The document summarizes an experimental investigation of a twin cylinder diesel engine using diesel and methanol fuels. Key findings include:
1) The engine was tested at zero load and full load conditions using 100% diesel and 100% methanol. Performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency were higher for methanol while specific fuel consumption was lower.
2) Exhaust emissions of particulate matter and SOx were significantly lower for methanol compared to diesel, reducing by 80-90% and 75-90% respectively. Nitrogen oxide emissions were also lower for methanol.
3) At full load, brake thermal efficiency was 62.8% for methanol compared to 34.7% for diesel, representing an increase of 32.1% when using
Performance & emission of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & EthanolIJMER
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an
outcome, fuels like ethanol may present a sustainable solution as it can be produced from a wide range
of carbon based feedstock. The present investigation evaluates Ethanol as a diesel engine fuel. The
objectives of this report is to analyze the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a twin
cylinder diesel engine that are using Ethanol & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available
in the market. This report describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyze
the emission characteristics and fuel consumption of diesel engine due to usage of the both fuels. Detail
studies about the experimental setup and components have been done before the experiment started.
Data that are required for the analysis is observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis have
been done after all the required data needed for the thesis is obtained. The experiment used diesel
engine with no load which means no load exerted on it. A four stroke Twin cylinder diesel engine was
adopted to study the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, and emissions at zero
load & full load with the fuel of Ethanol. In this study, the diesel engine was tested using 100% Ethanol.
By the end of the report, the successful of the project have been started which is Diesel engine is able to
run with Ethanol but the engine needs to run by using diesel fuel first, then followed by Ethanol and
finished with diesel fuel as the last fuel usage before the engine turned off. The performance of the
engine using Ethanol fuel compared to the performance of engine with diesel fuel. Experimental results
of Ethanol and Diesel fuel are also compared.
Alcohols are particularly attractive as alternative fuels because they are a renewable resource. Ethanol has been
studied in spark ignition application. However, it is verydifficult to fuel compression ignition engines because of the lowercetane
number, higher latent heat, and otherchemical properties.This paper describes the performance (torque, brake mean effective
pressure, brake horse power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption rate) and emission (CO, HC, smoke)
characteristics of ethanol-diesel dual-fuels engine combustion for the homogeneous charge compression ignition engine.
Performance Analysis of 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Blend O...IJMER
In current scenario, there are continuously increasing the number of automobiles and
correspondingly increasing the fuel consumption as well as fuel prices. In this regard, biodiesel is
found as an alternative fuel derived from natural fats or vegetable oils and it is considered as an
attractive alternative to replace diesel fuel.
In this work, biodiesel prepared from soya oil by Transesterification process with methyl alcohol.
Processed soya oil is blended with diesel in different proportions as B-10, B-20, B-30, B-40 and B-50.
Thermodynamic analysis of 4stroke single cylinder diesel engine, By using different blends of diesel &
soya oil has been carried out the effect of B-10,B-20,B-30,B-40,B-50 on the Brake Power, Thermal
Efficiency, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption and Total Fuel Consumption has been absorbed. The
experimental result shows that at B-40, the optimum BTE (12.09), maximum BP (1.221) and minimum
BSFC (0.694)
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
In day today's relevance, it is mandatory to device the usage of diesel in an economic way. In present scenario, the very low combustion efficiency of CI engine leads to poor performance of engine and produces emission due to incomplete combustion. Study of research papers is focused on the improvement in efficiency of the engine and reduction in emissions by adding ethanol in a diesel with different blends like 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by volume. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine are tested observed using blended fuels and comparative assessment is done with the performance and emission characteristics of engine using pure diesel.
Experimental Analysis of Emission Parameters for Various Blends of Gasohol o...IJMER
In India, Ethanol is generally produced as a by-product of sugar is blended with petrol and was
tested for their use as a substitute fuel, based on their emissions. The main aim of this experiment is to
study the effect of various blends on the exhaust of the engine. The 99.96% pure ethanol was blended with
gasoline, solutions of gasohol (ethanol blended gasoline) with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% ethanol
blended in gasoline, volume per volume were prepared and tested on a 1000cc four stroke four cylinder
inline engine by a digital analyzer and on a 100cc four stroke single cylinder engine by standard PUC
norms followed in India. It was observed that E20 had the optimum readings of emission.
Performance & emission of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & EthanolIJMER
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an
outcome, fuels like ethanol may present a sustainable solution as it can be produced from a wide range
of carbon based feedstock. The present investigation evaluates Ethanol as a diesel engine fuel. The
objectives of this report is to analyze the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a twin
cylinder diesel engine that are using Ethanol & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available
in the market. This report describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyze
the emission characteristics and fuel consumption of diesel engine due to usage of the both fuels. Detail
studies about the experimental setup and components have been done before the experiment started.
Data that are required for the analysis is observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis have
been done after all the required data needed for the thesis is obtained. The experiment used diesel
engine with no load which means no load exerted on it. A four stroke Twin cylinder diesel engine was
adopted to study the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, and emissions at zero
load & full load with the fuel of Ethanol. In this study, the diesel engine was tested using 100% Ethanol.
By the end of the report, the successful of the project have been started which is Diesel engine is able to
run with Ethanol but the engine needs to run by using diesel fuel first, then followed by Ethanol and
finished with diesel fuel as the last fuel usage before the engine turned off. The performance of the
engine using Ethanol fuel compared to the performance of engine with diesel fuel. Experimental results
of Ethanol and Diesel fuel are also compared.
Alcohols are particularly attractive as alternative fuels because they are a renewable resource. Ethanol has been
studied in spark ignition application. However, it is verydifficult to fuel compression ignition engines because of the lowercetane
number, higher latent heat, and otherchemical properties.This paper describes the performance (torque, brake mean effective
pressure, brake horse power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption rate) and emission (CO, HC, smoke)
characteristics of ethanol-diesel dual-fuels engine combustion for the homogeneous charge compression ignition engine.
Performance Analysis of 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Blend O...IJMER
In current scenario, there are continuously increasing the number of automobiles and
correspondingly increasing the fuel consumption as well as fuel prices. In this regard, biodiesel is
found as an alternative fuel derived from natural fats or vegetable oils and it is considered as an
attractive alternative to replace diesel fuel.
In this work, biodiesel prepared from soya oil by Transesterification process with methyl alcohol.
Processed soya oil is blended with diesel in different proportions as B-10, B-20, B-30, B-40 and B-50.
Thermodynamic analysis of 4stroke single cylinder diesel engine, By using different blends of diesel &
soya oil has been carried out the effect of B-10,B-20,B-30,B-40,B-50 on the Brake Power, Thermal
Efficiency, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption and Total Fuel Consumption has been absorbed. The
experimental result shows that at B-40, the optimum BTE (12.09), maximum BP (1.221) and minimum
BSFC (0.694)
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
In day today's relevance, it is mandatory to device the usage of diesel in an economic way. In present scenario, the very low combustion efficiency of CI engine leads to poor performance of engine and produces emission due to incomplete combustion. Study of research papers is focused on the improvement in efficiency of the engine and reduction in emissions by adding ethanol in a diesel with different blends like 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by volume. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine are tested observed using blended fuels and comparative assessment is done with the performance and emission characteristics of engine using pure diesel.
