This document summarizes a study on the electrical properties of electrodeposited zinc-copper-telluride (ZnCuTe) ternary nanowires embedded in polycarbonate membranes. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the formation of uniform diameter nanowires equal to the pore diameters of 200nm, 100nm, and 50nm templates used. Electrical measurements found the nanowires exhibited linear and ohmic characteristics. Larger diameter nanowires showed higher electron transport than smaller ones. Temperature-dependent measurements from 308K-423K revealed electrical conductivity increased with temperature and decreased with smaller nanowire size, with ZnCuTe nanowires exhibiting negative temperature coefficients of resistance.
In tech polymer-based_nanodielectric_compositesMohsen Fayik
The document discusses polymer-based nanodielectric composites for applications requiring high energy density and high temperature dielectric materials. It describes how nanodielectric composites aim to leverage the high breakdown strength of polymers and high permittivity of ceramic fillers. The challenges of maintaining breakdown strength in multi-phase systems are discussed. Well-dispersed, low defect fillers and good particle-polymer interfaces are needed to prevent localized breakdowns. High-K ceramic or ferroelectric fillers could increase permittivity but require optimization to avoid decreasing breakdown strength.
Charge Transport in organic semiconductorsTauqueer Khan
This document summarizes research on synthesizing cadmium telluride (CdTe) nanocrystals directly within a poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) matrix for use in photovoltaic devices. The in situ growth improves the polymer-nanoparticle interface facilitating efficient charge transfer. Spectral results suggest CdTe forms a charge transfer complex with P3HT via dipole-dipole interaction. Structural studies show CdTe facilitates charge transport pathways between polymer chains. Photovoltaic devices using P3HT-CdTe nanocomposites demonstrated enhanced current density and open circuit voltage compared to P3HT:PCBM devices due to increased energy level offset between donor and
Tungsten oxide nanostructures for energy storage and field emission applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract
Single crystalline tungsten oxide (WO3) nanorods were synthesized over flexible carbon fabric via simple hydrothermal method
and used directly as supercapacitor (SC) electrode. WO3 nanorods with their peculiar structural features over the fabric exhibited
excellent electrochemical performance with a high specific capacitance of 481.34 F/g at scan speed 10 mV s-1. Additionally, these
nanorods showed propitious as electron field emitters where the registered turn on field and estimated field enhancement values
were 3.6 V/μm and 4550 respectively. These results indicate that present unique WO3 nanorods arrays over flexible carbon cloth
substrate are a promising candidate for constructing high-performance solid state electronics and electrochromic devices.
Key Words: Semiconductor compounds, Nanorods, carbon fabric, Supercapacitors, Field emitters and arrays
Synthesis of (Poly-methyl Methacrylate-lead Oxide) Nanocomposites and Studyin...journalBEEI
Piezoelectric materials have been prepared from (poly-methyl methacrylate-lead oxide) nanocomposites for electronic applications. The lead oxide nanoparticles were added to poly-methyl methacrylate by different concentrations are (4, 8, and 12) wt%. The structural and dielectric properties of nanocomposites were studied. The results showed that the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of nanocomposites decrease with increase in frequency of applied electric field. The A.C electrical conductivity increases with increase in frequency. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss and A.C electrical conductivity of poly-methyl methacrylate increase with increase in lead oxide nanoparticles concentrations. The results of pressure sensor showed that the electrical resistance of (PMMA-PbO2) nanocomposites decreases with increase in pressure.
A review on graphene based light emitting functional devicesJournal Papers
The document reviews recent developments in graphene-based light-emitting devices. It discusses how light emissions from graphene have been observed through thermal emission, electroluminescence, and plasmon-assisted emission. The review covers the device structures, fabrication methods, optical and electronic properties related to these light emission mechanisms. It also discusses potential applications for graphene light emitters and current technological challenges in the field.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In tech polymer-based_nanodielectric_compositesMohsen Fayik
The document discusses polymer-based nanodielectric composites for applications requiring high energy density and high temperature dielectric materials. It describes how nanodielectric composites aim to leverage the high breakdown strength of polymers and high permittivity of ceramic fillers. The challenges of maintaining breakdown strength in multi-phase systems are discussed. Well-dispersed, low defect fillers and good particle-polymer interfaces are needed to prevent localized breakdowns. High-K ceramic or ferroelectric fillers could increase permittivity but require optimization to avoid decreasing breakdown strength.
Charge Transport in organic semiconductorsTauqueer Khan
This document summarizes research on synthesizing cadmium telluride (CdTe) nanocrystals directly within a poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) matrix for use in photovoltaic devices. The in situ growth improves the polymer-nanoparticle interface facilitating efficient charge transfer. Spectral results suggest CdTe forms a charge transfer complex with P3HT via dipole-dipole interaction. Structural studies show CdTe facilitates charge transport pathways between polymer chains. Photovoltaic devices using P3HT-CdTe nanocomposites demonstrated enhanced current density and open circuit voltage compared to P3HT:PCBM devices due to increased energy level offset between donor and
Tungsten oxide nanostructures for energy storage and field emission applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract
Single crystalline tungsten oxide (WO3) nanorods were synthesized over flexible carbon fabric via simple hydrothermal method
and used directly as supercapacitor (SC) electrode. WO3 nanorods with their peculiar structural features over the fabric exhibited
excellent electrochemical performance with a high specific capacitance of 481.34 F/g at scan speed 10 mV s-1. Additionally, these
nanorods showed propitious as electron field emitters where the registered turn on field and estimated field enhancement values
were 3.6 V/μm and 4550 respectively. These results indicate that present unique WO3 nanorods arrays over flexible carbon cloth
substrate are a promising candidate for constructing high-performance solid state electronics and electrochromic devices.
Key Words: Semiconductor compounds, Nanorods, carbon fabric, Supercapacitors, Field emitters and arrays
Synthesis of (Poly-methyl Methacrylate-lead Oxide) Nanocomposites and Studyin...journalBEEI
Piezoelectric materials have been prepared from (poly-methyl methacrylate-lead oxide) nanocomposites for electronic applications. The lead oxide nanoparticles were added to poly-methyl methacrylate by different concentrations are (4, 8, and 12) wt%. The structural and dielectric properties of nanocomposites were studied. The results showed that the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of nanocomposites decrease with increase in frequency of applied electric field. The A.C electrical conductivity increases with increase in frequency. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss and A.C electrical conductivity of poly-methyl methacrylate increase with increase in lead oxide nanoparticles concentrations. The results of pressure sensor showed that the electrical resistance of (PMMA-PbO2) nanocomposites decreases with increase in pressure.
A review on graphene based light emitting functional devicesJournal Papers
The document reviews recent developments in graphene-based light-emitting devices. It discusses how light emissions from graphene have been observed through thermal emission, electroluminescence, and plasmon-assisted emission. The review covers the device structures, fabrication methods, optical and electronic properties related to these light emission mechanisms. It also discusses potential applications for graphene light emitters and current technological challenges in the field.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses the potential for nanotechnology to enable more efficient and lower-cost marine energy production systems. It describes how multi-gap solar cells using nano-wires and quantum dots can achieve higher solar cell efficiencies at lower costs. Nanotechnology may allow for novel nano-solar cells compatible with hybrid marine power systems that provide higher efficiency through more efficient use of the solar spectrum. The document examines various nano-electronic materials that could be used for marine energy production, including their advantages and challenges for withstanding marine environments.
