With ever increasing concern on energy security, future oil supplies, high
performance of automobiles, the global community has been seeking for nonpetroleum
alternative fuels. it leads to research in modifying the mechanical design
and analysing its performance characteristics with vary in fuel used, applied load on
engine, torque, lubrication etc. preheating is a method to increase the thermal
efficiency of engine, decrease the humidity in inlet air supplied, reduce the undesired
effects of cold start and in turn helps for complete combustion. The present research
work was to analysis the performance characteristics of a four stroke DTS-I, single
cylinder, air cooled, spark injection petrol fuelled with methanol blends in different
concentrations. The results are compared with the modified engine in which the inlet
air gets preheated. The engine test results showed improvement in all performance
characteristics in modified engine. It results an increase in brake thermal efficiency by
4-6%, indicated thermal efficiency by 3-5% and improvement in Brake specific fuel
consumption by 5.4% with comparison with normal engine.
The use of blend methanol at High Compression Ratio in spark-ignition engineijsrd.com
it can be obviously seen the world's fossil fuel reserves are limited. It is well known those passenger vehicles are dependent on fossil fuels such as gasoline, diesel fuel, liquefied petroleum gas, and natural gas. The fossil fuel used in passenger vehicles induces the air pollution, acid rains, build-up of carbon dioxide and crude oil; petroleum product will become very scarce and costly. Hence, there is a progressively interest related with using non-fossil sources in vehicles. Especially, the alcohol fuels (methanol, ethanol etc.) have been showed good candidates as alternative fuels for the vehicles equipped with SI. In this experimental study, the effect of methanol (30% and 40%) with gasoline (70% and 60%) tested to measure the performance and emission of 4- cylinder spark ignition multi-port fuel injection (MPFI) engine. The tests with/without methanol blends and increase compression ratio 8.8:1 to 11:1 were performed on a rope belt dynamometer while running the engine at speed 1500 rpm at different varying engine load. In these tests measure engine performance parameters like engine torque, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and exhaust emission. After experimental investigations to measure engine power increase 10.6%, brake specific fuel consumption decrease 4.2%, brake thermal efficiency increase and exhaust gas emission is decrease with use of methanol blend fuel with gasoline.
Alcohols are particularly attractive as alternative fuels because they are a renewable resource. Ethanol has been
studied in spark ignition application. However, it is verydifficult to fuel compression ignition engines because of the lowercetane
number, higher latent heat, and otherchemical properties.This paper describes the performance (torque, brake mean effective
pressure, brake horse power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption rate) and emission (CO, HC, smoke)
characteristics of ethanol-diesel dual-fuels engine combustion for the homogeneous charge compression ignition engine.
Experimental Analysis of Emission Parameters for Various Blends of Gasohol o...IJMER
In India, Ethanol is generally produced as a by-product of sugar is blended with petrol and was
tested for their use as a substitute fuel, based on their emissions. The main aim of this experiment is to
study the effect of various blends on the exhaust of the engine. The 99.96% pure ethanol was blended with
gasoline, solutions of gasohol (ethanol blended gasoline) with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% ethanol
blended in gasoline, volume per volume were prepared and tested on a 1000cc four stroke four cylinder
inline engine by a digital analyzer and on a 100cc four stroke single cylinder engine by standard PUC
norms followed in India. It was observed that E20 had the optimum readings of emission.
Performance Analysis of Small Sized Engine with Supercharger using Gasoline -...ijsrd.com
This paper determines whether the mechanical action of a supercharger improves engine performance. Full power is needed only for accelerating and hill-climbing during the remainder of the time the excess weight of the engine and other parts must be carried at a loss of efficiency. That smaller engine can be used advantageously when equipped with superchargers, the supercharger being used only when excess power is required. Supercharger capable of generating the more power from given capacity of the engine. With edition to that ethanol helps in controlling the some parameter affected by the ethanol and decreasing the exhaust emission. Experiments carried out at low speed of 1500 rpm for different performance characteristics. Paper includes Curves and tables are given to show the results of comparative tests with and without a supercharger.
Performance & emission of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & EthanolIJMER
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an
outcome, fuels like ethanol may present a sustainable solution as it can be produced from a wide range
of carbon based feedstock. The present investigation evaluates Ethanol as a diesel engine fuel. The
objectives of this report is to analyze the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a twin
cylinder diesel engine that are using Ethanol & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available
in the market. This report describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyze
the emission characteristics and fuel consumption of diesel engine due to usage of the both fuels. Detail
studies about the experimental setup and components have been done before the experiment started.
Data that are required for the analysis is observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis have
been done after all the required data needed for the thesis is obtained. The experiment used diesel
engine with no load which means no load exerted on it. A four stroke Twin cylinder diesel engine was
adopted to study the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, and emissions at zero
load & full load with the fuel of Ethanol. In this study, the diesel engine was tested using 100% Ethanol.
