In this paper, the basic terms and definitions of nano technology was discussed. The characteristics, advantages and
disadvantages of nano technology were discussed. Applications of nano technology were also mentioned. This paper would be useful
to young engineers to study the fundamentals of nano particles. Two approaches used for nano technology were also elaborated.
Nano Technology & Nano Materials
by Ray Fernando, PHD
California Polytechnic State University
Polymers and Coatings Program
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
San Luis Obispo, CA
www.polymerscoatings.calpoly.edu
Delivered 22 June 2009 @ SLINTEC
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Nano Technology & Nano Materials
by Ray Fernando, PHD
California Polytechnic State University
Polymers and Coatings Program
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
San Luis Obispo, CA
www.polymerscoatings.calpoly.edu
Delivered 22 June 2009 @ SLINTEC
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Nano technology in construction materialsMir Ansaf
Uses of nano technology in construction
1.Nano Technology for concrete
2. Nano Technology for Steel
3. Nano Technology for wood
4. Nano Technology for glass
5.Sustainability and environment
Characterization Studies of CdS Nanocrystalline Film Deposited on Teflon Subs...IJLT EMAS
In this article, different substrates for deposition of
CdS material have been discussed. Till date glass, mica, quartz,
ceramic, etc. are commonly employed substrates in thin film
growth. In the present work, CdS is deposited on Teflon
substrate by chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. Also the
films were deposited on different substrates like glass, copper
and zinc and compared with those prepared on Teflon substrate.
The films prepared on Teflon substrate were uniform, stable and
also showed good radiating property. These films were further
characterized by UV-VIS absorption spectral studies, SEM and
EDS studies.
Nanotechnology is the scientific ability to control and restructure the matter at the atomic and molecular levels within the nanoscale. It is a modern branch of materials science dealing with the understanding of the role of nanomaterials(NM) in real-world applications. It is the creation and/or manipulation of various materials at nanometer (nm) scale, analysing their structural characteristics & properties for novel applications, attracting, producing and exploiting the nanoparticles in different dimensions and increase the utilisation potential of nano structured materials (NSM)in various fields.
Effect of Nano Silica on the Compressive Strength of Concreteijtsrd
Concrete is one of the most important materials in the construction world. In the present scenario, due to the various industrialization, especially in the urban areas, the demand of construction work increases progressively. Due to which there is very high demand of concrete. So, it is very important to improve the durability and properties of concrete. For this there are various admixtures which are partially replaced with the cement like fly ash, slag, silica fumes, rice husk etc. However, in the present situation, Nano technology comes as a very faithful approach for improving the strength and durability of the concrete. In this project, M30 concrete is used and we use Nano silica of size 236nm as a partial replacement in concrete. Nano silica enters into the pores of the concrete and sets early due to which the permeability and strength of concrete are improved. An experimental analysis has been done by replacing the cement with Nano silica by increasing its percentage as 0.5 , 1 , 2 and 3 b.w.c. The results show that with increase in amount of Nano silica, the compressive strength increases up to 3 , however, if amount of Nano silica goes beyond 3 , the compressive strength of concrete starts decreasing. In these experimental tests, there are 10 cubes prepared with the sample and tested at 7 and 28 days. Bhupender | Sunil Kumar | Vikram "Effect of Nano Silica on the Compressive Strength of Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28090.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/28090/effect-of-nano-silica-on-the-compressive-strength-of-concrete/bhupender
Nano technology in construction materialsMir Ansaf
Uses of nano technology in construction
1.Nano Technology for concrete
2. Nano Technology for Steel
3. Nano Technology for wood
4. Nano Technology for glass
5.Sustainability and environment
Characterization Studies of CdS Nanocrystalline Film Deposited on Teflon Subs...IJLT EMAS
In this article, different substrates for deposition of
CdS material have been discussed. Till date glass, mica, quartz,
ceramic, etc. are commonly employed substrates in thin film
growth. In the present work, CdS is deposited on Teflon
substrate by chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. Also the
films were deposited on different substrates like glass, copper
and zinc and compared with those prepared on Teflon substrate.
The films prepared on Teflon substrate were uniform, stable and
also showed good radiating property. These films were further
characterized by UV-VIS absorption spectral studies, SEM and
EDS studies.
Nanotechnology is the scientific ability to control and restructure the matter at the atomic and molecular levels within the nanoscale. It is a modern branch of materials science dealing with the understanding of the role of nanomaterials(NM) in real-world applications. It is the creation and/or manipulation of various materials at nanometer (nm) scale, analysing their structural characteristics & properties for novel applications, attracting, producing and exploiting the nanoparticles in different dimensions and increase the utilisation potential of nano structured materials (NSM)in various fields.
Effect of Nano Silica on the Compressive Strength of Concreteijtsrd
Concrete is one of the most important materials in the construction world. In the present scenario, due to the various industrialization, especially in the urban areas, the demand of construction work increases progressively. Due to which there is very high demand of concrete. So, it is very important to improve the durability and properties of concrete. For this there are various admixtures which are partially replaced with the cement like fly ash, slag, silica fumes, rice husk etc. However, in the present situation, Nano technology comes as a very faithful approach for improving the strength and durability of the concrete. In this project, M30 concrete is used and we use Nano silica of size 236nm as a partial replacement in concrete. Nano silica enters into the pores of the concrete and sets early due to which the permeability and strength of concrete are improved. An experimental analysis has been done by replacing the cement with Nano silica by increasing its percentage as 0.5 , 1 , 2 and 3 b.w.c. The results show that with increase in amount of Nano silica, the compressive strength increases up to 3 , however, if amount of Nano silica goes beyond 3 , the compressive strength of concrete starts decreasing. In these experimental tests, there are 10 cubes prepared with the sample and tested at 7 and 28 days. Bhupender | Sunil Kumar | Vikram "Effect of Nano Silica on the Compressive Strength of Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28090.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/28090/effect-of-nano-silica-on-the-compressive-strength-of-concrete/bhupender
Robots have now replaced many daily functions of humans. Our world has become more automated than ever with machines that do some amazing tasks - functionally and just for fun.
