, as evidenced by microstates.
3. An effective government that administers the territory.
4. Sovereignty, which is the supreme authority over the territory and people.
This document provides an overview of the meaning and scope of political science. It defines political science as the study of the state, government, and power. The scope of political science has expanded over time to include the study of political systems, governments, power dynamics, and human political behavior. The document also distinguishes between political science as an academic discipline and politics in practice. While political science involves the systematic study of political institutions and processes, politics refers more broadly to political activities, processes, and conflicts within society.
Nature, Scope and Sub-fields of Political Science Saira Randhawa
Political science is the study of the state and politics. It examines how states are formed and how they function, as well as theories of political behavior. The scope of political science includes four areas: political theory, political institutions, political dynamics, and international relations. It also draws from other social sciences like sociology, economics, anthropology, psychology, and history. Political science aims to understand both historical and ideal forms of the state.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in political science and governance, including:
1) It defines political science as the systematic study of the state and government, and outlines its main areas of focus.
2) It discusses essential elements of the state like the people, territory, government, and sovereignty, explaining their meanings under the Philippine constitution.
3) It covers theories of state origins and the development of political science as an academic discipline, citing thinkers like Aristotle, Machiavelli, and Lieber.
4) It distinguishes between concepts like citizenship and nationality, and the differences between a nation and state.
Political science is defined as the study of the state and government. It analyzes the stages of studying political science from a religious to a modern stage. Key figures like Aristotle and Machiavelli contributed to the development of political science. A state is defined as a group of people occupying a definite territory with an independent government and sovereignty. The difference between a nation and a state is that a nation refers to a ethnic or racial group, while a state is a legal concept. Citizenship can be changed but nationality is absolute and innate.
The document defines the key elements of the state as population, territory, government, and sovereignty. It provides definitions of the state from various scholars and thinkers. The state is distinguished from society, nation, and government. The state is a permanent political organization that exists within a defined territory and population. Government is the temporary institution through which the state functions and enforces laws. A nation refers more to a people joined by ethnic or cultural ties, while a state is a legal political entity.
Correlation of subjects in school (b.ed notes)Namrata Saxena
This document discusses the concept of correlation in education. It defines correlation as the mutual relationship between different subjects or variables in a curriculum. The document outlines the importance of correlation, including that it helps students perceive knowledge as a whole, strengthens retention of knowledge, and promotes well-rounded development. It discusses different types of correlation, including vertical/internal correlation between topics within a subject and horizontal/external correlation between different subjects. Examples are provided of how mathematics can be correlated with other subjects like science, geography, and economics.
Political Science is the study of how power is achieved, shared and used in governance and global relations. It examines concepts like the state, government, politics, and authority. The discipline aims to understand principles of public affairs and help address social issues.
Theory on principle of separation of powers Udisha Singh
The document discusses the theory of separation of powers and checks and balances. It outlines Montesquieu's formulation of separation of powers, with the legislative, executive, and judicial branches being separate and checking each other. While India's system does not strictly separate powers, it aims to separate functions as much as possible under a parliamentary system that requires cooperation between branches. Separation of powers is a guiding principle that is implemented to varying degrees based on different governmental systems.
This summary provides the key information about the structure and organization of plants from the given document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses the structure of plant organs like roots, stems, and leaves and compares monocot and eudicot plants. It describes the different plant tissues including epidermal, ground, and vascular tissues and how they are organized in roots, stems, and leaves. The organization of roots includes zones of cell division, elongation and maturation while stems undergo primary and secondary growth involving tissues like epidermis, cortex, vascular bundles and cork cambium in woody stems.
This chapter discusses the structure and organization of plants. It compares and contrasts monocot and eudicot plants, describing their tissues and the organization of roots, stems, and leaves. Plant organs, tissues, and structures are described in detail, including root systems, vascular tissue, epidermal tissue, ground tissue, and the zones and tissues of roots and stems. Woody and herbaceous stems are also compared.
