In this experimental study, the performance and emission characteristics are investigated on a single cylinder, four stroke petrol (spark ignition) engine at speed variation from 1500 to 3000 RPM and maintaining a constant load of 1 kW. Engine is fuelled with different percentage of ethanol and addition of dimethyl carbonate in petrol.For this study, blends of ethanol with petrol (E5, E10, E15) and with adding dimethyl carbonate to ethanol are used as a test fuels making petrol as a reference fuel.The results shows improvement in performance and emission characteristics for ethanol test fuels over engine run on petrol. Among tested samples, E10 test fuel delivers 10.57% and 20.44% increase in brake power and brake thermal efficiency and 14.55% lower fuel consumption than engine run on petrol. All test fuels shows reduction in exhaust emissions over engine run on petrol. It is observed that dimethyl carbonate (DMC) added tested samples shows maximum reduction in exhaust emissions because of the presence of more oxygen content. Among ethanol test fuels, at high speed (3000 RPM) E15 DMC test fuel delivers 87.10%, 65.79% and 84.37% reduction in carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrocarbons (HC) emissions than engine run on petrol.And also decrease in NOX emission for all ethanol test fuels.Therefore, E10 test fuels are better replacement of petrol when engine operating at high engine speeds.

1. International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163
Issue 04, Volume 4 (April 2017) (SPECIAL ISSUE) www.ijirae.com
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IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value – SJIF: Innospace, Morocco (2016): 3.916 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 |
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Study on Performance and Emission Characteristics of four
Stroke Single Cylinder Petrol Engine Fuelled with Ethanol
– Petrol Blends and Addition of Dimethyl Carbonate
1
Somashekar C, 2
Vikram H.G, 3
Vinay Kumar U K
1
Assistant Professor, 2,3
UG Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Bangalore Institute of Technology, Bengaluru,
Abstract: In this experimental study, the performance and emission characteristics are investigated on a single cylinder,
four stroke petrol (spark ignition) engine at speed variation from 1500 to 3000 RPM and maintaining a constant load of 1
kW. Engine is fuelled with different percentage of ethanol and addition of dimethyl carbonate in petrol.For this study,
blends of ethanol with petrol (E5, E10, E15) and with adding dimethyl carbonate to ethanol are used as a test fuels
making petrol as a reference fuel.The results shows improvement in performance and emission characteristics for
ethanol test fuels over engine run on petrol. Among tested samples, E10 test fuel delivers 10.57% and 20.44% increase in
brake power and brake thermal efficiency and 14.55% lower fuel consumption than engine run on petrol. All test fuels
shows reduction in exhaust emissions over engine run on petrol. It is observed that dimethyl carbonate (DMC) added
tested samples shows maximum reduction in exhaust emissions because of the presence of more oxygen content. Among
ethanol test fuels, at high speed (3000 RPM) E15 DMC test fuel delivers 87.10%, 65.79% and 84.37% reduction in carbon
monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrocarbons (HC) emissions than engine run on petrol.And also decrease in
NOX emission for all ethanol test fuels.Therefore, E10 test fuels are better replacement of petrol when engine operating at
high engine speeds.
1. INTRODUCTION
[1][2]Performance investigation of internal combustion engines are conducted since from the beginning of this century and
their actual design is a result of extensive accumulation of practical knowledge. However, determining of the physical
phenomena and the precise identification of the processes taking place inside the engine always lagged behind experimental
information. Various aspects exist for this lag between theory and practice, but the main problems are due to fact that the
processes are not in steady state and occur at high temperatures, the working fluid consumption changes by chemical
reactions and complexity of all geometries.
1.2 ALCOHOLS AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL
[3]Ethanol is a liquid fuel which can be produced from sugarcane or grain crops, through the process of biological
fermentation or distillation. Alcohols can either be blended with petrol and burned in regular automobile, or used straight, in
modified engines. [4]In Brazil, three billion gallons of ethanol are produced every year from sugarcanes, supplying a large
percentage of that to automobile fuel requirement. Other major producer of ethanol is the United States, where the ethanol
from corn is blended with petrol. [5]Alcohols are clean burning resulting in low oxides of nitrogen and hydrocarbon emission
and no carbon dioxide emissions as compared with other biomass fuels. Using corn or sugarcane for fuel could potentially
conflict with the need to produce food. In fact, meeting the 10% of the US current automotive fuel demand with ethanol
would require 40% of that country corn harvest. Research is currently underway in an effort to develop enzymes which could
help convert wood into ethanol.
II. METHODOLOGY AND PREPARATION OF TEST SAMPLES
Methodology defines a steps or procedure followed for the project work.
