Elemental composition of fine particulate matter from jeepney exhaust emissions in Manila, Philippines was analyzed using SEM/EDX. Particles were collected from 3 jeepneys of different ages. Hazardous elements like Co, Cr, Mn, Pb, Hg, Ni were detected in over 50% of particles. The oldest jeepney from 1980 contained the most hazardous elements like Pb and Hg in over 50% of particles. SEM images showed particles were mostly less than 2.5 μm in size and various shapes. Carbon was the major element detected across all jeepneys. The study characterized the first elemental composition of particulate matter from jeepney exhaust in the Philippines.
This document discusses the challenges and opportunities of using molecular simulation to model carbon capture in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). It describes how molecular simulation can provide insights into gas adsorption behaviors but faces challenges in accurately modeling adsorption involving open metal sites in MOFs and adsorption-induced structural changes. The document outlines approaches like combining molecular simulation with quantum mechanics to improve predictions of gas capture in flexible or metal-containing MOFs, and gives examples of integrating simulation results into process models.
Armenag Dekmezian is a chemist with expertise in polyolefin materials science and technology. He has over 30 years of experience working for ExxonMobil Chemical Company in roles such as section manager, supervisor of a polymer characterization laboratory, and technical research associate. He now works as a forensic expert providing analysis related to polyolefins. Dekmezian has a PhD in Chemistry from UCLA and has authored over 20 publications and holds over 40 patents related to polyolefins.
This study analyzed the water susceptible properties of silt loam subgrade soils in southwest Pennsylvania. Laboratory tests were conducted on 20 soil samples to determine properties like natural moisture content, optimum moisture content, compaction, CBR soaked and unsoaked, and unconfined compression strength. Regression analyses found correlations between various properties. For example, clay content was directly proportional to natural moisture content, void ratio was directly proportional to maximum dry density, and swell percentage was inversely proportional to CBR soaked and unsoaked. The results provide relationships to predict soil performance based on water absorption characteristics.
The document summarizes a study on the influence of strong acids (hydrochloric and sulfuric acids) in water on the properties of natural pozzolana cement. The study found that:
1) Both hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid in water accelerated the initial and final setting times of cement in all acid concentrations tested.
2) The compressive strength of cement mortar cubes decreased as the concentration of hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid in water increased, with significant decreases observed from early ages of 3 days onward.
3) X-ray diffraction analysis was used to analyze the hydration characteristics of cement mixtures and provided conclusions on how strong acids influence cement properties.
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of performance parameters of a single cylinder internal combustion (IC) engine using mustard oil biodiesel. The researchers prepared biodiesel from mustard oil through a transesterification process and tested blends of 10-50% biodiesel with diesel. Test results showed that biodiesel blends had higher density and viscosity than diesel. Fuel consumption was also slightly higher for biodiesel blends due to their lower energy content. B10 and B20 blends performed most similar to diesel in terms of brake specific fuel consumption.
Remote Access and Dual Authentication for Cloud StorageIJMER
Cloud computing is an emerging technology, which provides services over internet such as
software, hardware, network and storage. The key role for cloud computing is virtualization which
reduces the total cost and gives reliable, flexible and secured services. However compute service are
chosen between the providers located in multiple data centres. One of the major security concerns
related to the virtualization and the Storage where the outside attackers can use the files in the storage
and the data owners are not capable of knowing attacks. In this paper we proposed a high level
authentication for the cloud user and remote monitor controlled of your cloud storage. Here our model
provides the dual authentication for the cloud and to get the runtime record of the logs and the secured
application controls, the logs are remotely accessed and controlled by the owner of the data.
This document provides a comparative study of the MCDS (Minimal Connected Dominating Set) algorithm and the DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) protocol for packet forwarding in ad hoc networks. It finds that using MCDS to reduce blind broadcasting in DSR can significantly decrease the routing overhead from 74 packet forwardings to 36. The MCDS forms a virtual backbone to determine routes more efficiently than simple flooding in DSR. While this improves performance, applying MCDS has limitations with non-ideal network topologies. Further research on node mobility and multi-hop transmissions could expand the use of MCDS in practical ad hoc networks.
- The document explores the potential of blacksmithing for rural industrialization in Bauchi State, Nigeria. It finds that most blacksmiths are older than 40 years old, with few youths entering the field. Their educational attainment is generally low.
- Blacksmiths primarily produce agricultural tools in the northern zone and domestic/industrial products in the southern zone. Most use locally produced tools, with some improvising tools from spare parts. Overall, blacksmithing currently employs many people and contributes to the economy, showing potential for further development and rural job creation.
This document discusses the challenges and opportunities of using molecular simulation to model carbon capture in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). It describes how molecular simulation can provide insights into gas adsorption behaviors but faces challenges in accurately modeling adsorption involving open metal sites in MOFs and adsorption-induced structural changes. The document outlines approaches like combining molecular simulation with quantum mechanics to improve predictions of gas capture in flexible or metal-containing MOFs, and gives examples of integrating simulation results into process models.
Armenag Dekmezian is a chemist with expertise in polyolefin materials science and technology. He has over 30 years of experience working for ExxonMobil Chemical Company in roles such as section manager, supervisor of a polymer characterization laboratory, and technical research associate. He now works as a forensic expert providing analysis related to polyolefins. Dekmezian has a PhD in Chemistry from UCLA and has authored over 20 publications and holds over 40 patents related to polyolefins.
This study analyzed the water susceptible properties of silt loam subgrade soils in southwest Pennsylvania. Laboratory tests were conducted on 20 soil samples to determine properties like natural moisture content, optimum moisture content, compaction, CBR soaked and unsoaked, and unconfined compression strength. Regression analyses found correlations between various properties. For example, clay content was directly proportional to natural moisture content, void ratio was directly proportional to maximum dry density, and swell percentage was inversely proportional to CBR soaked and unsoaked. The results provide relationships to predict soil performance based on water absorption characteristics.
The document summarizes a study on the influence of strong acids (hydrochloric and sulfuric acids) in water on the properties of natural pozzolana cement. The study found that:
1) Both hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid in water accelerated the initial and final setting times of cement in all acid concentrations tested.
2) The compressive strength of cement mortar cubes decreased as the concentration of hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid in water increased, with significant decreases observed from early ages of 3 days onward.
3) X-ray diffraction analysis was used to analyze the hydration characteristics of cement mixtures and provided conclusions on how strong acids influence cement properties.
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of performance parameters of a single cylinder internal combustion (IC) engine using mustard oil biodiesel. The researchers prepared biodiesel from mustard oil through a transesterification process and tested blends of 10-50% biodiesel with diesel. Test results showed that biodiesel blends had higher density and viscosity than diesel. Fuel consumption was also slightly higher for biodiesel blends due to their lower energy content. B10 and B20 blends performed most similar to diesel in terms of brake specific fuel consumption.
Remote Access and Dual Authentication for Cloud StorageIJMER
Cloud computing is an emerging technology, which provides services over internet such as
software, hardware, network and storage. The key role for cloud computing is virtualization which
reduces the total cost and gives reliable, flexible and secured services. However compute service are
chosen between the providers located in multiple data centres. One of the major security concerns
related to the virtualization and the Storage where the outside attackers can use the files in the storage
and the data owners are not capable of knowing attacks. In this paper we proposed a high level
authentication for the cloud user and remote monitor controlled of your cloud storage. Here our model
provides the dual authentication for the cloud and to get the runtime record of the logs and the secured
application controls, the logs are remotely accessed and controlled by the owner of the data.