This document provides an introduction to nano-materials. It defines nano-materials as artificial semiconductor structures with dimensions on the nanometer scale, including quantum wells, wires, and dots. Electron behavior changes from plane waves in free space, to Bloch waves in bulk semiconductors, to discrete energy levels in low-dimensional nano-structures. Nano-materials are of interest because they allow tailoring of electronic and optical properties by controlling geometric confinement. Common fabrication methods include lithography and self-organized growth to achieve sizes less than 100nm for full quantum confinement effects. Nano-materials demonstrate properties like ballistic transport, tunneling, and quantized energy levels that enable applications in light sources, detectors, and electronic devices
Nanotechnology involves manipulating materials at the nanoscale, which is approximately 1 to 100 nanometers. The document discusses the history and definition of nanotechnology, provides examples of nanostructures and nanomaterials, and describes various types of nanoclay structures and their preparation. Nanocomposites are introduced as materials made of two or more components where at least one is a nanomaterial. The document outlines some key applications of nanotechnology in areas like materials, electronics, and healthcare.
The document discusses various applications of nanomaterials across several industries. It describes how nanofabrication allows the development of new ways to capture, store, and transfer energy. It also explains how nanoceramic particles have improved household equipment and how nano-structured materials can enhance biocompatibility. The document also summarizes current pharmaceutical nanotechnology applications including drug delivery and biosensing.
Tuning the Ionic and Dielectric Properties of Electrospun Nanocomposite Fiber...IJERA Editor
This study reports the fabrication and characterization of electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF)and
polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nanofiber separators embedded with carbon black nanoparticles. Different weight
percentages (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4wt%) of carbon black nanoparticles were dispersed in N, Ndimethylacetamide
(DMAC) and ethanol using sonication and high-speed agitations, and then PVdF and PVP
polymers were added to the dispersions prior to the mixing and electrospinning processes. The morphological,
dielectric constant, ionic conductivity, and surface hydrophobic properties of the PVdF/PVP nanofiber
separators were analyzed using various techniques. SEM micrograms showed that the fiber diameter was
around 100-200 nm. The ionic conductivity test clearly revealed a significant increase in conductivity valueof
4.28 x 10-4
S/cm for 4 wt. % carbon black loading. However, the contact angle values were decreased with
increasing weight percent of carbon black particles. The dielectric constant was increased with the carbon black
loading. As can be seen, overall physical properties of the nanocomposite separators were significantly
enhanced as a function of carbon black inclusions, which may be useful for supercapacitor separators and other
energy storage devices
Performance comparison of selection nanoparticles for insulation of three cor...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an investigation on the enhancement of electrical insulations of power cables materials using a new multi-nanoparticles technique. It has been studied the effect of adding specified types and concentrations of nanoparticles to polymeric materials such as PVC for controlling on electric and dielectric performance. Prediction of effective dielectric constant has been done for the new nanocomposites based on Interphase Power Law (IPL) model. The multi-nanoparticles technique has been succeeded for enhancing electric and dielectric performance of power cables insulation compared with adding individual nanoparticles. Finally, it has been investigated on electric field distribution in the new proposed modern insulations for three-phase core belted power cables. This research has focused on studying development of PVC nanocomposite materials performance with electric field distribution superior to the unfilled matrix, and has stressed particularly the effect of filler volume fraction on the electric field distribution.
Short Notes for Understanding the Basics of Nano TechnologyEditor IJCATR
In this paper, the basic terms and definitions of nano technology was discussed. The characteristics, advantages and
disadvantages of nano technology were discussed. Applications of nano technology were also mentioned. This paper would be useful
to young engineers to study the fundamentals of nano particles. Two approaches used for nano technology were also elaborated.
Image reversal resist photolithography of silicon based platinum and silver m...Journal Papers
This document discusses the fabrication of silicon-based platinum and silver microelectrodes using an image reversal photolithography process and lift-off technique. It aims to optimize the process parameters, particularly the resist slope, to reduce defects from metal ears or tears after lift-off. A design of experiments approach was used to analyze factors influencing the resist slope, including spin speed, prebake temperature, exposure times, and develop time. The study found that prebake temperature most significantly impacted the resist slope. Optimization resulted in a resist slope angle of 40.2 degrees, compared to 92.4 degrees previously, allowing for a cleaner lift-off without defects. The fabricated microelectrodes were then tested using cyclic voltammetry
Fractal analysis of electrical tree grown in silicone rubber nanocompositesTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Electrical treeing is one of the main reasons for long-term degradation of high voltage insulation especially in the cable accessory which commonly made from silicone rubber due to non-uniformly structures of the cable accessories. Recently, the combination of nanofillers with the silicone rubber matrix can reduce the possibility of the electrical treeing to grow further by changing its patterns and slow-down its propagation. However, the influences of nanofillers on the tree hindrance and its patterns are not well understood. This paper explores the influence of nanofiller on tree pattern in silicon rubber. The electrical tree patterns were characterized using fractal analysis. The box-counting method was used to measure the fractal dimension and lacunarity to obtain the structure of the tree pattern during the electrical tree growth. The structure of the electrical tree in silicone rubber nanocomposites has higher fractal dimension and lacunarity. Sample with nanofiller possesses dominant fractal dimension of tree growth compared to the sample without nanofiller.
This document provides a thesis abstract that summarizes a PhD thesis on light-triggered molecular electronics in the 100 nm size range. The abstract outlines three key sections of the thesis. The first section presents the methodology for creating electrodes, interconnects, and measurement environments, using light as a trigger for electrical measurements. The second section acts as a proof-of-concept, showing electrical transport can be observed through photochromic molecules trapped between electrodes. The third section investigates new molecular materials, including spin crossover nanoparticles and a self-assembling molecular system that unexpectedly forms highly conductive molecular wires between electrodes under light stimulation. The abstract emphasizes the importance of studying molecular electronics at an intermediate size scale of 10-100 nm.
Fabrication and characterization of nickelijoejournal
This paper shows that nickel nanowires of length 11μm and diameters 800 and 15nm were grown within
the pores of nuclear track polycarbonate membrane by electrodepositing nickel. Surface morphology and
crystallographic structure of the deposited nanowires was investigated using SEM, TEM and XRD
respectively. It is found that low current density gives good result, while high current density leads to the
formation of curled nanowires. Fabricated nanowires were further investigated for electrical properties
and found that nanowires obey ohm’s law. Through structural characterization it has been observed that
the fabricated nanowires posses FCC lattice structure.
This document analyzes the absorption properties and I-V characterization of a dye sensitized solar cell using a natural Ruthenium dye extracted from fruits. Anees Ur Rehman et al. fabricated a DSSC using Ruthenium dye extracted from fruits as a sensitizer on a titanium dioxide layer. They measured the cell's short circuit current, open circuit voltage, fill factor, and efficiency, finding values of 11.52 mA/cm2, 0.70V, 0.61, and 4.47% respectively under 110 mW/cm2 illumination. The dye was found to absorb visible light well and support electron transfer at the semiconductor interface, demonstrating the potential of natural dyes as lower-
Quantum dots for optoelectronic devices - phdassistancePhD Assistance
Nanometre-scale semiconductor chips have been imagined as next-generation technology with high functionality and convergence. Quantum dots, also known as artificial atoms, have special properties owing to their quantum confinement in all three dimensions. Quantum dots have a lot of interest in optoelectronic systems because of their special properties.