The document outlines the course content for a plant physiology course. It covers topics like plant structure, transport processes, biochemistry, growth and development, and stress physiology. Plant structure topics include plant cells, tissues, roots, stems, and meristems. Transport processes discuss water and solute movement. Biochemistry sections cover photosynthesis, respiration, and nutrient assimilation. Growth and development sections address gene expression, cell walls, hormones, flowering, and stress responses.
This document provides information about plant tissues. It begins by defining tissues as groups of closely associated cells that perform related functions. It then discusses the main types of plant tissues: meristematic tissues, which are undifferentiated and allow for plant growth; permanent tissues, including dermal tissue (epidermis and periderm), ground tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma), and vascular tissues (xylem and phloem). Each tissue type is described in terms of its structure, location in plants, and functions. The document presents this information through definitions, descriptions, diagrams and a table.
Plants have evolved structural adaptations for life on land, including mechanisms for transporting water and minerals throughout the plant and supporting structures to withstand gravitational and environmental forces. Plant cells contain cell walls, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole. There are four main types of plant cells - parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, and vascular cells. The basic structures of plants are roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. Roots anchor plants and absorb water and minerals, stems provide structure and transport, leaves perform photosynthesis, and flowers facilitate reproduction.
This document provides information about plant anatomy and physiology. It discusses the main tissues and organs of plants including roots, stems, and leaves. Roots function to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. Stems transport water and nutrients between the roots and leaves. Leaves contain chloroplasts and carry out photosynthesis to produce food for the plant. The document also describes the three main tissue systems - dermal, vascular, and ground tissues - and their roles in plant structure and function.
This document provides information about plant tissues. It discusses the two main types of plant tissues - meristems and permanent tissues. Meristems are tissues with cell division abilities and include apical, lateral, and intercalary meristems. Permanent tissues do not divide and include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem and phloem. It also describes the functions and characteristics of epidermis, cork, and other specific plant tissue types. Various activities provide examples and questions to test understanding of plant tissue organization and functions.
This document provides an overview of plant systems and structures. It discusses the three basic plant organs of roots, stems, and leaves. It describes the tissues that make up plants, including dermal tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue. It explains that plants grow through cell division at meristems and differentiate cells. Primary growth increases length while secondary growth increases thickness. Meristems are dividing cells that allow for growth at tips and girth.
This document provides information about plant stems and leaves from a RHS Level 2 Certificate course. It defines key terms like cytoplasm, mitochondria, nucleus, and vacuole. It describes the structure and function of stems, including how stems develop, the types of buds, the vascular system, and adaptations. It also details the structure and function of leaves, internal and external leaf structures, stomata, and leaf adaptations. The learning objectives cover describing the development, structure, and adaptations of stems and leaves.
1) Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform specific functions. In plants and animals, tissues are organized into organs and organ systems.
2) Plant tissues are divided into meristematic tissues, which facilitate growth, and permanent tissues, which carry out other functions. Permanent tissues include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem that transport water and nutrients.
3) Animal tissues include four main types - epithelial tissues, muscular tissues, connective tissues and nervous tissues. Epithelial tissues cover and line body surfaces, muscular tissues enable movement, connective tissues connect and support other tissues, and
The document outlines the structure and function of plant roots. It discusses the evolution of roots from early vascular plants. There are two main root systems - taproots which develop from a single main root, and fibrous root systems with many branching roots. Primary root tissues include the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle and vascular tissues. Root growth and development is driven by the apical meristem. Lateral and adventitious roots develop from root primordia. Roots undergo secondary growth and have specialized structures to carry out functions like storage, support and nutrient absorption.
This document summarizes plant cells and tissues. It discusses that meristems are undifferentiated tissues where new cells arise. There are two types of meristems - apical meristems at the tips of roots and shoots which give rise to primary tissues, and lateral meristems which produce secondary tissues and drive lateral growth. The document outlines the three main tissue systems in plants - ground tissues, vascular tissues, and dermal tissues. It provides detailed descriptions of the key cell and tissue types that make up each system, including their structure and functions.