A NOVEL PRECURSOR IN PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NICKEL OXIDE (NIO) A...antjjournal
Synthesis of Nickel Oxide (NiO) nanoparticles and cobalt oxide (CO3O4) materials synthesis by aqueous chemical growth (ACG) Techniques. Oxide based material having a wide band gap, and suitable for optical devices,Optoelectronic devices, UV photodetector, and Light emitting diode LEDs. The analysis
and characterizationof Nickel Oxide (NiO) and cobalt oxide (CO3O4) nanoparticles by(1) X-ray diffraction (XRD), (2) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and (3) Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy.
Different types of methods can be used for the preparation of Magnetic Nanoparticles, their advantages and disadvantages and applications of the materials in various fields are given in the presentation
brief description on how nano technology and carbon nanotubes work in engineering...future scope of carbon nano tubes and development of existing machines with nanoparticles
This presentation dives into the deep realms of nano-chemistry starting from the very basics to a sufficient advanced level. Nano-chemistry has always been a very intriguing topic for most of us as we see it in movies more than frequently. If not, we at least hear some explanation about a curious event that relates directly to nano-chemistry.
Diving into the depths of those explanations related to nano-chemistry and revealing the actual facts about nano-chemistry and its related topics. We have formulated this presentation to become a crucial source of information regarding nano-chemistry and its other related terms.
It is also a study material for Basics of Chemistry subject taught during the 1st or 2nd semesters during B.E. / B.Tech degree courses.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Text Mining in Digital Libraries using OKAPI BM25 ModelEditor IJCATR
The emergence of the internet has made vast amounts of information available and easily accessible online. As a result, most libraries have digitized their content in order to remain relevant to their users and to keep pace with the advancement of the internet. However, these digital libraries have been criticized for using inefficient information retrieval models that do not perform relevance ranking to the retrieved results. This paper proposed the use of OKAPI BM25 model in text mining so as means of improving relevance ranking of digital libraries. Okapi BM25 model was selected because it is a probability-based relevance ranking algorithm. A case study research was conducted and the model design was based on information retrieval processes. The performance of Boolean, vector space, and Okapi BM25 models was compared for data retrieval. Relevant ranked documents were retrieved and displayed at the OPAC framework search page. The results revealed that Okapi BM 25 outperformed Boolean model and Vector Space model. Therefore, this paper proposes the use of Okapi BM25 model to reward terms according to their relative frequencies in a document so as to improve the performance of text mining in digital libraries.
Green Computing, eco trends, climate change, e-waste and eco-friendlyEditor IJCATR
This study focused on the practice of using computing resources more efficiently while maintaining or increasing overall performance. Sustainable IT services require the integration of green computing practices such as power management, virtualization, improving cooling technology, recycling, electronic waste disposal, and optimization of the IT infrastructure to meet sustainability requirements. Studies have shown that costs of power utilized by IT departments can approach 50% of the overall energy costs for an organization. While there is an expectation that green IT should lower costs and the firm’s impact on the environment, there has been far less attention directed at understanding the strategic benefits of sustainable IT services in terms of the creation of customer value, business value and societal value. This paper provides a review of the literature on sustainable IT, key areas of focus, and identifies a core set of principles to guide sustainable IT service design.
Policies for Green Computing and E-Waste in NigeriaEditor IJCATR
Computers today are an integral part of individuals’ lives all around the world, but unfortunately these devices are toxic to the environment given the materials used, their limited battery life and technological obsolescence. Individuals are concerned about the hazardous materials ever present in computers, even if the importance of various attributes differs, and that a more environment -friendly attitude can be obtained through exposure to educational materials. In this paper, we aim to delineate the problem of e-waste in Nigeria and highlight a series of measures and the advantage they herald for our country and propose a series of action steps to develop in these areas further. It is possible for Nigeria to have an immediate economic stimulus and job creation while moving quickly to abide by the requirements of climate change legislation and energy efficiency directives. The costs of implementing energy efficiency and renewable energy measures are minimal as they are not cash expenditures but rather investments paid back by future, continuous energy savings.
Performance Evaluation of VANETs for Evaluating Node Stability in Dynamic Sce...Editor IJCATR
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a favorable area of exploration which empowers the interconnection amid the movable vehicles and between transportable units (vehicles) and road side units (RSU). In Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), mobile vehicles can be organized into assemblage to promote interconnection links. The assemblage arrangement according to dimensions and geographical extend has serious influence on attribute of interaction .Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are subclass of mobile Ad-hoc network involving more complex mobility patterns. Because of mobility the topology changes very frequently. This raises a number of technical challenges including the stability of the network .There is a need for assemblage configuration leading to more stable realistic network. The paper provides investigation of various simulation scenarios in which cluster using k-means algorithm are generated and their numbers are varied to find the more stable configuration in real scenario of road.
Optimum Location of DG Units Considering Operation ConditionsEditor IJCATR
The optimal sizing and placement of Distributed Generation units (DG) are becoming very attractive to researchers these days. In this paper a two stage approach has been used for allocation and sizing of DGs in distribution system with time varying load model. The strategic placement of DGs can help in reducing energy losses and improving voltage profile. The proposed work discusses time varying loads that can be useful for selecting the location and optimizing DG operation. The method has the potential to be used for integrating the available DGs by identifying the best locations in a power system. The proposed method has been demonstrated on 9-bus test system.