For decades, self-assembled nanostructures have been a topic of considerable concern and significance.
Learn More:https://bit.ly/3xJJAiZ
Contact Us:
Website: https://www.phdassistance.com/
UK: +44 7537144372
India No:+91-9176966446
Email: info@phdassistance.com
Fabrication and Characterization of 2D Titanium Carbide MXene NanosheetsBecker Budwan
Typically, 2D free-standing crystals exhibit different properties from those of 3D counterparts. In this work, 2D nanosheets of Ti3C2 are synthesized by the room temperature exfoliation of Ti3AlC2 in hydrofluoric acid. Al is extracted from Ti3AlC2 and a new 2D material that we call MXene is formed to emphasize its graphene-like morphology. The treated powders can be used in the fabrication of Li-ion batteries and capacitors. A NSEM image of the treated powder shows the influence of HF treatment on the basal planes. Furthermore, XRD results shows the broadening of the peaks and loss of diffraction signal in the out-of-plane direction owing to exfoliation.
Nanotechnology & its Nanowires Application (By-Saquib Khan)SAQUIB KHAN
Appropriate presentation for Nanotechnology & Nanowires Application. along with Nanowiresbattery.
By- SAQUIB KHAN
B.TECH.MECHANICAL ENGG.(First Year)
INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY
Lucknow
Fabrication and studying the dielectric properties of (polystyrene-copper oxi...journalBEEI
This document summarizes a study that fabricated (polystyrene-copper oxide) nanocomposites for potential piezoelectric applications. Copper oxide nanoparticles were added to polystyrene at concentrations of 0, 4, 8 and 12 wt.%. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and AC electrical conductivity increased with higher copper oxide concentrations and increased frequency. The electrical resistance of the nanocomposites decreased with increasing pressure, showing piezoelectric behavior. The nanocomposites showed potential for use in piezoelectric sensors due to their sensitivity to pressure changes.
This document summarizes research on the electrical properties of zinc-copper-telluride (ZnCuTe) ternary nanowires. ZnCuTe nanowires of diameters 200nm, 100nm, and 50nm were electrodeposited in polycarbonate track-etch membranes. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the nanowires had uniform diameters matching the membrane pores. Current-voltage measurements showed the nanowires had linear and ohmic characteristics, with larger diameter nanowires exhibiting higher electron transport. Temperature-dependent conductivity increased with temperature and decreased with smaller nanowire size. ZnCuTe nanowires also showed negative temperature coefficients of resistance.
Nano Tailoring of MnO2 Doped Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes as Electrode Materi...IRJET Journal
This document describes research on synthesizing manganese dioxide (MnO2) decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MCNT) for use as an electrode material in supercapacitors. MnO2/MCNT nanocomposites were prepared through a simple solvo thermal method. Characterization of the materials was done using XRD, FESEM, TEM, EDS, UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. The analyses revealed a porous, hierarchical structure of MnO2 coated on the MCNT surface. Increasing the annealing temperature improved the crystallinity and reduced the band gap of the MnO2/MCNT nanocomposite. The synthesized nanocomposite showed potential for high performance
This document discusses the potential for nanotechnology to enable more efficient and lower-cost marine energy production systems. It describes how multi-gap solar cells using nano-wires and quantum dots can achieve higher solar cell efficiencies at lower costs. Nanotechnology may allow for novel nano-solar cells compatible with hybrid marine power systems that provide higher efficiency through more efficient use of the solar spectrum. The document examines various nano-electronic materials that could be used for marine energy production, including their advantages and challenges for withstanding marine environments.
This document provides an introduction to nano-materials. It defines nano-materials as artificial semiconductor structures with dimensions on the nanometer scale, including quantum wells, wires, and dots. Electron behavior changes from plane waves in free space, to Bloch waves in bulk semiconductors, to discrete energy levels in low-dimensional nano-structures. Nano-materials are of interest because they allow tailoring of electronic and optical properties by controlling geometric confinement. Common fabrication methods include lithography and self-organized growth to achieve sizes less than 100nm for full quantum confinement effects. Nano-materials demonstrate properties like ballistic transport, tunneling, and quantized energy levels that enable applications in light sources, detectors, and electronic devices
Nanotechnology involves manipulating materials at the nanoscale, which is approximately 1 to 100 nanometers. The document discusses the history and definition of nanotechnology, provides examples of nanostructures and nanomaterials, and describes various types of nanoclay structures and their preparation. Nanocomposites are introduced as materials made of two or more components where at least one is a nanomaterial. The document outlines some key applications of nanotechnology in areas like materials, electronics, and healthcare.
The document discusses various applications of nanomaterials across several industries. It describes how nanofabrication allows the development of new ways to capture, store, and transfer energy. It also explains how nanoceramic particles have improved household equipment and how nano-structured materials can enhance biocompatibility. The document also summarizes current pharmaceutical nanotechnology applications including drug delivery and biosensing.
Tuning the Ionic and Dielectric Properties of Electrospun Nanocomposite Fiber...IJERA Editor
This study reports the fabrication and characterization of electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF)and
polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nanofiber separators embedded with carbon black nanoparticles. Different weight
percentages (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4wt%) of carbon black nanoparticles were dispersed in N, Ndimethylacetamide
(DMAC) and ethanol using sonication and high-speed agitations, and then PVdF and PVP
polymers were added to the dispersions prior to the mixing and electrospinning processes. The morphological,
dielectric constant, ionic conductivity, and surface hydrophobic properties of the PVdF/PVP nanofiber
separators were analyzed using various techniques. SEM micrograms showed that the fiber diameter was
around 100-200 nm. The ionic conductivity test clearly revealed a significant increase in conductivity valueof
4.28 x 10-4
S/cm for 4 wt. % carbon black loading. However, the contact angle values were decreased with
increasing weight percent of carbon black particles. The dielectric constant was increased with the carbon black
loading. As can be seen, overall physical properties of the nanocomposite separators were significantly
enhanced as a function of carbon black inclusions, which may be useful for supercapacitor separators and other
energy storage devices
Performance comparison of selection nanoparticles for insulation of three cor...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an investigation on the enhancement of electrical insulations of power cables materials using a new multi-nanoparticles technique. It has been studied the effect of adding specified types and concentrations of nanoparticles to polymeric materials such as PVC for controlling on electric and dielectric performance. Prediction of effective dielectric constant has been done for the new nanocomposites based on Interphase Power Law (IPL) model. The multi-nanoparticles technique has been succeeded for enhancing electric and dielectric performance of power cables insulation compared with adding individual nanoparticles. Finally, it has been investigated on electric field distribution in the new proposed modern insulations for three-phase core belted power cables. This research has focused on studying development of PVC nanocomposite materials performance with electric field distribution superior to the unfilled matrix, and has stressed particularly the effect of filler volume fraction on the electric field distribution.
Short Notes for Understanding the Basics of Nano TechnologyEditor IJCATR
In this paper, the basic terms and definitions of nano technology was discussed. The characteristics, advantages and
disadvantages of nano technology were discussed. Applications of nano technology were also mentioned. This paper would be useful
to young engineers to study the fundamentals of nano particles. Two approaches used for nano technology were also elaborated.