2.1. STEPS INVOLVED IN METHODOLOGY
1. Collecting an ethanol and isobutanol from alcohol Extraction Company.
2. Preparing petrol-ethanol blends, i.e. E5, E10, and E15 blends. Preparing another three blends E5 DMC, E10 DMC
and E15 DMC by adding Dimethyl carbonate (DMC).
3. Determining the fuel properties of ethanol blends

2. International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163
Issue 04, Volume 4 (April 2017) (SPECIAL ISSUE) www.ijirae.com
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IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value – SJIF: Innospace, Morocco (2016): 3.916 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 |
ISRAJIF (2016): 3.715 | Indexcopernicus: (ICV 2015): 47.91
IJIRAE © 2014- 17, All Rights Reserved Page -91
4. Experiment is conducted on four stroke cylinder spark ignition (petrol) engine test rig. Set up consists of fuel meter to
measure fuel rate, engine is coupled with dynamometer to measure torque or load, and engine consists of
speedometer or tachometer to measure speed. And also consists of exhaust gas analyser to measure exhaust
emissions.
5. Performance test is carried out by admitting each prepared ethanol blended fuel samples in to the petrol engine and
readings are taken for each blend and exhaust emissions reading are also taken for each blend at selected different
speeds.
6. After taking readings ethanol blends calculations will be done. Performance graphs and emission graphs discussed.
7. Adding Dimethyl carbonate in to both ethanol and Iso-Butanol blends like E5 DMC, E10 DMC, E15 DMC.
8. Same steps are carried out for DMC added ethanol blends.
9. Conclusion will be stated.
10.Finally, Scope for future work will be discussed.
2.2 PREPARATION OF TEST FUELS (BLENDS)
Blending can be defined as the mixing two or more different fuels in a proper finite proportions. Here, there are twelve
blending samples are used i.e. six ethanol blends and six isobutanol blends.
2.2.1 ETHANOL BLENDS
PREPARATION OF PETROL - ETHANOL BLENDS
Sl. No Ethanol Blends Petrol in ml Ethanol in ml
1 E5 950 50
2 E10 900 100
3 E15 850 150
PREPARATION OF ETHANOL BLENDS WITH ADDING DIMETHYL CARBONATE (DMC)
Sl. No Ethanol- DMC blends Petrol in ml Ethanol in ml DMC in ml
1 E5 DMC 950 49 1
2 E10 DMC 900 98 2
3 E15 DMC 850 147 3
2.3 PROPERTIES OF BLENDINGS
Here there is a comparison of fuel properties of ethanol and isobutanol blends are tabulated in the given tables:
COMPARISON OF FUEL PROPERTIES OF PETROL – ETHANOL AND DMC ADDED BLENDS
Sl. No Test samples Flash point
(o
C)
Fire point
(o
C)
Density
(kg/m3
)
Specific
Gravity
Calorific Value
(kJ/kg)
1 E5 -40.15 -38.15 719.2 0.7192 43385.1
2 E10 -37.3 -35.3 718.73 0.71873 42637.2
3 E15 -34.45 -32.45 718.24 0.71824 41889.3
4 E5 DMC -40.147 -38.147 719.57 0.71957 43369.425
5 E10 DMC -37.294 -35.294 719.4 0.7194 42605.85
6 E15 DMC -34.441 -32.441 719.32 0.71932 41842.275
III. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND TESTING
The test rig considered of a four stroke single cylinder Greaves make petrol (spark ignition) engine coupled with electrical
dynamometer and engine is air cooled type. The rig is complete base, air measurement system, and fuel measurement system
and temperature measurement arrangement using thermocouples to measure temperature digitally.In five positions
thermocouples sensors are placed to measure air inlet, water inlet to the calorimeter, water outlet from calorimeter, exhaust
inlet to calorimeter, exhaust outlet from calorimeter. In above N represents manual U-tube manometer to measure air flow
rate and L represents fuel consumption rate. In above figure, A, B, C, D and E points represents air inlet, water inlet to the
calorimeter, water outlet from calorimeter, exhaust inlet to calorimeter and exhaust outlet from calorimeter. The engine is
governed by mechanical governor, since engine is coupled with DC dynamometer through constant load bank and generator
efficiency for given loading which less than half is taken as 80%. In this test rig Contact type tachometer is used to measure
the speed of engine mounted below flywheel and engine is water cooled. For exhaust emissions INDUS Digas emission
analyzer is used. Plate 3.1, shows Experimental setup of four stroke petrol engine and INDUS make exhaust Gas analyse.