Analysis of Comparison of Fuzzy Knn, C4.5 Algorithm, and Naïve Bayes Classifi...Editor IJCATR
Early detection of diabetes mellitus (DM) can prevent or inhibit complication. There are several laboratory test that must be done to detect DM. The result of this laboratory test then converted into data training. Data training used in this study generated from UCI Pima Database with 6 attributes that were used to classify positive or negative diabetes. There are various classification methods that are commonly used, and in this study three of them were compared, which were fuzzy KNN, C4.5 algorithm and Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC) with one identical case. The objective of this study was to create software to classify DM using tested methods and compared the three methods based on accuracy, precision, and recall. The results showed that the best method was Fuzzy KNN with average and maximum accuracy reached 96% and 98%, respectively. In second place, NBC method had respective average and maximum accuracy of 87.5% and 90%. Lastly, C4.5 algorithm had average and maximum accuracy of 79.5% and 86%, respectively.
Web Scraping for Estimating new Record from Source SiteEditor IJCATR
Study in the Competitive field of Intelligent, and studies in the field of Web Scraping, have a symbiotic relationship mutualism. In the information age today, the website serves as a main source. The research focus is on how to get data from websites and how to slow down the intensity of the download. The problem that arises is the website sources are autonomous so that vulnerable changes the structure of the content at any time. The next problem is the system intrusion detection snort installed on the server to detect bot crawler. So the researchers propose the use of the methods of Mining Data Records and the method of Exponential Smoothing so that adaptive to changes in the structure of the content and do a browse or fetch automatically follow the pattern of the occurrences of the news. The results of the tests, with the threshold 0.3 for MDR and similarity threshold score 0.65 for STM, using recall and precision values produce f-measure average 92.6%. While the results of the tests of the exponential estimation smoothing using ? = 0.5 produces MAE 18.2 datarecord duplicate. It slowed down to 3.6 datarecord from 21.8 datarecord results schedule download/fetch fix in an average time of occurrence news.
Evaluating Semantic Similarity between Biomedical Concepts/Classes through S...Editor IJCATR
Most of the existing semantic similarity measures that use ontology structure as their primary source can measure semantic similarity between concepts/classes using single ontology. The ontology-based semantic similarity techniques such as structure-based semantic similarity techniques (Path Length Measure, Wu and Palmer’s Measure, and Leacock and Chodorow’s measure), information content-based similarity techniques (Resnik’s measure, Lin’s measure), and biomedical domain ontology techniques (Al-Mubaid and Nguyen’s measure (SimDist)) were evaluated relative to human experts’ ratings, and compared on sets of concepts using the ICD-10 “V1.0” terminology within the UMLS. The experimental results validate the efficiency of the SemDist technique in single ontology, and demonstrate that SemDist semantic similarity techniques, compared with the existing techniques, gives the best overall results of correlation with experts’ ratings.
Semantic Similarity Measures between Terms in the Biomedical Domain within f...Editor IJCATR
The techniques and tests are tools used to define how measure the goodness of ontology or its resources. The similarity between biomedical classes/concepts is an important task for the biomedical information extraction and knowledge discovery. However, most of the semantic similarity techniques can be adopted to be used in the biomedical domain (UMLS). Many experiments have been conducted to check the applicability of these measures. In this paper, we investigate to measure semantic similarity between two terms within single ontology or multiple ontologies in ICD-10 “V1.0” as primary source, and compare my results to human experts score by correlation coefficient.
A Strategy for Improving the Performance of Small Files in Openstack Swift Editor IJCATR
This is an effective way to improve the storage access performance of small files in Openstack Swift by adding an aggregate storage module. Because Swift will lead to too much disk operation when querying metadata, the transfer performance of plenty of small files is low. In this paper, we propose an aggregated storage strategy (ASS), and implement it in Swift. ASS comprises two parts which include merge storage and index storage. At the first stage, ASS arranges the write request queue in chronological order, and then stores objects in volumes. These volumes are large files that are stored in Swift actually. During the short encounter time, the object-to-volume mapping information is stored in Key-Value store at the second stage. The experimental results show that the ASS can effectively improve Swift's small file transfer performance.
Integrated System for Vehicle Clearance and RegistrationEditor IJCATR
Efficient management and control of government's cash resources rely on government banking arrangements. Nigeria, like many low income countries, employed fragmented systems in handling government receipts and payments. Later in 2016, Nigeria implemented a unified structure as recommended by the IMF, where all government funds are collected in one account would reduce borrowing costs, extend credit and improve government's fiscal policy among other benefits to government. This situation motivated us to embark on this research to design and implement an integrated system for vehicle clearance and registration. This system complies with the new Treasury Single Account policy to enable proper interaction and collaboration among five different level agencies (NCS, FRSC, SBIR, VIO and NPF) saddled with vehicular administration and activities in Nigeria. Since the system is web based, Object Oriented Hypermedia Design Methodology (OOHDM) is used. Tools such as Php, JavaScript, css, html, AJAX and other web development technologies were used. The result is a web based system that gives proper information about a vehicle starting from the exact date of importation to registration and renewal of licensing. Vehicle owner information, custom duty information, plate number registration details, etc. will also be efficiently retrieved from the system by any of the agencies without contacting the other agency at any point in time. Also number plate will no longer be the only means of vehicle identification as it is presently the case in Nigeria, because the unified system will automatically generate and assigned a Unique Vehicle Identification Pin Number (UVIPN) on payment of duty in the system to the vehicle and the UVIPN will be linked to the various agencies in the management information system.
Assessment of the Efficiency of Customer Order Management System: A Case Stu...Editor IJCATR
The Supermarket Management System deals with the automation of buying and selling of good and services. It includes both sales and purchase of items. The project Supermarket Management System is to be developed with the objective of making the system reliable, easier, fast, and more informative.