Image reversal resist photolithography of silicon based platinum and silver m...Journal Papers
This document discusses the fabrication of silicon-based platinum and silver microelectrodes using an image reversal photolithography process and lift-off technique. It aims to optimize the process parameters, particularly the resist slope, to reduce defects from metal ears or tears after lift-off. A design of experiments approach was used to analyze factors influencing the resist slope, including spin speed, prebake temperature, exposure times, and develop time. The study found that prebake temperature most significantly impacted the resist slope. Optimization resulted in a resist slope angle of 40.2 degrees, compared to 92.4 degrees previously, allowing for a cleaner lift-off without defects. The fabricated microelectrodes were then tested using cyclic voltammetry
Fractal analysis of electrical tree grown in silicone rubber nanocompositesTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Electrical treeing is one of the main reasons for long-term degradation of high voltage insulation especially in the cable accessory which commonly made from silicone rubber due to non-uniformly structures of the cable accessories. Recently, the combination of nanofillers with the silicone rubber matrix can reduce the possibility of the electrical treeing to grow further by changing its patterns and slow-down its propagation. However, the influences of nanofillers on the tree hindrance and its patterns are not well understood. This paper explores the influence of nanofiller on tree pattern in silicon rubber. The electrical tree patterns were characterized using fractal analysis. The box-counting method was used to measure the fractal dimension and lacunarity to obtain the structure of the tree pattern during the electrical tree growth. The structure of the electrical tree in silicone rubber nanocomposites has higher fractal dimension and lacunarity. Sample with nanofiller possesses dominant fractal dimension of tree growth compared to the sample without nanofiller.
This document provides a thesis abstract that summarizes a PhD thesis on light-triggered molecular electronics in the 100 nm size range. The abstract outlines three key sections of the thesis. The first section presents the methodology for creating electrodes, interconnects, and measurement environments, using light as a trigger for electrical measurements. The second section acts as a proof-of-concept, showing electrical transport can be observed through photochromic molecules trapped between electrodes. The third section investigates new molecular materials, including spin crossover nanoparticles and a self-assembling molecular system that unexpectedly forms highly conductive molecular wires between electrodes under light stimulation. The abstract emphasizes the importance of studying molecular electronics at an intermediate size scale of 10-100 nm.
Fabrication and characterization of nickelijoejournal
This paper shows that nickel nanowires of length 11μm and diameters 800 and 15nm were grown within
the pores of nuclear track polycarbonate membrane by electrodepositing nickel. Surface morphology and
crystallographic structure of the deposited nanowires was investigated using SEM, TEM and XRD
respectively. It is found that low current density gives good result, while high current density leads to the
formation of curled nanowires. Fabricated nanowires were further investigated for electrical properties
and found that nanowires obey ohm’s law. Through structural characterization it has been observed that
the fabricated nanowires posses FCC lattice structure.
This document analyzes the absorption properties and I-V characterization of a dye sensitized solar cell using a natural Ruthenium dye extracted from fruits. Anees Ur Rehman et al. fabricated a DSSC using Ruthenium dye extracted from fruits as a sensitizer on a titanium dioxide layer. They measured the cell's short circuit current, open circuit voltage, fill factor, and efficiency, finding values of 11.52 mA/cm2, 0.70V, 0.61, and 4.47% respectively under 110 mW/cm2 illumination. The dye was found to absorb visible light well and support electron transfer at the semiconductor interface, demonstrating the potential of natural dyes as lower-
Quantum dots for optoelectronic devices - phdassistancePhD Assistance
Nanometre-scale semiconductor chips have been imagined as next-generation technology with high functionality and convergence. Quantum dots, also known as artificial atoms, have special properties owing to their quantum confinement in all three dimensions. Quantum dots have a lot of interest in optoelectronic systems because of their special properties.
For decades, self-assembled nanostructures have been a topic of considerable concern and significance.
Learn More:https://bit.ly/3xJJAiZ
Contact Us:
Website: https://www.phdassistance.com/
UK: +44 7537144372
India No:+91-9176966446
Email: info@phdassistance.com
Fabrication and Characterization of 2D Titanium Carbide MXene NanosheetsBecker Budwan
Typically, 2D free-standing crystals exhibit different properties from those of 3D counterparts. In this work, 2D nanosheets of Ti3C2 are synthesized by the room temperature exfoliation of Ti3AlC2 in hydrofluoric acid. Al is extracted from Ti3AlC2 and a new 2D material that we call MXene is formed to emphasize its graphene-like morphology. The treated powders can be used in the fabrication of Li-ion batteries and capacitors. A NSEM image of the treated powder shows the influence of HF treatment on the basal planes. Furthermore, XRD results shows the broadening of the peaks and loss of diffraction signal in the out-of-plane direction owing to exfoliation.
Nanotechnology & its Nanowires Application (By-Saquib Khan)SAQUIB KHAN
Appropriate presentation for Nanotechnology & Nanowires Application. along with Nanowiresbattery.
By- SAQUIB KHAN
B.TECH.MECHANICAL ENGG.(First Year)
INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY
Lucknow
Fabrication and studying the dielectric properties of (polystyrene-copper oxi...journalBEEI
This document summarizes a study that fabricated (polystyrene-copper oxide) nanocomposites for potential piezoelectric applications. Copper oxide nanoparticles were added to polystyrene at concentrations of 0, 4, 8 and 12 wt.%. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and AC electrical conductivity increased with higher copper oxide concentrations and increased frequency. The electrical resistance of the nanocomposites decreased with increasing pressure, showing piezoelectric behavior. The nanocomposites showed potential for use in piezoelectric sensors due to their sensitivity to pressure changes.
This document summarizes research on the electrical properties of zinc-copper-telluride (ZnCuTe) ternary nanowires. ZnCuTe nanowires of diameters 200nm, 100nm, and 50nm were electrodeposited in polycarbonate track-etch membranes. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the nanowires had uniform diameters matching the membrane pores. Current-voltage measurements showed the nanowires had linear and ohmic characteristics, with larger diameter nanowires exhibiting higher electron transport. Temperature-dependent conductivity increased with temperature and decreased with smaller nanowire size. ZnCuTe nanowires also showed negative temperature coefficients of resistance.
Nano Tailoring of MnO2 Doped Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes as Electrode Materi...IRJET Journal
This document describes research on synthesizing manganese dioxide (MnO2) decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MCNT) for use as an electrode material in supercapacitors. MnO2/MCNT nanocomposites were prepared through a simple solvo thermal method. Characterization of the materials was done using XRD, FESEM, TEM, EDS, UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. The analyses revealed a porous, hierarchical structure of MnO2 coated on the MCNT surface. Increasing the annealing temperature improved the crystallinity and reduced the band gap of the MnO2/MCNT nanocomposite. The synthesized nanocomposite showed potential for high performance
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
Structural and Optical properties of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Modified by...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Structure, chemical, and physical properties of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) after
modification by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) at atmospheric pressure is investigated using
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Raman and Uv-vis-NIR spectroscopy. Effects of plasma
treatment time on MWCNTs are analyzed. TEM result shows that during the short period of plasma
treatment time of 5 minutes, the tube surface experienced a few damages. With increase in plasma
treatment time, the tube surface is damaged to a certain extent. Intensity ratio, ID/IG through Raman
analysis shows a good agreement with TEM. The values of ID/IG of the modified MWCNTs are larger than
those of pristine MWCNTs. An increase of ID/IG indicates that considerable defects are produced on the
surfaces of MWCNTs. The treated MWCNTs has energy band gap compared to zero band gap of
untreated MWCNTs. It is believed that the defect site of MWCNTs can modify the electronics properties of
MWCNTs from being metallic to semiconducting structure, which is applicable for almost all electronics
device applications.
