Computers today are an integral part of individuals’ lives all around the world, but unfortunately these devices are toxic to the environment given the materials used, their limited battery life and technological obsolescence. Individuals are concerned about the hazardous materials ever present in computers, even if the importance of various attributes differs, and that a more environment -friendly attitude can be obtained through exposure to educational materials. In this paper, we aim to delineate the problem of e-waste in Nigeria and highlight a series of measures and the advantage they herald for our country and propose a series of action steps to develop in these areas further. It is possible for Nigeria to have an immediate economic stimulus and job creation while moving quickly to abide by the requirements of climate change legislation and energy efficiency directives. The costs of implementing energy efficiency and renewable energy measures are minimal as they are not cash expenditures but rather investments paid back by future, continuous energy savings.
The circular economy - benefits to South African supply chainsTristan Wiggill
A White Paper by Peter Desmond MBA, MA, FCA, FRSA, Management Consultant and Founder Director, Growth International, UK. Delivered during SAPICS 2016 in South Africa.
Our modern economy currently operates through a linear approach where products are made, used and disposed of. This Linear Economy is powered by increasingly expensive fossil fuels, relies on continual economic growth and generates waste. An alternative approach is a Circular Economy. This is an industrial system which benefits business, society and nature; it aims to reuse products and materials to realise their maximum value. The Circular Economy is estimated to be worth $4.5 trillion per annum and capable of removing all new CO2 emissions generated by global GDP growth over the next 15 years (COP21).
The circular economy - benefits to South African supply chainsTristan Wiggill
A White Paper by Peter Desmond MBA, MA, FCA, FRSA, Management Consultant and Founder Director, Growth International, UK. Delivered during SAPICS 2016 in South Africa.
Our modern economy currently operates through a linear approach where products are made, used and disposed of. This Linear Economy is powered by increasingly expensive fossil fuels, relies on continual economic growth and generates waste. An alternative approach is a Circular Economy. This is an industrial system which benefits business, society and nature; it aims to reuse products and materials to realise their maximum value. The Circular Economy is estimated to be worth $4.5 trillion per annum and capable of removing all new CO2 emissions generated by global GDP growth over the next 15 years (COP21).
Factors Influencing Willingness to Recycle E-Waste in Kisumu City Central Bus...paperpublications3
Abstract: The ever increasing levels of electronic waste (e-waste) and limited capacities for disposal and recycling have worsened e-waste management in Kenya. An understanding of end-user of electronic devices (consumer) participation is fundamental in planning for e-waste management as Kenya has a pending bill on e-waste management since 2013 that stipulates the role of consumers in e-waste management. There is need to understand factors influencing willingness to recycle to inform policy. Various studies suggest socio-economic, demographic and individual preferences influence participation by consumers. Our study relied on Kisumu municipality registry (N = 1,193) to get a sample of businesses and offices to be surveyed in the Central Business District. Using multiple regression model, the authors found factors that influence participation in e-waste drop-off schemes are Income, Education, Gender and Recycling habit but not Age and Awareness levels. Our results suggest that Economic instruments such as deposit and refund programs for e-waste drop-off should be embraced by waste planners to encourage low income earners to participate, there is need for civil education on the benefits.
ARTICLES AND REVIEWSE-Waste A Global HazardDevin N. Perki.docxdavezstarr61655
ARTICLES AND REVIEWS
E-Waste: A Global Hazard
Devin N. Perkins, BS, Marie-Noel Brune Drisse, MS, Tapiwa Nxele, MS, and Peter D. Sly, MD
22
Fro
ter
(D
Ch
Re
(PD
Th
of
do
htt
ABSTRACT
Background: Waste from end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment, known as e-waste, is a rapidly growing global problem. E-
waste contains valuable materials that have an economic value when recycled. Unfortunately, the majority of e-waste is recycled in the
unregulated informal sector and results in significant risk for toxic exposures to the recyclers, who are frequently women and children.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to document the extent of the problems associated with inappropriate e-waste recycling
practices.
Methods: This was a narrative review that highlighted where e-waste is generated, where it is recycled, the range of adverse
environmental exposures, the range of adverse health consequences, and the policy frameworks that are intended to protect
vulnerable populations from inappropriate e-waste recycling practices.
Findings: The amount of e-waste being generated is increasing rapidly and is compounded by both illegal exportation and
inappropriate donation of electronic equipment, especially computers, from developed to developing countries. As little as 25%
of e-waste is recycled in formal recycling centers with adequate worker protection. The health consequences of both direct ex-
posures during recycling and indirect exposures through environmental contamination are potentially severe but poorly studied.
Policy frameworks aimed at protecting vulnerable populations exist but are not effectively applied.
Conclusions: E-waste recycling is necessary but it should be conducted in a safe and standardized manor. The acceptable risk
thresholds for hazardous, secondary e-waste substances should not be different for developing and developed countries. However,
the acceptable thresholds should be different for children and adults given the physical differences and pronounced vulnerabilities of
children. Improving occupational conditions for all e-waste workers and striving for the eradication of child labor is non-negotiable.
Key Words: children’s environmental health, developmental toxicology, electronic waste, e-waste, heavy metals
� 2014 Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Annals of Global Health 2014;80:286-295
INTRODUCTION
The adverse consequences for health and the ecology
of exposure to waste products from human consump-
tion have long been recognized. A relatively recently
recognized hazardous waste product comes from dis-
carded electrical and electronic equipment (EEE).1
Such products contain costly components that have
economic value if recycled. However, EEE also con-
tains potentially hazardous substances that may be
directly released or generated during the recycling
process, generating what is known as e-waste. The
14-9996/ª 2014 Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
m the Department of Public Health, Environm.
Study of e waste management with green ict in thai higher education institutionsPanita Wannapiroon Kmutnb
Prateep Lertchaiprasert and Panita Wannapiroon, " Study of e-Waste Management with Green ICT in Thai Higher Education Institutions," International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning vo. 3, no. 3, pp. 239-243, 2013.
E-waste management, also known as electronic waste management or WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) management, refers to the processes and strategies implemented to handle, recycle, and dispose of electronic and electrical equipment that has reached the end of its useful life. This category of waste includes a wide range of devices and appliances powered by electricity, such as computers, smartphones, televisions, refrigerators, washing machines, and more. E-waste management is crucial due to the increasing volume of electronic waste generated globally and the environmental and health hazards associated with improper disposal.
Here's a detailed description of e-waste management:
Collection: The first step in e-waste management is the collection of discarded electronic equipment. This can be done through various channels, including dedicated e-waste collection centers, drop-off points, recycling events, and even through authorized electronic retailers who take back old devices.