Experimental Analysis of Emission Parameters for Various Blends of Gasohol o...IJMER
In India, Ethanol is generally produced as a by-product of sugar is blended with petrol and was
tested for their use as a substitute fuel, based on their emissions. The main aim of this experiment is to
study the effect of various blends on the exhaust of the engine. The 99.96% pure ethanol was blended with
gasoline, solutions of gasohol (ethanol blended gasoline) with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% ethanol
blended in gasoline, volume per volume were prepared and tested on a 1000cc four stroke four cylinder
inline engine by a digital analyzer and on a 100cc four stroke single cylinder engine by standard PUC
norms followed in India. It was observed that E20 had the optimum readings of emission.
Experimental investigation of Methanol blends with gasoline on SI engineIJERA Editor
Automobile have become a very important part of our modern life style. And it runs on fossil fuel. But the excessive use of fossil fuels will very soon leads to the energy crises so the future of automobile based on fossil fuels has been badly affected by two major problems. That is less availability of fuel and environmental degradation. So it is very important to found some new renewable non polluting alternative fuels to ensure the proper and safe survival of internal combustion engines. In present study we evaluate the performance of two stroke single cylinder spark ignition engine with ratio of 10%, 20% and 30% of methanol and gasoline by volume. Performance parameters (brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption and brake specific fuel consumption) were determined at various loads on engine with methanol blended gasoline. The comparison was made on performance of conventional SI engine with pure gasoline operation. As a result, brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption showed improved performance when compared with pure gasoline performances.
Performance and Emissions Analysis of N-Butanol Blended with Gasoline in Spar...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The power developed by an internal-combustion
engine depends upon the fuel used for combustion. Fuels
commonly used in internal combustion engines are derived
from crude oil, which are depleting and are important
sources of air pollution. In this study, n-butanol was used
as an additive with gasoline as fuel in spark ignition engine.
N-butanol exhibits good burning characteristics, contain
oxygen, reduces some exhaust emissions and as well, has
energy density and octane rating close to that of gasoline.
The various blend rates (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 percent by
volume) were used in the engine performance analysis
using a TD110-115 single cylinder, four-stroke air-cooled
spark ignition engine test rig, under different loading
conditions. An SV-5Q automobile exhausts gas analyzer
was used to measure the concentration of gaseous emissions
such as unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC), carbon monoxide
(CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2
) from the engine tail pipe.
The results of engine performance showed reduction in the
exhaust temperature was observed for the blends than to
that of gasoline. It was observed that all the blends
improved the brake thermal efficiency and exhibited high
fuel consumption, lower specific energy consumption and
lower emissions than gasoline. All the blends performed
satisfactorily on spark-ignition engine without engine
modification.
Performance Study of Ethanol Blended Gasoline Fuel in Spark Ignition EngineIOSR Journals
Growing energy needs and environmental concern worldwide have propelled the interest for quest
and utilization of renewable and eco friendly fuels .Various substitutes are available to be used engines with the
possibility of reducing harmful emissions. In this work gasoline is taken as reference which is blended with
ethanol. Physical properties relevant to the fuel were determined for the four blends of gasoline and ethanol. A
four cylinder, four stroke, varying rpm, Petrol engine connected to eddy current type dynamometer was run on
blends containing 5%,10%,15%,20% ethanol and performance characteristics were evaluated. In this paper it
is shown that the higher blends can replace gasoline in a SI engine, results showed that there is a reduction in
exhaust gases and increase in Mechanical efficiency, Specific Fuel Consumption and air fuel ratio on blending.
We can conclude from the result that using 10% ethanol blend is most effective and we can utilize it for further
use in SI engines with little constraint on material used to sustain little increase in pressure
An Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emissions of LPG as Dual Fue...IJERA Editor
The usage of diesel engine generating set (Gen set) increasing day by day where the places without connection
to power grid or emergency power supply when the grid fails. Worldwide dual fuel engines are becoming
popular because of high performance and low emissions. LPG with diesel is a proven technology in case of
vehicles, but in diesel engine power plants it is far so.
The proposed work is concentrated on higher load of Diesel Engine Generator with LPG as dual fuel by keeping
environmental concern. A test is conducted on performance of engine along with emissions at different
proportions of Diesel and LPG including 100% diesel. An experimental set up is made with simple
modifications on existing genset to supply LPG as secondary fuel into Diesel.
A. Functional composites C. Elastic properties C. Finite element analysis (FEA)IOSR Journals
In the present study, a twin cylinder 4-stroke dual fuel diesel engine is tested using diesel, K10 (10
% neat oil + 90% diesel) and K20 (20% neat oil + 80% diesel) with woody biomass producer gas. The test is
performed using the above test fuels in dual fuel mode at different gas flow rates under a constant load of 10
kW. This work demonstrates the effect of gas flow rates and neat oil blends on performance, emission and pilot
fuel savings of the test engine. It is observed that with increase in gas flow rates for all test fuels, performance
parameters like brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) increases,
whereas brake thermal efficiency decreases. The emission parameters like carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and
carbon dioxide values are increases. However, the oxide of nitrogen (NOx) and smoke emission parameters are
decreases with increase in gas flow rates. Similarly, in comparing between liquid fuels, with increase in blend
percentage, BSEC and EGT increases compared to diesel. The BTE is the reverse case of BSEC. In case of
blended fuels, all the above mentioned emission parameters shows lower values compared to diesel. The highest pilot fuel savings occurs in case of diesel, K10 and K20 are. 56%, 54% and 52% respectively at highest gas flow rates.
—In a laboratory experiment was conducted on
the utilization of Ethanol-Diesel emulsion in a single
cylinder direct injection diesel engine, a single cylinder,
water cooled, four stroke diesel engine was used. The
principal goals of the present work are to obtain emission
data and combustion characteristics for this type of Diesel
Engine, and to identify the ratio of Emulsion which is
effective in reducing emissions. Experiments were
conducted with emulsions viz (90%diesel + 10%ethanol),
(80% diesel + 20% ethanol), (70% diesel + 30%ethanol) as
fuel. While AVL smoke meter was employed to measure
the smoke density in HSU, the exhaust gas analyzer was
used to measure the NOx emission. High volume sampler
was employed to measure the particulate matter emitted at
the exhaust. The combustion characteristics were studied
using AVL combustion analyser. From the experimental
investigation it was found that the smoke, particulate
matter and Oxides of Nitrogen emissions were reduced
marginally. From the pressure curve and cumulative heat
release curve, it was observed that the combustion started
earlier and the rate of pressure rise increased marginally.
Enhancing the Performance & Emission for the Blend of Diesel & Pyrolysis oil ...ijsrd.com
Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Many alternate fuels like Alcohols, Biodiesel, LPG, CNG etc. have been already commercialized in the transport sector. In this context, pyrolysis of solid waste is currently receiving renewed interest. The disposal of waste tyres can be simplified to some extent by pyrolysis. The properties of the Tyre pyrolysis oil derived from waste automobile tyres were analysed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it can also be used as a fuel for compression ignition engine. In the present work, blends of Diesel-Tyre pyrolysis oil was used in a diesel engine without any engine modification. The entire work is concentrated to enhance the performance and emission parameters of C.I. engine for the blend of Diesel and pyrolysis oil of tyre. To enhance the performance the effect of supercharging was used. The experiment is carried out on C.I. engine using pure diesel and various blends such as TPO10, TPO20 and TPO30 at normal atmospheric pressure and at different supercharged pressures 1.2 bar, 1.4 bar and 1.6 bar and results were compared. It is observed from the results that at supercharged pressures 1.2 bar and 1.4 bar, the performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption and emission parameters like emission of CO and HC have been improved. But the emission of NOx was not improved as there is rise in peak temperatures of combustion due to supercharging the emission of NOx increases.