By the end of the report, the successful of the project have been started which is Diesel engine is able to
run with Ethanol but the engine needs to run by using diesel fuel first, then followed by Ethanol and
finished with diesel fuel as the last fuel usage before the engine turned off. The performance of the
engine using Ethanol fuel compared to the performance of engine with diesel fuel. Experimental results
of Ethanol and Diesel fuel are also compared.
With ever increasing concern on energy security, future oil supplies, high
performance of automobiles, the global community has been seeking for nonpetroleum
alternative fuels. it leads to research in modifying the mechanical design
and analysing its performance characteristics with vary in fuel used, applied load on
engine, torque, lubrication etc. preheating is a method to increase the thermal
efficiency of engine, decrease the humidity in inlet air supplied, reduce the undesired
effects of cold start and in turn helps for complete combustion. The present research
work was to analysis the performance characteristics of a four stroke DTS-I, single
cylinder, air cooled, spark injection petrol fuelled with methanol blends in different
concentrations. The results are compared with the modified engine in which the inlet
air gets preheated. The engine test results showed improvement in all performance
characteristics in modified engine. It results an increase in brake thermal efficiency by
4-6%, indicated thermal efficiency by 3-5% and improvement in Brake specific fuel
consumption by 5.4% with comparison with normal engine.
The use of blend methanol at High Compression Ratio in spark-ignition engineijsrd.com
it can be obviously seen the world's fossil fuel reserves are limited. It is well known those passenger vehicles are dependent on fossil fuels such as gasoline, diesel fuel, liquefied petroleum gas, and natural gas. The fossil fuel used in passenger vehicles induces the air pollution, acid rains, build-up of carbon dioxide and crude oil; petroleum product will become very scarce and costly. Hence, there is a progressively interest related with using non-fossil sources in vehicles. Especially, the alcohol fuels (methanol, ethanol etc.) have been showed good candidates as alternative fuels for the vehicles equipped with SI. In this experimental study, the effect of methanol (30% and 40%) with gasoline (70% and 60%) tested to measure the performance and emission of 4- cylinder spark ignition multi-port fuel injection (MPFI) engine. The tests with/without methanol blends and increase compression ratio 8.8:1 to 11:1 were performed on a rope belt dynamometer while running the engine at speed 1500 rpm at different varying engine load. In these tests measure engine performance parameters like engine torque, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and exhaust emission. After experimental investigations to measure engine power increase 10.6%, brake specific fuel consumption decrease 4.2%, brake thermal efficiency increase and exhaust gas emission is decrease with use of methanol blend fuel with gasoline.
Alcohols are particularly attractive as alternative fuels because they are a renewable resource. Ethanol has been
studied in spark ignition application. However, it is verydifficult to fuel compression ignition engines because of the lowercetane
number, higher latent heat, and otherchemical properties.This paper describes the performance (torque, brake mean effective
pressure, brake horse power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption rate) and emission (CO, HC, smoke)
characteristics of ethanol-diesel dual-fuels engine combustion for the homogeneous charge compression ignition engine.
Experimental Analysis of Emission Parameters for Various Blends of Gasohol o...IJMER
In India, Ethanol is generally produced as a by-product of sugar is blended with petrol and was
tested for their use as a substitute fuel, based on their emissions. The main aim of this experiment is to
study the effect of various blends on the exhaust of the engine. The 99.96% pure ethanol was blended with
gasoline, solutions of gasohol (ethanol blended gasoline) with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% ethanol
blended in gasoline, volume per volume were prepared and tested on a 1000cc four stroke four cylinder
inline engine by a digital analyzer and on a 100cc four stroke single cylinder engine by standard PUC
norms followed in India. It was observed that E20 had the optimum readings of emission.
Performance Analysis of Small Sized Engine with Supercharger using Gasoline -...ijsrd.com
This paper determines whether the mechanical action of a supercharger improves engine performance. Full power is needed only for accelerating and hill-climbing during the remainder of the time the excess weight of the engine and other parts must be carried at a loss of efficiency. That smaller engine can be used advantageously when equipped with superchargers, the supercharger being used only when excess power is required. Supercharger capable of generating the more power from given capacity of the engine. With edition to that ethanol helps in controlling the some parameter affected by the ethanol and decreasing the exhaust emission. Experiments carried out at low speed of 1500 rpm for different performance characteristics. Paper includes Curves and tables are given to show the results of comparative tests with and without a supercharger.