Sorting and Segregation: Once collected, the e-waste is sorted into different categories based on the type of equipment and its potential for recycling or disposal. Items like batteries, printed circuit boards (PCBs), plastics, and precious metals are typically separated during this process.
Data Destruction: Before recycling or disposing of electronic devices, data security is a critical concern. Data stored on hard drives, memory cards, and other storage media must be securely wiped or destroyed to prevent sensitive information from falling into the wrong hands.
Recycling: Recycling is a key component of e-waste management. Components like metals (copper, aluminum, gold, etc.), plastics, and glass can often be extracted and reused. Recycling not only conserves resources but also reduces the energy and environmental impact associated with mining and manufacturing new materials.
Disposal: Some components of e-waste may not be recyclable or economically viable to recycle. In such cases, safe disposal methods are employed to prevent environmental contamination. Specialized disposal facilities, often designed to minimize environmental impact, handle the disposal of hazardous components.
Regulations and Compliance: Many countries have established regulations and guidelines for the proper management of e-waste. These regulations often dictate how manufacturers, retailers, and consumers should handle electronic waste, including recycling targets and reporting requirements.
Today e-waste are becoming a major problem for the developing countries. E-waste is defined something
as a discarded parts of electronic devices which contains most of the times, hazardous chemicals which is
deadly for our environment, example is computer components. Green Computing is the study and practice
of designing, using, disposing and manufacturing electronic components in an eco-friendly manner and
Green Computing is one of the solution to tackle with this hazardous e-waste problem which is an emerging
concern towards the environment. The objective of this paper is to draw the attention towards the lack of
awareness about green computing or we can say how green computing policies is being ignored by
developing countries and how developed countries are adopting green IT policies seriously. This paper
also discusses the analysis which has been done on how the amount of e-waste has been increased in
developing countries in past years.
Zaipul Anwar - Rinkou Presentation at MJIIT UTM - 24th april 2015Zaipul Anwar Zainu
Rinkou (Colloquium) Presentation at MJIIT UTM on 24th April 2015. This presentation also serve as a sharing session on preparation for proposal defense presentation to new students.
Generation and Management of Electrical and Electronic Wastes (E-waste) in Ab...iosrjce
The management of e-waste is a challenge especially in the developing countries. E-waste comprises
of a multitude of components, some containing potentially toxic elements that can have an adverse impact on
human health and the environment if not handled properly. This work examined existing e-waste management
protocol in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The investigation revealed poor practices including; indiscriminate waste
dumping, the use of obsolete waste disposal equipment, handling all waste as one, the use of open burning and
landfill as the treatment option and lack of adequate legislation covering e-waste management in the State.
Obviously, such practices would release significant toxic contaminants which could negatively affect human
health and the environment.
E-waste reduction has become a major issue for environmental activists, municipal and state governments. Even the United Nations due to the constantly growing amount of obsolete electronics being discarded. Electronic trash, sometimes known as "e-waste," is increasingly a serious problem.
India's waste management industry has a lot of space for expansion because currently only 30% of the country's recyclable rubbish gets recycled.
E-Waste Management Challenges, Solutions, and Responsible Recycling in the UA...Recycle Emirates
With the speed at which technology is developing these days, electronic gadgets are becoming an essential part of our everyday existence. But as technology continues to advance and innovate, a critical problem known as electronic trash, or e-waste, arises. E-waste management is challenging for the United Arab Emirates (UAE), a country renowned for its technical advancements and elevated living standards. For more information visit: https://recycleemirates.com/
Entrepreneur India, a monthly magazine published by NPCS, is aimed at simplifying the process of choosing the suitable project for investment. It makes business decisions easier and trouble-free by providing a list of right projects for investment.
Projects covered in this issue:
Solar Panel
List of Process Technology Books
Medium Density Fiberboard
Pet Recycling
HDPE / PP Woven Fabric From Tape Line using Circular Looms and Sacks Making with Lamination of BOPP/ BOPET/ LDPE and Printing
Vacuum Fried Vegetable Chips (Sweet Potato, Beans and Beetroot)
Khaini, Zarda & Gutka
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Blocks (AAC Blocks)
Aluminium Foil
http://goo.gl/l40Gnn
http://goo.gl/MwYpVf
Text Mining in Digital Libraries using OKAPI BM25 ModelEditor IJCATR
The emergence of the internet has made vast amounts of information available and easily accessible online. As a result, most libraries have digitized their content in order to remain relevant to their users and to keep pace with the advancement of the internet. However, these digital libraries have been criticized for using inefficient information retrieval models that do not perform relevance ranking to the retrieved results. This paper proposed the use of OKAPI BM25 model in text mining so as means of improving relevance ranking of digital libraries. Okapi BM25 model was selected because it is a probability-based relevance ranking algorithm. A case study research was conducted and the model design was based on information retrieval processes. The performance of Boolean, vector space, and Okapi BM25 models was compared for data retrieval. Relevant ranked documents were retrieved and displayed at the OPAC framework search page. The results revealed that Okapi BM 25 outperformed Boolean model and Vector Space model. Therefore, this paper proposes the use of Okapi BM25 model to reward terms according to their relative frequencies in a document so as to improve the performance of text mining in digital libraries.
Green Computing, eco trends, climate change, e-waste and eco-friendlyEditor IJCATR
This study focused on the practice of using computing resources more efficiently while maintaining or increasing overall performance. Sustainable IT services require the integration of green computing practices such as power management, virtualization, improving cooling technology, recycling, electronic waste disposal, and optimization of the IT infrastructure to meet sustainability requirements. Studies have shown that costs of power utilized by IT departments can approach 50% of the overall energy costs for an organization. While there is an expectation that green IT should lower costs and the firm’s impact on the environment, there has been far less attention directed at understanding the strategic benefits of sustainable IT services in terms of the creation of customer value, business value and societal value. This paper provides a review of the literature on sustainable IT, key areas of focus, and identifies a core set of principles to guide sustainable IT service design.
More Related Content
Similar to Policies for Green Computing and E-Waste in Nigeria
Factors Influencing Willingness to Recycle E-Waste in Kisumu City Central Bus...paperpublications3
Abstract: The ever increasing levels of electronic waste (e-waste) and limited capacities for disposal and recycling have worsened e-waste management in Kenya. An understanding of end-user of electronic devices (consumer) participation is fundamental in planning for e-waste management as Kenya has a pending bill on e-waste management since 2013 that stipulates the role of consumers in e-waste management. There is need to understand factors influencing willingness to recycle to inform policy. Various studies suggest socio-economic, demographic and individual preferences influence participation by consumers. Our study relied on Kisumu municipality registry (N = 1,193) to get a sample of businesses and offices to be surveyed in the Central Business District. Using multiple regression model, the authors found factors that influence participation in e-waste drop-off schemes are Income, Education, Gender and Recycling habit but not Age and Awareness levels. Our results suggest that Economic instruments such as deposit and refund programs for e-waste drop-off should be embraced by waste planners to encourage low income earners to participate, there is need for civil education on the benefits.