Performance & emission characteristics of Two Cylinder Diesel Engine Using D...IJMER
With modernization and increase in the number of automobiles worldwide, the consumption of
diesel and gasoline has enormously increased. As petroleum is non renewable source of energy and the
petroleum reserves are scarce nowadays, there is a need to search for alternative fuels for automobiles.
Work has been done in using a lot of bio-fuels, the fuels obtained from plant to be used in IC engines
which have an even added advantage of lower emissions compared to that of diesel and gasoline. In the
present investigation Pine has been experimented in a direct injection diesel engine under homogeneous
charge compression ignition compression combustion mode
Performance Analysis of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine by Using Alcohol-Blends...Kalprajsinh Zala
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an outcome, blending of diesel fuel has provided a better solution. The objectives of this report is to analyse the performance and the emission characteristic of a Single Cylinder Diesel engine that are using blended fuel & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available in the market. This paper describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyse the emission characteristics of diesel engine. Data that are required for the analysis will be observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis will be done after all the required data needed for the experiment is obtained. A four stroke Single cylinder CI engine will be adopted to study the emissions at zero load, partial load & full load with using 5, 10, 15 & 20% ethanol-diesel blends.
Resolution of human arm redundancy in point tasks by synthesizing two criteriaIJMER
The human arm is kinematically redundant in the task of pointing. As a result, multiple arm
configurations can be used to complete a pointing task in which the tip of the index finger is brought to a
preselected point in a 3D space. The authors have developed a four degrees of freedom (DOF)model of the
human arm with synthesis of two redundancy resolution criteria that were developed as an analytical tool
for studying the positioning tasks. The two criteria were: (1) minimizing the angular joint displacement
(Minimal Angular Displacement - MAD) and (2) averaging the limits of the shoulder joint range (Joint
Range Availability - JRA). As part of the experimental protocol conducted with ten subjects, the kinematics
of the human arm was acquired with a motion capturing system in a 3D space. The redundant joint angles
predicted by a equally weighted model synthesizing the MAD and JRA criteria resulted with a linear
correlation with the experimental data (slope=0.88; offset=1⁰; r
2=0.52). Given the experiment protocol,
individual criterion showed weaker correlation with experimental data (MAD slope=0.57, offset=14⁰,
r
2=0.36 or JRA slope=0.84, offset=-1⁰, r
2=0.45). Solving the inverse kinematics problem of articulated
redundant serials mechanism such as a human or a robotic arm has applications in fields of human-robot
interaction and wearable robotics, ergonomics, and computer graphics animation.
Experimental investigation of Methanol blends with gasoline on SI engineIJERA Editor
Automobile have become a very important part of our modern life style. And it runs on fossil fuel. But the excessive use of fossil fuels will very soon leads to the energy crises so the future of automobile based on fossil fuels has been badly affected by two major problems. That is less availability of fuel and environmental degradation. So it is very important to found some new renewable non polluting alternative fuels to ensure the proper and safe survival of internal combustion engines. In present study we evaluate the performance of two stroke single cylinder spark ignition engine with ratio of 10%, 20% and 30% of methanol and gasoline by volume. Performance parameters (brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption and brake specific fuel consumption) were determined at various loads on engine with methanol blended gasoline. The comparison was made on performance of conventional SI engine with pure gasoline operation. As a result, brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption showed improved performance when compared with pure gasoline performances.
Performance and Emissions Analysis of N-Butanol Blended with Gasoline in Spar...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The power developed by an internal-combustion
engine depends upon the fuel used for combustion. Fuels
commonly used in internal combustion engines are derived
from crude oil, which are depleting and are important
sources of air pollution. In this study, n-butanol was used
as an additive with gasoline as fuel in spark ignition engine.
N-butanol exhibits good burning characteristics, contain
oxygen, reduces some exhaust emissions and as well, has
energy density and octane rating close to that of gasoline.
The various blend rates (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 percent by
volume) were used in the engine performance analysis
using a TD110-115 single cylinder, four-stroke air-cooled
spark ignition engine test rig, under different loading
conditions. An SV-5Q automobile exhausts gas analyzer
was used to measure the concentration of gaseous emissions
such as unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC), carbon monoxide
(CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2
) from the engine tail pipe.
The results of engine performance showed reduction in the
exhaust temperature was observed for the blends than to
that of gasoline. It was observed that all the blends
improved the brake thermal efficiency and exhibited high
fuel consumption, lower specific energy consumption and
lower emissions than gasoline. All the blends performed
satisfactorily on spark-ignition engine without engine
modification.
Performance Study of Ethanol Blended Gasoline Fuel in Spark Ignition EngineIOSR Journals
Growing energy needs and environmental concern worldwide have propelled the interest for quest
and utilization of renewable and eco friendly fuels .Various substitutes are available to be used engines with the
possibility of reducing harmful emissions. In this work gasoline is taken as reference which is blended with
ethanol. Physical properties relevant to the fuel were determined for the four blends of gasoline and ethanol. A
four cylinder, four stroke, varying rpm, Petrol engine connected to eddy current type dynamometer was run on
blends containing 5%,10%,15%,20% ethanol and performance characteristics were evaluated. In this paper it
is shown that the higher blends can replace gasoline in a SI engine, results showed that there is a reduction in
exhaust gases and increase in Mechanical efficiency, Specific Fuel Consumption and air fuel ratio on blending.
We can conclude from the result that using 10% ethanol blend is most effective and we can utilize it for further
use in SI engines with little constraint on material used to sustain little increase in pressure
An Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emissions of LPG as Dual Fue...IJERA Editor
The usage of diesel engine generating set (Gen set) increasing day by day where the places without connection
to power grid or emergency power supply when the grid fails. Worldwide dual fuel engines are becoming
popular because of high performance and low emissions. LPG with diesel is a proven technology in case of
vehicles, but in diesel engine power plants it is far so.
The proposed work is concentrated on higher load of Diesel Engine Generator with LPG as dual fuel by keeping
environmental concern. A test is conducted on performance of engine along with emissions at different
proportions of Diesel and LPG including 100% diesel. An experimental set up is made with simple
modifications on existing genset to supply LPG as secondary fuel into Diesel.
A. Functional composites C. Elastic properties C. Finite element analysis (FEA)IOSR Journals
In the present study, a twin cylinder 4-stroke dual fuel diesel engine is tested using diesel, K10 (10
% neat oil + 90% diesel) and K20 (20% neat oil + 80% diesel) with woody biomass producer gas. The test is
performed using the above test fuels in dual fuel mode at different gas flow rates under a constant load of 10
kW. This work demonstrates the effect of gas flow rates and neat oil blends on performance, emission and pilot
fuel savings of the test engine. It is observed that with increase in gas flow rates for all test fuels, performance
parameters like brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) increases,
whereas brake thermal efficiency decreases. The emission parameters like carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and
carbon dioxide values are increases. However, the oxide of nitrogen (NOx) and smoke emission parameters are
decreases with increase in gas flow rates. Similarly, in comparing between liquid fuels, with increase in blend
percentage, BSEC and EGT increases compared to diesel. The BTE is the reverse case of BSEC. In case of
blended fuels, all the above mentioned emission parameters shows lower values compared to diesel. The highest pilot fuel savings occurs in case of diesel, K10 and K20 are. 56%, 54% and 52% respectively at highest gas flow rates.
