In the 19th century, Shockley, Brattain, and Bardeen invented the transistor, launching the information age. Moore's law states that the number of transistors that can fit on an integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years. A single-electron transistor consists of a small conductive island connected by tunnel junctions to source and drain electrodes and one or more gate electrodes. Its operation relies on the transfer of individual electrons between the source and drain through the island in a process called single-electron tunneling. Single-electron transistors allow for extremely sensitive electrometry and microwave detection due to their ability to detect the addition or removal of single electrons.
The single electron transistor is made of an island/quantum dot connected through two tunneling junctions to a drain and a source electrode. When there is no bias on any electrode, electrons in the system do not have enough energy to tunnel through the junctions i.e. the transistor is in off state.
The single electron transistor is made of an island/quantum dot connected through two tunneling junctions to a drain and a source electrode. When there is no bias on any electrode, electrons in the system do not have enough energy to tunnel through the junctions i.e. the transistor is in off state.
The developing technology, the future, a tech that can replace the electronics era itself.
Few information about the tech and the fundamentals of Spintronics.
Spintronics is a NANO technology which deals with spin dependent properties of an electron instead of charge dependent properties.
One of the main advantage of spintronics over electronics is the magnets tend to stay magnetize which is sparking in the industry an interest for replacing computer’s semiconductor based components with magnetic ones, starting with the RAM.
With an all-magnetic RAM, it is now possible to have a computer that retains all the information put into it. Most importantly, there will be no ‘boot-up’ waiting period when power is turned on.
Another promising feature of spintronics is that it doesn’t require the use of unique and specialized semiconductor, there by allowing it to work with common metals like Cu, Al, Ag.
Spintronics will use less power than conventional electronics, because the energy needed to change spin is a minute fraction of what is needed to push charge around.
Conventional electronic devices ignore the spin property and rely strictly on the transport of the electrical charge of electrons.
Adding the spin degree of freedom provides new effects, new capabilities and new functionalities.
The concept, application of Giant Magneto Resistance is being discussed in the slides
The discovery of this phenomenon has caused vast developments in the field of spintronics
The developing technology, the future, a tech that can replace the electronics era itself.
Few information about the tech and the fundamentals of Spintronics.
Spintronics is a NANO technology which deals with spin dependent properties of an electron instead of charge dependent properties.
One of the main advantage of spintronics over electronics is the magnets tend to stay magnetize which is sparking in the industry an interest for replacing computer’s semiconductor based components with magnetic ones, starting with the RAM.
With an all-magnetic RAM, it is now possible to have a computer that retains all the information put into it. Most importantly, there will be no ‘boot-up’ waiting period when power is turned on.
Another promising feature of spintronics is that it doesn’t require the use of unique and specialized semiconductor, there by allowing it to work with common metals like Cu, Al, Ag.
Spintronics will use less power than conventional electronics, because the energy needed to change spin is a minute fraction of what is needed to push charge around.
Conventional electronic devices ignore the spin property and rely strictly on the transport of the electrical charge of electrons.
Adding the spin degree of freedom provides new effects, new capabilities and new functionalities.
The concept, application of Giant Magneto Resistance is being discussed in the slides
The discovery of this phenomenon has caused vast developments in the field of spintronics
SINGLE ELECTRON TRANSISTOR: APPLICATIONS & PROBLEMSVLSICS Design
The goal of this paper is to review in brief the basic physics of nanoelectronic device single-electron transistor [SET] as well as prospective applications and problems in their applications. SET functioning based on the controllable transfer of single electrons between small conducting "islands". The device properties dominated by the quantum mechanical properties of matter and provide new characteristics coulomb oscillation, coulomb blockade that is helpful in a number of applications. SET is able to shear domain with silicon transistor in near future and enhance the device density. Recent research in SET gives new ideas which are going to revolutionize the random access memory and digital data storage technologies.
Single Electron Transistor: Applications & Problems VLSICS Design
The goal of this paper is to review in brief the basic physics of nanoelectronic device single-electron transistor [SET] as well as prospective applications and problems in their applications. SET functioning based on the controllable transfer of single electrons between small conducting "islands". The device properties dominated by the quantum mechanical properties of matter and provide new characteristics coulomb oscillation, coulomb blockade that is helpful in a number of applications. SET is able to shear domain with silicon transistor in near future and enhance the device density. Recent research in SET gives new ideas which are going to revolutionize the random access memory and digital data storage technologies.