ARTICLES AND REVIEWSE-Waste A Global HazardDevin N. Perki.docxdavezstarr61655
ARTICLES AND REVIEWS
E-Waste: A Global Hazard
Devin N. Perkins, BS, Marie-Noel Brune Drisse, MS, Tapiwa Nxele, MS, and Peter D. Sly, MD
22
Fro
ter
(D
Ch
Re
(PD
Th
of
do
htt
ABSTRACT
Background: Waste from end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment, known as e-waste, is a rapidly growing global problem. E-
waste contains valuable materials that have an economic value when recycled. Unfortunately, the majority of e-waste is recycled in the
unregulated informal sector and results in significant risk for toxic exposures to the recyclers, who are frequently women and children.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to document the extent of the problems associated with inappropriate e-waste recycling
practices.
Methods: This was a narrative review that highlighted where e-waste is generated, where it is recycled, the range of adverse
environmental exposures, the range of adverse health consequences, and the policy frameworks that are intended to protect
vulnerable populations from inappropriate e-waste recycling practices.
Findings: The amount of e-waste being generated is increasing rapidly and is compounded by both illegal exportation and
inappropriate donation of electronic equipment, especially computers, from developed to developing countries. As little as 25%
of e-waste is recycled in formal recycling centers with adequate worker protection. The health consequences of both direct ex-
posures during recycling and indirect exposures through environmental contamination are potentially severe but poorly studied.
Policy frameworks aimed at protecting vulnerable populations exist but are not effectively applied.
Conclusions: E-waste recycling is necessary but it should be conducted in a safe and standardized manor. The acceptable risk
thresholds for hazardous, secondary e-waste substances should not be different for developing and developed countries. However,
the acceptable thresholds should be different for children and adults given the physical differences and pronounced vulnerabilities of
children. Improving occupational conditions for all e-waste workers and striving for the eradication of child labor is non-negotiable.
Key Words: children’s environmental health, developmental toxicology, electronic waste, e-waste, heavy metals
� 2014 Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Annals of Global Health 2014;80:286-295
INTRODUCTION
The adverse consequences for health and the ecology
of exposure to waste products from human consump-
tion have long been recognized. A relatively recently
recognized hazardous waste product comes from dis-
carded electrical and electronic equipment (EEE).1
Such products contain costly components that have
economic value if recycled. However, EEE also con-
tains potentially hazardous substances that may be
directly released or generated during the recycling
process, generating what is known as e-waste. The
14-9996/ª 2014 Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
m the Department of Public Health, Environm.
Study of e waste management with green ict in thai higher education institutionsPanita Wannapiroon Kmutnb
Prateep Lertchaiprasert and Panita Wannapiroon, " Study of e-Waste Management with Green ICT in Thai Higher Education Institutions," International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning vo. 3, no. 3, pp. 239-243, 2013.
E-waste management, also known as electronic waste management or WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) management, refers to the processes and strategies implemented to handle, recycle, and dispose of electronic and electrical equipment that has reached the end of its useful life. This category of waste includes a wide range of devices and appliances powered by electricity, such as computers, smartphones, televisions, refrigerators, washing machines, and more. E-waste management is crucial due to the increasing volume of electronic waste generated globally and the environmental and health hazards associated with improper disposal.
Here's a detailed description of e-waste management:
Collection: The first step in e-waste management is the collection of discarded electronic equipment. This can be done through various channels, including dedicated e-waste collection centers, drop-off points, recycling events, and even through authorized electronic retailers who take back old devices.
Sorting and Segregation: Once collected, the e-waste is sorted into different categories based on the type of equipment and its potential for recycling or disposal. Items like batteries, printed circuit boards (PCBs), plastics, and precious metals are typically separated during this process.
Data Destruction: Before recycling or disposing of electronic devices, data security is a critical concern. Data stored on hard drives, memory cards, and other storage media must be securely wiped or destroyed to prevent sensitive information from falling into the wrong hands.
Recycling: Recycling is a key component of e-waste management. Components like metals (copper, aluminum, gold, etc.), plastics, and glass can often be extracted and reused. Recycling not only conserves resources but also reduces the energy and environmental impact associated with mining and manufacturing new materials.
Disposal: Some components of e-waste may not be recyclable or economically viable to recycle. In such cases, safe disposal methods are employed to prevent environmental contamination. Specialized disposal facilities, often designed to minimize environmental impact, handle the disposal of hazardous components.
Regulations and Compliance: Many countries have established regulations and guidelines for the proper management of e-waste. These regulations often dictate how manufacturers, retailers, and consumers should handle electronic waste, including recycling targets and reporting requirements.
Today e-waste are becoming a major problem for the developing countries. E-waste is defined something
as a discarded parts of electronic devices which contains most of the times, hazardous chemicals which is
deadly for our environment, example is computer components. Green Computing is the study and practice
of designing, using, disposing and manufacturing electronic components in an eco-friendly manner and
Green Computing is one of the solution to tackle with this hazardous e-waste problem which is an emerging
concern towards the environment. The objective of this paper is to draw the attention towards the lack of
awareness about green computing or we can say how green computing policies is being ignored by
developing countries and how developed countries are adopting green IT policies seriously. This paper
also discusses the analysis which has been done on how the amount of e-waste has been increased in
developing countries in past years.
Zaipul Anwar - Rinkou Presentation at MJIIT UTM - 24th april 2015Zaipul Anwar Zainu
Rinkou (Colloquium) Presentation at MJIIT UTM on 24th April 2015. This presentation also serve as a sharing session on preparation for proposal defense presentation to new students.
Generation and Management of Electrical and Electronic Wastes (E-waste) in Ab...iosrjce
The management of e-waste is a challenge especially in the developing countries. E-waste comprises
of a multitude of components, some containing potentially toxic elements that can have an adverse impact on
human health and the environment if not handled properly. This work examined existing e-waste management
protocol in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The investigation revealed poor practices including; indiscriminate waste
dumping, the use of obsolete waste disposal equipment, handling all waste as one, the use of open burning and
landfill as the treatment option and lack of adequate legislation covering e-waste management in the State.
Obviously, such practices would release significant toxic contaminants which could negatively affect human
health and the environment.