Energy-Aware Routing in Wireless Sensor Network Using Modified Bi-Directional A*Editor IJCATR
Energy is a key component in the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)[1]. The system will not be able to run according to its function without the availability of adequate power units. One of the characteristics of wireless sensor network is Limitation energy[2]. A lot of research has been done to develop strategies to overcome this problem. One of them is clustering technique. The popular clustering technique is Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH)[3]. In LEACH, clustering techniques are used to determine Cluster Head (CH), which will then be assigned to forward packets to Base Station (BS). In this research, we propose other clustering techniques, which utilize the Social Network Analysis approach theory of Betweeness Centrality (BC) which will then be implemented in the Setup phase. While in the Steady-State phase, one of the heuristic searching algorithms, Modified Bi-Directional A* (MBDA *) is implemented. The experiment was performed deploy 100 nodes statically in the 100x100 area, with one Base Station at coordinates (50,50). To find out the reliability of the system, the experiment to do in 5000 rounds. The performance of the designed routing protocol strategy will be tested based on network lifetime, throughput, and residual energy. The results show that BC-MBDA * is better than LEACH. This is influenced by the ways of working LEACH in determining the CH that is dynamic, which is always changing in every data transmission process. This will result in the use of energy, because they always doing any computation to determine CH in every transmission process. In contrast to BC-MBDA *, CH is statically determined, so it can decrease energy usage.
Security in Software Defined Networks (SDN): Challenges and Research Opportun...Editor IJCATR
In networks, the rapidly changing traffic patterns of search engines, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, Big Data and data centers has thrown up new challenges for legacy; existing networks; and prompted the need for a more intelligent and innovative way to dynamically manage traffic and allocate limited network resources. Software Defined Network (SDN) which decouples the control plane from the data plane through network vitalizations aims to address these challenges. This paper has explored the SDN architecture and its implementation with the OpenFlow protocol. It has also assessed some of its benefits over traditional network architectures, security concerns and how it can be addressed in future research and related works in emerging economies such as Nigeria.
Measure the Similarity of Complaint Document Using Cosine Similarity Based on...Editor IJCATR
Report handling on "LAPOR!" (Laporan, Aspirasi dan Pengaduan Online Rakyat) system depending on the system administrator who manually reads every incoming report [3]. Read manually can lead to errors in handling complaints [4] if the data flow is huge and grows rapidly, it needs at least three days to prepare a confirmation and it sensitive to inconsistencies [3]. In this study, the authors propose a model that can measure the identities of the Query (Incoming) with Document (Archive). The authors employed Class-Based Indexing term weighting scheme, and Cosine Similarities to analyse document similarities. CoSimTFIDF, CoSimTFICF and CoSimTFIDFICF values used in classification as feature for K-Nearest Neighbour (K-NN) classifier. The optimum result evaluation is pre-processing employ 75% of training data ratio and 25% of test data with CoSimTFIDF feature. It deliver a high accuracy 84%. The k = 5 value obtain high accuracy 84.12%
Hangul Recognition Using Support Vector MachineEditor IJCATR
The recognition of Hangul Image is more difficult compared with that of Latin. It could be recognized from the structural arrangement. Hangul is arranged from two dimensions while Latin is only from the left to the right. The current research creates a system to convert Hangul image into Latin text in order to use it as a learning material on reading Hangul. In general, image recognition system is divided into three steps. The first step is preprocessing, which includes binarization, segmentation through connected component-labeling method, and thinning with Zhang Suen to decrease some pattern information. The second is receiving the feature from every single image, whose identification process is done through chain code method. The third is recognizing the process using Support Vector Machine (SVM) with some kernels. It works through letter image and Hangul word recognition. It consists of 34 letters, each of which has 15 different patterns. The whole patterns are 510, divided into 3 data scenarios. The highest result achieved is 94,7% using SVM kernel polynomial and radial basis function. The level of recognition result is influenced by many trained data. Whilst the recognition process of Hangul word applies to the type 2 Hangul word with 6 different patterns. The difference of these patterns appears from the change of the font type. The chosen fonts for data training are such as Batang, Dotum, Gaeul, Gulim, Malgun Gothic. Arial Unicode MS is used to test the data. The lowest accuracy is achieved through the use of SVM kernel radial basis function, which is 69%. The same result, 72 %, is given by the SVM kernel linear and polynomial.
Application of 3D Printing in EducationEditor IJCATR
This paper provides a review of literature concerning the application of 3D printing in the education system. The review identifies that 3D Printing is being applied across the Educational levels [1] as well as in Libraries, Laboratories, and Distance education systems. The review also finds that 3D Printing is being used to teach both students and trainers about 3D Printing and to develop 3D Printing skills.
Survey on Energy-Efficient Routing Algorithms for Underwater Wireless Sensor ...Editor IJCATR
In underwater environment, for retrieval of information the routing mechanism is used. In routing mechanism there are three to four types of nodes are used, one is sink node which is deployed on the water surface and can collect the information, courier/super/AUV or dolphin powerful nodes are deployed in the middle of the water for forwarding the packets, ordinary nodes are also forwarder nodes which can be deployed from bottom to surface of the water and source nodes are deployed at the seabed which can extract the valuable information from the bottom of the sea. In underwater environment the battery power of the nodes is limited and that power can be enhanced through better selection of the routing algorithm. This paper focuses the energy-efficient routing algorithms for their routing mechanisms to prolong the battery power of the nodes. This paper also focuses the performance analysis of the energy-efficient algorithms under which we can examine the better performance of the route selection mechanism which can prolong the battery power of the node
Comparative analysis on Void Node Removal Routing algorithms for Underwater W...Editor IJCATR
The designing of routing algorithms faces many challenges in underwater environment like: propagation delay, acoustic channel behaviour, limited bandwidth, high bit error rate, limited battery power, underwater pressure, node mobility, localization 3D deployment, and underwater obstacles (voids). This paper focuses the underwater voids which affects the overall performance of the entire network. The majority of the researchers have used the better approaches for removal of voids through alternate path selection mechanism but still research needs improvement. This paper also focuses the architecture and its operation through merits and demerits of the existing algorithms. This research article further focuses the analytical method of the performance analysis of existing algorithms through which we found the better approach for removal of voids
Decay Property for Solutions to Plate Type Equations with Variable CoefficientsEditor IJCATR
In this paper we consider the initial value problem for a plate type equation with variable coefficients and memory in
1 n R n ), which is of regularity-loss property. By using spectrally resolution, we study the pointwise estimates in the spectral
space of the fundamental solution to the corresponding linear problem. Appealing to this pointwise estimates, we obtain the global
existence and the decay estimates of solutions to the semilinear problem by employing the fixed point theorem
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
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Short Notes for Understanding the Basics of Nano Technology
1. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
Volume 3 Issue 5, 2014, ISSN-2319-7560 (Online)
Short Notes for Understanding the Basics of Nano
Technology
D. Edison Selvaraj
S. Sivaa Priyan
Department of EEE
Panimalar Engineering College
Chennai, India
M. Rajmal Joshi
Department of EEE
Panimalar Engineering College
Chennai, India
S. Geethadevi
Department of EEE
Aurora Technological and
Research Institute, Uppal
Hyderabad, India
C. Pugazhendhi Sugumaran
Division of High Voltage
Engineering
College of Engineering
Guindy, Chennai, India
J. Ganesan
Department of EEE
Sree Sowdambika College of
Engineering, Aruppukottai,
India
D. Krishnamoorthi
M. Raj Kumar
Department of EEE
Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan
College of Engineering and
Technology Chennai, India
S. Dinesh Kumar
Department of EEE
St. Peter‟s University, Avadi,
Chennai, India
Abstract: In this paper, the basic terms and definitions of nano technology was discussed. The characteristics, advantages and
disadvantages of nano technology were discussed. Applications of nano technology were also mentioned. This paper would be useful
to young engineers to study the fundamentals of nano particles. Two approaches used for nano technology were also elaborated.