This document provides a comparative study of the MCDS (Minimal Connected Dominating Set) algorithm and the DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) protocol for packet forwarding in ad hoc networks. It finds that using MCDS to reduce blind broadcasting in DSR can significantly decrease the routing overhead from 74 packet forwardings to 36. The MCDS forms a virtual backbone to determine routes more efficiently than simple flooding in DSR. While this improves performance, applying MCDS has limitations with non-ideal network topologies. Further research on node mobility and multi-hop transmissions could expand the use of MCDS in practical ad hoc networks.
- The document explores the potential of blacksmithing for rural industrialization in Bauchi State, Nigeria. It finds that most blacksmiths are older than 40 years old, with few youths entering the field. Their educational attainment is generally low.
- Blacksmiths primarily produce agricultural tools in the northern zone and domestic/industrial products in the southern zone. Most use locally produced tools, with some improvising tools from spare parts. Overall, blacksmithing currently employs many people and contributes to the economy, showing potential for further development and rural job creation.
Load balancing in Content Delivery Networks in Novel Distributed EquilibriumIJMER
In today’s world’s to provide service to netizen’s with good availability of data, content
delivery networks (CDNs) must balance requests between servers while assigning clients to closet
servers. In this paper, we describe a new CDN design that associates artificial load-aware coordinates
with clients and data servers and uses them to direct content requests to cached data. This approach
helps achieve good accuracy and service when request workloads and resource availability in the CDN
are dynamic. A deployment and evaluation of our system on Planet Lab demonstrates how it achieves low
request times with high cache hit ratios when compared to other CDN approaches.
Study the Situation of Housing Social Quantitative and Qualitative Indicators...IJMER
Abstract:Housing indicators are fundamental factor and determine in descriptive, analysis and making decision for housing
which can lead to as outline in housing planning for maker decision and planner if housing indicators recognize and
understanding, it's study and analysis of way a applied and fundamental or basic research and correctly done with in plans.
Among housing indicators, social indicators are the most property fundamental factor of housing progress and goals.
The aim this article is to study the situation of the social quantitative and qualitative indicators of housing in rural areas of Ghachsaran Township.
The methodology used in this article is a combination of descriptive, analytical method and case study.
The results of this article in relation of housing social quantitative and qualitative indicators in rural areas of
Ghachsaran township within the years of 1996 to 2006 shows there are problems in terms of social quantitative indicators of
housing and unbelievable bad conditions (density of family per dwelling). But from view point of social qualitative indicators
of housing (infrastructure facilities and basic services of housing units and construction materials) in rural areas have had a
relative developing trend.
Therefore, one plan of housing is need of recognize, understanding and analysis of housing dimension and its effect.
In the among is necessary study of this indicators as one of the most important housing indicators in housing quality update
and their role in housing development planning and progress.
Keywords: Housing, Social Indicators, Quantitative and Qualitative Indicators, Rural Areas, Ghachsaran township.
This document summarizes a study that used the Reproducing Kernel Particle Method (RKPM) to simulate the penetration of thick metal structures by rigid penetrators. RKPM is a meshfree method that was used with a particle-to-segment contact algorithm for contact detection and constraints. 2D and 3D simulations of penetration were performed and showed that RKPM can simulate large deformations without remeshing, unlike finite element methods. The effectiveness of RKPM for simulating large deformations was confirmed, though future work could include modeling mechanical fracture.
An Efficient PDP Scheme for Distributed Cloud StorageIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Optimal Converge cast Methods for Tree- Based WSNsIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
1. The document proposes a privacy-preserving routing protocol called USOR for mobile ad hoc networks that achieves content unobservability. USOR uses anonymous key establishment based on group signatures and establishes secret session keys between nodes.
2. USOR performs an unobservable route discovery process to find routes to destinations. It establishes anonymous keys between nodes without nodes knowing each other's identities. This prevents attacks while achieving key confirmation.
3. USOR pads all packets to achieve strong privacy protection and resistance to attacks from compromised nodes. It provides better anonymity, unobservability and unlinkability than existing schemes like MASK.
This document analyzes the energy and exergy of an extraction back-pressure steam turbine used in a power plant in India. It evaluates the turbine's energy efficiency, exergy destruction, and exergy efficiency at 70% and 85% of maximum continuous rating. The analysis shows that operating the turbine at 85% rating improves the heat rate by 17.01 kJ/kWh, reducing CO2 emissions by 26.89 kg/h, SO2 emissions by 26.89 kg/h, and ash generation by 41.47 kg/day. Exergy, or the useful work potential of energy, provides a more complete analysis than energy alone by considering both quantity and quality of energy.
A helicopter is an aircraft that is lifted and propelled by one or more horizontal rotors, each
consisting of two or more rotor blades. The main objective of this seminar topic is to study the basic
concepts of helicopter aerodynamics. The forces acting on helicopter i.e. lift, drag, thrust and weight
are considered for developing analytic equations. The main topics that are discussed include blade
motions like blade flapping, feathering and lead-lag. The effect of stall on helicopter blade flapping is
studied and it was noticed that there is a sudden lift drop at this stall condition. It was also found that
dynamic stall occurs due to rapidly changing angle of attack, which inturn affect the air flow over the
airfoil. Blade flapping angle and induced angle of attack are the main parameters concerned with stall.
The theory behind blade element analysis has been inferred in detail. The importance of all these in the
present scenario are also taken into consideration
The document summarizes a study on the effect of additives on the electrical resistivity of pulp black liquor-sawdust blends. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to analyze the morphology and chemical structure of samples. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry techniques demonstrated that adding natural binders like wax and starch increases the electrical resistivity of the blends by filling pores in the black liquor and retarding the movement of electric charges. The addition of wax or starch decreases the conductivity of black liquor composite samples and makes them more insulating.
1) The document describes the development of a fuzzy rule-based (FRB) model for obtaining optimal reservoir releases using data from the Ukai Reservoir project in India.
2) The FRB model operates on an "if-then" principle to determine optimal monthly reservoir releases based on inputs of inflow, storage, and demand. Membership functions were created and fuzzy rules were formulated based on these inputs and the output of release.
3) Results show the FRB model was able to satisfy demand completely in all months considered for 2007 and 2011 while saving a significant amount of water compared to actual historical releases.
Illustration Clamor Echelon Evaluation via Prime Piece PsychotherapyIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Abstract: In this paper, we define and study about a new type of generalized closed set called, g∗s-closed set.Its relationship with already defined generalized closed sets are also studied
User Interactive Color Transformation between ImagesIJMER
Abstract: In this paper we present a process called color
transfer which can borrow one image’s color
characteristics from another. Most current colorization
algorithms either require a significant user effort or have
large computational time. Here focus on orthogonal color
space i.e. lαβ color space without correlation between the
axes is given. Here we have implemented two global color
transfer algorithms in lαβ color space using simple color
statistical information such as mean, standard deviation
and covariance between the pixels of image. Our approach
is the extension of Reinhard's. Our local color transfer
algorithm uses simple color statistical analysis to recolor
the target image according to selected color range in
source image. Target image’s color influence mask is
prepared. It is a mask that specifies what parts of target
image will be affected according to selected color range.
After that target image is recolored in lαβ color space
according to prepared color influence map. In the lαβ
color space luminance and chrominance information is
separate so it allows making image recoloring optional.