The document discusses a study examining the photocatalytic properties of WSe2/MoSi2N4 van der Waals heterojunctions using first-principles calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. The key findings are:
1) The WSe2/MoSi2N4 heterojunction has a type-II band alignment that spatially separates photoexcited electron-hole pairs, improving carrier separation.
2) Nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations show the carrier lifetime of 278 ps in the heterojunction is significantly longer than the 335 fs interlayer hole transfer time, indicating high quantum efficiency.
3) The heterojunction has superior optical absorption, low overpotential for the oxygen
This document provides a review of research on electrical discharge machining (EDM) of non-conductive ceramic materials. It discusses how ceramics can be made electrically conductive through doping with conductive materials like titanium carbide. It then summarizes several studies that investigated EDM of doped ceramics and the effects of process parameters on material removal rate and surface finish. It also describes an "assisting electrode method" where a conductive layer forms on the ceramic surface during EDM, allowing discharges and machining to occur even for insulating materials. The document aims to demonstrate the feasibility of EDM for machining ceramics and potential applications of this innovative processing technique.
Ultra-optical characterization of thin film solar cells materials using core...IJECEIAES
This paper investigates on new design of heterojunction quantum dot (HJQD) photovoltaics solar cells CdS/PbS that is based on quantum dot metallics PbS core/shell absorber layer and quantum dot window layer. It has been enhanced the performance of traditional HJQD thin film solar cells model based on quantum dot absorber layer and bulk window layer. The new design has been used sub-micro absorber layer thickness to achieve high efficiency with material reduction, low cost, and time. Metallicssemiconductor core/shell absorber layer has been succeeded for improving the optical characteristics such energy band gap and the absorption of absorber layer materials, also enhancing the performance of HJQD ITO/CdS/QDPbS/Au, sub micro thin film solar cells. Finally, it has been formulating the quantum dot (QD) metallic cores concentration effect on the absorption, energy band gap and electron-hole generation rate in absorber layers, external quantum efficiency, energy conversion efficiency, fill factor of the innovative design of HJQD cells.
This document summarizes research on conducting aluminum-doped zinc oxide films deposited at low temperature using an electrochemical deposition method. ZnO films doped with various molar ratios of aluminum nitrate and zinc nitrate were deposited at 70°C using a three-electrode setup. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the successful doping of aluminum into the crystal structure of ZnO without secondary phase formation. Electrical resistivity measurements found the lowest resistivity for a composition ratio of 7:3. Optical characterization showed over 90% transmittance and band gap widening with different aluminum compositions due to incorporation into the ZnO crystal structure.
Electrical transport properties of nanocrystalline and bulk nickel.pdfProximaCentauri15
In this work, the comparative study on the electrical transport properties of nanocrystalline nickel
ferrite (NiFe2O4) and its bulk counterpart has been carried out in detail by using complex impedance
spectroscopy in a wide range of frequencies (100 Hz–1 MHz) and temperatures (40 °C–320 °C). The
dispersive nature of the dielectric constant and loss factor is explained by the Maxwell-Wagner model
and Koop’s phenomenological theory. The value of the dielectric constant for nanocrystalline nickel
ferrite is found to be more as compared to its bulk counterpart. The frequency variation dielectric
permittivity is well fitted with the modified Debye formula, which suggests the presence of multiple
relaxation processes. The temperature dependent ac conductivity follows Jonscher’s universal power
law and reveals the presence of multiple transport mechanisms from small polaron hopping (SPH) to
correlated barrier hopping (CBH) mechanism near 200 °C. The estimated values of Mott parameters
are found to be satisfactory. Thermally activated relaxation phenomena have been confirmed by
scaling curves of imaginary impedance (Z) andmodulus (M). The comparison between the Z and
M spectra indicates that both long-range and short-rangemovement of charge carriers contribute to
dielectric relaxation with short-range charge carriers predominating at low temperatures while longrange
charge carriers are dominating at high temperatures. Analysis of the semicircular arcs of Nyquist
plot indicates the presence of grain boundary contribution to the electrical conduction process for the
nanocrystalline sample at high temperatures. The non-Debye type of relaxation has been examined by
stretching exponential factor (β) which has been estimated by fitting the modifiedKWW
(Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts) equation to the imaginary electric modulus curve. The value of β is
found to be strongly temperature dependent and its value for the nanocrystalline sample is less than
that of the bulk system which is explained on the basis of dipole-dipole interaction.
1) The study investigated the effect of adding zirconium oxide nanoparticles to carbon black electrode materials on surface morphology and electrochemical performance.
2) Scanning electron microscopy showed that adding nanoparticles partially filled gaps between carbon black particles, increasing the specific surface area available for charge storage.
3) Electrochemical analysis found that increasing nanoparticle content initially increased total charge storage due to higher surface area and pseudocapacitive charge storage, but further increases reduced performance due to higher electrode resistance.
This document summarizes a study investigating the effects of morphology and pore size distribution on the physicochemical properties of graphite nanosheets/nanoporous carbon black/cerium oxide nanoparticle electrodes for electrochemical capacitors. Electrodes with different compositions of these materials were fabricated and their surfaces and pores were characterized using SEM. Electrochemical testing showed that electrodes with a mixture of materials exhibited the highest capacitance due to having macro, micro, and nano pores that increased the accessible surface area. Introducing cerium oxide nanoparticles created micro pores, while carbon black particles created macro pores and rearranged the graphite nanosheets. This nanoporous structure resulted in an electrode with the highest capacitance of 16.2 F/
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes a study on the photoelectrochemical properties of nanocrystalline indium selenide (In2Se3) thin films deposited via a chemical bath deposition method. The In2Se3 films exhibited n-type conductivity. Current-voltage measurements in the dark showed non-symmetrical rectifying behavior with a junction ideality factor of 3.85, suggesting the influence of series resistance and structural imperfections. Capacitance-voltage measurements determined a flat band potential of -0.530V versus saturated calomel electrode. Barrier height measurements from reverse saturation current at different temperatures yielded a barrier height. Under 30 mW/cm2 illumination, the cell demonstrated an open circuit voltage of 153mV
This document summarizes a study on the photoelectrochemical properties of nanocrystalline indium selenide (In2Se3) thin films deposited via a chemical bath deposition method. The In2Se3 films exhibited n-type conductivity based on photoelectrochemical characterization including I-V and C-V measurements in dark conditions. These measurements were used to determine properties like the ideality factor, flat band potential, and barrier height. Under illumination, the In2Se3 films showed a maximum power output of 3.1 μW/cm2 with an open circuit voltage of 153 mV and short circuit current of 20 μA.