Keywords: Nano Technology, Advantages, Disadvantages, Applications, Quantum dots, Nano particles, Nano wires
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Definition of Nanotechnology
The definition of nano technology was given by National
Nanotechnology Initiative in U.S. Nano technology deals with
structures having particle size of 1 to 100nm [1-2].
Nanotechnology is the design, fabrication and use of nano
structured systems and the growing, assembling of such
systems mechanically, chemically or biologically to form
nano scale systems and devices [3-4].
1.2 Characteristics of nano technology
1. It is very diverse.
2. It is based upon molecular self-assembly.
3. It is used in fields of science, organic
chemistry, molecular biology, semiconductor
physics, micro fabrication medicine,
electronics & energy production.
4. It was used to create many new materials.
5. It has impact on environment and
economics.
6. It is the engineering of functional systems at
the molecular scale.
7. It is used to make high performance products.
1.3 Applications of nano technology
1. Nano capacitors based filters
2. Nano transformer based SMPS
3. Nano cables
4. Nano insulators
5. Nano powders used for welding rods and
electrodes
6. Nano based rectifiers
7. Nano resistance
8. Nano engineering materials
9. Silicon steel mixed with 5% nano –
magnetic properties
10. Nano sic Arrestors
11. Nano ZnO Arrestors
12. Nano technology used in receivers
13. Nano alloys
14. Nano capacitor based microphones
15. Nano electrets
16. Nano nuclear engineering
17. Nano thermo electric materials
18. Nano medicines
1.4 Limitation of nano Technology
1. Integration of nano structure and nano materials
was not easy.
2. Demonstration of novel tools to study at
nano meter was difficult.
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2. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
Volume 3 Issue 5, 2014, ISSN-2319-7560 (Online)
3. New measurement technologies were more
challenging than ever.
4. It requires extremely sensitive
instrumentation.
5. Monitoring and manipulation of the material
processing in the atomic level was crucial.
6. Self-purification of nano materials makes doping
very difficult.
7. Huge surface energy.
8. Uniform size distribution was difficult to
achieve in nano materials.
9. It is not easy to achieve desired size,
morphology, Chemical composition and
physical properties.
10. Ostwald ripening and agglomeration
would occur.
1.5 Examples of nano particles
1. 1 nm = 10-9m
2. Spacing between the atoms in carbon-carbon
bond was 0.12 to 0.15 nm.
3. DNA double helix has a diameter of 2 nm.
4. Bacteria have a length of 200 nm.
1.6 Quantum size effect
The electronic properties of solids were altered with the
reduction in particle size [5-6]. The physical, chemical,
mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic & optical properties
of solids were changed with the decrease in the particle size.
This was called as quantum size effect.
Example: 1.Opaque substance become transparent copper
2. Stable materials turn combustible aluminum
3. Insoluble materials become soluble gold
2. MAIN APPROACHES IN NANO
TECHNOLOGY
There are two main approaches in nano technology.
1. Bottom up approach.
2. Top down approach.
2.1 Bottom up approach
1. In the bottom approach, materials and devices were
built from molecular components which assemble
themselves chemically by principles molecular
recognition.
2. It utilities the concept of molecular self-assembly
and supra molecule chemistry to automatically
arrange themselves into some useful conformation
3. It involves the concept of molecular recognition.
4. Molecules can be designed due to non-covalent
intermolecular forces
5. In this process, nano phase materials are produced
by building of atom by atom, molecule by molecule
or cluster by cluster. This process was used to build
larger objects from smaller buildings blocks
6. It is opposite of top-down approach.
2.1.1 Examples
1. Watson – Crick base pairing
2. Enzyme – substrate interactions
3. Pulsed laser deposition
4. Chemical vapour deposition
5. Colloidal dispersion
6. Nano lithography
7. Nano manipulation
2.1.2 Advantages
1. Two or more components can
be designed to be
complementary and mutually
attractive to make a complex.
2. It is used to produce devices in
parallel.
3. It is cheaper than top-down
method.
4. It is difficult for complex
assembly.
5. It is used to obtain nano
structures with fewer defects
6. More homogeneous chemical
composition
7. Long life
8. Less time
9. Reduction of Gibbs free energy
10. Allows smaller geometries
11. Easier
12. Economical
13. It doesn‟t waste material
2.1.3 Applications
1. Production of salt & nitrate
2. Growth of single crystal
3. Deposition of films
4. Fabrication of organic semi-conductors
5. Manufacture of carbon nano
tubes and silicon nano wires
2.1.4 Disadvantages
There was no difference in the physical properties
of materials depending upon the synthesis
method. But, chemical composition, crystallinity
and microstructure of the material can change due
to kinetic reasons depending upon the synthesis
method. Consequently, the physical properties
can also change.