The basic color transformation uses stored color statistics
of source and target image. All the algorithms are
implemented in JAVA object oriented language. The main
advantage of proposed method over the existing one is it
allows the user to recolor a part of the image in a simple &
intuitive way, preserving other color intact & achieving
natural look.
Index Terms: color transfer, local color statistics, color
characteristics, orthogonal color space, color influence
map.
This document discusses a mobile app called "Road Factor" that uses GPS to provide information on road conditions. It allows users to view details of the road they are currently on, like when it was last resurfaced. Government agencies can use the data to monitor roads and make planning/budget decisions to improve road maintenance. The app aims to help build better transportation infrastructure and facilitate governance through electronic monitoring of roadwork. It connects to a centralized database containing road condition details for cities across India.
Acquisition of Long Pseudo Code in Dsss SignalIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Modern Engineering Research about automatically detecting unsafe dynamic component loadings in networked systems. It describes how dynamic loading works and the security issues it can enable if components are loaded from unintended locations. The paper then presents a two-phase approach to detect these unsafe loadings using dynamic instrumentation to collect loading information during execution and then analyzing the data offline to identify failures or unsafe resolutions based on the search path and specifications. It implemented this approach on Windows and UNIX systems and found unsafe loadings were prevalent, especially on Windows.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Prediction of groundwater quality in Selected Locations in Imo StateIJMER
The prediction of groundwater quality in selected locations was carried out in Owerri-West
L.G.A. of Imo State. The Physical, chemical and biological parameters of groundwater samples from
Nekede (Ward A), Ihiagwa (Ward B), Eziobodo (Ward C), Obinze (Ward D) and Avu (Ward E) were
analysed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). A total of three replicates of fifteen
different borehole water samples were collected based on distances from closest potential sources of
contamination. All parameters were detected up to 61m from pollution source and most of them
increased in concentration during the periods, pointing to infiltrations from storm water. The results
for Iron, pH and TVC decreased as distance increases while for nitrate and BOD increased as distance
increases. Results also showed that most of the boreholes were polluted and not suitable for human
consumption without adequate treatment, Regular monitoring of groundwater quality, abolishment of
unhealthy waste disposal practices and introduction of modern techniques are recommended.
Nonlinear Transformation Based Detection And Directional Mean Filter to Remo...IJMER
In this paper, a novel two stage algorithm for the removal of random valued impulse noise
from the images is presented. In the first stage the noise pixels are detected by using an exponential
nonlinear function. The transformation of the pixels increases the gap between noisy and noise free
candidates which leads to an efficient detection. In the second stage, the directional differences between
the pixels in the four main directions are calculated. The mean values of the pixels which lie in the
direction of minimum difference are calculated and the noisy pixel values are replaced with the mean
value of the pixels lying in the direction of minimum difference. Experimental results show that proposed
method is superior to the conventional methods in peak signal to noise ratio.
The document discusses using modal analysis and frequency response functions (FRF) to analyze the state of wall elements. Modal analysis involves exciting wall elements and measuring their response over time. The FRF relates the input excitation signal to the output response signal and can reveal differences between intact and damaged wall elements. The author uses software to perform experimental modal analysis on various wall materials like bricks. Frequency response functions are obtained and displayed for intact and damaged bricks in different directions. The results show differences in the FRFs that could help diagnose the state of wall elements nondestructively.
This document summarizes a study that measured carbonaceous aerosol concentrations at an urban residential site in Agra, India from May to August 2011. The key findings include:
1) The average concentration of PM2.5 was 55.3±17.4 μg/m3, within prescribed limits. Organic carbon varied from 7.6 to 37.5 μg/m3 with an average of 18.2±6.4 μg/m3. Elemental carbon ranged from 1.2 to 9.4 μg/m3 with an average of 3.2±1.6 μg/m3.
2) Total carbonaceous aerosols accounted for 64.9%
Experimental study of gas flux characteristics in a co2 selective silica base...IAEME Publication
1. The document describes an experimental study of gas flux characteristics in a CO2 selective silica-based ceramic membrane.
2. A fresh ceramic membrane was prepared using a sol-gel dip coating technique and tested for separating CO2, O2, CH4, and N2 gases.
3. Results showed the membrane had high CO2 flux and CO2/N2 selectivity, confirming its potential for CO2 capture from flue gases. The gas flux increased linearly with pressure.
Load balancing in Content Delivery Networks in Novel Distributed EquilibriumIJMER
In today’s world’s to provide service to netizen’s with good availability of data, content
delivery networks (CDNs) must balance requests between servers while assigning clients to closet
servers. In this paper, we describe a new CDN design that associates artificial load-aware coordinates
with clients and data servers and uses them to direct content requests to cached data. This approach
helps achieve good accuracy and service when request workloads and resource availability in the CDN
are dynamic. A deployment and evaluation of our system on Planet Lab demonstrates how it achieves low
request times with high cache hit ratios when compared to other CDN approaches.
Study the Situation of Housing Social Quantitative and Qualitative Indicators...IJMER
Abstract:Housing indicators are fundamental factor and determine in descriptive, analysis and making decision for housing
which can lead to as outline in housing planning for maker decision and planner if housing indicators recognize and
understanding, it's study and analysis of way a applied and fundamental or basic research and correctly done with in plans.
Among housing indicators, social indicators are the most property fundamental factor of housing progress and goals.
The aim this article is to study the situation of the social quantitative and qualitative indicators of housing in rural areas of Ghachsaran Township.
The methodology used in this article is a combination of descriptive, analytical method and case study.
The results of this article in relation of housing social quantitative and qualitative indicators in rural areas of
Ghachsaran township within the years of 1996 to 2006 shows there are problems in terms of social quantitative indicators of
housing and unbelievable bad conditions (density of family per dwelling). But from view point of social qualitative indicators
of housing (infrastructure facilities and basic services of housing units and construction materials) in rural areas have had a
relative developing trend.
Therefore, one plan of housing is need of recognize, understanding and analysis of housing dimension and its effect.
In the among is necessary study of this indicators as one of the most important housing indicators in housing quality update
and their role in housing development planning and progress.
Keywords: Housing, Social Indicators, Quantitative and Qualitative Indicators, Rural Areas, Ghachsaran township.
This document summarizes a study that used the Reproducing Kernel Particle Method (RKPM) to simulate the penetration of thick metal structures by rigid penetrators. RKPM is a meshfree method that was used with a particle-to-segment contact algorithm for contact detection and constraints. 2D and 3D simulations of penetration were performed and showed that RKPM can simulate large deformations without remeshing, unlike finite element methods. The effectiveness of RKPM for simulating large deformations was confirmed, though future work could include modeling mechanical fracture.
An Efficient PDP Scheme for Distributed Cloud StorageIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Optimal Converge cast Methods for Tree- Based WSNsIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
1. The document proposes a privacy-preserving routing protocol called USOR for mobile ad hoc networks that achieves content unobservability. USOR uses anonymous key establishment based on group signatures and establishes secret session keys between nodes.
2. USOR performs an unobservable route discovery process to find routes to destinations. It establishes anonymous keys between nodes without nodes knowing each other's identities. This prevents attacks while achieving key confirmation.
3. USOR pads all packets to achieve strong privacy protection and resistance to attacks from compromised nodes. It provides better anonymity, unobservability and unlinkability than existing schemes like MASK.