The document summarizes key concepts about plant structure and function. It discusses the parts of plants including leaves, stems, and roots. It also covers plant transport systems, reproduction, and classification. Specifically, it outlines the leaf anatomy and functions, the tissue types in stems, and the role of roots in absorption. The summary also describes seed and spore reproduction, and the alternation of generations life cycle. It provides details on flowering plant classification into monocots and dicots.
Plant tissues can be divided into 3 main categories - dermal, vascular and ground tissues. There are three types of plant tissues - meristematic, permanent and complex permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are found in apical, lateral and intercalary meristems and allow for plant growth. Permanent tissues such as parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma do not divide. Complex permanent tissues include xylem and phloem which transport water and nutrients. Plant tissues have many economic uses including food, furniture, clothing fibers, horticulture, and conservation of endangered species.
Plant anatomy is the study of the internal structures of plant organs. The three main plant structures are roots, stems, and leaves. Roots absorb water and nutrients and anchor the plant. Stems provide structure and transport nutrients. Leaves are the main photosynthetic organs and sites of gas exchange. Internally, plant organs contain tissues including epidermis, ground tissues, and vascular bundles. The epidermis protects the plant while vascular bundles transport water and nutrients. Ground tissues provide structure and store nutrients. Roots, stems, and leaves show variations between monocots and dicots in their structures.
The document summarizes the main types of plant cells and tissues. It discusses three primary types of tissues - dermal, ground, and vascular tissues. Dermal tissue forms the outer epidermis of plants. Ground tissue makes up most of the interior and performs basic functions like storage and metabolism. Vascular tissue transports water, minerals and nutrients throughout the plant via the xylem and phloem. The xylem carries water and ions upward and the phloem carries sugars and other organic compounds throughout the plant. Meristematic tissues are also discussed, which facilitate plant growth through cell division.
Plants have specialized tissues that allow them to grow and carry out essential functions. Roots absorb water and nutrients to support the plant. Stems transport these throughout the plant and provide structure. Leaves use photosynthesis to produce food for the plant by absorbing sunlight. Inside plants are tissues including dermal, vascular and ground tissues that make up the root, stem and leaf structures and allow the plant to grow. New cells are produced through cell division at meristem tissue areas located at the tips of roots and stems.
The living plant cell
What is the main differences between plant cell and animal cell??
Cell wall: Formed of cellulose.
Chloroplast: Responsible for photosynthesis.
Vacuole: much larger in plant cells, store any nutrients and waste products .
This document provides an overview of plant morphology, physiology, and growth. It begins with an outline of a plant morphology lab and introduces the coast redwood as the plant of the week. It then covers basic plant structure and function, including the kingdoms of life plants belong to, adaptations that allowed plants to colonize land, and the differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms. The rest of the document details plant tissues, cell types, vascular tissue, meristems, and how plants grow through primary and secondary growth. It also briefly discusses growth rings in trees.
This document discusses the concept of a bill of rights, which is a list of fundamental rights that protects citizens from government overreach. It outlines different classes of rights, including natural rights, constitutional rights, and statutory rights. Constitutional rights are further divided into political rights, civil rights, social and economic rights, and rights of the accused. The document also examines the relationship between state authority and individual freedom, noting there can be conflicts between individual rights and group welfare that are resolved by the judiciary.
This document provides an overview of solving systems of linear equations with two or three variables. It defines key terms like systems, solutions, and consistent/inconsistent equations. It describes both graphical and algebraic methods. The algebraic methods covered are elimination, substitution, and Cramer's rule. Examples are provided to illustrate each method. Elimination and back substitution are also described as methods for solving three variable systems algebraically.
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This document discusses animal tissues, organs, and organ systems. It begins by explaining the potential of stem cells and the four major tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. It then describes how tissues combine to form organs, and how organs interact in organ systems to perform functions like homeostasis. Key organ systems are identified like the integumentary, digestive, respiratory, circulatory, urinary and nervous systems. The role of these systems in maintaining homeostasis of processes like body temperature is explained through negative feedback loops involving sensory receptors, integrators and effectors.