—In a laboratory experiment was conducted on
the utilization of Ethanol-Diesel emulsion in a single
cylinder direct injection diesel engine, a single cylinder,
water cooled, four stroke diesel engine was used. The
principal goals of the present work are to obtain emission
data and combustion characteristics for this type of Diesel
Engine, and to identify the ratio of Emulsion which is
effective in reducing emissions. Experiments were
conducted with emulsions viz (90%diesel + 10%ethanol),
(80% diesel + 20% ethanol), (70% diesel + 30%ethanol) as
fuel. While AVL smoke meter was employed to measure
the smoke density in HSU, the exhaust gas analyzer was
used to measure the NOx emission. High volume sampler
was employed to measure the particulate matter emitted at
the exhaust. The combustion characteristics were studied
using AVL combustion analyser. From the experimental
investigation it was found that the smoke, particulate
matter and Oxides of Nitrogen emissions were reduced
marginally. From the pressure curve and cumulative heat
release curve, it was observed that the combustion started
earlier and the rate of pressure rise increased marginally.
Enhancing the Performance & Emission for the Blend of Diesel & Pyrolysis oil ...ijsrd.com
Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Many alternate fuels like Alcohols, Biodiesel, LPG, CNG etc. have been already commercialized in the transport sector. In this context, pyrolysis of solid waste is currently receiving renewed interest. The disposal of waste tyres can be simplified to some extent by pyrolysis. The properties of the Tyre pyrolysis oil derived from waste automobile tyres were analysed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it can also be used as a fuel for compression ignition engine. In the present work, blends of Diesel-Tyre pyrolysis oil was used in a diesel engine without any engine modification. The entire work is concentrated to enhance the performance and emission parameters of C.I. engine for the blend of Diesel and pyrolysis oil of tyre. To enhance the performance the effect of supercharging was used. The experiment is carried out on C.I. engine using pure diesel and various blends such as TPO10, TPO20 and TPO30 at normal atmospheric pressure and at different supercharged pressures 1.2 bar, 1.4 bar and 1.6 bar and results were compared. It is observed from the results that at supercharged pressures 1.2 bar and 1.4 bar, the performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption and emission parameters like emission of CO and HC have been improved. But the emission of NOx was not improved as there is rise in peak temperatures of combustion due to supercharging the emission of NOx increases.
Performance & emission characteristics of Two Cylinder Diesel Engine Using D...IJMER
With modernization and increase in the number of automobiles worldwide, the consumption of
diesel and gasoline has enormously increased. As petroleum is non renewable source of energy and the
petroleum reserves are scarce nowadays, there is a need to search for alternative fuels for automobiles.
Work has been done in using a lot of bio-fuels, the fuels obtained from plant to be used in IC engines
which have an even added advantage of lower emissions compared to that of diesel and gasoline. In the
present investigation Pine has been experimented in a direct injection diesel engine under homogeneous
charge compression ignition compression combustion mode
Performance Analysis of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine by Using Alcohol-Blends...Kalprajsinh Zala
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an outcome, blending of diesel fuel has provided a better solution. The objectives of this report is to analyse the performance and the emission characteristic of a Single Cylinder Diesel engine that are using blended fuel & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available in the market. This paper describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyse the emission characteristics of diesel engine. Data that are required for the analysis will be observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis will be done after all the required data needed for the experiment is obtained. A four stroke Single cylinder CI engine will be adopted to study the emissions at zero load, partial load & full load with using 5, 10, 15 & 20% ethanol-diesel blends.
Resolution of human arm redundancy in point tasks by synthesizing two criteriaIJMER
The human arm is kinematically redundant in the task of pointing. As a result, multiple arm
configurations can be used to complete a pointing task in which the tip of the index finger is brought to a
preselected point in a 3D space. The authors have developed a four degrees of freedom (DOF)model of the
human arm with synthesis of two redundancy resolution criteria that were developed as an analytical tool
for studying the positioning tasks. The two criteria were: (1) minimizing the angular joint displacement
(Minimal Angular Displacement - MAD) and (2) averaging the limits of the shoulder joint range (Joint
Range Availability - JRA). As part of the experimental protocol conducted with ten subjects, the kinematics
of the human arm was acquired with a motion capturing system in a 3D space. The redundant joint angles
predicted by a equally weighted model synthesizing the MAD and JRA criteria resulted with a linear
correlation with the experimental data (slope=0.88; offset=1⁰; r
2=0.52). Given the experiment protocol,
individual criterion showed weaker correlation with experimental data (MAD slope=0.57, offset=14⁰,
r
2=0.36 or JRA slope=0.84, offset=-1⁰, r
2=0.45). Solving the inverse kinematics problem of articulated
redundant serials mechanism such as a human or a robotic arm has applications in fields of human-robot
interaction and wearable robotics, ergonomics, and computer graphics animation.
A Novel Switch Mechanism for Load Balancing in Public CloudIJMER
In cloud computing environment, one of the core design principles is dynamic scalability,
which guarantees cloud storage service to handle the growing amounts of application data in a flexible
manner or to be readily enlarged. By integrating several private and public cloud services, the hybrid
clouds can effectively provide dynamic scalability of service and data migration. A load balancing is a
method of dividing computing loads among numerous hardware resources. Due to unpredictable job
arrival pattern and the capacities of the nodes in cloud differ for the load balancing problem. In this load
control is very crucial to improve system performance and maintenance. This paper presents a switch
mechanism for load balancing in cloud computing. The load balancing model given in this work is aimed
at the public cloud which has numerous nodes with distributed computing resources in many different
geographical areas. Thus, this model divides the public cloud environment into several cloud partitions.
When the cloud environment is very large and complex, these divisions simplify the load balancing. The
cloud environment has a main controller that chooses the suitable partitions for arriving jobs while the
balancer for each cloud partition chooses the best load balancing strategy
Isolation and Identification High-Biological Activity Bacteria in Yogurt Qua...IJMER
Six strains of lactic bacteria and seven strains of acetic bacteria which were isolated from
fermented food. The screening secured one strain of lactic acid bacterium LB4 which carried strong
probiotic activity and one strain of acetic acid bacterium AB7 which was capable to generate high
glucuronic acid. Activities of probiotic and glucuronic acid were useful biological activities for health
protection and enhancing. The results of DNA sequencing showed LB4 was similar to Lactobacillus
acidophilus and AB7 was similar to Gluconacetobacter nataicola with 100% of similar proportion. Both
of these bacteria were safe that could be used in food fermentation.Six strains of lactic bacteria and seven strains of acetic bacteria which were isolated from
fermented food. The screening secured one strain of lactic acid bacterium LB4 which carried strong
probiotic activity and one strain of acetic acid bacterium AB7 which was capable to generate high
glucuronic acid. Activities of probiotic and glucuronic acid were useful biological activities for health
protection and enhancing. The results of DNA sequencing showed LB4 was similar to Lactobacillus
acidophilus and AB7 was similar to Gluconacetobacter nataicola with 100% of similar proportion. Both
of these bacteria were safe that could be used in food fermentation.