This document analyzes the energy and exergy of an extraction back-pressure steam turbine used in a power plant in India. It evaluates the turbine's energy efficiency, exergy destruction, and exergy efficiency at 70% and 85% of maximum continuous rating. The analysis shows that operating the turbine at 85% rating improves the heat rate by 17.01 kJ/kWh, reducing CO2 emissions by 26.89 kg/h, SO2 emissions by 26.89 kg/h, and ash generation by 41.47 kg/day. Exergy, or the useful work potential of energy, provides a more complete analysis than energy alone by considering both quantity and quality of energy.
A helicopter is an aircraft that is lifted and propelled by one or more horizontal rotors, each
consisting of two or more rotor blades. The main objective of this seminar topic is to study the basic
concepts of helicopter aerodynamics. The forces acting on helicopter i.e. lift, drag, thrust and weight
are considered for developing analytic equations. The main topics that are discussed include blade
motions like blade flapping, feathering and lead-lag. The effect of stall on helicopter blade flapping is
studied and it was noticed that there is a sudden lift drop at this stall condition. It was also found that
dynamic stall occurs due to rapidly changing angle of attack, which inturn affect the air flow over the
airfoil. Blade flapping angle and induced angle of attack are the main parameters concerned with stall.
The theory behind blade element analysis has been inferred in detail. The importance of all these in the
present scenario are also taken into consideration
The document summarizes a study on the effect of additives on the electrical resistivity of pulp black liquor-sawdust blends. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to analyze the morphology and chemical structure of samples. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry techniques demonstrated that adding natural binders like wax and starch increases the electrical resistivity of the blends by filling pores in the black liquor and retarding the movement of electric charges. The addition of wax or starch decreases the conductivity of black liquor composite samples and makes them more insulating.
1) The document describes the development of a fuzzy rule-based (FRB) model for obtaining optimal reservoir releases using data from the Ukai Reservoir project in India.
2) The FRB model operates on an "if-then" principle to determine optimal monthly reservoir releases based on inputs of inflow, storage, and demand. Membership functions were created and fuzzy rules were formulated based on these inputs and the output of release.
3) Results show the FRB model was able to satisfy demand completely in all months considered for 2007 and 2011 while saving a significant amount of water compared to actual historical releases.
Illustration Clamor Echelon Evaluation via Prime Piece PsychotherapyIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Abstract: In this paper, we define and study about a new type of generalized closed set called, g∗s-closed set.Its relationship with already defined generalized closed sets are also studied
User Interactive Color Transformation between ImagesIJMER
Abstract: In this paper we present a process called color
transfer which can borrow one image’s color
characteristics from another. Most current colorization
algorithms either require a significant user effort or have
large computational time. Here focus on orthogonal color
space i.e. lαβ color space without correlation between the
axes is given. Here we have implemented two global color
transfer algorithms in lαβ color space using simple color
statistical information such as mean, standard deviation
and covariance between the pixels of image. Our approach
is the extension of Reinhard's. Our local color transfer
algorithm uses simple color statistical analysis to recolor
the target image according to selected color range in
source image. Target image’s color influence mask is
prepared. It is a mask that specifies what parts of target
image will be affected according to selected color range.
After that target image is recolored in lαβ color space
according to prepared color influence map. In the lαβ
color space luminance and chrominance information is
separate so it allows making image recoloring optional.
The basic color transformation uses stored color statistics
of source and target image. All the algorithms are
implemented in JAVA object oriented language. The main
advantage of proposed method over the existing one is it
allows the user to recolor a part of the image in a simple &
intuitive way, preserving other color intact & achieving
natural look.
Index Terms: color transfer, local color statistics, color
characteristics, orthogonal color space, color influence
map.
This document discusses a mobile app called "Road Factor" that uses GPS to provide information on road conditions. It allows users to view details of the road they are currently on, like when it was last resurfaced. Government agencies can use the data to monitor roads and make planning/budget decisions to improve road maintenance. The app aims to help build better transportation infrastructure and facilitate governance through electronic monitoring of roadwork. It connects to a centralized database containing road condition details for cities across India.
Acquisition of Long Pseudo Code in Dsss SignalIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Modern Engineering Research about automatically detecting unsafe dynamic component loadings in networked systems. It describes how dynamic loading works and the security issues it can enable if components are loaded from unintended locations. The paper then presents a two-phase approach to detect these unsafe loadings using dynamic instrumentation to collect loading information during execution and then analyzing the data offline to identify failures or unsafe resolutions based on the search path and specifications. It implemented this approach on Windows and UNIX systems and found unsafe loadings were prevalent, especially on Windows.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Prediction of groundwater quality in Selected Locations in Imo StateIJMER
The prediction of groundwater quality in selected locations was carried out in Owerri-West
L.G.A. of Imo State. The Physical, chemical and biological parameters of groundwater samples from
Nekede (Ward A), Ihiagwa (Ward B), Eziobodo (Ward C), Obinze (Ward D) and Avu (Ward E) were
analysed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). A total of three replicates of fifteen
different borehole water samples were collected based on distances from closest potential sources of
contamination. All parameters were detected up to 61m from pollution source and most of them
increased in concentration during the periods, pointing to infiltrations from storm water. The results
for Iron, pH and TVC decreased as distance increases while for nitrate and BOD increased as distance
increases. Results also showed that most of the boreholes were polluted and not suitable for human
consumption without adequate treatment, Regular monitoring of groundwater quality, abolishment of
unhealthy waste disposal practices and introduction of modern techniques are recommended.
Nonlinear Transformation Based Detection And Directional Mean Filter to Remo...IJMER
In this paper, a novel two stage algorithm for the removal of random valued impulse noise
from the images is presented. In the first stage the noise pixels are detected by using an exponential
nonlinear function. The transformation of the pixels increases the gap between noisy and noise free
candidates which leads to an efficient detection. In the second stage, the directional differences between
the pixels in the four main directions are calculated. The mean values of the pixels which lie in the
direction of minimum difference are calculated and the noisy pixel values are replaced with the mean
value of the pixels lying in the direction of minimum difference. Experimental results show that proposed
method is superior to the conventional methods in peak signal to noise ratio.
The document discusses using modal analysis and frequency response functions (FRF) to analyze the state of wall elements. Modal analysis involves exciting wall elements and measuring their response over time. The FRF relates the input excitation signal to the output response signal and can reveal differences between intact and damaged wall elements. The author uses software to perform experimental modal analysis on various wall materials like bricks. Frequency response functions are obtained and displayed for intact and damaged bricks in different directions. The results show differences in the FRFs that could help diagnose the state of wall elements nondestructively.
This document summarizes a study that measured carbonaceous aerosol concentrations at an urban residential site in Agra, India from May to August 2011. The key findings include:
1) The average concentration of PM2.5 was 55.3±17.4 μg/m3, within prescribed limits. Organic carbon varied from 7.6 to 37.5 μg/m3 with an average of 18.2±6.4 μg/m3. Elemental carbon ranged from 1.2 to 9.4 μg/m3 with an average of 3.2±1.6 μg/m3.
2) Total carbonaceous aerosols accounted for 64.9%
Experimental study of gas flux characteristics in a co2 selective silica base...IAEME Publication
1. The document describes an experimental study of gas flux characteristics in a CO2 selective silica-based ceramic membrane.
2. A fresh ceramic membrane was prepared using a sol-gel dip coating technique and tested for separating CO2, O2, CH4, and N2 gases.