E-waste reduction has become a major issue for environmental activists, municipal and state governments. Even the United Nations due to the constantly growing amount of obsolete electronics being discarded. Electronic trash, sometimes known as "e-waste," is increasingly a serious problem.
India's waste management industry has a lot of space for expansion because currently only 30% of the country's recyclable rubbish gets recycled.
E-Waste Management Challenges, Solutions, and Responsible Recycling in the UA...Recycle Emirates
With the speed at which technology is developing these days, electronic gadgets are becoming an essential part of our everyday existence. But as technology continues to advance and innovate, a critical problem known as electronic trash, or e-waste, arises. E-waste management is challenging for the United Arab Emirates (UAE), a country renowned for its technical advancements and elevated living standards. For more information visit: https://recycleemirates.com/
Entrepreneur India, a monthly magazine published by NPCS, is aimed at simplifying the process of choosing the suitable project for investment. It makes business decisions easier and trouble-free by providing a list of right projects for investment.
Projects covered in this issue:
Solar Panel
List of Process Technology Books
Medium Density Fiberboard
Pet Recycling
HDPE / PP Woven Fabric From Tape Line using Circular Looms and Sacks Making with Lamination of BOPP/ BOPET/ LDPE and Printing
Vacuum Fried Vegetable Chips (Sweet Potato, Beans and Beetroot)
Khaini, Zarda & Gutka
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Blocks (AAC Blocks)
Aluminium Foil
http://goo.gl/l40Gnn
http://goo.gl/MwYpVf
Similar to Policies for Green Computing and E-Waste in Nigeria (20)
Text Mining in Digital Libraries using OKAPI BM25 ModelEditor IJCATR
The emergence of the internet has made vast amounts of information available and easily accessible online. As a result, most libraries have digitized their content in order to remain relevant to their users and to keep pace with the advancement of the internet. However, these digital libraries have been criticized for using inefficient information retrieval models that do not perform relevance ranking to the retrieved results. This paper proposed the use of OKAPI BM25 model in text mining so as means of improving relevance ranking of digital libraries. Okapi BM25 model was selected because it is a probability-based relevance ranking algorithm. A case study research was conducted and the model design was based on information retrieval processes. The performance of Boolean, vector space, and Okapi BM25 models was compared for data retrieval. Relevant ranked documents were retrieved and displayed at the OPAC framework search page. The results revealed that Okapi BM 25 outperformed Boolean model and Vector Space model. Therefore, this paper proposes the use of Okapi BM25 model to reward terms according to their relative frequencies in a document so as to improve the performance of text mining in digital libraries.
Green Computing, eco trends, climate change, e-waste and eco-friendlyEditor IJCATR
This study focused on the practice of using computing resources more efficiently while maintaining or increasing overall performance. Sustainable IT services require the integration of green computing practices such as power management, virtualization, improving cooling technology, recycling, electronic waste disposal, and optimization of the IT infrastructure to meet sustainability requirements. Studies have shown that costs of power utilized by IT departments can approach 50% of the overall energy costs for an organization. While there is an expectation that green IT should lower costs and the firm’s impact on the environment, there has been far less attention directed at understanding the strategic benefits of sustainable IT services in terms of the creation of customer value, business value and societal value. This paper provides a review of the literature on sustainable IT, key areas of focus, and identifies a core set of principles to guide sustainable IT service design.
Performance Evaluation of VANETs for Evaluating Node Stability in Dynamic Sce...Editor IJCATR
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a favorable area of exploration which empowers the interconnection amid the movable vehicles and between transportable units (vehicles) and road side units (RSU). In Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), mobile vehicles can be organized into assemblage to promote interconnection links. The assemblage arrangement according to dimensions and geographical extend has serious influence on attribute of interaction .Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are subclass of mobile Ad-hoc network involving more complex mobility patterns. Because of mobility the topology changes very frequently. This raises a number of technical challenges including the stability of the network .There is a need for assemblage configuration leading to more stable realistic network. The paper provides investigation of various simulation scenarios in which cluster using k-means algorithm are generated and their numbers are varied to find the more stable configuration in real scenario of road.
Optimum Location of DG Units Considering Operation ConditionsEditor IJCATR
The optimal sizing and placement of Distributed Generation units (DG) are becoming very attractive to researchers these days. In this paper a two stage approach has been used for allocation and sizing of DGs in distribution system with time varying load model. The strategic placement of DGs can help in reducing energy losses and improving voltage profile. The proposed work discusses time varying loads that can be useful for selecting the location and optimizing DG operation. The method has the potential to be used for integrating the available DGs by identifying the best locations in a power system. The proposed method has been demonstrated on 9-bus test system.
Analysis of Comparison of Fuzzy Knn, C4.5 Algorithm, and Naïve Bayes Classifi...Editor IJCATR
Early detection of diabetes mellitus (DM) can prevent or inhibit complication. There are several laboratory test that must be done to detect DM. The result of this laboratory test then converted into data training. Data training used in this study generated from UCI Pima Database with 6 attributes that were used to classify positive or negative diabetes. There are various classification methods that are commonly used, and in this study three of them were compared, which were fuzzy KNN, C4.5 algorithm and Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC) with one identical case. The objective of this study was to create software to classify DM using tested methods and compared the three methods based on accuracy, precision, and recall. The results showed that the best method was Fuzzy KNN with average and maximum accuracy reached 96% and 98%, respectively. In second place, NBC method had respective average and maximum accuracy of 87.5% and 90%. Lastly, C4.5 algorithm had average and maximum accuracy of 79.5% and 86%, respectively.
Web Scraping for Estimating new Record from Source SiteEditor IJCATR
Study in the Competitive field of Intelligent, and studies in the field of Web Scraping, have a symbiotic relationship mutualism. In the information age today, the website serves as a main source. The research focus is on how to get data from websites and how to slow down the intensity of the download. The problem that arises is the website sources are autonomous so that vulnerable changes the structure of the content at any time. The next problem is the system intrusion detection snort installed on the server to detect bot crawler. So the researchers propose the use of the methods of Mining Data Records and the method of Exponential Smoothing so that adaptive to changes in the structure of the content and do a browse or fetch automatically follow the pattern of the occurrences of the news. The results of the tests, with the threshold 0.3 for MDR and similarity threshold score 0.65 for STM, using recall and precision values produce f-measure average 92.6%. While the results of the tests of the exponential estimation smoothing using ? = 0.5 produces MAE 18.2 datarecord duplicate. It slowed down to 3.6 datarecord from 21.8 datarecord results schedule download/fetch fix in an average time of occurrence news.