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the skeletal and muscular systems. It includes diagrams of the bones that make up the skull, vertebral column, rib cage, shoulder girdle, pelvis, and limbs. Additional diagrams show the microscopic structure of compact and spongy bone tissue, as well as the organization of skeletal muscles from bundles of fibers to individual sarcomeres. The text also outlines three energy pathways in muscle contraction and illustrates twitch and sustained muscle contractions in response to electrical stimulation.
This document provides an outline of key topics in human reproduction and development, including:
1) The stages of reproduction and development that occur in animals, from fertilization to the formation of specialized tissues and organs.
2) An overview of the male and female reproductive systems and how eggs and sperm are formed.
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4) Issues related to fertility, contraception, and prenatal development.
This document provides an overview of the endocrine system and hormones. It discusses how hormones are secreted by endocrine glands and target cells through receptors to regulate processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Key glands discussed include the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, thyroid and parathyroid glands, pancreas, adrenal glands, and gonads. The roles of hormones in controlling blood glucose levels, stress response, and sexual development are summarized. The document also notes concerns about endocrine disrupting chemicals in the environment and their potential impacts on health.
This document discusses the nervous system and senses. It begins by covering neurons, how they communicate via action potentials and chemical synapses, and examples of neurotransmitters. It then describes the central and peripheral nervous systems, including structures like the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. The senses are also outlined, including sensory receptors for sight, sound, smell, taste, touch, and balance. In summary, the document provides an overview of the nervous system, neuronal communication, and the different human senses.
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The document defines key concepts related to constitutions including:
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2) Constitutional law deals with the nature, formation, amendment, and interpretation of constitutions.
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4) An ideal written constitution is brief, broad, and definite while establishing the structure of government, individual liberties, and national sovereignty.
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PLANT FORM AND FUNCTION
Chapter Outline
IMPACTS/ISSUES: LEAFY CLEAN-UP SECONDARY GROWTH
CREWS PLANT NUTRITION
ORGANIZATION OF THE PLANT BODY Plant Nutrients and Properties of Soil
Tree Plant Tissue Systems Root Adaptations of Nutrient Uptake
Simple Tissues WATER AND SOLUTE MOVEMENT IN
Vascular Tissues PLANTS
Dermal Tissues Controlling Water Loss
Eudicots and Monocots Distribution of Sugars
PRIMARY SHOOTS AND ROOTS IMPACTS/ISSUES REVISITED
Inside a Stem SUMMARY
Leaf Structure SELF-QUIZ
Primary Growth of a Shoot CRITICAL THINKING
Structure and Development of Primary
Roots
Objectives
• Define phytoremediation.
• Explain why phytoremediation is appealing as a way to clean up toxic chemicals.
• State the threats posed to animals by TCE.
• List the three major groups of the plant kingdom.
• Briefly state the function of stems and roots.
• Compare and contrast the ground tissue system, vascular tissue system, and dermal tissue
system.
• Describe parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma tissue.
• Explain the functions of xylem and phloem.
• Describe the structure and function of epidermal cells.
• Compare and contrast eudicots and monocots.
• Describe the vascular bundle of eudicots and monocots.
• Know the parts of a typical leaf.
Plant Form and Function 239
2. • Define apical meristem.
• Explain the function of stomata and guard cells.
• Describe the parts of a root, including root hairs and vascular cylinder.
• Explain how wood and bark are formed.
• Define lateral meristem.
• Explain the difference between heartwood and sapwood.
• Name the 16 required elements for plant growth, specifying the nine macronutrients.
• Discuss why plants grow best in humus.
• Explain how a mycorrhiza functions.
• Describe nitrogen fixation.
• Explain the cohesion-tension theory.
• Define transpiration.
• Explain the pressure flow theory.
• Define translocation.