3. Results showed the membrane had high CO2 flux and CO2/N2 selectivity, confirming its potential for CO2 capture from flue gases. The gas flux increased linearly with pressure.
Design of an Aerodynamic Lens for PM2.5 Chemical Composition AnalysisFa-Gung Fan
The Nanojet as an aerosol sample inlet, concentrator, and transfer line to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) quadrupole ion trap (QIT) mass spectrometer (MS).
This study analyzed heavy metal concentrations in municipal solid waste samples collected from two piles (A and B) at a dumpsite in Mysore, India. Heavy metal analysis using atomic absorption spectrometry found higher concentrations of copper, chromium, lead, cadmium, and mercury in samples from Pile A compared to Pile B, indicating a decrease in heavy metals from the composting process. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy identified structural changes and decreased particle size from degradation in Pile B samples. The results show the effectiveness of composting in reducing heavy metal concentrations in municipal solid waste.
Natural ageing of stabilized and unustabilized ldpe films used as greenhouses...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This article focuses on the study of both stabilized and unstabilized low-density polyethylene films aged under natural weathering in the middle of Morocco (Sidi Kacem city). The study was undertaken on three samples for each LDPE films: a new sample taken as reference; another exposed to outdoor weathering for one year; and a sample exposed for two years.
The outdoor exposure effects were followed by analysis of the total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). This technique provides information on the main chemical functions and evaluates the internal causes of natural ageing of our samples. The infrared spectra show the formation of hydroperoxides -O-OH, carbonyls >C=O, aliphatic esters R-(CO)-O-R, ether R-O-R, vinyl C=C, vinylidene >C=CH2 and trans-vinylene RHC=CRH in the amorphous regions. These compounds lead to initiate the mechanism of photo-oxidation of the unstabilized LDPE samples. Therefore, the increase in the formation of oxidation products into the aged samples (LDPEUS) indicates an accelerated degradation of these latter on climatic factors (UV, O2, humidity, rain ...). The UV stabilizer (free radicals scavengers) added to the formulation of LDPE films can delay the attack of the amorphous phase and prevent the formation of compounds that can cause and accelerate photo-oxidation. The results obtained by the infrared have been confirmed by observing the morphology of the samples with scanning electron microscopy technology (SEM).
Keywords: LDPE, Photo-oxidation, Natural ageing, UV stabilizer, ATR-FTIR, SEM
IRJET- Investigation on Ferrock based Mortar an Environment Friendly ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research into Ferrock, an environmentally friendly concrete alternative. Ferrock is composed of iron powder, fly ash, limestone, metakaolin, and oxalic acid. Tests were conducted varying the concentration of oxalic acid as a catalyst in Ferrock mortar mixes. The optimum molarity of oxalic acid was found to be 10 moles, resulting in the highest compressive strength. Ferrock concrete was found to have twice the strength of conventional concrete. Carbonation depth tests also showed Ferrock fully absorbs CO2 during curing, making it carbon negative. In conclusion, Ferrock is a promising greener construction material with higher strength and environmental benefits compared to traditional concrete.
Humidity sensing properties of polyaniline potassium molybdate composites 2IAEME Publication
The document summarizes research on polyaniline-potassium molybdate (PAni-PM) composites for humidity sensing applications. Key findings include:
1) PAni-PM composites with 50 wt% PM exhibited the best humidity sensing performance, with resistance decreasing significantly with increasing relative humidity.
2) Characterization of the composites found uniform PM particle distribution within the PAni matrix. Interactions between PAni chains and PM particles increased conductivity.
3) The composites showed higher conductivity and better humidity sensing compared to pure PAni, with conductivity increasing with PM content. This is attributed to greater disorderliness and capillary action in the composite, allowing
ORIGINAL PAPERRisk assessment of atmospheric heavy metals .docxgerardkortney
ORIGINAL PAPER
Risk assessment of atmospheric heavy metals exposure
in Baotou, a typical industrial city in northern China
Kexin Li . Tao Liang . Lingqing Wang
Received: 11 March 2015 / Accepted: 1 September 2015 / Published online: 8 September 2015
! Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015
Abstract Industrial activities have led to serious air
pollution and the potentially toxic elements in atmo-
spheric particles can cause various health problems to
humans. In this study, inhalable particulate matter
(PM10) and fine particles (PM2.5) were collected from
four typical sites in Baotou, an industrial city in
northern China. We investigated both the mass
concentrations of particulate matter and the concen-
trations of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd, Cu, Mn, Co,
and Zn) in the collected samples. We assessed the
public health risks associated with atmospheric heavy
metal exposure. The results showed that the mass
concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 as well as these
heavy metal concentrations varied notably influenced
by the prevailing wind directions. Among the studied
metals, Zn, Mn, Pb, and Cr were the main metal
pollutants in both PM10 and PM2.5. The results of the
health assessment showed that the eight heavy metals
studied pose significant non-carcinogenic risks and Cr,
Cd, and Co pose lifetime lung cancer risks to local
residents, especially to children.
Keywords PM10 ! PM2.5 ! Heavy metals !
Health risk ! Baotou
Introduction
Mining activities are notorious for adverse environ-
mental impacts, including pollution, habitat loss, soil
erosion, and geological disasters (Salomons 1995;
Klukanová and Rapant 1999; Aguilar et al. 2004; Luı́s
et al. 2011). Among these environmental problems
caused by mining activities, the production and
dispersion of atmospheric particles has become a
great concern in recent years (Kaonga and Kgabi
2011; Chen et al. 2013; Serbula et al. 2014). Atmo-
spheric particulates are generated from numerous
sources, both natural and anthropogenic, but in areas
near mining, mining operations are considered the
largest contributor. The processes of mining, such as
crushing, grinding, excavating, smelting, and refining,
can produce large quantities of particulate matter
(PM), containing dangerously high levels of heavy
metals (Csavina et al. 2012).
Inhalable particulate matter (PM10), particularly
fine particles (PM2.5), have been shown to cause
adverse effects on human health, including asthma,
lung cancer, and cardiovascular diseases (Pope et al.
2002; Sanchez et al. 2009). Lung and other organ
injuries from atmospheric heavy metal exposure have
also been well-documented (Espinosa et al. 2001;
Cancio et al. 2008; Leili et al. 2008).
K. Li ! T. Liang (&) ! L. Wang (&)
Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation,
Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources
Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101,
China
e-mail: [email protected]
L. Wang
e-mail: [email p.
Impedance spectroscopic studies on pani ceo2 compositesIAEME Publication
This document summarizes impedance spectroscopic studies on polyaniline/cerium oxide composites with varying weight percentages of cerium oxide. Key findings include:
1. Polyaniline-cerium oxide composites were prepared using in situ polymerization and characterized using FTIR and SEM.
2. AC conductivity was found to decrease with increasing cerium oxide content from 10-30% and 50% but increase at 40% due to extended polymer chains and cerium oxide distribution.
3. Dielectric constant decreased and real impedance increased with frequency for all composites due to a near Debye relaxation mechanism.
Augmenting Standard Methods of Measuring Airborne PM2.5 Using IR ImagingPerkinElmer, Inc.