Combating Bit Losses in Computer Networks using Modified Luby Transform CodeIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Fuzzy Rule Based Model for Optimal Reservoir ReleasesIJMER
The aim of this paper is to develop a Fuzzy Rule Based(FRB) model for obtaining the
optimal reservoir releases. The area considered for the study is ukai reservoir project. The data
considered are for the months of July, August, September and October for the years 2007 and 2011.
The inputs considered are inflow (MCM), Storage (MCM), Demand (MCM) and the Release (MCM) is
considered as output. Fuzzy logic, analysis is based on designing of if and then rules. Fuzzy logic
model can handle with various kinds of data regulations implication and defuzzification. The steps
involved in the development of the model include the construction of membership functions, creating
the Fuzzy rules, implication and deffuzification. The results obtained shows that the releases obtained
from the FRB model are satisfying the demand completely in all the four months, i.e. July, August,
September and October for the year 2007 and the same is observed for the year 2011. Also, a
significant amount of water is being saved, when the actual releases are compared with the releases
obtained from the FRB model.
An Hybrid Learning Approach using Particle Intelligence Dynamics and Bacteri...IJMER
The foraging behavior of E. Coli is used for optimization problems. This paper is based on a
hybrid method that combines particle swarm optimization and bacterial foraging (BF) algorithm for
solution of optimization results. We applied this proposed algorithm on different closed loop transfer
functions and the performance of the system using time response for the optimum value of PID
parameters is studied with incorporating PSO method on mutation, crossover, step sizes, and chemotactic
of the bacteria during the foraging. The bacterial foraging particle swarm optimization (BFPSO)
algorithm is applied to tune the PID controller of type 2, 3 and 4 systems with consideration of minimum
peak overshoot and steady state error objective function. The performance of the time response is
evaluated for the designed PID controller as the integral of time weighted squared error. The results
illustrate that the proposed approach is more efficient and provides better results as compared to the
conventional PSO algorithm.
MCDM Techniques for the Selection of Material Handling Equipment in the Autom...IJMER
Abstract: Material Handling Equipments are utilized in different shops of an automobile industry.
For culling congruous Material Handling Equipment, it is felt that some Multi Criteria Decision
Making Methods must be used due to their ability of converting an intricate quandary to a paired
comparison. These methods are predicated on some relative Criteria and Sub-criteria. Certain
methods such as; Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP), and
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) Method have to be utilized
for solving the quandary of Material Handling Equipment cull in different shops of automobile
industry. For solving these quandaries, some criteria (Material, Move, and Method) are culled.
The main conclusions drawn from this study are that, Method criteria is more consequential for
culling Material Handling Equipment, and Conveyor System is more efficient and precise Equipment
for Handling the Material in shop floor of any automobile industry. The focus of this research is in
the area of Cull of Material Handling Equipment in automobile industry. Cull of congruous Material
Handling Equipment is very paramount for reducing manufacturing cycle time, and cost of
manufacturing.
Earthquake Resistant Design of Low-Rise Open Ground Storey Framed BuildingIJMER
Presence of infill walls in the frames alters the behavior of the building under lateral loads.
However, it is common industry practice to ignore the stiffness of infill wall for analysis of framed
building. Engineers believe that analysis without considering infill stiffness leads to a conservative
design. An existing RC framed building (G+3) with open ground storey located in Seismic Zone-V is
considered for this study. This building is analyzed for two different cases: (a) considering both infill
mass and infill stiffness and (b) considering infill mass but without considering infill stiffness. Two
separate models were generated using commercial software SAP2000. Infill weights were modelled
through applying static dead load and corresponding masses considered from this dead load for
dynamic analyses. Infill stiffness was modelled using a diagonal strut approach. Two different support
conditions, namely fixed end support condition and pinned end support condition, are considered to
check the effect of support conditions in the multiplication factors. Linear and non-linear analyses were
carried out for the models and the results were compared.
CFD Analysis and Fabrication of Aluminium Cenosphere CompositesIJMER
Metal matrix composites are engineered materials with a combination of two or more
dissimilar materials, to obtain enhanced properties. Aluminium alloys reinforced with ceramic
particles exhibit superior mechanical properties when compared to unreinforced aluminium alloys and
hence are candidate for engineering applications. In the present investigation aluminium alloy is used
as the matrix and cenosphere as the reinforcing material. The hybrid metal matrix composite is
produced using conventional foundry techniques by casting route. The cenosphere is to be added in
2%, 4% and 6% by volume and also with the influence of the particle size of cenosphere, to the molten
metal with Magnesium, which is the main parameter for the wet ability of cenosphere and aluminium
alloy. The hybrid composite is to be tested for hardness, density, mechanical properties and impact
strength. The density decreases with increase in cenosphere content. The impact strength increases
with increase in cenosphere content. The resistances to dry wear and slurry erosive wear increases
with increase in cenosphere content and hence this material can be used as bearing material. This
composite material being less dense than aluminium can therefore be used in place of conventional
aluminium alloys in aircraft components
Evaluate the Performance and Emission using EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation) i...IOSR Journals
To study different paper related to exhaust gas recirculation on four stroke compression ignition
engine fuelled with diesel/methanol blend of 10:90, 20:80 and 30:70 of methanol to diesel respectively were
studied to evaluate the performance and emission of engine. The performance of diesel engine increase with
increase in compression ratio exhaust gas recirculation is a common way to control in-cylinder NOx production
and is used in most modern high speed direct injection diesel engines because it lowers oxygen concentration
and flame temperature of the working fluid in the combustion chamber. To study evaluate and performance with
different EGR rate with and without variable compression ratio. After studying all different papers to review the
result the output power and torque for diesel fuel is lower compared to methanol-diesel blended fuel at any
mixing ratio and because of EGR the NOx emission and exhaust gas temperature reduced but emissions of
particulate matter (PM), HC, and CO were found to have increased with usage of EGR in CI engine.
The use of blend methanol at High Compression Ratio in spark-ignition engineijsrd.com
it can be obviously seen the world's fossil fuel reserves are limited. It is well known those passenger vehicles are dependent on fossil fuels such as gasoline, diesel fuel, liquefied petroleum gas, and natural gas. The fossil fuel used in passenger vehicles induces the air pollution, acid rains, build-up of carbon dioxide and crude oil; petroleum product will become very scarce and costly. Hence, there is a progressively interest related with using non-fossil sources in vehicles. Especially, the alcohol fuels (methanol, ethanol etc.) have been showed good candidates as alternative fuels for the vehicles equipped with SI. In this experimental study, the effect of methanol (30% and 40%) with gasoline (70% and 60%) tested to measure the performance and emission of 4- cylinder spark ignition multi-port fuel injection (MPFI) engine. The tests with/without methanol blends and increase compression ratio 8.8:1 to 11:1 were performed on a rope belt dynamometer while running the engine at speed 1500 rpm at different varying engine load. In these tests measure engine performance parameters like engine torque, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and exhaust emission. After experimental investigations to measure engine power increase 10.6%, brake specific fuel consumption decrease 4.2%, brake thermal efficiency increase and exhaust gas emission is decrease with use of methanol blend fuel with gasoline.
