The document summarizes a study that evaluated the impact of operating variables on particulate matter (PM) and lead (Pb) emissions from a single cylinder spark ignition engine fueled with variable ethanol-gasoline blends (E0, E20, E50, E80). The key findings were:
1) PM emissions decreased as the concentration of ethanol in the blend increased, with E80 providing the largest reductions compared to E0. Pb emissions also generally decreased with higher ethanol blends but were not affected by operating variables.
2) Both PM and Pb emissions were lowest near stoichiometric conditions and increased at very lean and rich equivalence ratios, though the reductions did not directly correlate with the ethanol percentage
Evaluate the Performance and Emission using EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation) i...IOSR Journals
To study different paper related to exhaust gas recirculation on four stroke compression ignition
engine fuelled with diesel/methanol blend of 10:90, 20:80 and 30:70 of methanol to diesel respectively were
studied to evaluate the performance and emission of engine. The performance of diesel engine increase with
increase in compression ratio exhaust gas recirculation is a common way to control in-cylinder NOx production
and is used in most modern high speed direct injection diesel engines because it lowers oxygen concentration
and flame temperature of the working fluid in the combustion chamber. To study evaluate and performance with
different EGR rate with and without variable compression ratio. After studying all different papers to review the
result the output power and torque for diesel fuel is lower compared to methanol-diesel blended fuel at any
mixing ratio and because of EGR the NOx emission and exhaust gas temperature reduced but emissions of
particulate matter (PM), HC, and CO were found to have increased with usage of EGR in CI engine.
Experimental Analysis of Emission Parameters for Various Blends of Gasohol o...IJMER
In India, Ethanol is generally produced as a by-product of sugar is blended with petrol and was
tested for their use as a substitute fuel, based on their emissions. The main aim of this experiment is to
study the effect of various blends on the exhaust of the engine. The 99.96% pure ethanol was blended with
gasoline, solutions of gasohol (ethanol blended gasoline) with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% ethanol
blended in gasoline, volume per volume were prepared and tested on a 1000cc four stroke four cylinder
inline engine by a digital analyzer and on a 100cc four stroke single cylinder engine by standard PUC
norms followed in India. It was observed that E20 had the optimum readings of emission.
Performance Study of Ethanol Blended Gasoline Fuel in Spark Ignition EngineIOSR Journals
Growing energy needs and environmental concern worldwide have propelled the interest for quest
and utilization of renewable and eco friendly fuels .Various substitutes are available to be used engines with the
possibility of reducing harmful emissions. In this work gasoline is taken as reference which is blended with
ethanol. Physical properties relevant to the fuel were determined for the four blends of gasoline and ethanol. A
four cylinder, four stroke, varying rpm, Petrol engine connected to eddy current type dynamometer was run on
blends containing 5%,10%,15%,20% ethanol and performance characteristics were evaluated. In this paper it
is shown that the higher blends can replace gasoline in a SI engine, results showed that there is a reduction in
exhaust gases and increase in Mechanical efficiency, Specific Fuel Consumption and air fuel ratio on blending.
We can conclude from the result that using 10% ethanol blend is most effective and we can utilize it for further
use in SI engines with little constraint on material used to sustain little increase in pressure
Evaluate the Performance and Emission using EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation) i...IOSR Journals
To study different paper related to exhaust gas recirculation on four stroke compression ignition
engine fuelled with diesel/methanol blend of 10:90, 20:80 and 30:70 of methanol to diesel respectively were
studied to evaluate the performance and emission of engine. The performance of diesel engine increase with
increase in compression ratio exhaust gas recirculation is a common way to control in-cylinder NOx production
and is used in most modern high speed direct injection diesel engines because it lowers oxygen concentration
and flame temperature of the working fluid in the combustion chamber. To study evaluate and performance with
different EGR rate with and without variable compression ratio. After studying all different papers to review the
result the output power and torque for diesel fuel is lower compared to methanol-diesel blended fuel at any
mixing ratio and because of EGR the NOx emission and exhaust gas temperature reduced but emissions of
particulate matter (PM), HC, and CO were found to have increased with usage of EGR in CI engine.
Experimental Analysis of Emission Parameters for Various Blends of Gasohol o...IJMER
In India, Ethanol is generally produced as a by-product of sugar is blended with petrol and was
tested for their use as a substitute fuel, based on their emissions. The main aim of this experiment is to
study the effect of various blends on the exhaust of the engine. The 99.96% pure ethanol was blended with
gasoline, solutions of gasohol (ethanol blended gasoline) with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% ethanol
blended in gasoline, volume per volume were prepared and tested on a 1000cc four stroke four cylinder
inline engine by a digital analyzer and on a 100cc four stroke single cylinder engine by standard PUC
norms followed in India. It was observed that E20 had the optimum readings of emission.
Performance Study of Ethanol Blended Gasoline Fuel in Spark Ignition EngineIOSR Journals
Growing energy needs and environmental concern worldwide have propelled the interest for quest
and utilization of renewable and eco friendly fuels .Various substitutes are available to be used engines with the
possibility of reducing harmful emissions. In this work gasoline is taken as reference which is blended with
ethanol. Physical properties relevant to the fuel were determined for the four blends of gasoline and ethanol. A
four cylinder, four stroke, varying rpm, Petrol engine connected to eddy current type dynamometer was run on
blends containing 5%,10%,15%,20% ethanol and performance characteristics were evaluated. In this paper it
is shown that the higher blends can replace gasoline in a SI engine, results showed that there is a reduction in
exhaust gases and increase in Mechanical efficiency, Specific Fuel Consumption and air fuel ratio on blending.
We can conclude from the result that using 10% ethanol blend is most effective and we can utilize it for further
use in SI engines with little constraint on material used to sustain little increase in pressure
ANALYSIS OF EMISSION CHARACTERISTIC OF NM-DIESEL BLEND ON VCR DIESEL ENGINEijmech
The consumption of fuel is increasing resulting in pollution of environment with smoke and NOx due to the
development in automobile and power sector. These emission contents smoke and NOx can be reduced by
adding additives with diesel fuel. As these additives are very costly and hence becomes unviable. These
additives decrease the performance of combustion.
Oxygenated compounds are most widely used among additives. The reason for this is the participation of
their oxygen in reactions leading to better combustion and hence lowering the emission contents the
molecular structure of the oxygen contents of additives directly influence on smoke reduction and the
oxygen concentration of the fuel flame also effects the emission specially Nitro paraffin compound
additives have high oxygen contents is then molecular structure. So we considered as oxygenated
additives.
We have used nitro methane (NM) (2%) as an additives with diesel while analyzing the emission
characteristic on VCR Engine
Genset Engine Development to Meet Current Emission Norms" (Conversion from CP...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Performance and Emission Characteristics on Glow Plug Hot Surface Ignition C....IJERA Editor
The concept of using alcohol fuels as alternative to diesel fuel in diesel engine is recent one. The scarcity of transportation petroleum fuels due to the fast depletion of the petroleum deposits and frequent rise in their costs in the international market have spurred many efforts to find alternatives. Alcohols were quickly recognized as prime candidates to displace or replace high octane petroleum fuels. Innovative thinking led to find varies techniques by which alcohol can be used as fuel in diesel engine. Amongst the fuel alternative proposed, the most favourest ones are methanol and ethanol. The specific tendency of alcohols to ignite easily from a hot surface makes it suitable to ignite in a diesel engine by different methods. The advantage of this property of alcohols enables to design and construct a new type of engine called surface ignition engine. Methanol and ethanol are very susceptible to surface ignition, this method is very suitable for these fuels. The hot surfaces which, can be used in surface ignition engine are electrically heated glow plug with hot surface. Hence present research work carries the experimental investigation on glow plug hot surface ignition engine, by adding different additives with methanol and ethanol as fuels, with an objective to find the best one performance, emission and compression parameters.