Global concern over air pollution and particulate matter (PM) is growing. PM2.5 particles less than 2.5 micrometers pose particular health risks. Infrared (IR) imaging can augment standard gravimetric methods used to measure airborne PM2.5. An IR imaging study of PM2.5 samples collected in Seoul, Beijing, and Tokyo found higher overall PM2.5 in Beijing. The IR images also showed differences in chemical composition between sites, indicating no significant cross-border air pollution between areas, especially into Tokyo. IR imaging provides both qualitative identification and quantitative analysis of PM2.5 components in only 5 minutes, faster than alternative methods.
Measurements of Natural Radioactivity Levels and Associated Health Hazard Ind...IJSRED
This document discusses measuring levels of natural radioactivity in cement samples from Ethiopia. Samples of ordinary Portland cement, pozzolana Portland cement, and clinker were collected from markets and cement factories in Addis Ababa and surrounding areas. A gamma spectrometer with an HPGe detector was used to measure levels of uranium-238, thorium-232, and potassium-40 in the samples. Radiological hazard indices like radium equivalent activity, absorbed dose rate, and annual dose rate were also calculated from the measurements. Results found radioactive levels in the cement samples were below recommended limits and consistent with studies in other parts of the world.
Risk assessment of abandoned radioactive logging sources in oil wells in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document presents a risk assessment model for abandoned radioactive logging sources in oil wells in Nigeria. The model includes four components: a source term model, barrier failure model, geosphere model, biosphere model, and dose/health effect model. It estimates the time-dependent annual release rate and dose rate of radionuclides from abandoned sources. The highest estimated annual dose was less than the individual dose limit. The highest estimated cancer death rate was lower than background radiation but higher than a low-level waste repository. An abandonment procedure was developed to manage risk and reduce it to a minimum.
Risk assessment of abandoned radioactive logging sources in oil wells in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document presents a risk assessment of abandoned radioactive logging sources in oil wells in Nigeria. An integrated model is developed consisting of a source term model, barrier failure model, geosphere model, biosphere model, and dose and health effect model. The models are used to analyze radionuclide dispersion from abandoned sources and estimate annual dose rates and potential cancer death rates. Results found the highest annual dose is below the individual limit and highest cancer death rate is lower than background radiation but higher than a low-level waste repository. An abandonment procedure is proposed to manage risk and reduce it to a minimum.
IRJET- Inquisitive Analytics of Diverse Exhaust System Contingent to PollutionIRJET Journal
This document discusses the role of vehicle exhaust systems in reducing air pollution. It analyzes data from vehicles with short, medium, and long exhaust systems. The results show that vehicles with longer exhaust systems produce higher emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons compared to vehicles with shorter exhaust systems. This is because longer exhaust systems increase back pressure, reducing engine efficiency and increasing fuel consumption and emissions. To reduce pollution, exhaust systems should have minimum length to limit back pressure.
Friends of the UNB Woodlot - 2nd Presentation to the Public Safety and Enviro...friendsoftheunbwoodlot
Friends of the UNB Woodlot made a presentation to the Public Safety and Environment Committee on April 06, 2012 this week.
Shale gas is an issue for Fredericton residents. It is an issue with the parents of children with asthma. It is an issue for a growing number of residents who read the health reports now coming out about the certainty of air pollution from shale gas operations, especially for residents living in a low-lying valley such as Fredericton. And it is an issue with the family physicians of New Brunswick who recently called on the Province for a moratorium.
We now know that the danger of air pollution is equal to the danger of water pollution. Unless you cover our city in a dome, air pollution from shale gas development that impact human health is a certainty. Known carcinogens & asthma-causing smog from shale gas wells, compressor stations, and pipelines will travel downwind over long distances and settle in low-lying valleys such as Fredericton.
Our presentation to City Council on April 10, 2012 stressed at the very beginning that our health concerns were about the shale gas development areas that surround Fredericton. The message to City Council was that with a formal ban using our zoning by-law, Fredericton City Council could push for a similar move by the Province. Fredericton has a Municipal Plan in place, and under the Community Planning Act of New Brunswick, our city has the right to make a zoning by-law or amendment against any high-impact industrial activity such as shale gas operations.
We are disappointed that our present Mayor and Council refused to take a leadership role in asking the Province for a ban or moratorium on shale gas. Our present Mayor and Council are pro-shale gas and our city is surrounded by shale gas exploration areas 10+kilometres in all directions.
In order to impose a ban on shale gas, we first need to reverse the vote already taken by the City of Fredericton. The public has been deliberately misled that the City of Fredericton has not taken a formal stand on shale gas. In fact, Fredericton voted against the shale gas moratorium resolution at the Union of the Municipalities of New Brunswick meeting last September 2011, a meeting attended by Mayor Brad Woodside and Councillor Stephen Chase. This resolution was put forward by the Town of Sackville for the Union to lobby the Province for a moratorium on shale gas but the resolution was narrowly defeated 22-to-18.
ANALYSIS OF MICROSTRUCTURE OF FUMED SILICA REINFORCED POLYESTER COMPOSITESIAEME Publication
The document analyzes the microstructure of fumed silica reinforced polyester composites. Various composite samples were created with different weight fractions of fumed silica filler added to unsaturated polyester resin. The samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that increasing the fumed silica filler content decreased the crystallinity of the composites. Functional groups in the composites also tended to decrease with higher filler loadings. The study revealed that adding fumed silica particles has a significant effect on the microstructure of polyester-fumed silica composites.
The document analyzes the microstructure of fumed silica reinforced polyester composites. Various composite samples were created with different weight fractions of fumed silica filler added to unsaturated polyester resin. The samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that increasing the fumed silica filler content decreased the crystallinity of the composites. Functional groups in the composites also tended to decrease with higher filler loadings. The study revealed that adding fumed silica particles has a significant effect on the microstructure of polyester-fumed silica composites.
Nanofillers are emerging class of fillers, which are used extensively in rubbers and plastics.
In the present work, effect of alumina nanoparticle addition on the mechanical and wear behavior of
reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer has been investigated
The 1.7 kilogram_microchip_energy_and_ma (1)Soumitra Pal
This document summarizes the materials and energy used in the production of semiconductor devices. It finds that producing a single 32MB DRAM chip requires 1600g of secondary fossil fuels and chemicals, 32,000g of water, and 700g of elemental gases like nitrogen. Producing the silicon wafers from quartz requires 160 times as much energy as producing typical silicon, showing purification to semiconductor grade is energy intensive. Due to its highly organized low-entropy structure, a microchip's materials intensity is orders of magnitude higher than traditional goods. The analysis aims to characterize the environmental impacts of the semiconductor industry by analyzing material and energy flows through the production process.
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
This document summarizes research on the fabrication and characterization of bio-composite materials using sunnhemp fibre. The document discusses how sunnhemp fibre was used to reinforce an epoxy matrix through hand lay-up methods. Various mechanical properties of the bio-composites were tested, including tensile, flexural, and impact properties. The results of the mechanical tests on the bio-composite specimens are presented. Potential applications of the sunnhemp fibre bio-composites are also suggested, such as in fall ceilings, partitions, packaging, automotive interiors, and toys.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
This document discusses integrating the Spring, Struts, and Hibernate frameworks to develop enterprise applications. It provides an overview of each framework and their features. The Spring Framework is a lightweight, modular framework that allows for inversion of control and aspect-oriented programming. It can be used to develop any or all tiers of an application. The document proposes an architecture for an e-commerce website that integrates these three frameworks, with Spring handling the business layer, Struts the presentation layer, and Hibernate the data access layer. This modular approach allows for clear separation of concerns and reduces complexity in application development.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
This document introduces and studies the concept of δˆ s-locally closed sets in ideal topological spaces. Some key points:
- A subset A is δˆ s-locally closed if A can be written as the intersection of a δˆ s-open set and a δˆ s-closed set.