The impact of engine operating variables on emitted PM and Pb for an SIE fuel...iosrjce
The replacement of gasoline with ethanol is increased worldwide indicating the need to understand
the air quality impacts of this exchanging. In the recent study, variable experimental tests conducted to evaluate
the impacts of several ethanol-gasoline blends (E20, E50, and E80) on particulate matter (PM) and lead (Pb)
concentrations emitted from a four-stroke, single cylinder, water-cooled spark-ignition (SI) engine. PM and Pb
exhaust emissions measured and analyzed at variable engine operation parameters.
The emitted PM emissions reduced with increase concentration of ethanol in the blend. Compared to the
baseline gasoline (E0), E20 gave relatively lower reductions in PM emissions, while E50 and E80 both reduced
PM emissions under the conditions studied. Ethanol was observed to impact Pb emissions depending on the
ethanol share in the blend
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
With ever increasing concern on energy security, future oil supplies, high
performance of automobiles, the global community has been seeking for nonpetroleum
alternative fuels. it leads to research in modifying the mechanical design
and analysing its performance characteristics with vary in fuel used, applied load on
engine, torque, lubrication etc. preheating is a method to increase the thermal
efficiency of engine, decrease the humidity in inlet air supplied, reduce the undesired
effects of cold start and in turn helps for complete combustion. The present research
work was to analysis the performance characteristics of a four stroke DTS-I, single
cylinder, air cooled, spark injection petrol fuelled with methanol blends in different
concentrations. The results are compared with the modified engine in which the inlet
air gets preheated. The engine test results showed improvement in all performance
characteristics in modified engine. It results an increase in brake thermal efficiency by
4-6%, indicated thermal efficiency by 3-5% and improvement in Brake specific fuel
consumption by 5.4% with comparison with normal engine.
Parametric Optimization of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine for Pyrolysis Oil an...IOSR Journals
Abstract: An experimental study has been carried out for pyrolysis oil blended with diesel used in single
cylinder diesel engine. Pyrolysis oil is obtained from tire waste by pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis process is a
thermo-chemical decomposition of organic matter in absence of oxygen. Blending of pyrolysis oil with diesel in
maximum possible proportion helps to reduce the consumption of diesel fuel. In this study, the effects of
parameters i.e. injection timing, injection pressure, compression ratio, and load are taken as variable for
optimization. As the experiment required simultaneously optimization of four parameters with five levels,
taguchi method of optimization is used in this experiment. The results of the taguchi experiment identifies that
220 injection timing, injection pressure 200 bar, compression ratio 16 and engine load 20kg are optimum
parameter setting for lowest break specific fuel consumption. Engine performance is mostly influenced by
engine load and is least influenced by Compression ratio.
Keyword: Pyrolysis oil, SFC, Taguchi Analysis, CI engine, Diesel
Study on Performance and Emission Characteristics of four Stroke Single Cylin...AM Publications
In this experimental study, the performance and emission characteristics are investigated on a single cylinder, four stroke petrol (spark ignition) engine at speed variation from 1500 to 3000 RPM and maintaining a constant load of 1 kW. Engine is fuelled with different percentage of ethanol and addition of dimethyl carbonate in petrol.For this study, blends of ethanol with petrol (E5, E10, E15) and with adding dimethyl carbonate to ethanol are used as a test fuels making petrol as a reference fuel.The results shows improvement in performance and emission characteristics for ethanol test fuels over engine run on petrol. Among tested samples, E10 test fuel delivers 10.57% and 20.44% increase in brake power and brake thermal efficiency and 14.55% lower fuel consumption than engine run on petrol. All test fuels shows reduction in exhaust emissions over engine run on petrol. It is observed that dimethyl carbonate (DMC) added tested samples shows maximum reduction in exhaust emissions because of the presence of more oxygen content. Among ethanol test fuels, at high speed (3000 RPM) E15 DMC test fuel delivers 87.10%, 65.79% and 84.37% reduction in carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrocarbons (HC) emissions than engine run on petrol.And also decrease in NOX emission for all ethanol test fuels.Therefore, E10 test fuels are better replacement of petrol when engine operating at high engine speeds.
Similar to Experimental Investigation of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & Methanol (20)
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
known as
δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
The focus of this paper is on implementation of Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol
following slave module for no data loss. In this paper, the principle and the operation of I2C bus protocol
will be introduced. It follows the I2C specification to provide device addressing, read/write operation and
an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
the I2C slave device to any legal slave address to avoid the slave address collision on an I2C bus with
multiple slave devices. This paper demonstrates how I2C Master controller transmits and receives data to
and from the Slave with proper synchronization.
The module is designed in Verilog and simulated in ModelSim. The design is also synthesized in Xilinx
XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
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When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
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and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
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The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSE
Experimental Investigation of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & Methanol
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.7| July. 2014 | 7|
Experimental Investigation of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & Methanol Dr. Hiregoudar Yerrennagoudaru 1, Manjunatha K 2, Chandragowda M3, Shivashankara gouda 4 1Professor and PG Co-ordinator (Thermal Power Engineering), Mechanical Engineering Department, RYMEC Bellary, Karnataka, India 2ASST Professor and PROJECT Co-ordinator (Thermal Power Engineering), Mechanical Engineering Department, RYMEC Bellary, Karnataka, India 3ASST Professor (Thermal Power Engineering), Mechanical Engineering Department, RYMEC Bellary, Karnataka, India 4 M.Tech (Thermal Power Engineering), Mechanical Engineering Department, RYMEC Bellary, Karnataka, India,
I. INTRODUCTION
Since the inception of industrial revolution in eighteenth century, the search for portable prime movers to run machines for both industrial and transportation purpose became intense. Steam engines took a lead role in the beginning, but could not pass the test of time as they were bulky, less efficient and required huge quantity of low energy density solid fuels like coal. In the later part of nineteenth century, diesel engine was invented. Since then these engines have become an integral part of modern human civilization and mostly replaced the steam engines which became obsolete. These engines are extensively used worldwide for transportation, decentralized power generation, agricultural applications and industrial sectors because of their high fuel conversion efficiency, ruggedness and relatively easy operation [1,2]. These wide fields of global usage of diesel engines lead to ever increasing demand of petroleum derived fuels. Petroleum fuels are exhaustible sources of energy and hence an over reliability on these fuels is not sustainable in long run. Besides, the rising crude oil prices and increasing pollution due to excessive use of these engines is another grey area. The exhaust emissions of diesel engines, particularly soot, oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide are extremely harmful to natural environment and living beings [3].Projections for the 30-year period from 1990 to 2020 indicate that vehicle travel, and consequently fossil-fuel demand, will almost triple worldwide and the resulting emissions will pose a serious problem [4].
Abstract: In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an outcome, fuels like methanol may present a sustainable solution as it can be produced from a wide range of carbon based feedstock. The present investigation evaluates methanol as a diesel engine fuel. The objectives of this report is to analyze the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a twin cylinder diesel engine that are using Methanol & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available in the market. This report describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyze the emission characteristics and fuel consumption of diesel engine due to usage of the both fuels. Detail studies about the experimental setup and components have been done before the experiment started. Data that are required for the analysis is observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis have been done after all the required data needed for the thesis is obtained. The experiment used diesel engine with no load which means no load exerted on it. A four stroke Twin cylinder diesel engine was adopted to study the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, and emissions at zero load & full load with the fuel of methanol. In this study, the diesel engine was tested using 100% methanol. By the end of the report, the successful of the project have been started which is Diesel engine is able to run with Methanol but the engine needs to run by using diesel fuel first, then followed by methanol and finished with diesel fuel as the last fuel usage before the engine turned off. The performance of the engine using Methanol fuel compared to the performance of engine with diesel fuel. Experimental results of Methanol and Diesel fuel are also compared.