Synthesis of MWNTs, DWNTs and SWNTs buckypaper using triton x 100. and compar...Awad Albalwi
In this study buckypaper of MWNTs, DWNTs and SWNT have been synthesised using filtration of carbon nanotubes dispersed in 1% TritonX 100 as solvents. Dispersions were generated by pulse sonication of each single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) , Double wall carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) and Multi wall carbon nanotubes in TritonX solvent. Fist, sonication times were investigated for these CNTs to determine the optimum conditions for generating stable dispersions of carbon nanotubes. It was found that optimal dispersions could be generated using Trion X-100 solvent with all these carbon nanotube by using 30minute periods of pulse sonication. The Three buckypapers of MWNTs, DWNTs and SWNTs were produced by filtering dispersions of carbon nanotubes which had undergone 30 minutes of pulse sonication in TritonX100. Conductivity and measurements of the three buckypaper (SWNT,DWNT&MWNT) samples yielded average values of 14.24 , 23 and 19 Scm-1 respectively. Mechanical measurements were determined successfully . Homogeneity in the produced buckypapers were investigated confirming by scanning electron microscopy .
The preparation of thin zinc air battery. The cell, 1 cm2 area x ca. 460 μm thick, possesses limiting current of 27 mA, maximum power output of 31 mW, and vlumetric energy
density of 924 Wh l-1, rated at 20 mA. A bipolar design
markedly improves the cell performance. The cell, 1 cm2
area x ca. 920 μm thick, possesses limiting current
of 95 mA, maximum power output of 107 mW, and
volumetric energy density of 1189 Wh l-1.
Properties of electrodeposited semiconductor thin films are dependent upon the electrolyte composition, plating time, and temperature as well as the current density and the nature of the substrate. In this study, the influence of electrodeposition parameters such as deposition voltage, deposition time, composition of solution, and deposition temperature upon the properties of In2S3 films were analyzed by the Taguchi Method. According to Taguchi analysis, the interaction between deposition voltage and deposition time was significant. Deposition voltage had the most impact upon the stoichiometry of In2S3 films and deposition temperature had the least impact. The stochiometric ratios between sulfur and indium (S/In : 3/2) obtained from experiments performed with optimized electrodeposition paramters were in agreement with predicted values from the Taguchi Method. The experiments were carried-out according to Taguchi Orthogonal Array L27 (3^4) Design of Experiments (DOE). Approximately 600 nm-thick In2S3 films were electrodeposited from an organic bath (ethylene glycol-based) containing indium chloride (InCl3), sodium chloride (NaCl), and sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3.5H2O), the latter used as an additional sulfur source along with elemental sulfur (S). An X-ray diffractometer (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) unit, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were respectively used to analyze the phases, elemental composition, and morphology of the electrodeposited In2S3 films.
This document describes research on fabricating a novel graphene electrode embedded with zirconium dioxide nanoparticles for electrochemical capacitors. The electrode showed a maximum specific capacitance of 11.84 F g−1. SEM images showed ions redepositing as agglomerates on the electrode surface after one charge/discharge cycle, accompanied by a decrease in surface area. Electrochemical tests confirmed pseudocapacitive behavior and low resistance. The research aims to investigate how electrolyte ion and active material redeposition affects the electrode's charge distribution ability.
A new eliminating EOG artifacts technique using combined decomposition method...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper reviews the fabrication technologies of silicon nanowire transistors (SiNWTs) and rapidly development in this area, as this paper presents various types of SiNWT structures, development of SiNWT properties and different applications until nowadays. This research provides a good comparison among fabrication technologies of SiNWTs depending on a new factor DIF, this factor depends on the size of channel and power consumption in channel. As a result of this comparison, the best technology to use in the future to fabricate silicon nano transistors for future ICs is AFM nanolithography.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
2. an important class of materials and competing candidates
for silicon and other semiconductor materials in
photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications. CdS and
CdTe are well studied and established materials for
CdS/CdTe photovoltaic technology [10‐11, 13]. Copper
based chalcogenides p‐type semiconductors such as CuTe
& ZnCuTe have potential applications in solar cells,
photodetectors, electroconductive electrodes and other
advanced optical applications [14‐18]. The copper telluride
and zinc copper telluride are widely used as back‐contact
materials to thin film CdS/CdTe photovoltaic devices for
achieving higher efficiency and stability of the device [19‐
20]. The electrical properties of copper chalcogenides with
various metallic electrodes have been investigated by
many researchers [7, 17, 21]. ZnCuTe is a promising
material for bifacial characterization as well as tandem cell
interconnects and more stable low resistance Cu‐doped
contacts in CdS/CdTe solar cell [22‐23]. Gessert et al. [24]
and Tang et al. [25] have reported the properties of p‐
ZnCuTe back‐contact material for making ohmic contacts
to CdTe base in CdS/CdTe thin film solar cells. The
research on efficiency and stability of photovoltaic devices
is a field of current research in photovoltaic engineering.
Nanowires solar cells will give much higher efficiency and
stability compared to present thin film solar cell. The
higher efficiency can be achieved by multi‐junction
nanowires based solar cell [26]. Haverkort et al. [27]
claimed to develop nanowires solar cell with efficiency
more than 65% with 5 to 10 junctions.
Using template‐assisted one‐step dc electrodeposition,
ternary semiconductor ZnCuTe nanowires have been
synthesized within the pores of polycarbonate track‐etch
membranes at room temperature (303K). The template‐
assisted electrodeposition has been demonstrated to be a
simple and versatile approach for the preparation of the 1D
nanostructure of numerous materials, including metals
[28], semiconductors [29] and conductive polymers [30]. It
has been considered as one of the most efficient methods in
controlling the growth of nanowires because it takes place
exclusively in the normal direction of the substrate.
Compared to conventional methods, the higher degree of
reproducibility makes template‐assisted methods the most
attractive way to fabricate nanowires. Through the use of
template such as polycarbonate track‐etch membrane or
anodic alumina oxide (AAO), the reproduction of the
structure with the best possible reproducibility can be
achieved [31]. The template methods are generally
inexpensive, allowing deposition of a wide range of
materials, and presenting the ability to create very thin
wires down from 10μm to 5nm with higher aspect ratios
[31‐32] as compared to other methods e.g., chemical vapor
deposition, pulse laser deposition, sol‐gel, hydrothermal
and molecular beam epitaxy. The template method for
synthesis of nanowires provides an effective control over
the uniformity, dimensions and shape of the nanowires.
2
Nanomater. nanotechnol., 2012, Vol. 2, Art. 3:2012
On the other hand, electrodeposition is one of the most
widely used methods to fill the nanoporous template with
conducting and semiconducting materials to form
continuous nanowires. This pattern of electrodeposition is
a promising technique for fabricating nanostructures in a
“Bottom up” approach [33].
2. Experimental techniques
Zinc copper telluride (ZnCuTe) ternary compound
semiconductor nanowires of diameter 200, 100 and 50nm
have been deposited on copper substrates from an aqueous
electrolyte solution of Zn, Cu and Te. The aqueous
electrolyte solution was prepared from 0.2M ZnSO4.7H2O
(AR, Merck), 0.15M CuSO4.5H2O (AR, Merck) and 1mM
TeO2 (99% +, Sigma‐Aldrich) dissolved in 3‐4 drops of H2SO4
(AR, Merck) in 50ml pure double distilled water. The pH of
the electrolyte was adjusted between 2 to 3 by using H2SO4
and was measured 2.1 from digital pH meter in all the
experiments. The as‐received self‐adhesive copper tape (3M
1181) without any further cleaning was used as substrates.