Key Terms
dermal tissue system apical meristem vascular cylinder
ground tissue system guard cell wood
parenchyma meristem humus
vascular tissue system primary growth cohesion-tension theory
collenchyma bark mycorrhiza
companion cell cork nitrogen fixation
cotyledon cork cambium root nodules
epidermis lateral meristem pressure flow theory
phloem periderm translocation
sclerenchyma root hairs transpiration
vascular bundle secondary growth
xylem vascular cambium
Lecture Outline
27.1 Impacts/Issues: Leafy Clean-Up Crews
A. Phytoremediation is the use of plants to remove toxic chemicals from soil water.
1. Poplar trees are used to phytoremediate a site in Maryland that contains chemicals such as
TCE, lead, arsenic, mercury, and other metals.
a. Without this remediation, the substances would leak into Chesapeake Bay and nearby
marshes.
2. Phytoremediation is less expensive than other methods and more visually appealing.
a. Some toxins are broken down by plants, but some are released into the atmosphere
which is preferable to having them in groundwater.
27.2 Organization of the Plant Body
A. There are 260,000 species of flowering plants, which dominate the plant kingdom.
1. Major groups of plants are magnoliids, eudicots, and monocots.
240 Chapter Twenty-Seven
3. 2. Above-ground shoots consists of plant stems and leaves.
3. Roots are below ground and absorb water and dissolved minerals and store food.
a. Roots may also anchor the plant.
Plant Form and Function 241
4. B. Three plant tissue systems
1. Ground tissue system
a. makes up the bulk of the plant
b. carries out photosynthesis and food storage
2. Vascular tissue system
a. pipelines that thread throughout the plant
b. distribute water and nutrients to all parts of the plant
3. Dermal tissue system
a. covers and protects the plant’s exposed surfaces
C. Simple tissues
1. Parenchyma
a. makes up most of the soft growth of roots, stems, leaves, flowers
b. cells are thin-walled, alive, flexible and many-sided
c. can divide to repair wounds in plants
2. Collenchyma
a. elongated, stretchable cells that support rapidly growing plant parts
3. Sclerenchyma
a. variable shape, dead at maturity
b. contains lignin that protects and structurally supports upright plants
c. long fibers that can twist but resist stretching
d. fibers are useful as materials for cloth, rope, paper, and other products
D. Vascular tissues
1. Xylem
a. It conducts water and minerals through the plant.
b. It is dead at maturity.
c. Walls contain lignin and are waterproof.
d. Water moves up xylem tubes but also laterally through perforations in adjoining
cell walls.
2. Phloem
a. Phloem conducts sugars and other organic substances from photosynthetic cells to
other parts of the plant.
E. Dermal tissues
1. Epidermis is a single layer of cells on a plant.
a. Epidermal cells secrete cutin, a waxy polymer of fatty acids.
b. Specialized cells within the epidermis are stomata, which control the diffusion of
water vapor, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in and out of the plant.
F. Eudicots and monocots
1. The two major plant groups are categorized according to the shape of their seed leaves
or cotyledons.
a. Monocot characteristics:
one cotyledon
flower parts in threes
leaf veins are parallel
pollen grains have one pore or furrow
vascular bundles are throughout ground tissue
b. Eudicot characteristics:
242 Chapter Twenty-Seven
5. two cotyledons
flower parts in fours or fives
leaf veins are net-like
pollen grains have three pores or furrows
vascular bundles are in a ring arrangement
2. Most typical plants such as roses, maple trees, and shrubs are eudicots.
3. Lilies, orchids, tulips and grasses are monocots.
27.3 Primary Shoots and Roots
A. Inside a stem
1. The three tissue groups are organized in predictable patterns.
a. Vascular bundles contain xylem and phloem.
b. Eudicot vascular bundles form a ring that parallels the long axis of the plant.
c. Monocot vascular bundles are distributed throughout the ground tissue.
B. Leaf structure
1. Leaf shapes and orientation are adaptations that promote light gathering and gas exchange
for photosynthesis.
a. Most leaves have flat blades.
b. Many stay perpendicular to the sun during the day.
c. Leaves of plants in arid regions stay parallel to the sun to conserve water.
d. Most leaves are thin with high surface to volume ratios.
e. Some leaves are thick or needlelike to conserve water.