Experimental Investigations of Exhaust Emissions of four Stroke SI Engine by ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Experimental investigation of Methanol blends with gasoline on SI engineIJERA Editor
Automobile have become a very important part of our modern life style. And it runs on fossil fuel. But the excessive use of fossil fuels will very soon leads to the energy crises so the future of automobile based on fossil fuels has been badly affected by two major problems. That is less availability of fuel and environmental degradation. So it is very important to found some new renewable non polluting alternative fuels to ensure the proper and safe survival of internal combustion engines. In present study we evaluate the performance of two stroke single cylinder spark ignition engine with ratio of 10%, 20% and 30% of methanol and gasoline by volume. Performance parameters (brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption and brake specific fuel consumption) were determined at various loads on engine with methanol blended gasoline. The comparison was made on performance of conventional SI engine with pure gasoline operation. As a result, brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption showed improved performance when compared with pure gasoline performances.
—In a laboratory experiment was conducted on
the utilization of Ethanol-Diesel emulsion in a single
cylinder direct injection diesel engine, a single cylinder,
water cooled, four stroke diesel engine was used. The
principal goals of the present work are to obtain emission
data and combustion characteristics for this type of Diesel
Engine, and to identify the ratio of Emulsion which is
effective in reducing emissions. Experiments were
conducted with emulsions viz (90%diesel + 10%ethanol),
(80% diesel + 20% ethanol), (70% diesel + 30%ethanol) as
fuel. While AVL smoke meter was employed to measure
the smoke density in HSU, the exhaust gas analyzer was
used to measure the NOx emission. High volume sampler
was employed to measure the particulate matter emitted at
the exhaust. The combustion characteristics were studied
using AVL combustion analyser. From the experimental
investigation it was found that the smoke, particulate
matter and Oxides of Nitrogen emissions were reduced
marginally. From the pressure curve and cumulative heat
release curve, it was observed that the combustion started
earlier and the rate of pressure rise increased marginally.
Experimental Investigation of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & Met...IJMER
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an
outcome, fuels like methanol may present a sustainable solution as it can be produced from a wide
range of carbon based feedstock. The present investigation evaluates methanol as a diesel engine fuel.
The objectives of this report is to analyze the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a
twin cylinder diesel engine that are using Methanol & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are
available in the market. This report describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which
is to analyze the emission characteristics and fuel consumption of diesel engine due to usage of the
both fuels. Detail studies about the experimental setup and components have been done before the
experiment started. Data that are required for the analysis is observed from the experiments.
Calculations and analysis have been done after all the required data needed for the thesis is obtained.
The experiment used diesel engine with no load which means no load exerted on it. A four stroke Twin
cylinder diesel engine was adopted to study the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy
consumption, and emissions at zero load & full load with the fuel of methanol. In this study, the diesel
engine was tested using 100% methanol. By the end of the report, the successful of the project have
been started which is Diesel engine is able to run with Methanol but the engine needs to run by using
diesel fuel first, then followed by methanol and finished with diesel fuel as the last fuel usage before the
engine turned off. The performance of the engine using Methanol fuel compared to the performance of
engine with diesel fuel. Experimental results of Methanol and Diesel fuel are also compared.
History of gasoline direct compression ignition (gdci) engine a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract The first single-cylinder gasoline direct compression ignition (GDCI) engine was designed and built in 2010 by Delphi Companyfor testing performance, emissions and Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). Then after achieving the good results in performance, emissions and BSFCfrom single-cylinder engine, multi-cylinder GDCI engine was built in 2013. The compression ignition engine has limitations such as high noise, weight, PM and NOX emissions compared to gasoline engine. But the high efficiency, torque and better fuel economy of compression ignition engine are the reasons of Delphi Company to use compression ignition strategy for building a new combustion system. The objective of the present review study involves the reasons of building of the GDCI engine in detail. Keywords: Delphi Company,Emissions, Multi-Cylinder GDCI engine andSingle-CylinderGDCI Engine.
Global Emissions Systems Inc., is a privately held company located in Whitby Ontario that specializes in the design, engineering and manufacture of advanced emission control technologies. Our technology reduces up to 99% of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons, (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) for any commercial fuel burning engine including gasoline, propane, natural gas, diesel and bio-diesel. Please see www.gesi.us for more information.
Study on Performance and Emission Characteristics of four Stroke Single Cylin...AM Publications
In this experimental study, the performance and emission characteristics are investigated on a single cylinder, four stroke petrol (spark ignition) engine at speed variation from 1500 to 3000 RPM and maintaining a constant load of 1 kW. Engine is fuelled with different percentage of ethanol and addition of dimethyl carbonate in petrol.For this study, blends of ethanol with petrol (E5, E10, E15) and with adding dimethyl carbonate to ethanol are used as a test fuels making petrol as a reference fuel.The results shows improvement in performance and emission characteristics for ethanol test fuels over engine run on petrol. Among tested samples, E10 test fuel delivers 10.57% and 20.44% increase in brake power and brake thermal efficiency and 14.55% lower fuel consumption than engine run on petrol. All test fuels shows reduction in exhaust emissions over engine run on petrol. It is observed that dimethyl carbonate (DMC) added tested samples shows maximum reduction in exhaust emissions because of the presence of more oxygen content. Among ethanol test fuels, at high speed (3000 RPM) E15 DMC test fuel delivers 87.10%, 65.79% and 84.37% reduction in carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrocarbons (HC) emissions than engine run on petrol.And also decrease in NOX emission for all ethanol test fuels.Therefore, E10 test fuels are better replacement of petrol when engine operating at high engine speeds.
COMBUSTION OPTIMIZATION IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINESBarhm Mohamad
The blending technique used in internal combustion engines can reduce emission of toxic exhaust components and noises, enhance overall energy efficiency and reduce fuel costs. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of dual alcohols (methanol and ethanol) blended in gasoline fuel (GF) against performance, combustion and emission characteristics. Problems arise in the fuel delivery system when using the highly volatile methanol - gasoline blends. This problem is reduced by using special fuel manifold. However, the satisfactory engine performance of the dual alcohol–gasoline blends need to be proved. The test fuels were GF, blend M35g65 (35 % methanol, and 65% GF by volume), blend E40g60 (40% ethanol, and 6o% GF by volume). The blend M35g65 was selected to match the vapor pressure (VP) of GF. The test fuels were a lean mixture with excess-air ratio of λ=1.1. The reaction parameters are taken from literatures and fitting calculations. Mathematical model and Computer software AVL program were conducted on a naturally-aspirated, spark ignition engine. The results show that indicate thermal efficiency (ITE) improved whereas the exhaust gas temperature (EGT) of the blends reduced, which is a benefit that reduces compression work. The regulated emissions were also reported. The blend E40g60 was recommended in preference to use because the former had shortened combustion duration, high energy content and its VP was selectively matched to that of GF's.