3. International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163
Issue 04, Volume 4 (April 2017) (SPECIAL ISSUE) www.ijirae.com
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value – SJIF: Innospace, Morocco (2016): 3.916 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 |
ISRAJIF (2016): 3.715 | Indexcopernicus: (ICV 2015): 47.91
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TABLE:3.1 ENGINE SPECIFICATION
Make Greaves
Model Greaves MK-25 engine
Number of cylinders One
Number of strokes Four
Fuel Petrol
cooling Air cooled
Rated speed 3000 rpm
Cylinder diameter 70 mm
Stroke length 66.7 mm
Compression ratio 4.67:1
Type of loading DC Electrical type
Method of starting Rope and electric
Cd of orifice meter 0.62
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 The effect of speed on brake power when petrol engine has run with ethanol blends and petrol
At all speed ethanol blends gives a best performance in brake power (BP) over an engine run on petrol. Because the main
reason is that ethanol contains 35% oxygen so it gives oxygen for complete burning of air-fuel mixture and which improves
the combustion process. This will lead to better combustion efficiency. Hence it can expect increment in brake power for
ethanol blends. Among ethanol blends, E10 blend gives best performance in BP over engine runs with petrol for about
10.11%, 10.57%, and 11.04% at three different speeds, 1500 RPM, 2250 RPM and 3000 RPM respectively. Therefore, 10.57%
(average) of increased in BP for E10 blend over engine (three selected speeds) run with petrol.
4.2 The effect of speed on brake thermal efficiency when petrol engine has run with ethanol blends and petrol
In this figure brake thermal efficiency increases with increase the engine speed for all six ethanol blends i.e., E5, E5 DMC,
E10, E10 DMC, E15, E15 DMC and petrol. At three different speed ethanol blends gives a best performance in brake thermal
efficiency (ȠBT) over an engine run on petrol. Because, generally ethanol gets ignited faster than petrol, therefore an engine
running with ethanol will produces better power.

4. International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163
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IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value – SJIF: Innospace, Morocco (2016): 3.916 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 |
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And also because of higher octane number thermal efficiency is increased for ethanol blends. Among ethanol blends, E10
blend gives best performance in (ȠBT) over engine runs with petrol for about 13.3%, 20.85%, and 27.17% at three different
speeds. Therefore, 20.44% (average) of increased in (ȠBT) for E10 blend over engine (three selected speeds) run on petrol.
4.3 The effect of speed on Brake Specific fuel consumption when petrol engine has run with ethanol blends and petrol
In this figure BSFC decreases with increase the engine speed for all six ethanol blends i.e., E5, E5 DMC, E10, E10 DMC,
E15, E15 DMC and petrol. It is observed that BSFC with ethanol blends is lower than that of an engine run on petrol or in
other sense, for producing equal amount of energy i.e., Brake power greater weight of petrol (gasoline) is needed as
compared to ethanol blends. This is because of the reason that ethanol is having 35% of oxygen and higher octane number
which will improve combustion process and it leads to effective burning of the fuel.Among all ethanol blends, E10 blend
exhibits 11.11%, 14.25% and 18% lower BSFC as compared with engine run on petrol at three different speeds. Therefore
E10 blend gives 14.45% (average) lower BSFC (at three selected speeds) than engine run on petrol.
4.4 The effect of speed on Volumetric Efficiency when petrol engine has run with ethanol blends and petrol
It is shown in figure that volumetric efficiency of E15 blend is 3.94%, 2.23% higher than engine run on petrol at 1500 RPM
and 2250 RPM speed. At speed 3000 RPM, E5 DMC blend gives 2.511% increase in volumetric efficiency over engine run
on petrol. Since Ethanol has 2.25 times higher latent heat of vaporization than petrol; ethanol blends produce a coolingeffect
on the intake charge at the time of vaporization. Therefore, there will be an increase in intake charge density intern increase
in volumetric efficiency.
4.5 The effect of speed on Carbon Monoxide Emission when petrol engine has run withethanol blends and petrol
Fig 4.5 shows the effect of speed on Carbon monoxide at constant loading of 1 kW. In this figure shows that concentration of
carbon monoxide decreases with increasing the ethanol blending ratios. And also all ethanol blends shows decrease in CO
emission compared over engine run on petrol. This is mainly due to the decrease in carbon atoms concentration in the ethanol
blended fuel and also because of high molecular diffusivity and higher flammability limits which improves mixing process
and hence combustion efficiency. It can easily see from Fig. 4.9 that there will be considerable decrease in CO emission for
dimethyl carbonate (DMC) added ethanol blends because, DMC contains 53.3% of oxygen so this may provide additional
oxygen for combustion process and leads to cleaner combustion of fuel finally reduced in CO emissions. Among ethanol
blends, E15 DMC blend shows maximum reduction of 87.10% in CO emission over engine run on petrol at full throttle
condition (3000 RPM).