2. Epidermis covers the surface and may be smooth, sticky, waxy, hairy or spiky, and contain
scales or hooks.
a. The waxy cuticle slows water loss from the sheet-like epidermal cells.
3. The bulk of leaf tissue is parenchymous mesophyll that is photosynthetic.
4. Parenchyma is arranged in two layers of mesophyll.
a. Palisade parenchyma is the upper layer and contains a higher density of
chloroplasts.
b. Spongy parenchyma is the lower layer and has spaces between the cells.
5. Leaf veins are arranged in vascular bundles strengthened with fibers.
a. Xylem and phloem conduct water, nutrients, and products of photosynthesis
within the plant.
6. Stomata and their surrounding guard cells exist primarily on the under side of the leaf.
a. When stomata open or close, due to shape changes, carbon dioxide moves into
the parenchyma, and oxygen moves out.
C. Primary growth of a shoot
1. Growth in plants occurs only in localized areas called meristems.
a. Primary growth is the lengthening of root or shoot.
b. Lengthening occurs at apical meristems—areas at the tips of roots and shoots.
c. Meristem cells are the precursors of dermal, vascular, and ground tissues.
d. Buds occur in areas where apical meristem tissue exists that can become new
leaves.
e. A region of stem where one or more leaves can develop is called a node.
2. Division of cells in an axillary bud can give rise to a branch, leaf, or flower.
D. Structure and growth of primary roots
Plant Form and Function 243
6. 1. The root system grows through the soil and takes up water and mineral nutrients.
2. Some eudicots have taproot systems: one large primary root and lateral branching.
3. Most monocots have fibrous root systems with adventitious roots forming from the stem
that are similar in diameter and length.
4. Roots have differentiated tissue in the three categories found in shoots: vascular, ground,
and dermal.
5. Roots have active apical meristems, similar to shoots.
a. Root epidermis is the absorptive interface with soil.
b. Fine extensions called root hairs increase the surface area for taking up water
and nutrients.
6. Root vascular cylinders are central columns of conductive tissue.
a. Eudicots primarily contain xylem and phloem.
b. Monocot roots are divided into pith and cortex.
c. Pericycle is an array of parenchyma cells that sheaths the cylinder.
27.4 Secondary Growth
A. Secondary growth is the woody, thickening that occurs over time.
1. Cell divisions in lateral meristem tissue give rise to secondary growth.
2. Lateral meristems run lengthwise through roots and stems and exist in two forms:
a. vascular cambium
b. cork cambium
3. Vascular cambium produces secondary xylem inside the cylinder and secondary phloem
outside the cylinder.
4. A core of secondary xylem or wood may comprise up to 90% of a plant’s weight.
5. Periderm is a dermal tissue comprised of parenchyma and cork.
6. Bark is secondary phloem and periderm.
7. Cork is waxy, densely packed dead cells.
a. Cork protects, insulates, and waterproofs stem or root surface.
b. Cork forms over wounded tissue.
8. As stems and roots age, metabolic wastes fill the oldest xylem and clog it so it no longer
functions to transport substances.
a. This darkened area is called heartwood.
9. Sapwood is moist, fully functioning xylem between the heartwood and vascular cambium.
10. Vascular cambium is inactive during cold winters or long dry spells.
11. Bands of early and late wood, alternating in sections, create growth rings or tree rings.
a. In regions where growth is suspended for part of the year, growth rings are visible.
b. In regions where growth is continual during the year, growth rings do not exist.
27.5 Plant Nutrition
A. Plant nutrients and properties of soil
1. Plant growth requires 16 elements.
a. Nine macronutrients are: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium,
magnesium, phosphorus, and sulfur.
b. Seven micronutrients are: chlorine, iron, boron, manganese, zinc, copper, and
molybdenum.