The copper tape was fixed on the aluminium base of the self‐
made electrochemical cell that acts as cathode. The
polycarbonate track‐etch membranes (Whatman) were used
as overlays fixed gently on the copper substrate to select an
area of approximately 1cm2 on the copper substrate via O‐
ring fitted in the top portion of the cell. In this way, an area
of approximately 1cm2 on the copper substrate is allowed for
exposure with the electrolyte through nanoporous
membrane. A platinum wire was used as an anode. The
electrodeposition was carried out for 15 min at 0.71V dc
voltage at room temperature and a current density in the
range of 7‐9mA/cm2 was observed during the experiment at
room temperature (303K). The nanowires got deposited in
the nanopores of the membrane. The samples were removed
from the cell carefully after the deposition and washed with
distilled water. The samples in membranes were then dried
in open air for about half an hour and used for electrical
characterization. The nanowires were retrieved by
dissolving polycarbonate membranes in dichloromethane
(CH2Cl2), rinsed with double distilled water and dried at
room temperature. The bare nanowires on copper substrates
were used for SEM, EDX and XRD characterization.
Figure 1. Schematic of the two‐probe dc technique used for the
measurement of electrical transport properties of ZnCuTe nanowires
www.intechopen.com
3. The JEOL JSM‐6100 and Zeiss EVO 40 analytical scanning
electron microscopes (SEM) were used to view the
morphologies of as‐prepared ZnCuTe nanowires on
copper substrate. The structural properties were studied
by X’PERT‐PRO Phillips X‐ray Diffractometer using Cu‐
Kα radiation at 45 mA, 45 keV with a step size of 0.0170
using wavelength (Kα) 1.5406Å in the range of scanning
angle 20–70 degree. The two‐point probe method was
used to study the electron transport properties of as‐
prepared ZnCuTe nanowires embedded in the membrane
itself. A self‐made two probe apparatus was used to study
the electrical properties. Figure 1 shows the schematic of
two‐probe dc technique for the measurements of electrical
transport properties of ZnCuTe nanowires. The apparatus
was consisting of two electrodes with a heater in a
cylindrical aluminium body for measuring temperature
dependent electrical conductivity. The contact to ZnCuTe
nanowires was made using conducting silver paste on an
area approximately 0.5mm x 0.5mm. The ZnCuTe
nanowires were therefore sandwiched between the two
metal plates i.e. Cu‐ZnCuTe‐Ag, thus formed a metal‐
semiconductor‐metal system. The nanowires embedded in
polycarbonate membrane were suspended between the
two electrodes for electrical measurement in two‐point
probe apparatus. I‐V measurements were recorded at room
temperature (303K) at different voltages across the
nanowires. The temperature dependent electrical
conductivity was measured by increasing the temperature
surrounding the nanowires in the temperature range 308‐
423K. The applied dc voltage of 90mV was kept constant
across the nanowires during temperature ‐dependent
electrical measurements. The programmable voltage
source and electrometer (Keithley, Model 617) was used for
all measurements.
3. Results and discussion
3.1 SEM, XRD & EDX characterization
Figure 2(a), 2(b) and 2(c) shows the micrographs of the as‐
prepared ZnCuTe nanowires of diameter 200, 100 and
50nm, respectively. The SEM micrographs of as‐prepared
ZnCuTe nanowires in figures 2(a & b) and 2(c) were
taken from JEOL JSM‐6100 and Zeiss EVO 40 analytical
scanning electron microscope (SEM) respectively. The
SEM micrographs show that the nanowires are
homogeneous, vertical, free standing and highly ordered.
The growth of the nanowires is normal to the substrate.
The nanowires are found to have equal diameter to that
of the templates used and are found to be of very high
aspect ratio.
The figures 3(a), 3(b) and 3(c) shows the XRD pattern of
as‐prepared ZnCuTe nanowires of diameter 50, 100 and
200 nm respectively on copper substrate. The peaks of
ZnCuTe indexed as (006), (106), (108), (119), (209), (326)
www.intechopen.com
and (331) are observed in the XRD patterns of diameters
200, 100 and 50nm that matches with the standard ICDD
zinc copper telluride (ZnCuTe) data file (JCPDS Card
Number: 45‐1301) which confirm the formation of
ZnCuTe nanowires with hexagonal structure. The various
strong peaks of copper (JCPDS Card Number: 04‐0836,
02‐1225) are also observed in the XRD pattern that may
arises from the copper substrate. The broadened peaks
are observed in the XRD spectrum with decrease in the
diameter size of ZnCuTe nanowires which attribute to the
size effect. The strong reflection peaks suggest that the
well‐crystallized ZnCuTe nanowires were successfully
obtained through the present fabrication method.
Figure 2. SEM micrographs of ZnCuTe nanowires of diameters
(a) 200nm (b) 100nm and (C) 50nm on copper substrates
Suresh Kumar, Anil Vohra and S. K. Chakarvarti: Electrical Properties of Electrodeposited ZnCuTe
Ternary Nanowires Embedded in Polycarbonate Membrane
3
4. temperature dependence of electrical conductivity was
measured over a temperature range of 308‐423K. Both the
studies were carried out in a self‐made two electrode
apparatus made of aluminium.
3.2.1 Current‐voltage (I‐V) characteristics
The room temperature (303K) I‐V measurements of as‐
prepared zinc copper telluride (ZnCuTe) nanowires
embedded in polycarbonate membranes were recorded
using dc two‐point probe method. Figure 5 shows the
linear and symmetrical I‐V relationship of as‐prepared
zinc copper telluride nanowires. I‐V curves have shown
linear relationship of current and voltage which suggests
that the ZnCuTe nanowires have ohmic character. Thus,
the Cu‐ZnCuTe‐Ag system can be modeled as having
back‐to‐back ohmic contacts. The study further suggests
that the zinc copper telluride nanowires can be used as
ohmic contacts in future nanodevices and nanowires
based photovoltaic devices.
Figure 3. XRD spectrum of ZnCuTe nanowires of diameters (a)
50nm (b) 100nm and (C) 200nm on copper substrates
The EDX analysis of ZnCuTe nanowires (figure 4)
revealed that the nanowires are chemically composed of
Zn, Cu and Te [34]. The EDX spectrum also shows the
signals of Sn and O that come from the substrate. The C
signal originates from the carbon tape taken as a support
of sample during EDX investigation. The chemical
composition of the electrolyte for the all the ZnCuTe
nanowires of diameters 200, 100 and 50 nm was kept
same during the synthesis of nanowires.
3.2 Electrical studies of zinc copper telluride nanowires
The electrical properties of zinc copper telluride
(ZnCuTe) ternary nanowires have been studied at room
temperature using two‐point probe method. The
4
Nanomater. nanotechnol., 2012, Vol. 2, Art. 3:2012
The figure 5 clearly shows that the electrical conductivity
in 50nm nanowires is lower than 100nm nanowires and
that of 100nm is lower than 200nm nanowires. This
dependence of electrical conductivity on size may be
accounted for the size effect in nanomaterials. The
material properties changes drastically when size of the
material is reduced to nanometer range. The electron‐
electron interaction contributes mainly to the electron
transport through the nanowires at room temperature.