Keywords: Diesel, Methanol, Performance, Emissions.
2. Experimental Investigation of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & Methanol
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Therefore on a nutshell it can be stated that concerns about long-term avail-ability of petroleum diesel, stringent environmental norms and environmental impacts due to extensive use of diesel engines, have mandated the search for a renewable alternative of diesel fuel [5]. In these context alcoholic fuels as a partial or complete substitute of diesel is an area of interest. Reports on the use of alcohol as a motor fuel were published in 1907 and detailed research was conducted in the 1920s and 1930s. Historically, the level of interest in using alcohol as a motor fuel has followed cycles of fuel shortages and/or low feed-grain prices [6]. Among the alcohols, methanol has the lowest combustion energy. However, it also has the lowest stoichiometric or chemically correct air-fuel ratio. Therefore, an engine burning methanol would produce the maximum power. A lot of research has been done on the prospect of methanol as an alternative fuel. Methanol, CH3OH, is the simplest of alcohol and originally produced by the destructive distillation of wood. However, methanol can be produced from many fossil and renewable sources which include coal, petroleum, natural gas, biomass, wood landfills and even the ocean [7]. Today it is produced in very large quantities from natural gas by the reformation of the gas into carbon monoxide and hydrogen followed by passing these gases over a suitable catalyst under appropriate conditions of pressure and temperature [8]. In energy deficit countries like India, Methanol can provide a sustainable solution against petroleum crisis due to the following reasons.
Methanol can be manufactured from a variety of carbon based feedstock such as natural gas, coal and biomass (e.g., wood). As India is rich in all these reduce its dependence on imported petroleum.
Methanol is much less flammable than the gasoline and results in less severe fires when it does ignite. So far fire safety purpose it is better than petroleum.
Methanol has a higher laminar flame propagation speed, which may make combustion process finish earlier and thus may improve engine thermal efficiency [9].
Methanol is a high-octane fuel that offers excellent acceleration and vehicle power [10].
With economies scale, methanol could be produced, distributed, and sold to consumers at prices competitive with petroleum.
Due to high octane rating and similarities with gasoline. Methanol has always considered as a good SI engine fuel. But bulk of the transport fuel consumed worldwide is diesel. Ironically courtiers like India hugely subsidized diesel fuel to regulate inflation which in turn reduces Government’s ability to fund welfare schemes. Above all major contribution to pollution also comes from diesel engines. Therefore, substitution of diesel by potential fuels like methanol (Which can be produced from locally available raw material by any carry out further study on the effects of methanol, & its fraction on CI engine performance. 1.1Objectives of the project
It is proposed to use Methanol Fuel in the diesel engine (CI engine).
The emissions like CO, HC, CO2, NOx, SOx in the exhaust gases are proposed to reduce during the combustion itself.
To study the performance evaluation of the using Methanol as fuel in the diesel engine.
Analyze the exhaust emissions and measurement, reduction in the exhaust gas.
Table-1Properties of Diesel and Methanol
Sl. No
Properties
Diesel
CH4O
1
Density(kg/m2)
850
796.6
2
Calorific value (kJ/kg)
46,500
23,800
3
Kinematic viscosity @ 40C (cst)
3.05
1.04
4
Cetane number
55
4
5
Flash point ºC
52
12
6
Fire point ºC
56
97.6
7
Specific gravity
0.84
0.79
8
Sulphur content (%)
<0.035
-
3. Experimental Investigation of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & Methanol
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1.2 Sources of Methanol Methanol is a renewable energy source because the energy is generated by using a resource, sunlight, which cannot be depleted. Creation of Methanol starts with photosynthesis causing a feed stock, such as sugar cane or a grain such as maize (corn), to grow. These feed stocks are processed into methanol. Following are the methods to produce the methanol:-
• Fermentation
• Distillation
• Dehydration
II. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The experimental test set up Figure-1 consisted of twin cylinder diesel engine, four stroke, Forced cooling system, crank start. The setup is provided with a resistance load bank, Multi gas analyzer made by testo and Stack monitoring kit for particulate matter & formaldehyde as HCHO…etc for performance and emissions analysis. The engine is cooled using the water jackets on the engine block and cylinder head using a Forced Feed System. While the recommended injection timing given by the manufacturer is 27º BTDC (static), the opening pressure of the nozzle was set at 1800 bar and the engine speed at 1500rpm.There are a number of transducers used in the engine such as piezoelectric pressure transducer flush with the cylinder head surface to measure cylinder pressure. Specifications of engine are shown in Table 2.
Fig 1: Schematic arrangement of Experimental Set-up Fig 2: Test engine
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Table-2 Test Engine specification
Engine type
Four stroke Twin cylinder diesel engine
No. of cylinders
02
Stroke
100 mm
Bore Diameter
87 mm
Engine power
19 KW
Compression ratio
17.5:1
RPM
1500
Type of starting
Crank starting
Load type
Electric load bank
Table-3 Load bank specification
Max. Output
15 KVA / 12.06 KW
Generator type
1 Phase
Amps
63
RPM
1500
PF
0.8
Volts
240
III. PRECAUTION OBSERVED BEFORE STARTING OF THE ENGINE
At the time of starting the engine for each of the tests it was measured that the engine level was in the safe zone and its condition is also good in case the condition was bad, then fresh SAE 40 was introduced into the pump after draining the old . The foundation and mounting bolts were checked periodically as they may go loose due to high speed operations and vibrations. In the course of experiments the following precautions were observed:
The ambient temperature variations during the experiment should not be more than 6°Cand this was observed as far as possible.
After each load is applied the engine in allowed to settle before further loads are applied.
Before stopping the engine, it was allowed to run on pure diesel for some time. This is done so that the engine can be restarted easily.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Experiments were initially carried out on the engine using diesel as fuel in order to provide base line data. The methanol were prepared and made to run on the engine. 1st Case:-The engine was started using neat diesel and allowed to run for at least 30 minutes before taking observations. After engine conditions stabilized and reached to steady state, the base line data were taken. Load was varied (Zero load & full load condition) using the alternator load bank and the same was recorded. Gaseous emissions, fuel consumption were also recorded from the respective sensor. 2nd Case:-The engine was started on diesel and when engine became sufficiently heated; the supply of diesel was slowly substituted by 100 % Methanol for which a two way valve was used. After engine conditions stabilized and reached to steady state, the base line data were taken. Load was varied (Zero load & full load condition) using the alternator load bank and the same was recorded. Gaseous emissions, fuel consumption were also recorded from the respective sensor.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The performance and exhaust emission parameters of the engine with diesel and methanol at zero and full load condition are presented and discussed below. 5.1Performance parameter
5. Experimental Investigation of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & Methanol
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5.1.1Specific fuel consumption At higher temperature the effect of methanol on specific fuel consumption (SFC) are shown in figure3. From that figure-3 it is clear that at different loads the SFC of Methanol is more than the diesel. The reasons behind this results are lower energy value substitute methanol thus engine responds to the load by increasing the fuel flow. Thus SFC decreases with the increase in thermal efficiency. 5.1.2 Brake thermal efficiency Figure 4, shows the variation of brake thermal efficiency with respect to methanol & Diesel at different loads. From the plot it is observed that as load increases brake thermal efficiency is also increases for diesel as well as Methanol. At full load condition, the brake thermal efficiencies obtained are 34.7% & 62.8% for the diesel & Methanol respectively. Among these two fuels Methanol has maximum BTE i.e 62.8% which is obtained from 100 % Methanol at full load. The BTE using Methanol is increased by 32.1% as compared to the diesel at full load condition. The increment in Brake thermal efficiency is due to low heat value of methanol as compared to diesel & better combustion because of less viscosity of Methanol.