2. Soil with decaying organic matter (humus) is best for plant growth.
244 Chapter Twenty-Seven
7. 3. Silt, sand, and clay are possible mineral particles in soil.
a. Sand is the largest particle; silt is intermediate, and clay is smaller.
b. Different sized particles contribute different properties to soil.
c. A soil with a combination of all three can sustain movement of dissolved nutrients and
yet holds water and allows for movement of air between particles.
Plant Form and Function 245
8. B. Root adaptations for nutrient uptake
1. Root specializations help plants take up water and nutrients.
a. Root hairs vastly increase surface area for absorption.
b. Root hairs are fragile; each one only lasts a few days.
2. Mycorrhizae are the result of symbiotic action between fungus and roots.
a. Mycorrhizae produce filaments called hyphae.
b. Hyphae vastly increase surface area for absorption.
c. The root benefits by absorbing scarce minerals it would not be able to absorb on its
own.
d. The fungus obtains sugars from the root.
3. Nitrogen fixation is accomplished by extracting the abundant nitrogen gas from the
atmosphere into the plant.
a. Plants require nitrogen fixing bacteria in order to carry out nitrogen fixation.
b. Nitrogen fixing bacteria reside in root nodules.
c. Legumes typically have nitrogen fixing bacteria.
27.6 Water and Solute Movement in Plants
A. Water entering a root moves into the xylem of the root vascular bundle.
1. Water moves up a plant from the root to the top.
a. Sometimes this can mean moving uphill more than 100 meters.
b. No pumping action is possible inside a plant vascular bundle.
2. The cohesion-tension theory explains that water moves uphill as it is pulled from the top
by negative pressure called tension (as water evaporates from the top of the plant).
3. Transpiration is the evaporation of water from the above-ground parts of a plant.
a. This process results in water being pulled up from the bottom of the plant.
b. A continuous column of water will exert force that moves water toward the lowest
pressure.
4. Photosynthesis and other processes within the plant can contribute to the negative pressure
that pulls a water column up through a plant.
B. Controlling water loss
1. The waxy cuticle, secreted by the epidermal cells, is waterproof and helps prevent water
loss from plants.
2. Most of the water in plants evaporates through the stomata (about 98%).
a. Stomata react to turgidity in the plant and close if the plant wilts (to prevent
further water loss).
3. The stomata also react to environmental cues such as carbon dioxide levels and light
intensity.
a. Osmotic pressure changes in guard cells around the stomata and open or close the
stomata.
b. When the sun comes up, guard cells pump potassium into their cytoplasm.
c. This in turn increases osmotic pressure, and guard cells plump up.
d. Stomata open to let carbon dioxide enter the plant, and photosynthesis begins.
C. Distribution of sugars
1. Phloem cells, (sieve tubes), are living cells that distribute sugars.
a. Sieve tube cells are porous.
b. Organic compounds flow through the tubes.
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9. 2. Companion cells around the sieve tubes actively transport photosynthetic products into the
tubes.
3. Translocation is the term for movement of organic substances through phloem.
4. Source areas are where organic compounds are loaded into sieve tubes.
5. Sink areas are where organic compounds are being used or stored.
6. Organic molecules flow from a source to a sink through phloem.
D. Pressure flow theory states that pressure builds up at the source end and drives the solute-rich
fluid toward the sink.
E. Energy requiring reactions load sugars into sieve tubes.
1. Sugars increase the solute concentration in the tubes, which causes osmosis and water
loading.
2. Water increases the fluid volume and internal pressure in the tubes.
3. High pressure pushes the fluid toward the sink regions in the plant.
4. Sugars are unloaded at the sink region, and water flows out of the tubes by osmosis.
27.7 Impacts/Issues Revisited: Leafy Clean-Up Crews
A. The best phytoremediation occurs when the plant can actually break down the toxin into a less
toxic molecule.
1. Gene transfers can provide this ability to some plants.
2. Research is focused on transferring genes from bacteria, so plants are more efficient at this
process.
B. A less desirable form of phytoremediation involves safe disposal of toxic laden plants that
cannot break down the toxins (although they were able to remove them from ground water).
2. wer is a monocot because it has six petals, or two groups of three.
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