ANALYSIS OF EMISSION CHARACTERISTIC OF NM-DIESEL BLEND ON VCR DIESEL ENGINEijmech
The consumption of fuel is increasing resulting in pollution of environment with smoke and NOx due to the
development in automobile and power sector. These emission contents smoke and NOx can be reduced by
adding additives with diesel fuel. As these additives are very costly and hence becomes unviable. These
additives decrease the performance of combustion.
Oxygenated compounds are most widely used among additives. The reason for this is the participation of
their oxygen in reactions leading to better combustion and hence lowering the emission contents the
molecular structure of the oxygen contents of additives directly influence on smoke reduction and the
oxygen concentration of the fuel flame also effects the emission specially Nitro paraffin compound
additives have high oxygen contents is then molecular structure. So we considered as oxygenated
additives.
We have used nitro methane (NM) (2%) as an additives with diesel while analyzing the emission
characteristic on VCR Engine
Genset Engine Development to Meet Current Emission Norms" (Conversion from CP...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Performance and Emission Characteristics on Glow Plug Hot Surface Ignition C....IJERA Editor
The concept of using alcohol fuels as alternative to diesel fuel in diesel engine is recent one. The scarcity of transportation petroleum fuels due to the fast depletion of the petroleum deposits and frequent rise in their costs in the international market have spurred many efforts to find alternatives. Alcohols were quickly recognized as prime candidates to displace or replace high octane petroleum fuels. Innovative thinking led to find varies techniques by which alcohol can be used as fuel in diesel engine. Amongst the fuel alternative proposed, the most favourest ones are methanol and ethanol. The specific tendency of alcohols to ignite easily from a hot surface makes it suitable to ignite in a diesel engine by different methods. The advantage of this property of alcohols enables to design and construct a new type of engine called surface ignition engine. Methanol and ethanol are very susceptible to surface ignition, this method is very suitable for these fuels. The hot surfaces which, can be used in surface ignition engine are electrically heated glow plug with hot surface. Hence present research work carries the experimental investigation on glow plug hot surface ignition engine, by adding different additives with methanol and ethanol as fuels, with an objective to find the best one performance, emission and compression parameters.
Experimental Investigations of Exhaust Emissions of four Stroke SI Engine by ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Experimental investigation of Methanol blends with gasoline on SI engineIJERA Editor
Automobile have become a very important part of our modern life style. And it runs on fossil fuel. But the excessive use of fossil fuels will very soon leads to the energy crises so the future of automobile based on fossil fuels has been badly affected by two major problems. That is less availability of fuel and environmental degradation. So it is very important to found some new renewable non polluting alternative fuels to ensure the proper and safe survival of internal combustion engines. In present study we evaluate the performance of two stroke single cylinder spark ignition engine with ratio of 10%, 20% and 30% of methanol and gasoline by volume. Performance parameters (brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption and brake specific fuel consumption) were determined at various loads on engine with methanol blended gasoline. The comparison was made on performance of conventional SI engine with pure gasoline operation. As a result, brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption showed improved performance when compared with pure gasoline performances.
—In a laboratory experiment was conducted on
the utilization of Ethanol-Diesel emulsion in a single
cylinder direct injection diesel engine, a single cylinder,
water cooled, four stroke diesel engine was used. The
principal goals of the present work are to obtain emission
data and combustion characteristics for this type of Diesel
Engine, and to identify the ratio of Emulsion which is
effective in reducing emissions. Experiments were
conducted with emulsions viz (90%diesel + 10%ethanol),
(80% diesel + 20% ethanol), (70% diesel + 30%ethanol) as
fuel. While AVL smoke meter was employed to measure
the smoke density in HSU, the exhaust gas analyzer was
used to measure the NOx emission. High volume sampler
was employed to measure the particulate matter emitted at
the exhaust. The combustion characteristics were studied
using AVL combustion analyser. From the experimental
investigation it was found that the smoke, particulate
matter and Oxides of Nitrogen emissions were reduced
marginally. From the pressure curve and cumulative heat
release curve, it was observed that the combustion started
earlier and the rate of pressure rise increased marginally.
Experimental Investigation of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & Met...IJMER
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an
outcome, fuels like methanol may present a sustainable solution as it can be produced from a wide
range of carbon based feedstock. The present investigation evaluates methanol as a diesel engine fuel.
The objectives of this report is to analyze the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a
twin cylinder diesel engine that are using Methanol & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are
available in the market. This report describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which
is to analyze the emission characteristics and fuel consumption of diesel engine due to usage of the
both fuels. Detail studies about the experimental setup and components have been done before the
experiment started. Data that are required for the analysis is observed from the experiments.
Calculations and analysis have been done after all the required data needed for the thesis is obtained.
The experiment used diesel engine with no load which means no load exerted on it. A four stroke Twin
cylinder diesel engine was adopted to study the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy
consumption, and emissions at zero load & full load with the fuel of methanol. In this study, the diesel
engine was tested using 100% methanol. By the end of the report, the successful of the project have
been started which is Diesel engine is able to run with Methanol but the engine needs to run by using
diesel fuel first, then followed by methanol and finished with diesel fuel as the last fuel usage before the
engine turned off. The performance of the engine using Methanol fuel compared to the performance of
engine with diesel fuel. Experimental results of Methanol and Diesel fuel are also compared.
History of gasoline direct compression ignition (gdci) engine a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract The first single-cylinder gasoline direct compression ignition (GDCI) engine was designed and built in 2010 by Delphi Companyfor testing performance, emissions and Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). Then after achieving the good results in performance, emissions and BSFCfrom single-cylinder engine, multi-cylinder GDCI engine was built in 2013. The compression ignition engine has limitations such as high noise, weight, PM and NOX emissions compared to gasoline engine. But the high efficiency, torque and better fuel economy of compression ignition engine are the reasons of Delphi Company to use compression ignition strategy for building a new combustion system. The objective of the present review study involves the reasons of building of the GDCI engine in detail. Keywords: Delphi Company,Emissions, Multi-Cylinder GDCI engine andSingle-CylinderGDCI Engine.
Global Emissions Systems Inc., is a privately held company located in Whitby Ontario that specializes in the design, engineering and manufacture of advanced emission control technologies. Our technology reduces up to 99% of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons, (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) for any commercial fuel burning engine including gasoline, propane, natural gas, diesel and bio-diesel. Please see www.gesi.us for more information.