Evaluating Semantic Similarity between Biomedical Concepts/Classes through S...Editor IJCATR
Most of the existing semantic similarity measures that use ontology structure as their primary source can measure semantic similarity between concepts/classes using single ontology. The ontology-based semantic similarity techniques such as structure-based semantic similarity techniques (Path Length Measure, Wu and Palmer’s Measure, and Leacock and Chodorow’s measure), information content-based similarity techniques (Resnik’s measure, Lin’s measure), and biomedical domain ontology techniques (Al-Mubaid and Nguyen’s measure (SimDist)) were evaluated relative to human experts’ ratings, and compared on sets of concepts using the ICD-10 “V1.0” terminology within the UMLS. The experimental results validate the efficiency of the SemDist technique in single ontology, and demonstrate that SemDist semantic similarity techniques, compared with the existing techniques, gives the best overall results of correlation with experts’ ratings.
Semantic Similarity Measures between Terms in the Biomedical Domain within f...Editor IJCATR
The techniques and tests are tools used to define how measure the goodness of ontology or its resources. The similarity between biomedical classes/concepts is an important task for the biomedical information extraction and knowledge discovery. However, most of the semantic similarity techniques can be adopted to be used in the biomedical domain (UMLS). Many experiments have been conducted to check the applicability of these measures. In this paper, we investigate to measure semantic similarity between two terms within single ontology or multiple ontologies in ICD-10 “V1.0” as primary source, and compare my results to human experts score by correlation coefficient.
A Strategy for Improving the Performance of Small Files in Openstack Swift Editor IJCATR
This is an effective way to improve the storage access performance of small files in Openstack Swift by adding an aggregate storage module. Because Swift will lead to too much disk operation when querying metadata, the transfer performance of plenty of small files is low. In this paper, we propose an aggregated storage strategy (ASS), and implement it in Swift. ASS comprises two parts which include merge storage and index storage. At the first stage, ASS arranges the write request queue in chronological order, and then stores objects in volumes. These volumes are large files that are stored in Swift actually. During the short encounter time, the object-to-volume mapping information is stored in Key-Value store at the second stage. The experimental results show that the ASS can effectively improve Swift's small file transfer performance.
Integrated System for Vehicle Clearance and RegistrationEditor IJCATR
Efficient management and control of government's cash resources rely on government banking arrangements. Nigeria, like many low income countries, employed fragmented systems in handling government receipts and payments. Later in 2016, Nigeria implemented a unified structure as recommended by the IMF, where all government funds are collected in one account would reduce borrowing costs, extend credit and improve government's fiscal policy among other benefits to government. This situation motivated us to embark on this research to design and implement an integrated system for vehicle clearance and registration. This system complies with the new Treasury Single Account policy to enable proper interaction and collaboration among five different level agencies (NCS, FRSC, SBIR, VIO and NPF) saddled with vehicular administration and activities in Nigeria. Since the system is web based, Object Oriented Hypermedia Design Methodology (OOHDM) is used. Tools such as Php, JavaScript, css, html, AJAX and other web development technologies were used. The result is a web based system that gives proper information about a vehicle starting from the exact date of importation to registration and renewal of licensing. Vehicle owner information, custom duty information, plate number registration details, etc. will also be efficiently retrieved from the system by any of the agencies without contacting the other agency at any point in time. Also number plate will no longer be the only means of vehicle identification as it is presently the case in Nigeria, because the unified system will automatically generate and assigned a Unique Vehicle Identification Pin Number (UVIPN) on payment of duty in the system to the vehicle and the UVIPN will be linked to the various agencies in the management information system.
Assessment of the Efficiency of Customer Order Management System: A Case Stu...Editor IJCATR
The Supermarket Management System deals with the automation of buying and selling of good and services. It includes both sales and purchase of items. The project Supermarket Management System is to be developed with the objective of making the system reliable, easier, fast, and more informative.
Energy-Aware Routing in Wireless Sensor Network Using Modified Bi-Directional A*Editor IJCATR
Energy is a key component in the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)[1]. The system will not be able to run according to its function without the availability of adequate power units. One of the characteristics of wireless sensor network is Limitation energy[2]. A lot of research has been done to develop strategies to overcome this problem. One of them is clustering technique. The popular clustering technique is Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH)[3]. In LEACH, clustering techniques are used to determine Cluster Head (CH), which will then be assigned to forward packets to Base Station (BS). In this research, we propose other clustering techniques, which utilize the Social Network Analysis approach theory of Betweeness Centrality (BC) which will then be implemented in the Setup phase. While in the Steady-State phase, one of the heuristic searching algorithms, Modified Bi-Directional A* (MBDA *) is implemented. The experiment was performed deploy 100 nodes statically in the 100x100 area, with one Base Station at coordinates (50,50). To find out the reliability of the system, the experiment to do in 5000 rounds. The performance of the designed routing protocol strategy will be tested based on network lifetime, throughput, and residual energy. The results show that BC-MBDA * is better than LEACH. This is influenced by the ways of working LEACH in determining the CH that is dynamic, which is always changing in every data transmission process. This will result in the use of energy, because they always doing any computation to determine CH in every transmission process. In contrast to BC-MBDA *, CH is statically determined, so it can decrease energy usage.
Security in Software Defined Networks (SDN): Challenges and Research Opportun...Editor IJCATR
In networks, the rapidly changing traffic patterns of search engines, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, Big Data and data centers has thrown up new challenges for legacy; existing networks; and prompted the need for a more intelligent and innovative way to dynamically manage traffic and allocate limited network resources. Software Defined Network (SDN) which decouples the control plane from the data plane through network vitalizations aims to address these challenges. This paper has explored the SDN architecture and its implementation with the OpenFlow protocol. It has also assessed some of its benefits over traditional network architectures, security concerns and how it can be addressed in future research and related works in emerging economies such as Nigeria.