Modeling of solar array and analyze the current transientEditor Jacotech
Spacecraft bus voltage is regulated by power
conditioning unit using switching shunt voltage regulator having
solar array cells as the primary source of power. This source
switches between the bus loads and the shunt switch for fine
control of spacecraft bus voltage. The effect of solar array cell
capacitance [5][6] along with inductance and resistance of the
interface wires between solar cells and power conditioning
unit[1], generates damped sinusoidal currents superimposed on
the short circuit current of solar cell when shunted through
switch. The peak current stress on the shunt switch is to be
considered in the selection of shunt switch in power conditioning
unit. The analysis of current transients of shunt switch in PCU
considering actual spacecraft interface wire length by
illumination of solar panel (combination of series and parallel
solar cells) is difficult with hardware simulation. Software
simulation by modeling solar cell is carried out for a single string
(one parallel) in Pspice [6]. Since in spacecrafts number of
parallels and interface cable length are variable parameters the
analysis of current transients of shunt switch is carried out by
modeling solar array with the help of solar cell model[6] for the
actual spacecraft condition.
Modeling of solar array and analyze the current transient response of shunt s...Editor Jacotech
Spacecraft bus voltage is regulated by power
conditioning unit using switching shunt voltage regulator having
solar array cells as the primary source of power. This source
switches between the bus loads and the shunt switch for fine
control of spacecraft bus voltage. The effect of solar array cell
capacitance [5][6] along with inductance and resistance of the
interface wires between solar cells and power conditioning
unit[1], generates damped sinusoidal currents superimposed on
the short circuit current of solar cell when shunted through
switch. The peak current stress on the shunt switch is to be
considered in the selection of shunt switch in power conditioning
unit. The analysis of current transients of shunt switch in PCU
considering actual spacecraft interface wire length by
illumination of solar panel (combination of series and parallel
solar cells) is difficult with hardware simulation. Software
simulation by modeling solar cell is carried out for a single string
(one parallel) in Pspice [6]. Since in spacecrafts number of
parallels and interface cable length are variable parameters the
analysis of current transients of shunt switch is carried out by
modeling solar array with the help of solar cell model[6] for the
actual spacecraft condition.
Single elctron transistor PHASE 1.pptxssuser1580e5
PART-01
Single electron devices (SEDs) are the promising candidates where the bits can be defined using only a few electrons, leading to circuits with immunity from statistical fluctuations in the number of electrons per bit and very low power consumption
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024
Single electron transistor
1.
2. In 19th century Shockley, Brattain, Bardeen
In 19th century Shockley, Brattain, Bardeen
invented the information age “the transistor”.
invented the information age “the transistor”.
“Moore’s law” states that transistor density on
“Moore’s law” states that transistor density on
integrated circuit doubles at every two years.
integrated circuit doubles at every two years.
3.
4. A single-electron transistor consists of a small conducting island connected
to an source and drain leads by tunnel junctions and connected to one or
more gates.
Source and drain electrodes are attached to the island via a tunnel barrier.
operation relies on single electron tunneling through a Nano scale
junction.
many electrons (1000-10, 000 electrons) simultaneously participate from
the source to the drain current in the conventional MOSFETs, electrons in
SET devices are transferred one-by-one through the channel.
6. Requirement on resistance
∆t=RC
typical time to charge/discharge of an island
∆E ∆t=(e^2/C)RC> h/(2π) Heisenberg uncertainty principle
To observe SET effects this condition must be fulfilled
h
RQ > 2
e
kT 1
C <
e e
E C>>kT
7. CONSTANT INTERACTION MODEL
Electrostatics gives the following relation between the
different potentials and the charge Q on the island
(VD =0)
CVi-CggVgg=Q
CVi-C V =Q
Where the total charge is
This equation can be written in the form
with
i.e., the potential on the dot is determined by the
charge residing on it and by the induced potential V ext
of the source, drain and gate.
V = C V /C
V = C V /C
ext
ext
gg gg
8.
9. Sketch of the electrostatic potential energy
experienced by an electron moving at the
interface between GaAs and AlGaAs
Space–energy diagrams of a singleelectron transistor in which electrons
are confined between two tunneling
barriers. The plunger gate voltage is
increased from (a) to (c).
10. With reference to previous slide
Schematic drawing of aaSET. Wires are connected to source and drain contacts to pass current
Schematic drawing of SET. Wires are connected to source and drain contacts to pass current
through the 2DEG at the GaAs/AlGaAs interface. Wires are also connected to the confining
through the 2DEG at the GaAs/AlGaAs interface. Wires are also connected to the confining
electrodes to bias them negatively and to the gate electrode that controls the electrostatic
electrodes to bias them negatively and to the gate electrode that controls the electrostatic
energy of the confined electrons.
energy of the confined electrons.