Study on Performance and Emission Characteristics of four Stroke Single Cylin...AM Publications
In this experimental study, the performance and emission characteristics are investigated on a single cylinder, four stroke petrol (spark ignition) engine at speed variation from 1500 to 3000 RPM and maintaining a constant load of 1 kW. Engine is fuelled with different percentage of ethanol and addition of dimethyl carbonate in petrol.For this study, blends of ethanol with petrol (E5, E10, E15) and with adding dimethyl carbonate to ethanol are used as a test fuels making petrol as a reference fuel.The results shows improvement in performance and emission characteristics for ethanol test fuels over engine run on petrol. Among tested samples, E10 test fuel delivers 10.57% and 20.44% increase in brake power and brake thermal efficiency and 14.55% lower fuel consumption than engine run on petrol. All test fuels shows reduction in exhaust emissions over engine run on petrol. It is observed that dimethyl carbonate (DMC) added tested samples shows maximum reduction in exhaust emissions because of the presence of more oxygen content. Among ethanol test fuels, at high speed (3000 RPM) E15 DMC test fuel delivers 87.10%, 65.79% and 84.37% reduction in carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrocarbons (HC) emissions than engine run on petrol.And also decrease in NOX emission for all ethanol test fuels.Therefore, E10 test fuels are better replacement of petrol when engine operating at high engine speeds.
COMBUSTION OPTIMIZATION IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINESBarhm Mohamad
The blending technique used in internal combustion engines can reduce emission of toxic exhaust components and noises, enhance overall energy efficiency and reduce fuel costs. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of dual alcohols (methanol and ethanol) blended in gasoline fuel (GF) against performance, combustion and emission characteristics. Problems arise in the fuel delivery system when using the highly volatile methanol - gasoline blends. This problem is reduced by using special fuel manifold. However, the satisfactory engine performance of the dual alcohol–gasoline blends need to be proved. The test fuels were GF, blend M35g65 (35 % methanol, and 65% GF by volume), blend E40g60 (40% ethanol, and 6o% GF by volume). The blend M35g65 was selected to match the vapor pressure (VP) of GF. The test fuels were a lean mixture with excess-air ratio of λ=1.1. The reaction parameters are taken from literatures and fitting calculations. Mathematical model and Computer software AVL program were conducted on a naturally-aspirated, spark ignition engine. The results show that indicate thermal efficiency (ITE) improved whereas the exhaust gas temperature (EGT) of the blends reduced, which is a benefit that reduces compression work. The regulated emissions were also reported. The blend E40g60 was recommended in preference to use because the former had shortened combustion duration, high energy content and its VP was selectively matched to that of GF's.
Intelligent Fault Identification System for Transmission Lines Using Artifici...IOSR Journals
Transmission and distribution lines are vital links between generating units and consumers. They are
exposed to atmosphere, hence chances of occurrence of fault in transmission line is very high, which has to be
immediately taken care of in order to minimize damage caused by it. This paper focuses on detecting the faults
on electric power transmission lines using artificial neural networks. A feed forward neural network is
employed, which is trained with back propagation algorithm. Analysis on neural networks with varying number
of hidden layers and neurons per hidden layer has been provided to validate the choice of the neural networks
in each step. The developed neural network is capable of detecting single line to ground and double line to
ground for all the three phases. Simulation is done using MATLAB Simulink to demonstrate that artificial
neural network based method are efficient in detecting faults on transmission lines and achieve satisfactory
performances. A 300km, 25kv transmission line is used to validate the proposed fault detection system.
Hardware implementation of neural network is done on TMS320C6713.
The Effect Service Quality to Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty of A...IOSR Journals
Customer Loyalty is important for cultivated by the company, therefore the aim of this study to prove
how the effect of Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in enhancing Customer Loyalty. Samples were
service users Railway Transport Argo Bromo Anggrek Jakarta Surabaya by using purposive side. Sample size of
300 respondents. Data analysis using Structural Equation Model (SEM). The results showed that Services
Quality significantly influence to customer satisfaction. Customer Satisfaction significant effect on Customer
Loyalty. Service Quality is not yet significant effect on Customer Loyalty, so that Customer Satisfaction is a
mediator of the relationship Service Quality on Customer Loyalty to PT Argo Bromo Anggrek Train Jakarta-
Surabaya. The implications that Customer Satisfaction is capable of mediating the quality of care in improving
Customer Loyalty.
The Effects of Industrial Environment, Innovation, and Government Policy on B...IOSR Journals
This research aims to provide information about the effects of industrial environment on business performance, industrial environment on business performance with innovation as moderating variable, innovation on business performance and innovation on business performance with government policy as moderating variable. The population of this research is all small industries especially Tenun Songket Riau in Pekanbaru City, Bengkalis Sub District, and Siak Sub District, as many as 330 business units. Sampling method used is proportional sampling with total sample of 110 business units. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is used as data analysis and to be processed with AMOS 16 software. The findings of this study are as follows: (1) the more dynamic industrial environment results better business performance of small industry of Riau Songket Weaving; (2) the more dynamic industrial environment supports innovation capability and impacts better business performance of small industry of Riau Songket Weaving; (3) the higher innovation capability of the business results better business performance of small industry of Riau Songket Weaving, and (4) the higher innovation capability and to be supported by conducive government policy impacts better business performance of small industry of Riau Songket Weaving.
Link Stability and Energy Aware routing Protocol for Mobile Adhoc NetworkIOSR Journals
Abstract: MOBILE ad hoc networks (MANETs) have more popularity among mobile network devices and
wireless communication technologies. A MANET is multihop mobile wireless network that have neither a fixed
infrastructure nor a central server. Every node in a MANET will act as a router, and also communicates with
each other. The mobility constraints in mobile nodes will lead to problems in link stability. Energy saving, path
duration and stability will be two major efforts and to satisfy them can be difficult task. A self node which is
present in the network may also consume little energy during the transmission. This proposed approach tries to
account for link stability and for minimum drain rate energy consumption. In order to verify the correctness of
the proposed solution a objective optimization formulation has been designed and a novel routing protocol
called Link-Stability and Energy aware Routing protocols is proposed. This novel routing scheme has been
compared with other two protocols: PERRA and GPSR. The protocol performance has been evaluated in terms
of Data Packet Delivery Ratio, Normalized Control Overhead, Link duration, Nodes lifetime, and Average
energy consumption.
Keywords-component; Energy Consumption, Link Stability, Routing, Self node
Analysis of Multimedia Traffic Performance in a Multi-Class traffic environme...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The computer networks have evolved themselves into an altogether new generation with Mobile Ad-Hoc networks. The Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks are increasingly becoming more sophisticated and complex in terms of topology, routing and security[1][2][3]The new age MANETs incorporate routing of heavier traffic classes like audio, video and multimedia. It has become important to study the performance characteristics of the multimedia traffic class in MANETS [10] that includes packet loss rate and throughput. In this paper we will discuss these performance parameter throughput under different scenarios like varying Bandwidth, channel error rate, delay and fragment size. Keywords: MANET, Packet loss rate, Throughput, Bandwidth, Fragment size
Cutting Strategies for Casting Die Manufacturing on CNC Milling MachineIOSR Journals
Manufacturing of dies has been presenting greater requirements of geometrical accuracy,
dimensional precision and surface quality as well as decrease in costs and manufacturing times. Although
proper cutting parameter values are utilized to obtain high geometrical accuracy and surface quality, there may
exist geometrical discrepancy between the designed and the manufactured surface profile of the die cavities. In
milling process; cutting speed, step over and feed are the main cutting parameters and these parameters affect
geometrical accuracy and surface quality of the casting die cavities. In this paper, effects of the cutting
parameters on geometrical error have been examined on a representative die cavity profile. To remove
undesired volume in the die cavities, available cutting strategies are investigated. Finish option for roughing
and finish option for finishing are optimized to reduce the Machining time of the cutting process thereby
decreasing the cost of cutting process. The cutting parameters considered are Cut Feed, Step Depth, Spindle
Speed for both roughing and finishing, scan type for roughing and lace type for finishing.3D model and
manufacturing process is done in parametric modeling software Pro/Engineer wildfire5.0.