Measure the Similarity of Complaint Document Using Cosine Similarity Based on...Editor IJCATR
Report handling on "LAPOR!" (Laporan, Aspirasi dan Pengaduan Online Rakyat) system depending on the system administrator who manually reads every incoming report [3]. Read manually can lead to errors in handling complaints [4] if the data flow is huge and grows rapidly, it needs at least three days to prepare a confirmation and it sensitive to inconsistencies [3]. In this study, the authors propose a model that can measure the identities of the Query (Incoming) with Document (Archive). The authors employed Class-Based Indexing term weighting scheme, and Cosine Similarities to analyse document similarities. CoSimTFIDF, CoSimTFICF and CoSimTFIDFICF values used in classification as feature for K-Nearest Neighbour (K-NN) classifier. The optimum result evaluation is pre-processing employ 75% of training data ratio and 25% of test data with CoSimTFIDF feature. It deliver a high accuracy 84%. The k = 5 value obtain high accuracy 84.12%
Hangul Recognition Using Support Vector MachineEditor IJCATR
The recognition of Hangul Image is more difficult compared with that of Latin. It could be recognized from the structural arrangement. Hangul is arranged from two dimensions while Latin is only from the left to the right. The current research creates a system to convert Hangul image into Latin text in order to use it as a learning material on reading Hangul. In general, image recognition system is divided into three steps. The first step is preprocessing, which includes binarization, segmentation through connected component-labeling method, and thinning with Zhang Suen to decrease some pattern information. The second is receiving the feature from every single image, whose identification process is done through chain code method. The third is recognizing the process using Support Vector Machine (SVM) with some kernels. It works through letter image and Hangul word recognition. It consists of 34 letters, each of which has 15 different patterns. The whole patterns are 510, divided into 3 data scenarios. The highest result achieved is 94,7% using SVM kernel polynomial and radial basis function. The level of recognition result is influenced by many trained data. Whilst the recognition process of Hangul word applies to the type 2 Hangul word with 6 different patterns. The difference of these patterns appears from the change of the font type. The chosen fonts for data training are such as Batang, Dotum, Gaeul, Gulim, Malgun Gothic. Arial Unicode MS is used to test the data. The lowest accuracy is achieved through the use of SVM kernel radial basis function, which is 69%. The same result, 72 %, is given by the SVM kernel linear and polynomial.
Application of 3D Printing in EducationEditor IJCATR
This paper provides a review of literature concerning the application of 3D printing in the education system. The review identifies that 3D Printing is being applied across the Educational levels [1] as well as in Libraries, Laboratories, and Distance education systems. The review also finds that 3D Printing is being used to teach both students and trainers about 3D Printing and to develop 3D Printing skills.
Survey on Energy-Efficient Routing Algorithms for Underwater Wireless Sensor ...Editor IJCATR
In underwater environment, for retrieval of information the routing mechanism is used. In routing mechanism there are three to four types of nodes are used, one is sink node which is deployed on the water surface and can collect the information, courier/super/AUV or dolphin powerful nodes are deployed in the middle of the water for forwarding the packets, ordinary nodes are also forwarder nodes which can be deployed from bottom to surface of the water and source nodes are deployed at the seabed which can extract the valuable information from the bottom of the sea. In underwater environment the battery power of the nodes is limited and that power can be enhanced through better selection of the routing algorithm. This paper focuses the energy-efficient routing algorithms for their routing mechanisms to prolong the battery power of the nodes. This paper also focuses the performance analysis of the energy-efficient algorithms under which we can examine the better performance of the route selection mechanism which can prolong the battery power of the node
Comparative analysis on Void Node Removal Routing algorithms for Underwater W...Editor IJCATR
The designing of routing algorithms faces many challenges in underwater environment like: propagation delay, acoustic channel behaviour, limited bandwidth, high bit error rate, limited battery power, underwater pressure, node mobility, localization 3D deployment, and underwater obstacles (voids). This paper focuses the underwater voids which affects the overall performance of the entire network. The majority of the researchers have used the better approaches for removal of voids through alternate path selection mechanism but still research needs improvement. This paper also focuses the architecture and its operation through merits and demerits of the existing algorithms. This research article further focuses the analytical method of the performance analysis of existing algorithms through which we found the better approach for removal of voids
Decay Property for Solutions to Plate Type Equations with Variable CoefficientsEditor IJCATR
In this paper we consider the initial value problem for a plate type equation with variable coefficients and memory in
1 n R n ), which is of regularity-loss property. By using spectrally resolution, we study the pointwise estimates in the spectral
space of the fundamental solution to the corresponding linear problem. Appealing to this pointwise estimates, we obtain the global
existence and the decay estimates of solutions to the semilinear problem by employing the fixed point theorem
Prediction of Heart Disease in Diabetic patients using Naive Bayes Classifica...Editor IJCATR
The objective of our paper is to predict the risk of heart disease in diabetic patients. In this research paper we are applying Naive Bayes data mining classification technique which is a probabilistic classifier based on Bayes theorem with strong (naive) independence assumptions between the features. Data mining techniques have been widely used in health care systems for prediction of various diseases with accuracy. Health care industry contains large amount of data and hidden information. Effective decisions are made with this hidden information by applying data mining techniques. These techniques are used to discover hidden patterns and relationships from the datasets. The major challenge facing the healthcare industry is the provision for quality services at affordable costs. A quality service implies diagnosing patients correctly and treating them effectively. In this proposed system certain attributes are consider in diabetic patients to predict the risk of heart disease
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
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The family offers a choice of engines
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Policies for Green Computing and E-Waste in Nigeria
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Policies for Green Computing and E-Waste in Nigeria
Shedrack Mmeah
Department of Computer
Science, Ken Saro Wiwa
Polytechnic, Bori,
Rivers State - Nigeria
Barida Baah
Department of Computer
Science, Ebonyi State
University, Abakaliki –
Nigeria
Abasiama G. Akpan
Department of Computer
Science, Ebonyi State
University, Abakaliki –
Nigeria
Abstract: Computers today are an integral part of individuals’ lives all around the world, but unfortunately these devices are toxic to
the environment given the materials used, their limited battery life and technological obsolescence. Individuals are concerned about the
hazardous materials ever present in computers, even if the importance of various attributes differs, and that a more environment -
friendly attitude can be obtained through exposure to educational materials. In this paper, we aim to delineate the problem of e-waste
in Nigeria and highlight a series of measures and the advantage they herald for our country and propose a series of action steps to
develop in these areas further. It is possible for Nigeria to have an immediate economic stimulus and job creation while moving
quickly to abide by the requirements of climate change legislation and energy efficiency directives. The costs of implementing energy
efficiency and renewable energy measures are minimal as they are not cash expenditures but rather investments paid back by future,
continuous energy savings.
Keywords: Green Computing, eco trends, climate change, e-waste and eco-friendly
1. INTRODUCTION
Green computing is the environmentally responsible and eco-
friendly use of computers and their resources. In broader
terms, it is also defined as the study of designing,
manufacturing/engineering, using and disposing of computing
devices in a way that reduces their environmental impact.
Green computing aims to attain economic viability and
improve the way computing devices are used. Green IT
practices include the development of environmentally
sustainable production practices, energy efficient computers
and improved disposal and recycling procedures.