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5.2 Emission parameters
Table-5 Emission parameters of the engine with diesel and methanol at zero and full load
Parameter
Unit
Diesel Zero load
Diesel full load
Methanol Zero load
Methanol full load
Exhaust gas Temperature
K
375
393
307
310
Particulate Matter
mg/Nm³
47.00
134.0
10.0
12.60
Sulphur Dioxide(SOX)
ppm
15.00
26.0
1.0
6.00
Nitrogen Dioxide (NOX)
mg/m³
1986.00
2431.0
859.0
930.00
Carbon monoxide
ppm
38.00
44.0
83.0
98.00
Oxygen(O2)
%
14.40
12.3
17.8
15.80
Carbon Dioxide(CO2)
%
6.40
8.4
3.4
4.2
Non Methane Hydrocarbon
ppm
Ethane
<2.00
<2.00
<2.00
<2.00
Propane
<2.00
<2.00
<2.00
<2.00
n _ Butane
<2.00
<2.00
<2.00
<2.00
iso _Butane
<2.00
<2.00
<2.00
<2.00
Pentane
<2.00
<2.00
<2.00
<2.00
Formaldehyde as HCHO
mg/Nm³
<0.10
<0.10
<0.10
<0.10
5.2.1 Particulate Matter Figures 5, shows the variation of Particulate Matter level with respect to diesel and methanol at different loads. Particulate Matter tends to increase with load, this increase in Particulate Matter is explained by the fact that at low loads, but as the load increases, the temperature also increases which in turn increases the Particulate Matter emissions. Result shows that Particulate Matter is comparatively lower with Methanol. It is found that Particulate Matter emission increases with increase in load in Diesel as fuel but in methanol as fuel minor increase with increase load. 100% Diesel has higher Particulate Matter level when compared to 100% methanol. This is due to rise in exhaust temperature. Particulate Matter is decreased (80 to 90%) when using Methanol as fuel in diesel engine compared to diesel fuel. 5.2.2 SOx Concentration
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Figures 6, shows the variation of SOx level with respect to Diesel and methanol at different loads. SOx tends to increase with load, this increase in SOx is explained by the fact that at low loads, but as the load increases, the temperature also increases which in turn increases the SOx emissions. Result shows that SOx is comparatively higher with Diesel. It is found that SOx emission increases with increase in load. At full load condition 100% Methanol and 100% Diesel has higher SOx level when compared to zero load condition. SOx is decreased (75 to 90%) when using Methanol as fuel in diesel engine compared to diesel fuel. Result shows that Sox emission is lower with Methanol as fuel. 5.2.3 CO Concentration Figures 7, shows the variation CO level with respect to Diesel and methanol at different loads. From the graph it is clear that the CO level increases when Methanol has a fuel. This is due to the fact that engine is not optimized to run with Methanol, so there is a large possibility of rich fuel-air mixture in the cylinder and the higher specific fuel consumption resulting in a higher CO level. Carbon monoxide occurs in engine exhaust. It is a product of incomplete combustion due to insufficient amount of air in the air fuel mixture or insufficient time in the cycle for the completion of combustion. CO level is comparatively More when compared to diesel& can be reduce by increasing the compression ratio. 5.2.4 NOx Concentration Figures 8, shows the variation of NOx level with respect to Diesel and methanol at different loads. NOx tends to increase with load, this increase in NOx is explained by the fact that at low loads, but as the load increases, the temperature also increases which in turn increases the NOx emissions. Result shows that NOx is comparatively higher with Diesel. It is found that NOx emission increases with increase in load. 100% Diesel has higher NOx level when compared to 100% methanol. This is due to higher exhaust temperature of Diesel i.e 375 & 393 K. Methanol Nox emission is decreased (55 to 60%) when compared to diesel. 5.2.5 Oxygen (O2) Concentration
Figures 9, shows the variation of O2 level with respect to Diesel and methanol at different loads. From the graph it is clear that the O2 level increases when Methanol has a fuel. This is due to the fact that engine is not optimized to run with Methanol, so there is a large possibility of lean / reach fuel-air mixture in the
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cylinder and the lower compression ratio resulting in a higher O2 level. Oxygen(O2)occurs in engine exhaust. It is a product of incomplete combustion due to insufficient time in the cycle for the completion of combustion. 5.2.6 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Concentration Figures 10, shows the variation of CO2 level with respect to Diesel and methanol at different loads. From the graph it is clear that the CO2 level decreases when Methanol has a fuel. This is due to the fact that engine is not optimized to run with Methanol, so there is a large possibility of lean / reach fuel-air mixture in the cylinder and the lower compression ratio & temperature resulting in a higher CO2 level.CO2 occurs in engine exhaust. It is a product of incomplete combustion due to insufficient time in the cycle for the completion of combustion.
VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
Based on the performance and emissions of Methanol, it is concluded that the Methanol oil represents a good alternative fuel with closer performance and better emission characteristics to that of a diesel. From the above analysis the Methanol shows better performance compared to the Diesel in the sense of better performance characteristics like Brake thermal efficiency, Specific fuel consumption and decrease in the emission parameters like NOx, Sox, Particulate matter ,CO2 but CO , O2 is little higher than the diesel which can be reduced by increasing the compression ratio. Hence the 100% methanol can be used as a substitute for diesel.
REFERENCES
[1] Chauhan BS, Kumar N, Cho H.MCho (2009). Performance and emission studies on an agriculture engine on neat Jatropha oil. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 24 (2) (2010) 529-535. [2] Ciniviz M., Köse H., Canli E. and Solmaz O (2011).An experimental investigation on effects of methanol blended diesel fuels to engine performance and emissions of a diesel engine. Scientific Research and Essays Vol. 6(15), pp. 3189-3199,ISSN 1992-2248. [3] Yao C, Cheung CS, Chan TL, Lee SC(2008). Effect of diesel/methanol compound combustion on diesel engine combustion and emission.Energy conversion and management. 49:1696-1704. [4] Mishra C, Kumar N, Sidharth, Chauhan B. S (2012).Performance and Emission Studies of a Compression Ignition Engine on blends of Calophyllum Oil and Diesel.Journal of biofuels. Volume 3, Issue 1, Online ISSN : 0976-4763. [5] Chauhan BS, Kumar N, Pal SS, Jun YD. Experimental studies on fumigation of ethanol in a small capacity diesel engine. Energy 2011; 36:1030-8. [6] “Alcohols for motor fuels” by J.L. Smith and J.P. Workman,Colorado State University and U.S. Department of Agriculture. Fact sheet no. 5.010.
9. Experimental Investigation of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & Methanol
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