5. International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163
Issue 04, Volume 4 (April 2017) (SPECIAL ISSUE) www.ijirae.com
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value – SJIF: Innospace, Morocco (2016): 3.916 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 |
ISRAJIF (2016): 3.715 | Indexcopernicus: (ICV 2015): 47.91
IJIRAE © 2014- 17, All Rights Reserved Page -94
4.6 The effect of speed on Carbon Dioxide Emission when petrol engine has run with ethanol blends and petrol
It is observed from figure, that concentration of carbon dioxide decreases for all the ethanol blends when compared over
engine run on petrol. The reason for reduction in carbon dioxide for ethanol blends, when hydrocarbon burns in presence of
sufficient oxygen then it produces heat generating carbon dioxide and water as final product of reaction. So that sufficient
oxygen is supplied by ethanol blended fuel. Among ethanol blends, E15 DMC blend gives 65.79% reduction in CO2
emission as compared with engine run on petrol at full throttle condition (3000 RPM). Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) added
ethanol blend contains additional 53.3% of oxygen supplied by DMC, so this may provide additional oxygen for combustion
process and leads to cleaner combustion of fuel finally reduced in CO2 emissions.
4.7 The effect of speed on Hydrocarbon Emission when petrol engine has run with ethanol blends petrol
It is observed from figure, at all speeds the concentration of Hydrocarbon decreases for all the ethanol blends when compared
over engine run on petrol. Since, hydrocarbons emissions are produced due to incomplete combustion or in other words due
to insufficient oxygen supply complete combustion not occurs inside the engine cylinder. Ethanol contains 35% of oxygen so,
ethanol blends shows reduction in hydrocarbons emission due sufficient supply of air by which helps complete burning of
fuel. Among all ethanol blends, E15 DMC blend shows 84.37% maximum reduction in HC emission over engine run on
petrol at full throttle condition (3000 RPM). E15 DMC blend along with ethanol oxygen there will be addition in oxygen
because of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) additive. Since it make the leaning mixture hence there will be more oxygen is
supplied for burning fuel, finally it leads to maximum reduction in HC emission.

6. International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163
Issue 04, Volume 4 (April 2017) (SPECIAL ISSUE) www.ijirae.com
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value – SJIF: Innospace, Morocco (2016): 3.916 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 |
ISRAJIF (2016): 3.715 | Indexcopernicus: (ICV 2015): 47.91
IJIRAE © 2014- 17, All Rights Reserved Page -95
4.8 The effect of speed on Oxides of Nitrogen Emission when petrol engine has run with ethanol blends and petrol
It is observed from the figure, for all ethanol blends shows decrease in NOx when compared with engine run on petrol at
three different speeds. This is because of the reason that lower heating value of ethanol than petrol resulting in reduction in
the combustion heat energy and reducing the combustion temperature in the cylinder. And flame temperature for ethanol is
lower than petrol, hence NOx emission are usually lesser than engine run on petrol.Among ethanol blends, Dimethyl
carbonate (DMC) added ethanol blends gives still more reduction. Because, DMC additive still more decreases the ethanol
flame temperature than petrol. Hence, it finally still more reduce in the NOx is obtained.
V. CONCLUSION
In this study, performance parameters and emissions characteristics of a single cylinder spark ignition engine were measured
on the utilization of the ethanol-petrol blends, and with adding Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) under different engine speed at
the constant load of 1kW. The obtained results concluded from this study can be summarized as follows:
 Ethanol blended fuels gives best performances over engine run on petrol. Among ethanol blends, an E10 blend shows
10.57%, 20.44% (at an average of three selected speeds) increment in Brake power and Brake thermal efficiency
respectively, and 14.45% decrease in brake specific fuel consumption.
 Ethanol blended fuels shows reduction in emissions over engine run on petrol. It can be seen that major reduction in
emissions for DMC added ethanol blends. At 3000 RPM, E15 DMC blend shows about 87.10%, 65.79%, 84.37%
reduction in CO, CO2, HC emissions.
Therefore, ethanol blended fuels shows a positive response on performance and emission characteristics over engine run on
petrol. It can be concluded that E10 blend is a best suitable fuel for running petrol (spark ignition) engine without any engine
modifications. DMC added ethanol blends are showing best results towards emissions but not performances.
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