To promote green computing concepts at all possible levels,
the following four complementary approaches are employed:
• Green use: Minimizing the electricity consumption
of computers and their peripheral devices and using
them in an eco-friendly manner
• Green disposal: Re-purposing an existing computer
or appropriately disposing of, or recycling,
unwanted electronic equipment
• Green design: Designing energy-efficient
computers, servers, printers, projectors and other
digital devices
• Green manufacturing: Minimizing waste during
the manufacturing of computers and other
subsystems to reduce the environmental impact of
these activities
Government regulatory authorities also actively work to
promote green computing concepts by introducing several
voluntary programs and regulations for their enforcement.[l]
At a macro level, as the ecotrends are sweeping across the
globe, the European Union, for example, has established
guidelines for a computers’ end of life (EOL) making
manufacturers responsible for the implementation of measures
during and after the sale to ensure that their products are sold
and then collected, deposited or recycled so as to reduce their
impact on the environment.
Europe’s strong stance on the environment has strong support
from it newest member states in Eastern and Central Europe.
These transitioning economies are in the process of
transferring legislation and incorporating EU policies. Nigeria
has developed a National Strategy for Sustainable
Development for 20 13—2020—2030 which set out the
following priorities: climate change and clean energy,
sustainable consumption and waste management, conservation
and management of natural resources. However, there is still a
gap between legislation and practice [2]. Particularly, in the
reduction of e - waste, Nigeria is working to set up the
infrastructure to facilitate these directives that closely mirror
those established by the EU. However, as public awareness of
environmental standards has increased, companies have
grown more compliant with environmental standards and
regulations. Currently, Nigeria is situated at the bottom of the
list according to its Environmental Performance Index, having
less scores for health impacts and forests and needing to
improve its management of fisheries and water resources.
In this paper, we aim to delineate the problem of e-waste in
Nigeria and highlight a series of measures and the advantage
they herald for our country.
2.0 E-WASTE
“Electronic waste” may be defined as discarded computers,
office electronic equipment, entertainment device electronics,
mobile phones, television sets, and refrigerators. This includes
used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage,
recycling, or disposal. Others are re-usable (working and
repairable electronics) and secondary scrap (copper, steel,
plastic, etc.) to be ‘commodities”, and reserve the term
“waste” for residue or material which is dumped by the buyer
rather than recycled, including residue from reuse and
recycling operations. Because loads of surplus electronics are
frequently commingled (good, recyclable, and non-
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recyclable), several public policy advocates apply the term “e-
waste” broadly to all surplus electronics. [3]
Today the electronic waste recycling business is in all areas of
the developed world a large and rapidly consolidating
business. People tend to forget that properly disposing or
reusing electronics can help prevent health problems, create
jobs, and reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. Part of this
evolution has involved greater diversion of electronic waste
from energy-intensive down cycling processes (e.g.,
conventional recycling), where equipment is reverted to a raw
material form. This recycling is done by sorting, dismantling,
and recovery of valuable materials. This diversion is achieved
through reuse and refurbishing. The environmental and social
benefits of reuse include diminished demand for new products
and virgin raw materials (with their own environmental
issues); larger quantities of pure water and electricity for
associated manufacturing; less packaging per unit; availability
of technology to wider swaths of society due to greater
affordability of products; and diminished use of landfills.
If one attempted to break the e-waste recycling process into
several connected steps, the following cycle would be of use:
1) Collection
2) Sorting/dismantling and pre-processing (i.e. sorting,
dismantling, mechanical treatment)
3) End-processing (i.e. refining and disposal) — see Table 1
Table 1: Recycling chain for e-waste
Taken from UNEP 2009, Recycling —from E-waste to
resources
On the whole, the efficiency of the entire recycling chain is
inextricably linked to the efficiency of each step and to how
well the interfaces between these interdependent steps are
managed.
Therefore, in a context characterized by fundamental changes
in demographic and pronounced regional disparities, sharp
dynamics of technical progress combined with a relative
increase in living standards significantly contribute to
increased sales of electronic products and consumer goods
which translate, at the end their lifetime, in an increase in the
amount of e-waste generated in Nigeria. Of course, a potential
e-waste management system must be carefully tailored and
well organized, so it would be able to collect, recycle and
dispose of electronic used equipment. E-waste collection from
households in Nigeria is organized through three collection
channels: by organizing a collection day at fixed dates from
the population, by giving back to the store the old equipment
when purchasing a new one (free take- back system) or by
giving it directly to the municipal collection centers. [4]
Regarding the acquisition trends of c-waste collection,
national studies conducted in 2008 and 2009 on the electronic
market revealed the following:
• penetration of small appliances increased;
• there is a tendency to abandon the use of old
equipment which are more than five years;
• although the percentage of people who keep in their
household non-operational equipment decreased,
many of them still keep it because they don’t know
very well the alternatives. They should be attracted
by offering discounts on the purchase of new
equipment, or by collecting the old ones from their
home.
Consequently, one can say that in Nigeria, the difference
between the amount of equipment placed on the market and
the amount of equipment collected from consumers is the
quite high compared with other countries in the AU.
There are special legal provisions for c-waste and used
batteries, but their implementation and enforcement have a
long way to go. Good practices are visible though there is a
monthly national campaign for collecting e-waste,
encouraging people to put old fridges, TV sets, washing
machines and computers outside their houses, which the local
waste management company then collects. Due to this
campaign, the average amount collected in 2009 was almost
2% of the national target, experts estimated. E-waste
associations had an online media campaign in 2009 to
advertise their services. In May-June 2010 a public awareness
campaign, funded by e-waste management companies, called
for photos and videos of e-waste, which it called “the
monsters of your community”.[3]
The media campaign is backed by the Ministry of
Environment — a good example of cooperation between civil
society, business organisations and the government. Perhaps
as a result, research on e-waste-related attitudes and
behaviours, conducted in Nigeria urban areas, has shown
positive trends in terms of a willingness to recycle
dysfunctional appliances. At the same time, however, 70% of
the Nigeria urban population surveyed is not aware of the
laws and regulations related to c-waste.
The attitudes and habits concerning electrical and electronic
waste can be discerned from the following data, issued by a
recent survey done by ECOTIC (data for the survey was
collected between August 10 and August 31 2014, on a
sample of 1,000 people from the urban area, aged between 15
and 65):
• some 60% of Nigerians who live in urban areas say
they separate waste for recycling, mainly plastic,
paper, glass and metallic products;
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• Only 4% separately collect electrical and electronic
waste;
• 87.5% of respondents know that they can recycle
this kind of waste; -.
• when asked “Why do you think electrical waste
should be recycled?”, most of Nigerians relate to the
re-use of materials — 38%, environmental reasons
— 36% and to repairing and putting back into use—
15%.
• only 36% of respondents have actually turned in
electrical waste to licensed entities, such as
specially arranged centres in different areas of the
city (over 30% took the electrical waste in such
places), in stores when buying a new product (26%),
and specialized firms (13%).