2.2 Top down approach
In the top down approach, nano objects were
constructed from larger entities without atomic level
control.
2.2.1 Examples
1. Attrition or milling
2. Etching
3. Emulsification
4. Comminution
2.2.2 Advantages
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3. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
Volume 3 Issue 5, 2014, ISSN-2319-7560 (Online)
1. Stronger covalent bonds were created
by this method.
2.2.3 Limitations
1. Imperfection of surface
structure
2. Crystallographic damage
3. Not smooth
4. Contains lot of impurities &
structural defects
5. Change in physical property &
surface chemistry due to large
surface over volume ratio.
6. Reduced conductivity due to
inelastic surface scattering
7. Excessive heat due to surface
defects
8. In this process, bulk materials
are broken into smaller nano size
particles
9. Advantages
10. Stronger covalent bonds are
created by this method.
2.2.4 Applications
1. Synthesis of nano particles such as
Al2O3, SiO2, ZrO2nano fillers used in
enamel
2. It is used in the synthesis of nano fillers
such as Al2O3, SiO2, ZrO2, TiO2 used
in enamel.
3. CLASSIFICATION OF NANO
PARTICLES
Nano particles were particles that would have
dimension of 100 nm or less in size [7-8].
According to the shape of the crystallites nano
materials were classified into four categories:
1. Clusters or powders (MD = 0)
2. Multi layers (MD = 1)
3. Ultrafine grained over layers or
buried layers (MD = 2)
4. Nano materials composed of
equiaxed nano meter sized
grains (MD = 3)
Nano materials were classified according to their
chemical composition as follows.
1. Materials with same chemical
composition.
Example:
Semi crystalline polymers
Multi layers of thin film crystallites
separated by an amorphous layer
Si: N: H
Nc - si
2. Materials with different chemical
composition of grains.
Example:
Quantum well structures.
3. Materials having different chemical
composition of its forming mater
including different interfaces.
Example:
Ceramic of alumina with Ga in its
interface
4. Nano materials formed by nano
metre sized grains dispersed in a matrix
of different chemical composition.
Example:
Precipitation hardened alloys.
Nano meter sized Ni-Al precipitates
dispersed in a nickel matrix high
temperature materials used in modern jet
engines.
Precipitation hardened Ni3Al/Ni alloys.
4. PROPERTIES OF NANO
MATERIALS:
The properties of many conventional materials
change when formed from nano particles [9-11].
This was due to the reason that nano particles have a
greater surface area per weight than larger particles.
4.1 Physical properties
1. Large fraction of surface atoms.
2. Large surface energy.
3. Spatial confinement.
4. Reduced imperfections.
5. Lower melting point.
6. Lower phase transition
temperature.
7. Reduced lattice constants due to
a huge fraction of surface
atoms.
4.2 Mechanical properties
The enhancement in mechanical strength was
simply due to the reduced probability of defects.
1. Carbon nanotubes were the
strongest and stiffest materials. This
was due to covalent sp2 bonds
formed between the individual carbon
atoms.
2. Multi walled CNT have a tensile
strength of 63GPA.Individual
CNT have a strength up to 100GPA.
3. CNT has a low density of 1.3 to
1.4 g/cm3. Specific strength -
48,000 kNmKg-1
4. CNT undergo bucking when
placed under compressive, torsion or
bending stress due to it hollow
structure and high aspect ratio.
4.3 Optical Properties
Optical properties of nano material can be
significantly different from bulk crystals [10]. The
optical absorption peak of a semi conductor nano
particle shifts to a short wavelength due to an
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4. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
Volume 3 Issue 5, 2014, ISSN-2319-7560 (Online)
increased band gap [12-13]. The optical absorption
peak of metals was shifted by hundreds of nm. The
colour of metallic nano particle may change with
their sizes due to surface Plasmon resonance.
4.4 Electrical Properties
1. The dielectric strength of the insulating
materials were improved by adding nano
fillers of SiO2, TiO2, ZrO2, ZnO2 and so
an.
2. The insulation resistance of the
enamel was increased by adding nano
fillers of SiO2, TiO2, ZrO2, ZnO and so
an.
3. Dielectric loss, temperature rise
was increased in the enamel by the
addition of ZnO, Sic, ZrO2, TiO2, and
SiO2 nano fillers.
4. The value of constant and capacitance
was improved by the addition of
nano fillers polyamide enamel used as
the coating of the winding of the
electrical machines.
5. The efficiency, thermal
withstanding capacity of the electrical
machines was improved by the addition of
nano fillers to the enamel used for the
coating of the windings of it.
6. Harmonics and EMI of the electrical
machines were reduced by the
addition of nano fillers to the enamel used
for the coating of the windings of the
electrical machines.
7. Electrical conductivity decreases
with the reduction in dimension
due to increased surface scattering particle
charging energies were altered by
hundreds of MV via particle size and safe.
8. Electrical conductivity of nano
materials could be improved due to the
better ordering in micro structure.
4.5 Magnetic Properties
Magnetic properties of nano materials were
different from that of bulk materials.
Ferromagnetism of bulk materials disappears and
transfers to super paramagnetism in nano meter
scale due to the huge surface energy. Iron oxide
nano particles were used to improve MRI images of
cancer tumours. The nano particles were coated
with a peptide that binds to a cancer tumour. Once
the nano particles were attached to the tumour, the
magnetic property of the iron oxide enhances the
images from the magnetic resonance imaginary
scan.
4.6 Thermal Properties
Self purification was an intrinsic thermodynamic
property of nano material Heat treatment increases
the diffusion of impurities, intrinsic structural
defects and dislocation. Increased perfection would
have appreciable impact on the chemical and
physical properties.