11. Conductance of a SET as a function of the gate voltage. The spacing
between the peaks is the voltage necessary to add one electron to the
artificial atom.
12.
13.
14. Initial device structure of SET
SIMOX
wafer. A
type of
SOI.
Conductance oscillations as a function of the gate
voltage measured at 300 K at a drain voltage of 10 mV.
15. Initial structure of the twin
SETs before V-PADOX
Conductance
oscillations as a
function of the gate
voltage measured at 40
K and at a
drain voltage of 10 mV.
16.
17. Supersensitive electrometry:-
If the source-drain voltage to a singleelectron transistor is slightly above its
Coulomb blockade threshold, source-drain
current through the device is extremely
sensitive to the gate voltage.
Microwave detection:-
The videoresponse ("photoresponse") of singleelectron systems to electromagnetic radiation
with frequency f=Ec/h. Microwave has low
frequency, and so low energy, so detection
would not have been possible without SET.
21. SET+CMOS+SETMOS
SET+CMOS+SETMOS
SETs
and
CMOS
SETs
and
CMOS
transistors in SETMOS
transistors in SETMOS
devices can provide
devices can provide
enough gain and current
enough gain and current
drive to perform logic
drive to perform logic
functions on aa much
functions on
much
smaller scale than
smaller scale than
possible with just an
possible with just an
CMOS.
CMOS.
More uses of electrometers
More uses of electrometers
Electrometers based on
SET transistors could
also be used to
measure the quantum
superposition of charge
states in a island
connected by a tunnel
junction
to
a
superconductor.
22.
23. M. A. Kastner, “The single electron transistor and artificial atoms”, Ann. Phy.
M. A. Kastner, “The single electron transistor and artificial atoms”, Ann. Phy.
(Leipzig), vol. 9, pp. 885-895, 2000.
(Leipzig), vol. 9, pp. 885-895, 2000.
http://www.princeton.edu/~chouweb/newproject/research/SEM/Intro.html
http://www.princeton.edu/~chouweb/newproject/research/SEM/Intro.html
http://sergeyfrolov.wordpress.com/teaching/
http://sergeyfrolov.wordpress.com/teaching/
Solid State Electronic Devices(sixth edition) Ben G. Streetman, Sanjay Kumar
Solid State Electronic Devices(sixth edition) Ben G. Streetman, Sanjay Kumar
Banerjee
Banerjee
Electronics fundamental and applications(11th edition) D. Chattopadhyay, P.C. Rakshit
Electronics fundamental and applications(11th edition) D. Chattopadhyay, P.C. Rakshit
http://source.theengineer.co.uk/
http://source.theengineer.co.uk/
http://www.engineering.usu.edu/classes/ece/6430/fabrication1.pdf
http://www.engineering.usu.edu/classes/ece/6430/fabrication1.pdf
http://luciano.stanford.edu/~shimbo/set.html
http://luciano.stanford.edu/~shimbo/set.html
http://www.physicsandastronomy.pitt.edu/content/jeremy-levy
http://www.physicsandastronomy.pitt.edu/content/jeremy-levy
Sketched oxide single-electron transistor", Guanglei Cheng, Pablo F. Siles, Feng Bi,
Sketched oxide single-electron transistor", Guanglei Cheng, Pablo F. Siles, Feng Bi,
Cheng Cen,Daniela F. Bogorin, Chung Wung Bark, Chad M. Folkman, Jae-Wan Park,
Cheng Cen,Daniela F. Bogorin, Chung Wung Bark, Chad M. Folkman, Jae-Wan Park,
Chang-Beom Eom, Gilberto Medeiros-Ribeiro and Jeremy Levy, Nature
Chang-Beom Eom, Gilberto Medeiros-Ribeiro and Jeremy Levy, Nature
Nanotechnology 6, 343 (2011).
Nanotechnology 6, 343 (2011).
users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~pascual/.../SS20314-Lesung%2010d.PDF
users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~pascual/.../SS20314-Lesung%2010d.PDF
http://insti.physics.sunysb.edu/physics/forms/profilesearch.cgi?
http://insti.physics.sunysb.edu/physics/forms/profilesearch.cgi?
lastname=Averin&firstname=Dmitri
lastname=Averin&firstname=Dmitri