- Various properties of δˆ s-locally closed sets are introduced and characterized, including relationships to other concepts like generalized locally closed sets.
- It is shown that a subset A is δˆ s-locally closed if and only if A can be written as the intersection of a δˆ s-open set and the δˆ s-closure of A.
- Theore
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
This document discusses natural language ambiguity and its effect on machine learning. It begins by introducing different types of ambiguity that exist in natural languages, including lexical, syntactic, semantic, discourse, and pragmatic ambiguities. It then examines how these ambiguities present challenges for computational linguistics and machine translation systems. Specifically, it notes that ambiguity is a major problem for computers in processing human language as they lack the world knowledge and context that humans use to resolve ambiguities. The document concludes by outlining the typical process of machine translation and how ambiguities can interfere with tasks like analysis, transfer, and generation of text in the target language.
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
This document describes the implementation of an I2C slave interface using Verilog HDL. It introduces the I2C protocol which uses only two bidirectional lines (SDA and SCL) for communication. The document discusses the I2C protocol specifications including start/stop conditions, addressing, read/write operations, and acknowledgements. It then provides details on designing an I2C slave module in Verilog that responds to commands from an I2C master and allows synchronization through clock stretching. The module is simulated in ModelSim and synthesized in Xilinx. Simulation waveforms demonstrate successful read and write operations to the slave device.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One Prey
Cr31406410
1. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.1, Jan-Feb. 2013 pp-406-410 ISSN: 2249-6645
Elemental Composition of Fine Particulate Matters from
the Exhaust Emission of Jeepneys Plying the Route of
Taft Avenue, Manila, Philippines
Maria Cecilia D. Galvez, 1 Heidi C. Jayo, 2, Edgar A. Vallar, 3 Vernon R. Morris 4
123
Physics Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Malate, Manila, Philippines 1004
4
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Center for Atmospheric Sciences, Howard University,
Washington, DC 20001
Abstract: Elemental composition of fine particulate matters coming from the vehicular exhaust emission of jeepneys plying
the route of Taft Avenue, Manila, Philippines was identified using SEM/EDX technique. SEM images of each fine
particulate matter were also taken for morphological analysis. Elements that were revealed by EDX include Ca, Cl, Co, Cu,
Cr, Fe, Mn, Pb, Hg, Ni, P, Na, S, Si, K, V, Mn, Ni, Zn, and Sn. Hazardous elements such as Co, Cl and Cr were detected in
more than 50% of the particulate matter (PM) analyzed. The PM analyzed from jeepney 1, which was manufactured in 1980
contained the most number of hazardous elements that have a high frequency of occurrence. These include Pb and Hg
which were found only in one or two PM in jeepneys 2 and 3. But for jeepney 1 traces of Pb and Hg were detected in more
than 50% of the PM. Another hazardous element that was found only in the PM coming jeepney 1 is Se.
Keywords: jeepney, diesel, fine particulate matter, SEM/EDX, elemental composition
I. INTRODUCTION
Air pollution is one of the major environmental problems in the Philippines, especially in urban areas like Metro
Manila which is densely-populated. Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) remains to be one of the major pollutants produced
from human activities. They are classified according to size because of the different diameters that are associated with
particles of different diameter. Fine Particulate Matters or PM2.5 are particles that are 2.5μm or less. These particles could be
also called respirable particles because it could penetrate the respiratory system further compared to other particles of larger
diameters. PM2.5 particles are primarily formed by chemical reactions in the atmosphere and through fuel combustion which
come from motor vehicles, power generation, industrial facilities, residential fire places, wood stoves and agricultural
burning. In the Philippines, based from the 2006 National Emission Inventory, the transport sector is the major source of air
pollution in the country wherein 65% of air pollutants come from them. Most Filipinos take public transport (PT) with an
estimate of about 70% of the total person trips taking PT with as high as 80% in highly urbanized cities. The most popular
public transport in the Philippines is the jeepney and there are 227,493 jeepneys providing PT services throughout the
country [1]. Jeepneys are predominantly fueled by diesel and most of the diesel engines are second hand and some are more
than 20 years old. Diesel vehicles emit significant amount of nitrogen oxides (NOX) and also are a major source of fine
particle emissions in urban locations. PM emissions in general are very hazardous and diesel PM, especially, is likely to
cause cancer [2]. Hence, characterization of the composition of fine particulate emissions from diesel vehicles is very
important. One method of characterizing fine particulate matter is using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with
Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). SEM/EDX is a powerful tool in studying the size, shape, morphology, chemical and
elemental composition of particulate matter. It can give us information whether the particles’ origin is anthropogenic or
created by natural processes. The elemental composition of atmospheric particles is sometimes more useful than their bulk
elemental composition with a view to establish their origin and their potential effects on human health [3]. In the
Philippines, no study has been made on the elemental composition of fine particulate matter coming from the exhaust
emissions of jeepneys considering that it is the most popular means of transportation in the country and this public transport
comprise 71% of the total number of vehicles registered in the country. In this study, we present to the best of our
knowledge the first study on the elemental composition of fine particulate matters that came from the exhaust emissions of
jeepneys plying the route of Taft Avenue, Manila, Philippines. The elemental composition and morphology of the PM was
analyzed using SEM/EDX and air sampling using a personal cascade impactor is used to collect the PM.
II. AIR SAMPLING USING A PERSONAL CASCADE IMPACTOR AND SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
The personal 2-stage low-volume cascade impactor was made from aluminum and had a nozzle diameter of 0.4
mm. Figure 1 shows the cascade impactor plugged in with a plastic tube connecting it to the vacuum pump with a pressure
gauge and flow meter. A 9V battery was used to power the vacuum pump. The flow meter was used to monitor the flow rate
which is set to 4-5 L/min and the pressure gauge was used to monitor the pressure. The cascade impactor setup is placed
directly in front of the tailpipe exhaust of the jeepney. Particles were impacted on an 8-mm diameter aluminum foil. The
filters were prepared using a thoroughly cleaned and sonicated 8-mm hole puncher. A small amount of ethanol was applied
to the aluminum foil filter after it was cut to a diameter of 8 mm to remove impurities. Morphological features and
elemental composition of individual particles were analyzed with a SEM (JSM 5310 JEOL) equipped with an EDX (Oxford)
Analyser. Particle size was estimated from the direct appearance of individual particles in the scanning electron micrograph.
www.ijmer.com 406 | Page
2. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.1, Jan-Feb. 2013 pp-406-410 ISSN: 2249-6645
SEM/EDX was done according to the standard operating procedure for sample preparation and analysis of particulate matter
samples by scanning electron microscopy. Scanning Electron Microscope was operated at acceleration voltage of 15 kV.
The SEM images and analytical data of trace elements concentration were recorded with a Link Isis 3.0 software system with
a SemAfore 5.0 SA20 Scan Digitizer for digital imaging. The instrument acquires either single spot spectrum or area
spectrum, in this way it is possible to identify a single particle analysis and the mean values of the constituents from a group
of particles.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. SEM/EDX Results of the Blank Aluminum Foil
To differentiate the elements from PM and the aluminum foil were the PM were deposited, the EDX spectra of blank Al
foils prepared in the same way as the Al foils used for the personal cascade impactor was also obtained. Figure 2 shows the
blank SEM image of Al foil and the corresponding EDX spectra. In the EDX spectra, of the aforementioned Al foil, aside
from Al the only other element present is Oxygen (O). This indicates that the Al foils that were prepared for impaction of
fine particulate matters were not contaminated by other foreign particles
Fig. 1. The two-stage personal cascade impactor.