The electron scattering at the surface and grain
boundaries dominates in nanomaterials due to the size
effect greatly affects electron transport. As the size is
reduced, electron scattering at the surface or grain
boundaries increases due to the presence of more
unbonded atoms at the surface of the nanowires. These
unbonded atoms produce defects within the nanowires,
and may cause the nanowires to transport electrons more
poorly than that in the bulk material. Mayadas &
Shatzkes [35] and Fuchs‐Sondheimer [36, 37] suggested
two theories of electrical conduction in materials when
their size decreases to nanometer range. Mayadas and
Shatzkes suggested that the reflected electrons at the
grain boundaries reduce the electrical conduction due to
grain boundary scattering that results higher resistivity in
nanomaterials. The Fuchs‐Sondheimer theory suggested
that the mean free path of electrons is reduced due to
electron surface scattering on the wire surface. This
scattering of electrons from the surface increases the
resistivity in nanomaterials and hence limits the electron
transport through nanomaterials. Thus, both the theories
explain that the electrical conduction decreases due to
increasing resistivity with decrease in size of the
nanowires. Therefore, as a result of surface or grain
boundary scattering in nanowires, the wire resistivity
increases which in turns decrease the electron transport
through the nanowires.
www.intechopen.com
5.
Figure 4. Energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectrum of zinc copper telluride (ZnCuTe) nanowires
Figure 5. Current‐voltage (I‐V) characteristics of 200, 100 and
50nm zinc copper telluride nanowires at room temperature
The transport of the electron through the nanowires is
also influenced due to quantization of energy in the
nanowires. The energy of the electrons through
nanowires assumes discrete values due to quantum size
effects which become more prominent when the size of
the material approaches in nanometer regime. When a
charge carrier is confined, then its energy is quantized
[38]. The electrical conduction then becomes the sum of
the transport by separate channels of different
quantized energy levels. As the size of the nanowires
decrease, the number of channels available to the
transport of electrons decreases. Therefore, the overall
effect is the decrease in electron transport through the
nanowires with decrease in the size of the nanowires.
www.intechopen.com
The average resistance from the I‐V graph of zinc copper
telluride nanowires was calculated to be 13.02, 11.29 and
10.03Ω for 200, 100 and 50nm respectively.
3.3.2. Temperature‐dependent electrical resistance
The measured temperature dependence of resistance
over a temperature range of 308‐423K for 200, 100 and
50nm diameters of zinc copper telluride nanowires is
shown in figure 6. The measurement results reveal that
the resistance (RT) of nanowires of all diameter rises as
the temperature decreases. The increase of resistance in
the nanowires at low temperature attributes to the
reduction of free carriers in the conduction band [39],
where only carriers with enough energy can stay in the
conduction band for electrical conduction. The drop in
carrier density at low temperatures suggests the
overlapping of the conduction band and valence band
where thermal energy is the main factor to determine
the free carrier density. Therefore, the temperature‐
dependent resistance measurement shows that the
electrical conductivity of the ZnCuTe nanowires is
carrier density dependent. The exponential decrease in
carrier density in low temperature range suggests that
the ZnCuTe nanowires have semiconducting behaviour.
It is clear from figure 6 that the resistance (RT) of
ZnCuTe nanowires decreases with increasing
temperature and exhibits an obvious negative
temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR). It is also
observed from the figure 6 that the value of resistance
(RT) increases with decrease in the size of ZnCuTe
nanowires.
Suresh Kumar, Anil Vohra and S. K. Chakarvarti: Electrical Properties of Electrodeposited ZnCuTe
Ternary Nanowires Embedded in Polycarbonate Membrane
5
6. The temperature dependent resistivity of the ZnCuTe
nanowires was computed based on the measurement
data using equation (1):
A
R
, (1)
l
where l is the length, A is the cross‐sectional area and R is
the measured resistance value. The temperature
dependent resistivity values lie in the range of 4.78 x 10‐1 ‐
4.63 x 10‐1, 4.86 x 10‐1 ‐ 4.69 x 10‐1 and 5.02 x 10‐1, and 4.74 x
10‐1 ohm‐meter in the temperature range of 308‐423K
respectively.
The electrical conductivity of as‐prepared 200, 100 and
50nm diameter ZnCuTe nanowires as a function of
temperature can be deduced from resistance
measurements and is plotted in the Figure 7. The
electrical conductivity reaches to its peak value of 0.334,
0.331 and 0.324 Ω‐1m‐1 for 200, 100 and 50nm diameter
nanowires at around 393, 408 and 423K respectively. This
decrease in the peak value is due to decrease in the size of
the nanowires which attributes to size effect. Therefore, it
is observed from the graph that the temperature‐
dependent electrical conductivity decreases with decrease
in size of ZnCuTe nanowires. It is also observed that the
electrical conductivity increases with increase in
temperature in all nanowires and this increase may be
due to the increased electron‐phonon interaction. Both
the electron‐electron and the electron‐phonon interactions
take part in the electron transport through the nanowires.
As the temperature is increased, phonon induced effects
dominates and electron‐phonons interaction becomes more
prominent. Further, such interactions dramatically
enhances the electron transport in addition to phonon
through nanowires due large carrier generation when
temperature is increased. The activation energy (Ea) in
ZnCuTe nanowires was calculated, using Arrhenius
equation (1) for the conductivity σ in semiconductors [40]:
0 exp( E a / kT ) , (2)
where σ is electrical conductivity in Ω‐1m‐1, σo is a pre‐
exponential factor, Ea is the activation energy in eV, k is
Boltzmann constant, and T is temperature in Kelvin.
From equation (1), the calculated activation energy (Ea1)
are 0.59, 0.66 and 0.73meV over a temperature range of
340‐423K in 200, 100 and 50nm diameter zinc copper
telluride nanowires, respectively. The slope significantly
changes in low temperature range below approximately
340K and the measured activation energy (Ea2) values in
low temperature range of 308‐340K are 5.32, 8.15 and
11.70 meV in 200, 100 and 50nm diameter ZnCuTe
nanowires, respectively.
6
Nanomater. nanotechnol., 2012, Vol. 2, Art. 3:2012
Figure 6. Temperature dependence of resistance of ZnCuTe
nanowires of diameters 200, 100 and 50nm
Figure 7. Temperature dependence of electrical conductivity of
ZnCuTe nanowires of diameters 200, 100 and 50nm
4. Conclusion
The room temperature and temperature‐dependent
electrical properties of ZnCuTe nanowires of diameter
size 200, 100 and 50nm synthesized electrochemically via
template synthesis using polycarbonate track‐etch
membrane have been studied and reported. The SEM
studies have confirmed that the ZnCuTe nanowires are
ordered, vertically aligned and of high aspect ratio. The
diameters of synthesized nanowires have diameter equal
to the diameter of the pore‐templates used. I‐V
measurements of ZnCuTe nanowires embedded in
polycarbonate membrane have shown linear, symmetric
and ohmic characteristics. These nanowires could find
applications as ohmic contacts in future nanowires based
photovoltaic devices. The electron transport through the
nanowires decreases with decrease in size of the
nanowires due to quantum size effect. The electrical
studies reveal that the electrical conduction in all the
nanowires are temperature dependent and increases with
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7. temperature. The resistance of ZnCuTe nanowires
decreases with increasing temperature and thus have
negative temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR).
5. Acknowledgements
We are highly thankful to the University Grants
Commission, New Delhi, India for their financial support
under major research project Grant No. F.No.34‐552008
(SR). We are also thankful to Mr. Mohinder Sharma,
SAIF, Punjab University, Chandigarh, and Dr. Ruchita
Pal, Senior Research Fellow in Advanced Instrumentation
Research Facility (AIRF), Jawaharlal Nehru University,
New Delhi, India for providing SEM facility.
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