Performance & emission of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & EthanolIJMER
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an
outcome, fuels like ethanol may present a sustainable solution as it can be produced from a wide range
of carbon based feedstock. The present investigation evaluates Ethanol as a diesel engine fuel. The
objectives of this report is to analyze the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a twin
cylinder diesel engine that are using Ethanol & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available
in the market. This report describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyze
the emission characteristics and fuel consumption of diesel engine due to usage of the both fuels. Detail
studies about the experimental setup and components have been done before the experiment started.
Data that are required for the analysis is observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis have
been done after all the required data needed for the thesis is obtained. The experiment used diesel
engine with no load which means no load exerted on it. A four stroke Twin cylinder diesel engine was
adopted to study the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, and emissions at zero
load & full load with the fuel of Ethanol. In this study, the diesel engine was tested using 100% Ethanol.
By the end of the report, the successful of the project have been started which is Diesel engine is able to
run with Ethanol but the engine needs to run by using diesel fuel first, then followed by Ethanol and
finished with diesel fuel as the last fuel usage before the engine turned off. The performance of the
engine using Ethanol fuel compared to the performance of engine with diesel fuel. Experimental results
of Ethanol and Diesel fuel are also compared.
Performance Analysis of 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Blend O...IJMER
In current scenario, there are continuously increasing the number of automobiles and
correspondingly increasing the fuel consumption as well as fuel prices. In this regard, biodiesel is
found as an alternative fuel derived from natural fats or vegetable oils and it is considered as an
attractive alternative to replace diesel fuel.
In this work, biodiesel prepared from soya oil by Transesterification process with methyl alcohol.
Processed soya oil is blended with diesel in different proportions as B-10, B-20, B-30, B-40 and B-50.
Thermodynamic analysis of 4stroke single cylinder diesel engine, By using different blends of diesel &
soya oil has been carried out the effect of B-10,B-20,B-30,B-40,B-50 on the Brake Power, Thermal
Efficiency, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption and Total Fuel Consumption has been absorbed. The
experimental result shows that at B-40, the optimum BTE (12.09), maximum BP (1.221) and minimum
BSFC (0.694)
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
In day today's relevance, it is mandatory to device the usage of diesel in an economic way. In present scenario, the very low combustion efficiency of CI engine leads to poor performance of engine and produces emission due to incomplete combustion. Study of research papers is focused on the improvement in efficiency of the engine and reduction in emissions by adding ethanol in a diesel with different blends like 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by volume. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine are tested observed using blended fuels and comparative assessment is done with the performance and emission characteristics of engine using pure diesel.
Performance and Emissions Analysis of N-Butanol Blended with Gasoline in Spar...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The power developed by an internal-combustion
engine depends upon the fuel used for combustion. Fuels
commonly used in internal combustion engines are derived
from crude oil, which are depleting and are important
sources of air pollution. In this study, n-butanol was used
as an additive with gasoline as fuel in spark ignition engine.
N-butanol exhibits good burning characteristics, contain
oxygen, reduces some exhaust emissions and as well, has
energy density and octane rating close to that of gasoline.
The various blend rates (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 percent by
volume) were used in the engine performance analysis
using a TD110-115 single cylinder, four-stroke air-cooled
spark ignition engine test rig, under different loading
conditions. An SV-5Q automobile exhausts gas analyzer
was used to measure the concentration of gaseous emissions
such as unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC), carbon monoxide
(CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2
) from the engine tail pipe.
The results of engine performance showed reduction in the
exhaust temperature was observed for the blends than to
that of gasoline. It was observed that all the blends
improved the brake thermal efficiency and exhibited high
fuel consumption, lower specific energy consumption and
lower emissions than gasoline. All the blends performed
satisfactorily on spark-ignition engine without engine
modification.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Experimental investigation of ethanol blends with gasoline on SI engineIJERA Editor
Automobile have become a very important part of our modern life style. But the future of automobile based on internal combustion engines has been badly affected by two major problems. That is less availability of fuel and environmental degradation. So it is very important to found some new renewable non polluting alternative fuels to ensure the proper and safe survival of internal combustion engines. In present study we evaluate the performance of two stroke single cylinder spark ignition engine with ratio of 10% 20% and 30% of ethanol and gasoline by volume. Performance parameters (brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption and brake specific fuel consumption) were determined at various loads on engine with ethanol blended gasoline. The comparison was made on performance of conventional SI engine with pure gasoline operation. As a result, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption and brake specific fuel consumption showed comparable performance when compared with pure gasoline performances.
Performance Analysis of 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Blend O...IJMER
In current scenario, there are continuously increasing the number of automobiles and
correspondingly increasing the fuel consumption as well as fuel prices. In this regard, biodiesel is
found as an alternative fuel derived from natural fats or vegetable oils and it is considered as an
attractive alternative to replace diesel fuel.
In this work, biodiesel prepared from soya oil by Transesterification process with methyl alcohol.