4.7 Chemical Properties
1. Chemical stability was improved.
2. Chemical properties were size dependent.
3. Chemical properties of nano materials
were changed by adjusting the size, shape
and extent of agglomeration.
5. NANO PARTICLES
Nano particles were particles that have particle size of 100 nm
or less. The properties of many conventional materials change
when formed from nano particles. This was due to the reason
that nano particles have a greater surface area per weight than
larger particles. Iron oxide nano particles were used to
improve MRI images of cancer tumours. The nano particles
were coated with a peptide that binds to a cancer tumour.
Once the nano particles were attached to the tumour, the
magnetic property of the iron oxide enhances the images from
the magnetic resonance imagniary scan.
6. QUANTUM DOTS
1. A quantum dot was absorption of matter
whose excitons were confined all three
spatial dimensions.
2. They have electronic properties
intermediate between bulk
semiconductors and discrete molecules.
3. They were discovered at 1980 by Alexei
E Kimov in a glass matrix and by Louis E.
Brus in colloidal solutions.
4. The term “quantum dot” was coined by
Mark Reed.
5. Quantum dots were observed in
transistors, solar cells, LEDs and Diode
lasers.
6. Quantum dots were stated as
“Semiconductors whose electronic
characteristic were closely related to the
shape and size of the individual crystal.”
6.1 Characteristics of Quantum dots
1. Smaller crystal size.
2. Larger band gap.
3. Greater difference in energy between the
highest valence band and lowest band.
4. More energy was needed to excite the dot.
5. High level of control over the size of the
crystals.
6. Very precise control over the conductive
properties of the material.
7. Quantum dots of different sizes can be
assembled into a gradient multi layer nano film.
8. Colour shift in fluorescent dye
applications.
9. Diameter of quantum dots was 10nm.
6.2 Production
Quantum wires, wells and dots were produced by different
methods.
1. Advanced Epitaxial technique
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5. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
Volume 3 Issue 5, 2014, ISSN-2319-7560 (Online)
(i) Molecular Beam epitaxy
(ii) Metal organic vapor phase epitaxy.
2. Chemical methods.
3. Ion implantation.
4. Lithography.
5. Colloidal synthesis.
6. Etching.
7. Quantum cryptography.
8. High temperature dual injection.
6.3 Colloidal Synthesis
Colloidal semiconductor nano crystals were synthesized from
precursor compounds dissolved in solutions. The synthesis of
colloidal quantum dots was based on a three component
system composed of
1. Precursors.
2. Organic surfactants.
3. Solvents.
The precursors transforms into monomers while heating a
reaction medium to high temperature. Once the monomers
reach a super saturation level, the nano crystal growth starts
with a nucleation process. Temperature was an important
factor in determining the optimal conditions for the nano
crystal growth.
Another important factor was the monomer concentration.
The growth of nano crystals could occur in two regimes:
1. Focusing
2. Defocusing
6.3.1 Focusing
At higher monomer concentrations, the crystal size is small,
resulting in the growth of all particles. In this regime, smaller
particles grow faster than large ones resulting in focusing of
the size distribution to yield mono disperse particles.
6.3.2 Defocusing
When the monomer concentration was depleted during
growth the critical size becomes larger than the average size
present and the distribution „defocuses‟ as a result of Ostwald
ripening.
Quantum dots were made of allow such as
1. Cadmium selenide.
2. Cadmium sulfide
3. Indium arsenide.
4. Indium phosphide.
5. Cadmium selenide sulfide.
6.3.3 Advantages
1. Convenient method
2. Used for commercial application.
3. Least toxic.
6.4 Lithography and Etching
Quantum dots obtained by lithography and etching has a
dimension of 100nm. It was used for semi conductor hetero
structures. A lateral quantum dot was obtained by electron
beam lithography.
6.5 Epitaxy
6.5.1 Types
1. Molecular beam epitaxy.
2. Metal organic vapour phase epitaxy.
Material was grown on a substrate. This growth is called as
stranski - krastanov to form quantum dot.
6.5.2 Drawbacks
1. Costly.
2. Lack of control.
6.6 High Temperature Dual Injection
It is impossible for the manufacture for large quantities of
quantum dots.
6.7 Types of quantum dots
1. Core-shell structures.
2. Lateral quantum dots.
6.7.1 Core-Shell structures
Quantum dots having small regions of one material buried in
another with a larger band gap were called as core-shell
structures.
Example
1. CdSe in the core
2. ZnS in the shell
3. Ormosil
6.7.2 Lateral Quantum Dots
Individual quantum dots were created from two dimensional
electron or hole gases present in remotely doped quantum
wells or semi conductor hetro structures called as lateral
quantum dots.
6.8 Molecular Cluster Method
1. Large quantities of high quality quantum
dots were produced by using chemical precursors
in the presence of a molecular cluster.
2. Individual molecules of the cluster
would act as a seed or nucleation point.
3. High temperature nucleation was not
necessary.
4. Highly scalable method.
6.9 Assembly of quantum dots
1. Viral assembly.
2. Electro chemical assembly.
6.9.1 Viral Assembly
Genetically engineered M13 bacteriophage viruses were
used to create quantum dot bio composite structures.
Genetically engineered viruses could recognize specific
semiconductor surfaces through the method of selection by
combinational phase display. The crystalline structures of
wild type viruses such as Fd, M13 and TMV were adjusted by
controlling
1. The solution concentrations.
2. Solution ionic strength.
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6. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
Volume 3 Issue 5, 2014, ISSN-2319-7560 (Online)
3. External magnetic field applied to the solutions.
Advantages
Self assembled quantum dots were obtained highly oriented
and self supporting films were obtained from a phase and ZnS
precursor solution. Genetic modification and selection were
used to vary the length of bacteriophase and the type of
inorganic material.
6.9.2 Electrochemical Assembly
Highly ordered arrays of quantum dots were obtained by
electrochemical techniques.