Performance & emission of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & EthanolIJMER
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an
outcome, fuels like ethanol may present a sustainable solution as it can be produced from a wide range
of carbon based feedstock. The present investigation evaluates Ethanol as a diesel engine fuel. The
objectives of this report is to analyze the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a twin
cylinder diesel engine that are using Ethanol & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available
in the market. This report describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyze
the emission characteristics and fuel consumption of diesel engine due to usage of the both fuels. Detail
studies about the experimental setup and components have been done before the experiment started.
Data that are required for the analysis is observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis have
been done after all the required data needed for the thesis is obtained. The experiment used diesel
engine with no load which means no load exerted on it. A four stroke Twin cylinder diesel engine was
adopted to study the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, and emissions at zero
load & full load with the fuel of Ethanol. In this study, the diesel engine was tested using 100% Ethanol.
By the end of the report, the successful of the project have been started which is Diesel engine is able to
run with Ethanol but the engine needs to run by using diesel fuel first, then followed by Ethanol and
finished with diesel fuel as the last fuel usage before the engine turned off. The performance of the
engine using Ethanol fuel compared to the performance of engine with diesel fuel. Experimental results
of Ethanol and Diesel fuel are also compared.
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS ON DI-DIESEL ENGINE RUNS WITH THE COMBINATION OF BLENDE...IAEME Publication
An experimental Study is carried out to study the performance and emission on direct injection, diesel engine run with Bio diesel (PaME), Diesel and ethanol blended fuel taking
conventional Diesel as base line. The test fuels (six) are pure Diesel, pure PaME, (95% PaME + 5%
ethanol in vol.), (80% Diesel+15% PaME+5% ethanol in vol.), (95% Diesel + 5% ethanol in vol.),and (80% PaME +15% Diesel +5% ethanol in vol.) respectively.
Performance and Emissions Analysis of N-Butanol Blended with Gasoline in Spar...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The power developed by an internal-combustion
engine depends upon the fuel used for combustion. Fuels
commonly used in internal combustion engines are derived
from crude oil, which are depleting and are important
sources of air pollution. In this study, n-butanol was used
as an additive with gasoline as fuel in spark ignition engine.
N-butanol exhibits good burning characteristics, contain
oxygen, reduces some exhaust emissions and as well, has
energy density and octane rating close to that of gasoline.
The various blend rates (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 percent by
volume) were used in the engine performance analysis
using a TD110-115 single cylinder, four-stroke air-cooled
spark ignition engine test rig, under different loading
conditions. An SV-5Q automobile exhausts gas analyzer
was used to measure the concentration of gaseous emissions
such as unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC), carbon monoxide
(CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2
) from the engine tail pipe.
The results of engine performance showed reduction in the
exhaust temperature was observed for the blends than to
that of gasoline. It was observed that all the blends
improved the brake thermal efficiency and exhibited high
fuel consumption, lower specific energy consumption and
lower emissions than gasoline. All the blends performed
satisfactorily on spark-ignition engine without engine
modification.
Simulation Study on Single Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine with Varying Ethano...ijtsrd
This study investigates the effect of a mixture of ethanol and gasoline in a four cylinder cycle spark ignition OHV engine in a cylinder fitted with a generator. The simulation is performed in professional engine simulation software from AVL Austria designated as BOOST. AVL BOOST is used as a computational thermodynamic simulation tool to analyze performance and emission characteristics for individual mixtures of ethanol and gasoline 0 , 10 , and 30 of ethanol by volume . . Studies are performed for 40 , 50 , 60 , 70 , 80 , 90 , 100 load conditions for constant engine speed. The results were compared to pure gasoline. This showed that as ethanol content increases, power and torque decrease. Fuel consumption increases with an increase in ethanol percentage. CO emissions decrease with an increase in ethanol percentage while HC emissions decrease at higher percentage loads. NOX emissions increase with increase in ethanol percentage. Shiekh Kashif Mehraj | Er. Arashdeep Singh "Simulation Study on Single Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine with Varying Ethanol Gasoline Blends" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29659.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29659/simulation-study-on-single-cylinder-spark-ignition-engine-with-varying-ethanol-gasoline-blends/shiekh-kashif-mehraj
The experimental investigation is made to estimate the combustion and performance
characteristics of direct injection diesel engine using different blends of karanja methyl ester with
diesel. The Karanja biodiesel is mixed with diesel in proportions of 20%, 50% and 100% by volume
and studied under various loading conditions i.e. at No load, 25%, 50%, 75% and full load in diesel
engine. The combustion parameters were found close to that of diesel. The blend of karanja biodiesel
performed complete and smoother combustion process than diesel. The various parameters values
like brake thermal efficiency, and heat equivalent to useful work wererecorded nearest to diesel. The
fuel air ratio also recorded higher than diesel. Whereas the mean gas temperature for pure karanja
biodiesel was higher than diesel which is on account of complete combustion on account of 10-12%
fuel bound oxygen. On the basis of brake thermal efficiency, KB20 blend was found to be the best
blend.
Effect of variation of compression ratio and injection pressure on performanc...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Compression Ignition (CI) engines are widely used for transportation, agriculture, power generation and industrial applications. The conventional fuel for CI engine is petro diesel. Among the countries in the world, India is one of the largest consumers of petro diesel fuel. Indian economy is very much dependant on the consumption of petro diesel. Brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, emissions of CO, HC, CO2, NOx and smoke opacity are the major considerations with the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine. Injection pressure, compression ratio, injection timing, and fuel quality are parameters which affect the engine performance and emissions. For optimizing the consumption of diesel, use of blends of alternative fuels with diesel has been promoted and study of engine parameters with the use of these fuels have been presented by many researchers across the world.
In this review paper, effect of variation of compression ratio and injection pressure on the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine using different alternative fuels has been studied and compared with the diesel fuel. Alternative fuels under study were ethanol, methanol, Jatropha Methyl Ester, Mahua Methyl Ester and Pangomia Methyl Ester in 20% blending with diesel fuel. In this study, compression ratios 16.5, 17.5, 18.5 and injection pressures 200, 225, 250 bar have been considered for review. Review reveals that performance characteristics have been improved for all test fuels with increasing compression ratio and injection pressure at full load conditions. On the other hand emission characteristics of engines have been affected as NOx increase and HC and CO decrease with increase in compression ratio and injection pressure for all test fuels.
Keywords: injection pressure; compression ratio; alternative fuels; emission.
Testing of the gasoline ethanol blends in carburetor type spark ignition engineIAEME Publication
This paper presents an analysis of carburetor type spark ignition (SI) engine using gasolineethanol blends. The most captivating properties of ethanol as a SI engine fuel are that it can be produced from renewable energy sources such as agricultural feedstock and has high octane number (108) and flame speed.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Designing Great Products: The Power of Design and Leadership by Chief Designe...