• 6% gave such waste to people who periodically pass
through residential areas to collect scrap iron.
• the most common waste equipment Romanians
recycle are TV sets— 49%- refrigerators — 33%
and washing machines — 28%.
• of the 64% of respondents who don’t give electrical
waste to licensed operators, 27% say they give it to
people who collect scrap iron waste on the streets,
26% keep them in their homes and 34% give them
to friends or relatives.
• most respondents say they keep electrical waste for
parts or because they intend to repair them, that they
don’t know about any disposal facilities nearby,
they don’t know what to do with them or that they
can be recycled; others say they just lack the time.
• Nigerians should collect 4 kg of electrical waste per
year per person for recycling, according to EU
quotas, but the recorded results don’t exceed 1.5 kg
per capita.
The factor that would most motivate the Romanians to give-
up non-functional home electronics and appliances are buy-
back campaigns, where consumers receive a discount on the
purchase of new equipment when they give in return the old
ones. Furthermore, surveys indicate that over 90% of
respondents admit that selective waste collection activity is
important, but still they do not operate in this direction. They
are willing to adopt an ecological environmental behaviour
regarding electronic equipment only to the extent that this
does not require great efforts on their part.
There are several implications for these findings. If these
implications should be translated into steps of an e-waste
programme, they should focus on the following aspects:
• First and foremost, consumers need to be educated
regarding the toxicity of computers and the
problems of e - waste. The results of the survey
suggest that when presented with information the
consumers positive attitudes toward green
computing and e-waste collection increase
significantly in. This education would best be
carried out by public policy holders, educational
institutions and various non - profit agencies such as
the Green Electronics Council on a prolonged basis
to initiate attitude change.
• In 2001, the Western Electronic Product
Stewardship Initiative (WEPSI) proposed
developing environmental assessment criteria of
electronics as a means to direct governments and
other entities into environmentally better purchasing
decisions. The EPEAT system is used in at least
eight nations including the US and Canada and is
used to identify environmentally friendly
electronics; however, expansion of this system is
needed in more countries as the proliferation of e -
waste continues. In this system electronics are
evaluated based such criteria as reduction of
harmful materials, recyclability, energy
conservation, corporate performance, end - of
life(EOL) management, and product longevity.
EPEAT registered computers have reduced levels of
toxic metals, are energy efficient and are easy to
upgrade and recycle. Although many manufacturers
subscribe to the EPEAT system, getting the message
to consumers is not without difficulties. Findings
show that consumers are proactive regarding energy
savings; however, regarding other components of
computers, such as batteries and materials, they lack
the knowledge necessary to make informed choices.
• Marketing can play a vital role in increasing
favorable attitudes towards green computing and
prompting sustainable development of computers
and other similar devices minimizing their impact
on the environment while satisfying consumers’
needs and wants. Depending on the country the role
of government in moderating consumer purchasing
behavior of green computers and other electronics
through educational materials could be perceived
both positively and negatively.
Electronics manufacturers must realize that consumers in
developing nations are environmentally conscious and desire
access to eco - friendly computer products and accessories.
Hence, manufacturers that subscribe to EPEAT should
develop labeling and symbols that are incorporated into
packaging and product design to further communicate their
support of green computing initiatives such as EOL. Further,
these manufacturers should communicate this distinction as a
point of brand differentiation when developing advertising
messages. Until now, differentiation among computer
manufacturers has been based on after - sale service, brand
reputation, speed, and technological capabilities. Additionally,
product strategies should include educational seminars
provided to resellers in the form of employee trainings so that
they are better able to communicate the features and benefits
of “green” computer brands and models to consumers in
developed, transitioning and LDC countries.
As an overall recommendation, the development of
collaboration between institutions with responsibilities in
waste management should be enhanced and more support
rendered by competent state bodies to private sector is
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required. There are insufficient actions of ecological parties
and nongovernmental organisations to promote solutions and
measures for waste management. Environmental awareness of
citizens should be continued and intensified and the national
awareness campaign on the importance of selective collection
is still needed to be implemented. [5]
Keeping a close interest in e-waste recycling is important
considering the hazardous substances contained in many of
the products in this waste stream. One key issue is the multi-
criteria nature of the challenge: it is desirable to maximize
reuse of equipment and economic development while
minimizing environmental burdens and economic costs.
3. CONCLUSIONS
Currently, c-waste receives more and more public attention as
it is considered to be one of the fastest-growing waste
streams. This sector operates within a long-established
legislative framework that covers issues such as product
safety, energy labeling, minimum efficiency requirements,
ecodesign and waste. Two Directives (2008/34 and 2008/3 5)
on waste electrical and electronic equipment and the
restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in
electrical and electronic ‘equipment were introduced in 2008
in order to amend the Directive 2002/96/EC and Directive
2002/95/EC. The EU aims to take measures to prevent the
generation of electrical and electronic waste and to promote
reuse, recycling and other forms of recovery in order to
reduce the quantity of such waste by encouraging
manufacturers to design products with the environmental
impacts in mind throughout their entire life cycle.
In Nigeria, it can be said that environmental issues still evolve
on a rocky path, though with visible signs of improvement. In
order to develop a green agenda in the country, several steps
have been looked at:
• Key stakeholders should be educated in order to
promote a green approach to c-waste and a clean-
tech approach to the environment.
• A set of economic indicators should be publicly
available in order to assess the environmental
impact of e-waste use, e.g. monitoring the
availability of environmental content on the internet
as a measure of the success of awareness-raising
efforts.
• A set of environmental indicators should be
developed in order to assess the impact of c-waste
on the environment, and made publicly available.
• Primary research on c-waste collection and the
environment should be encouraged through funding.
• Romanian environmental protection officials should
be more actively involved in international
discussions taking place at green computing events.
• Civil society organisations should have a more
active role in promoting the green computing
agenda, along with businesses and governmental
agencies.
In conclusion, computers today are an integral part
of individuals’ lives all around the world; but unfortunately
these devices are toxic to the environment given the materials
used, their limited battery life and technological obsolescence.
Individuals are concerned about the hazardous materials ever
present in computers, even if the importance of various
attributes differs, and that a more environment - friendly
attitude can be obtained through exposure to educational
materials. The costs of implementing energy efficiency and
renewable energy measures are minimal as they are not cash
expenditures but rather investments paid back by future,
continuous energy savings. Sustainable innovation,
understood as the shift of sustainable technologies, products
and services to the market, requires a market creation concept
and one common global agenda. The challenge is to raise
awareness among all actors of the different sectors in order to
realize the innovation potential and to shift to eco-innovations
that lead to sustainable consumption and production patterns.
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