.
Fig. 2. SEM image of a blank Aluminum Foil Filter at a magnification of 150x with the corresponding EDS area spectrum.
3.2. SEM/EDX Results of the Fine Particulate Matter from Exhaust Emission of Jeepneys
Three jeepneys were used in this study differing in manufacturing year, 1980, 2003, and 2006, which will be
referred to as jeepney 1, jeepney 2, and jeepney 3, respectively. Twenty (20) particles with a diameter not greater than 2.5
µm were selected for each jeep for analysis and detection of elemental composition and concentration. Figure 3 shows the
SEM image and the EDS spectrum of some PM analyzed in the study. As can be seen from fig. 3, particles have different
morphologies. We observed agglomerates, aggregates, floccules, sphere, strips, triangle, and irregularly shaped
carbonaceous particles. From fig. 3, it can also be seen that PM with different morphologies have different elemental
composition. EDX analysis of the PM collected for the three jeepneys revealed the presence of hazardous air pollutants, as
classified by US/EPA, such as Cl, Co, Cr, Mn, Pb, Hg, Ni, and P. Figure 4 shows a box plot of the concentration in wt% of
elements detected on the PM collected from the exhaust emissions of (a) jeepney 1, (b) jeepney2, and (c) jeepney 3. As can
be seen from fig. 4, the major elements in all the PM for all the three jeeps are C and O. PM from jeepney 1, the oldest jeep,
contains the most number of elements with high frequency of occurrence. The hazardous element, Se, was detected only in
jeepney 1 with concentration of 1 wt % to 15 wt % which means that in some PM it is a major element. In a recent study by
Atikul et. al, Se could not be traced to the gasoline itself but traceable to the engine chambers and emissions from other
mechanical activities within the operation zones of the engine [4]. However, the mean concentration of Fe is lower for
jeepney 1 compared to jeepneys 2 and 3. Another source of Fe in diesel exhaust PM is the lubricating oil. Si is also a minor
www.ijmer.com 407 | Page
3. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.1, Jan-Feb. 2013 pp-406-410 ISSN: 2249-6645
Fig. 3. SEM image of a PM2.5 collected from the exhaust emissions of jeepneys and the corresponding EDS spectrum. The
magnification used is 7500x.
www.ijmer.com 408 | Page
4. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.1, Jan-Feb. 2013 pp-406-410 ISSN: 2249-6645
Fig. 4. Concentration (in wt%) of elements found in fine particulate matters collected from the exhaust emissions of (a)
Jeepney 1; (b) Jeepney 2; (c) Jeepney 3.
element in all the three jeeps occurring in one-third of all the particles analyzed for each jeepney. It may have come from
sintered silicon nitride that is used in automobile industry as a material for engine parts. More than 40% of the particles
analyzed for all the jeepneys contain trace amounts of Cu, Co, Cl, Cr, Ca, Na, S, K, and V. Hazardous elements, Mn, Ni, Zn,
www.ijmer.com 409 | Page
5. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.1, Jan-Feb. 2013 pp-406-410 ISSN: 2249-6645
and Sn were detected in more than 50% of the PM in jeepneys 1 and 3 in trace amounts. Several engine lubricating oil
additives include metallo-organic compounds resulting in some metal oxide emissions including such metals as P, Zn, Cr,
and Ca, and fuel additives can result to emission of Cu and Fe and some other metals [5]. Among the three jeepneys,
jeepney 1 contains the most number of hazardous elements with high frequency of occurrence. In 2001, leaded gasoline was
phased out but inspite of this, trace amounts of Pb and Hg were detected in 50% of the PM of jeepney 1 whereas it was only
detected in just one or two PM of jeepneys 1 and 2. Jeepney 1 was manufactured in 1980. Ar, Ba, Co, and Sr are inorganic
exhaust components that are products of engine and component wear, or are trace contaminants of the fuel and/or lubricant
oil which usually vaporize in the combustion chamber and then "plate" themselves to particles in the exhaust stream [6].
IV. Conclusion
Elemental composition of fine particulate matters from the exhaust emission of jeepneys, which uses second hand
diesel engine, was determined using SEM/EDX technique. Several hazardous elements were detected in minor or trace
amounts in most of the fine PM collected for all the three jeepneys. Morphological images from the SEM revealed various
shapes and sizes of PM from diesel exhaust emissions of the three jeepneys. Most of the PM had sizes less than 2.5 m
which is typical for diesel particulate matter. The major element is C for all the PM analyzed. EDX analysis of the PM from
all the three jeepneys revealed the presence of several elements like Ca, Cl, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Pb, Hg, Ni, P, Na, S, Si, K,
V, Mn, Ni, Zn, and Sn. Hazardous elements such as Co, Cl and Cr were detected in more than 50% of the PM analyzed. The
PM analyzed from jeepney 1 contained the most number of hazardous elements that have a high frequency of occurrence.
These include Pb and Hg which were found only in one or two PM in jeepneys 2 and 3. But for jeepney 1 traces of Pb and
Hg were detected in more than 50% of the PM. In April 2000, Pb was completely phased out in Metro Manila. But since
jeepney 1 was manufactured in 1980, that could have explained the presence of Pb in its PM emission. Another hazardous
element that was found only in the PM coming jeepney 1 is Se. Again this could have been due to the age of the engine.
This element could serve as tracer for very old jeepneys that were still on the streets of Manila.
REFERENCES
[1] R. F. Regidor, C. M. Montalbo, Jr., M. S. G. Napalang, H. O. Palmiano, R. G. Sigua, N. C. Tiglao, K. N. Vergel, Formulation of a
National Environmentally Sustainable Transport Strategy for the Philippines-Final Report, United Nations Centre for Regional
Development, May 2011. Available: http://ncts.upd.edu.ph/est/
[2] A Roadmap for Cleaner Fuels and Vehicles in Asia, Asian Development Bank and Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities Center Inc.,
2007.
[3] A. Srivastava, V. K. Jain, and A. Srivastava, SEM-EDX analysis of various sizes aerosols in Delhi India, Environ Monit Assess,
150, 2009, 405–416. DOI 10.1007/s10661-008-0239-0.
[4] F.A.Atiku, P.O.Ikeh, U.Z.Faruk, A.U.Itodo, B.G. DanShehu and M.M. Ambursa, Physicochemical Analysis of Discharged
Particulate from Power Generating Engines, Advances in Applied Science Research, vol. 2, no. 3, 2011, 287-294.
[5] P. Anyon, S. Brown, D. Pattison, J. B. Anderson, N. Trompp, G. Walls, Toxic Emissions from Diesel Vehicles in Australia,
Environment Australia, Commonwealth of Australia, April 2003.
[6] R. K. Krieger, J. M. Brooks, G. A. Shiroma, D. J. Ames, and P. D. Venturini, Part A. Public Exposure To, Sources and Emissions
of Diesel Exhaust in California, Report to the Air Resources Board on the Proposed Identification of Diesel Exhaust as a Toxic Air
Contaminant, 1998.
www.ijmer.com 410 | Page