J012617279
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 6 Ver. I (Nov. - Dec. 2015), PP 72-79
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12617279 www.iosrjournals.org 72 | Page
The impact of engine operating variables on emitted PM and Pb
for an SIE fueled with variable ethanol-Iraqi gasoline blends
Miqdam T Chaichan
Mechanical Engineering Dept., University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
Abstract: The replacement of gasoline with ethanol is increased worldwide indicating the need to understand
the air quality impacts of this exchanging. In the recent study, variable experimental tests conducted to evaluate
the impacts of several ethanol-gasoline blends (E20, E50, and E80) on particulate matter (PM) and lead (Pb)
concentrations emitted from a four-stroke, single cylinder, water-cooled spark-ignition (SI) engine. PM and Pb
exhaust emissions measured and analyzed at variable engine operation parameters.
The emitted PM emissions reduced with increase concentration of ethanol in the blend. Compared to the
baseline gasoline (E0), E20 gave relatively lower reductions in PM emissions, while E50 and E80 both reduced
PM emissions under the conditions studied. Ethanol was observed to impact Pb emissions depending on the
ethanol share in the blend.
Keywords:- Ethanol-gasoline blends, gasoline engine, PM, Pb, emissions.
I. Introduction
Many valuable epidemiological studies estimated the health impacts of ambient PM and showed the
associations between the various health endpoint measures and the ambient concentrations of PM mass.
Epidemiological studies of long-term and short-term found associations between PM2.5 and PM10 and
increments in all stroke-related deaths, cause mortality, and respiratory disease-related deaths [1, 2 & 3].
Many regulations lay out to force vehicle manufacturers to make new cleaner vehicles; these steps
managed to reduce the emitted emissions even though the fuel use rates grow dramatically [4]. Previous works
have shown that there is a close relationship between fuel quality and vehicle emissions [4, 5 & 6]. Gasoline
quality includes octane, Reid vapor pressure, lead content, sulfur content, and shares of olefins, aromatics, and
oxygenates [7]. Air pollution constituted of particulate matter (PM) suspended in air as solid and liquid particles
[8]. The particulate matter (PM) formation is constantly changing both in the motor vehicle exhaust stream and
in the ambient air. PM exhaust emissions from gasoline-powered cars have changed significantly over the past
25 years [9 & 10]. The reformulation of fuels resulted in these changes, especially the removal of lead additives,
the broad application of exhaust gas treatment in gasoline-powered passenger cars and trucks, and changes in
engine design and operation [11].
Lead, which was the major PM component in gasoline vehicle exhaust, was virtually eliminated with
the introduction of unleaded gasoline mandated in the United States for the 1975 model year vehicles and the
later phase-out of lead in all automotive gasoline. Lead (Pb) is a ubiquitous and versatile metal that is non-
essential to human uptake, unlike other heavy metals that required nutrients such as chromium, manganese,
molybdenum, nickel and selenium. Pb linked with blood poisoning and anemia [12], and exposure to excessive
levels leads to damage of almost all organs and organs systems especially the central nervous system and
kidneys. There is no safe blood lead level by which children are not affected [13 & 14].
The production of biofuels and encouraging its wide use is a significant approach to reducing the
dependence on fossil fuels. Biofuels combustion results in significant reductions in emitted greenhouse gasses
compared to fossil fuels [15]. Many researchers indicated a crucial reduction in emitted PM concentrations from
diesel engines fueled with biodiesels [16]. However, the biofuels (as bio-ethanol) impact on petrol engine’s PM
is rather controversial [17 & 18]. Ericsson et al., 2008, studied the tailpipe particulate emissions from the port
and direct-injected vehicles with E5 and E85 fuels. They found lower PMs and total mass by using biofuels
[19]. Czerwinski investigated the emitted nanoparticles emissions from two-stroke scooters fueled with ethanol
blends [20]. The study results show that the addition of ethanol led to little effects on the emitted nanoparticles
emissions. Muralidharan studied the characterization of particulates with different blends of ethanol-gasoline in
scooters. The increase of ethanol percentage in gasoline from 5 to 30 percent did not affect the average PM
concentration [21]. Until today, there is a necessity for more studies to reveal the influences of biofuels on the
emitted PM emissions from SIE.
Many countries as United States, Canada, and European adopted E85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline)
as the highest using blend in current and future flex-fuel vehicles. In the US, ethanol production from corn
approached about a half billion gallons, this quantity managed the production of over 10.5 billion gallons.
Ethanol use rose since the mid-1980, because of this huge production [22]. In Iraq, there are excellent
2. The impact of engine operating variables on emitted PM and Pb for an SIE fueled with…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12617279 www.iosrjournals.org 73 | Page
opportunities for producing bio-ethanol from rice, corn and palms. Nowadays ethanol produced in Iraq as an
alcoholic drink called Araq [23].
Until recently there has been less interest in the analogous question of ethanol’s influence on gasoline
vehicle emissions. As long as the soot is naturally low from the stoichiometric combustion that occurs in spark
ignition engines [24]. There are few studies of ethanol effects on engine PM emissions to date. Studies by Chen
[25] and Price [26] report PM reductions for E20 blends (20% ethanol), but their results for E10 are mixed.
Chen [25] found that particle emissions can be increased or decreased depending on fuel injection timing, which
they attribute to competing influences of fuel vaporization and oxygen content. Chaichan studied the effect of
single cylinder engine variables on PM and Pb concentrations. The study demonstrated that PM concentration
increased with increasing equivalence ratio and engine speed and torque. Also, it confirmed that engine
variables have no effect on emitted Pb concentrations, and these concentrations depend only on leaded gasoline
quantity burned [23].
The evaluation of the effect of many engine variables on PM and Pb concentrations is the primary
objective of this study. The engine fueled with variable ethanol-Iraqi conventional gasoline blends. The study
answers whether it is possible to substitute Iraqi gasoline with a green fuel.
II. Expermintal Setup
2.1. Experimental apparatuses
The experimental tests performed using petrol engine, type (PRODIT GR306/0001). The engine is a
single cylinder, and water cooled spark ignition of four strokes and variable compression ratio. Fig. 1 shows the
general arrangement of the experimental rig while Table-1 lists the engine specifications. The engine connected
to an air tank used to damp out the air pressure fluctuations before it enters the carburetor. The air drawn into
the cylinder volume measurement calculated from the pressure drop across an orifice utilizing a manometer. The
engine supplied fuel flows from the main fuel tank across a graduated measuring fuel gauge (burette). A
hydraulic dynameter used to measure the engine output torque. Exhaust gas temperatures measured using type K
thermocouples at the beginning of the exhaust tube. All the devices mentioned above calibrated in the laboratory
by comparing its readings with that of a set of calibrated ones.