6.10 Confinement Potential
Confinement in quantum dots could arise from electrostatic
potential generated by
1. External electrodes.
2. Doping.
3. Strain.
4. Impurities.
The energy spectrum of the quantum was controlled by
1. Size.
2. Shape and
3. Strength of the confinement potential.
6.11 Investigation
Tunnelling spectroscopy was used for the investigation of
quantum dots.
6.12 Artificial Atoms
The discrete transitions in the atomic spectra have
resulted in the quantum dots called as artificial atoms.
7. NANO WIRES
Nano structures can be defined as structures that have a
thickness or diameter constrained to tens of nano meters or
less and an unconstrained length.
At this scale, quantum mechanical effects were important and
hence they were called as quantum wires.
Types of nano wires:
1. Metallic nano wire
Eg: Ni, pt, Au.
2. Semi conducting nano wire
Eg: Si, InP, GaN.
3. Insulating Nano wire
Eg : SiO2, TiO2.
Molecular nano wires were of two types:
1. Organic nano wires
eg: DNA
2. Inorganic nano wires
Eg: Mo6 S9 Ix.
7.1 Properties
1. It has aspect ratio of 1000. Aspect ratio =
length/width.
2. They were called as one dimensional material.
3. Nano wires have interesting properties that were
not seen in bulk or 3-D materials.
4. Electrons in nano wires were quantum confined
laterally.
5. They occupy energy levels that were different
from the traditional continuum of energy levels or
bands found in bulk materials.
7.2 Applications
Nano wires were used to link tiny components into
extremely small circuits.
8. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, the basic terms and definitions of nano particles
was discussed. The characteristics, advantages and
disadvantages of nano technology were also discussed.
Applications of nano particles were also mentioned. This
paper would be useful to young engineers to study the
fundamentals of nano technology. Quantum dots and nano
wires were reviewed clearly.
9. REFERENCES
[1] Selvaraj, D. Edison, et al. "Analysis of Efficiency,
Thermal Withstanding Capacity and
Electromagnetic Interference of Three Phase Squirrel
Cage Induction Motor Coated with SiO2 & TiO2
nano composite Filled Enamel." International
Journal of Science and Engineering Applications 1.1
(2012): 17- 21.
[2] Edison Selvaraj, D., C. Pugazhendhi Sugumaran, and A.
Sivaprakash."Characterization of Electrical and
Thermal Properties of Enamel Filled with Carbon
Nanotubes." Proceedings of the Third International
Conference on Trends in Information,
Telecommunication and Computing. Springer New York,
2013.
[3] Selvaraj, D. Edison. "Partial discharge characteristics of
enamel filled with micro and nano composite of siO2 and
TiO2." International Journal of Science and Engineering
Applications 1.2 (2012): 95-101.
[4] Selvaraj, D. Edison. "Characterization of dielectric
properties of the enamel filled with carbon nano tubes for
the frequency range of 50 Hz-5 MHz" International
Journal of Science and Engineering Applications 1.2
(2012): 102-106.
[5] Selvaraj, D. Edison, and C. Pugazhendhi Sugumaran.
"Comparative Analysis of Dielectric Properties of Enamel
Filled with Various Nanofillers such as ZrO2, Al2O3,
CNT and ZnO." International Journal of Science and
Engineering Applications 1.1 (2012): 51-55.
[6] Babu, B. Gurukarthik, D. Edison Selvaraj, R. Srinivas, B.
Guru Prakash, and R. Vishnu. "Analysis of Relative
Permittivity and Tan Delta Characteristics of Silicone
Rubber Based Nano-composites." International Journal of
Scientific Engineering and Technology , pp.2201-206,
2012.
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7. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
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[7] D. Edison Selvaraj, J. Ganesan. "Experimental Analysis of
Efficiency and Thermal Withstanding Capacity of
Three Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Coated with
SiO2 & TiO2 Nano Composite Filled Enamel",
International Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol (2), No
(4), 2013. pp. 115-118.
[8] Lieutenant Ganesan. J, Jeyadevi.S.Dr, and Edison
Selvaraj. D, “Performance Analysis of Single Phase
Induction Motor Coated with Al2O3 Nano Filler Mixed
Enamel” ACEEE International Journal on Recent
Trends in Engineering & Technology Vol. 10, No. 1, Jan
2014.
[9] Edison Selvaraj. D, Pugazhendhi Sugumaran. C,
Lieutenant Ganesan. J, Ramathilagam. J, “Analysis of
Dielectric and Thermal Properties of Polyamide Enamel
Filled with Carbon Nano tubes” International Journal of
Nano science, Vol.12, Issue 3, June 2013.
[10] Lieutenant Ganesan. J, Edison Selvaraj. D, and
Ramathilagam. J,“Experimental analysis of Thermal
conductivity of enamel filled with micro and
nano composite of SiO2 and TiO2” International journal
of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics
and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol.2, Issue 7,pp.
2907-2912 , 2013.
[11] Lieutenant Ganesan. J, Jeyadevi. S. Dr, and Edison
Selvaraj. D, “Reduction of Electromagnetic
Interference in Single Phase Induction Motor by
coating the winding with Al2O3 nano filler mixed
Enamel” International journal of Advanced Research in
Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering,
Vol.2, Issue7,pp. 2913-2916 , 2013.
[12] Lieutenant Ganesan. J, Edison Selvaraj. D, and Selva
Kumar. B, “High Efficiency Induction Motor”,
International journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol.2, Issue
2, pp. 750-754, 2013.
[13] Lieutenant Ganesan. J, Edison Selvaraj. D, GuruPrakash.
B, Vishnu Prakash. R, Muthupandi. E, and BalaKumar. R,
“Analysis of Efficiency and Thermal Withstanding
Capacity of Single Phase Induction Motor Coated with
Al2O3 Nano Filler Mixed Enamel”, International
journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics
and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol.2,Issue
3,pp. 960-963, 2013.
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