Table1 Engines pacifications
Manufacturer PRODIT No load speed range 500-3600 rpm (Otto cycle )
Cycle OTTO or DIESEL, four strokes Load speed range 1200-3600 rpm (Otto cycle)
Number of cylinder 1 vertical Intake star 54o
before T.D.C
Diameter 90mm Intake end 22o
after T.D.C
Stroke 85mm Exhaust start 22o
before T.D.C
Compression ratio 4-17.5 Exhaust end 54o
after T.D.C
Max .power 4 kWat 2800 rpm Fixed spark advance 10o
(spark ignition)
Max .torque 28 Nm at 1600 rpm Swept volume 541cm3
Fig. 2 represents “Sniffer L-30” that is the low volume air sampler used to collect emitted PMs. Micro-
filters type Whatmann-glass used to collect PMs. The used filters weighted before and after the end of sampling
process that extend to one hour. The used filter temporarily kept in a plastic bag to the end of collecting samples
process until weighed and analyzing the results. The following equation determines the particulate matters
(PMs) concentrations [28]:
Fig. 1, single cylinder Prodet spark ignition engine
Fig. 2, drawing air equipment to collect PM type
Sniffer
3. The impact of engine operating variables on emitted PM and Pb for an SIE fueled with…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12617279 www.iosrjournals.org 74 | Page
6123
10
Vt
ww
mginPM
Vt calculated by the equation:
Fig. 3 represents the luminous microscope (Eclipse model ME600) built by Nicon company/Japan used
to study the air particulates specifications. Fig. 4 shows the atomic spectrum absorption system manufactured by
Shimadzu company type (AA-6200) made in Japan used to evaluate the lead concentrations in particles samples.
2.2. Materials
Combustion tests carried out using the Iraqi gasoline with octane number (ON=82) produced by Al
Doura refinery/Baghdad. Iraqi gasoline characterized by its low octane number and high lead content. Gasoline
properties checked in the Fuel Laboratory in the Mechanical Engineering Department, University of
Technology. Table-2 reveals the gasoline and ethanol typical properties. Ethanol (99.7% purity) used in this
work. It was distillated from Iraqi drink named (Araq) for several times to purify it from any residuals. Ethanol–
gasoline blended fuel was prepared by mixing the ethanol (20, 50 & 80% by volume); these blends were named
E20, E50 & E80.
2.3. Test procedure
The tests were carried out under steady-state conditions. The engine was allowed to run until it reached
steady-state conditions, and then, the data were collected subsequently. The engine was firstly warmed up with
the coolant and lubricating temperatures stabilized.
The experimental tests started with neat gasoline (E0) at a compression ratio (CR= 8:1) which is the
higher useful compression ratio for gasoline fuel. The second set of tests was conducted this compression ratio
for each ethanol-gasoline blend. All tests carried out at optimum spark timing. The following round of tests
performed to evaluate equivalence ratio effects on PM and Pb concentration at optimum spark timing. The next
tests carried out at a stoichiometric air-fuel ratio to assess the effect of engine torque, speed and spark timing on
PM and Pb concentrations.
Engine speed impact studies at different speeds, starting by 1250 till 2500 rpm. The torque fixed
constant at (15 Nm) and engine speed varied (1250, 1500, 1750, 2000 and 2500 rpm). In the other set of
experiments, the engine speed fixed at (1500 rpm) and engine torque changed (10, 15, 20, 22.5 and 25 Nm). The
last set of tests: the experiments conducted on the engine with changing spark timing from 5°BTDC to
50°BTDC to estimate its effects on PM and Pb concentrations.
tQVt t
Fig. 3, light microscope used to study PM
specifications
Fig. 4, the system used in evaluating of Pb
concentrations in particulates (the atomic spectrum
absorption system)
4. The impact of engine operating variables on emitted PM and Pb for an SIE fueled with…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12617279 www.iosrjournals.org 75 | Page
Table 2 Properties of typical gasoline and ethanol
Property Gasoline Ethanol
Chemical formula various C2H5OH
Oxygen content by mass [%] 0 34.8
Density at NTP [kg/l] 0.74 0.79
Lower heating value [MJ/kg] 42.9 26.95
Volumetric energy content [MJ/l] 31.7 21.3
Stoichiometric AFR [kg/kg] 14.7 9
Energy per unit mass of air [MJ/kg] 2.95 3.01
Research octane number 89-95 109
Motor octane number 85 89.7
Boiling point at I bar [ºC] 25-215 79
Heat of vaporization [kJ/kg] 180-350 838
Reid vapor pressure [psi] 7 2.3
Flammability limits in air [λ] 0.26-1.6 0.28-1.99
Laminar flame speed at NTP, Ø=1 [cm/s] 28 40
Adiabatic flame temperature [ºC] 2002 1920
Specific CO2 emissions [g/MJ] 73.95 70.99
III. Results And Discussion
3.1. Equivalence ratio effect
Fig. 5 shows the impact of operating the engine at a broad range of equivalence ratios on PM
concentration when the engine fueled with the tested fuels. Neat gasoline emitted the maximum PM
concentrations for all tested equivalence ratios.
E80 emitted the lowest concentrations for all tested blends. Increasing ethanol portion in the blend
means increasing the oxygen content of it. All researchers agreed that oxygen presence improves combustion
efficiency and reduces emitted pollutions. The minimum PM concentrations exist on the lean side near
stoichiometric equivalence ratio (Ø=0.9-1.0). PM concentrations reduced by 14.67, 39.65 and 67.77% for E20,
E50 and E80 respectively compared with E0. The results show that PM concentrations reduce with adding
ethanol to gasoline, but the reduction percentage did not equalize addition ethanol percentage. The homogeneity
and turbulence of air-fuel mixture inside the combustion chamber are the cause for this result.
There is no effect of equivalence ratio on Pb concentrations as Fig. 6 represents, but it clarifies that
adding ethanol to gasoline reduces these concentrations highly. Increasing ethanol portion on gasoline account
reduces lead concentration in the blend. So, as a result, Pb concentrations reduced in exhaust gasses. The
reductions measured in these concentrations were 11.39, 30.13 and 50.09% for E20, E50 and E80 respectively
compared to E0. Again, the reduction percentages did not equalize the ethanol percentage in the blends. The
aggregation of a part of burned lead on valves and piston rings and crevices is the cause of this result.
Fig. 6, Equivalence ratio effect on Pb
concentrations at 1500 rpm, 15 Nm and
optimum spark timing
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3
Pbconcentrations(µg/m3)
Equivalence ratio
1500 rpm, 15 Nm, OST
E0 E20
E50 E80
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3
PMconcentrations(µg/m3)
Equivalence ratio
1500 rpm, 15 Nm, OST
E0 E20
E50 E80
Fig. 5, Equivalence ratio effect on PM
concentrations at 1500 rpm, 15 Nm and
optimum spark timing
5. The impact of engine operating variables on emitted PM and Pb for an SIE fueled with…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12617279 www.iosrjournals.org 76 | Page
3.2. Engine torque effect
PM concentrations increased at very low torques and high torques, also, as Fig. 7 manifests. At low
torques, the combustion chamber temperature is low, and a part of the fuel burns partially or condenses on
combustion chamber walls, causing high PM concentrations. At high torques, the engine has to thrust more fuel
to the combustion chamber to preserve the required speed causing higher PM concentrations. Adding ethanol
reduced these concentrations by 5.61, 25.9 and 47.44% for E20, E50, and E80 respectively compared with E0.
Engine operation with E20 resulted in a low reduction of PM concentration while fueling the engine with E80
resulted in a high reduction of these concentrations.
Torque has no effect on Pb concentrations as Fig. 8 reveals. Adding ethanol caused a high reduction in
these concentrations. The reductions were 18.99, 40.625 and 65.5 % for E20, E50 and E80 respectively
compared with E0. Pb concentrations affected by its weight in the fuel as References [23 & 29] concluded.
Ethanol (with no lead in its structure) addition reduced Pb concentration with ratio approximately close to its
percentage in the blend. The differences are due to sticking of part of lead compounds on walls and valves of the
combustion chamber as mentioned above.
3.3. Engine speed effect
PM concentrations relatively high at low engine speed and very high at high engine speeds, as Fig. 9
represents. The minimum values of PM concentrations are at moderate speeds. At low speed, the combustion
chamber temperature is low causing condensation of molecules of high weights and partially burned. In the
other hand running the engine at high speeds need more fuel to be burned to achieve the required speed at
specific load causing higher PM concentrations. Adding ethanol reduced these emissions by 5, 21.1 and
42.857% for E20, E50, and E80 respectively compared with E0. Fueling the engine with E20 resulted in a
limited reduction in PM concentrations.
Pb concentrations increased with increasing engine speed, as Fig. 10 clarifies. Adding ethanol reduced
these concentrations with about 17.08, 41.77 and 65.189% for E20, E50, and E80 respectively compared with
E0. The figure shows that at high engine speeds, higher reductions achieved. The increments in temperature and
turbulence inside combustion chamber resulted in better reactions that throw out higher lead compounds
concentrations compared to low speeds.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 10 20 30
Pbconcentrations(µg/m3)
Torque (Nm)
N=1500 rpm, OST
E0 E20
E50 E80
Fig. 8, Engine torque effect on Pb
concentrations at 1500 rpm, 15 Nm and
optimum spark timing
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0 10 20 30
PMconcentrations(µg/m3)
Torque (Nm)
N=1500 rpm, OST
E0 E20
E50 E80
Fig. 7, Engine torque effect on PM
concentrations at 1500 rpm, 15 Nm and
optimum spark timing
6. The impact of engine operating variables on emitted PM and Pb for an SIE fueled with…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12617279 www.iosrjournals.org 77 | Page
3.4. Spark timing effect
PM concentrations increased at spark timing far away from optimum one, as Fig. 11 demonstrates. At
engine timings near optimum spark timings, PM concentrations reached its minimum values. The engine
temperature and pressure inside combustion chamber reduce due to retarding spark timing away from the
optimum timing. Also, it reduces preparation time for complete combustion resulting in higher PM
concentrations. Severe spark timing advancing caused engine knock that caused a disturbance in combustion
operation resulted in higher PM concentrations.
As ethanol has higher flame propagation than gasoline, the optimum spark timing of E50 and E80 were
less than OST of E0 and E20. Ethanol addition continued to reduce PM concentrations. The reductions were
12.44, 32 and 51.44% for E20, E50 and E80 respectively compared with E0. Iraqi gasoline characterized by its
high lead contents and large molecules with weights, these two parameters prevented ethanol from reducing PM
concentrations more than the measured values. Improving gasoline by reducing lead and sulfur contents
accompanied by the reduction of high weights molecules produced better PM concentrations when ethanol
added.
Pb concentration seems to be not affected by spark timing variation, as Fig. 12 illustrates. There is a
little increment in Pb concentrations at advanced timings compared with retarded ones. Advancing spark timing
resulted in increasing temperature and pressure inside the combustion chamber, causing better reactions for the
lead. As a consequence, Pb concentrations increased a little. Adding ethanol reduced Pb concentrations due to a
reduction in its weight in the blend where ethanol has zero lead content. The reductions in Pb concentrations
were 16.92, 35.87 and 71% for E20, E50 and E80 respectively compared with E0.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1000 1500 2000 2500
PMconcentrations(µg/m3)
Engine speed (rpm)
15 Nm, OST, Ø=1
E0 E20
E50 E80
Fig. 9, Engine speed effect on PM
concentrations at 15 Nm and optimum spark
timing and stoichiometric equivalence ratio
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1000 1500 2000 2500
Pbconcentrations(µg/m3)
Engine speed (rpm)
15 Nm, OST, Ø=1
E0 E20
E50 E80
Fig. 10, Engine speed effect on Pb
concentrations at 15 Nm and optimum spark
timing and stoichiometric equivalence ratio
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 20 40 60
Pbconcentrations(µg/m3)
Spark timing (ºBTDC)
1500 rpm, 15 Nm, Ø=1
E0 E20 E50 E80
Fig. 12, Engine torque effect on Pb
concentrations at 1500 rpm, 15 Nm and
stoichiometric equivalence ratio
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 20 40 60
PMconcentrations(µg/m3)
Spark timing (ºBTDC)
1500 rpm, 15 Nm, Ø=1
E0 E20
E50 E80
Fig. 11, Spark timing effect on PM
concentrations at 1500 rpm, 15 Nm and
stoichiometric equivalence ratio
7. The impact of engine operating variables on emitted PM and Pb for an SIE fueled with…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12617279 www.iosrjournals.org 78 | Page
All the results demonstrated that adding ethanol to gasoline reduced Pb concentrations in higher rates
compared to PM reductions. Lead compounds in exhaust gasses are mainly a part of PM compounds but not all
these compounds. Hence reducing Pb concentration reduces PM concentration but not necessarily at the same
rate. PM concentrations depend not only on lead compounds but also on sulfur and the aromatic compound in
gasoline.
IV. Conclusions
Ethanol added to Iraqi conventional gasoline to evaluate the effect of this addition on PM and Pb concentrations
in the exhaust gas. The effect of equivalence ratio, engine torque, speed and spark timing variation on theses
concentrations also studied. The following conclusions summarize the results:
1. Increasing ethanol portion in the blend means increasing the oxygen content of it resulting in PM
concentrations reduction. This decrease happened in different ratios with changing engine parameters like
equivalence ratio, torque, speed and spark timing.
2. The minimum PM concentrations exist on the lean side near stoichiometric equivalence ratio (Ø=0.9-1.0).
3. The reduction in the temperature and turbulence inside combustion chamber caused higher PM
concentrations at low torques and speeds.
4. Increasing the inner fuel quantity increased PM concentrations at high torques and speeds.
5. PM concentrations increased at spark timing far away from optimum one.
6. Pb concentrations reduction was proportional to ethanol rate in the blend. Although the reduction was not
equivalent to the ethanol addition, it was relatively close to it.
7. There is no effect of equivalence ratio, torque, speed or spark timing on Pb concentrations. The only effect
was for lead weight in gasoline.
8. Adding ethanol to Iraqi gasoline increases its octane number, besides, to extricate it from dangerous lead
content.
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NOMENCLATURE
ºBTDC Degree before top dead centre
CA Crank angle
HUCR Higher useful compression ratio
OST Optimum spark timing
SIE Spark ignition engine
Ø Equivalence ratio
PM Particulate matters concentration in (µg/m3
).
Pb Lead
E0 Gasoline
E20 20% ethanol + 80% gasoline
E50 50% ethanol + 50% gasoline
E80 80% ethanol + 20% gasoline
w1 The filter weight before sampling operation in (g).
w2 The filter weight after sampling operation in (g).
Vt The drawn air total volume (m3
)
Qt Elementary and final air flow rate through the device (m3
/sec).
t The sampling time in (min).