Processed soya oil is blended with diesel in different proportions as B-10, B-20, B-30, B-40 and B-50.
Thermodynamic analysis of 4stroke single cylinder diesel engine, By using different blends of diesel &
soya oil has been carried out the effect of B-10,B-20,B-30,B-40,B-50 on the Brake Power, Thermal
Efficiency, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption and Total Fuel Consumption has been absorbed. The
experimental result shows that at B-40, the optimum BTE (12.09), maximum BP (1.221) and minimum
BSFC (0.694)
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
In day today's relevance, it is mandatory to device the usage of diesel in an economic way. In present scenario, the very low combustion efficiency of CI engine leads to poor performance of engine and produces emission due to incomplete combustion. Study of research papers is focused on the improvement in efficiency of the engine and reduction in emissions by adding ethanol in a diesel with different blends like 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by volume. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine are tested observed using blended fuels and comparative assessment is done with the performance and emission characteristics of engine using pure diesel.
Performance and Emissions Analysis of N-Butanol Blended with Gasoline in Spar...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The power developed by an internal-combustion
engine depends upon the fuel used for combustion. Fuels
commonly used in internal combustion engines are derived
from crude oil, which are depleting and are important
sources of air pollution. In this study, n-butanol was used
as an additive with gasoline as fuel in spark ignition engine.
N-butanol exhibits good burning characteristics, contain
oxygen, reduces some exhaust emissions and as well, has
energy density and octane rating close to that of gasoline.
The various blend rates (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 percent by
volume) were used in the engine performance analysis
using a TD110-115 single cylinder, four-stroke air-cooled
spark ignition engine test rig, under different loading
conditions. An SV-5Q automobile exhausts gas analyzer
was used to measure the concentration of gaseous emissions
such as unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC), carbon monoxide
(CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2
) from the engine tail pipe.
The results of engine performance showed reduction in the
exhaust temperature was observed for the blends than to
that of gasoline. It was observed that all the blends
improved the brake thermal efficiency and exhibited high
fuel consumption, lower specific energy consumption and
lower emissions than gasoline. All the blends performed
satisfactorily on spark-ignition engine without engine
modification.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Experimental investigation of ethanol blends with gasoline on SI engineIJERA Editor
Automobile have become a very important part of our modern life style. But the future of automobile based on internal combustion engines has been badly affected by two major problems. That is less availability of fuel and environmental degradation. So it is very important to found some new renewable non polluting alternative fuels to ensure the proper and safe survival of internal combustion engines. In present study we evaluate the performance of two stroke single cylinder spark ignition engine with ratio of 10% 20% and 30% of ethanol and gasoline by volume. Performance parameters (brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption and brake specific fuel consumption) were determined at various loads on engine with ethanol blended gasoline. The comparison was made on performance of conventional SI engine with pure gasoline operation. As a result, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption and brake specific fuel consumption showed comparable performance when compared with pure gasoline performances.
Experimental Investigation of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & Met...IJMER
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an
outcome, fuels like methanol may present a sustainable solution as it can be produced from a wide
range of carbon based feedstock. The present investigation evaluates methanol as a diesel engine fuel.
The objectives of this report is to analyze the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a
twin cylinder diesel engine that are using Methanol & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are
available in the market. This report describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which
is to analyze the emission characteristics and fuel consumption of diesel engine due to usage of the
both fuels. Detail studies about the experimental setup and components have been done before the
experiment started. Data that are required for the analysis is observed from the experiments.
Calculations and analysis have been done after all the required data needed for the thesis is obtained.
The experiment used diesel engine with no load which means no load exerted on it. A four stroke Twin
cylinder diesel engine was adopted to study the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy
consumption, and emissions at zero load & full load with the fuel of methanol. In this study, the diesel
engine was tested using 100% methanol. By the end of the report, the successful of the project have
been started which is Diesel engine is able to run with Methanol but the engine needs to run by using
diesel fuel first, then followed by methanol and finished with diesel fuel as the last fuel usage before the
engine turned off. The performance of the engine using Methanol fuel compared to the performance of
engine with diesel fuel. Experimental results of Methanol and Diesel fuel are also compared.
PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOGAS –PETROL DUAL FUEL IN SI EN...IAEME Publication
Towards the effort of reducing the dependency on petroleum fuel, one of the solutions is to use gaseous fuel as a partial supplement of liquid petrol fuel. In this experiment, four cylinder SI engine was tested with petrol as a fuel and petrol with partial substitution of biogas as fuel. Different percentages of biogas substitution in petrol were tested like B10 (90% Petrol +10% biogas), B20(80% Petrol +20% Biogas), B40(60%Petrol +40% Biogas). Test was conducted to study and compare the performance, emission and combustion characteristic of the engine for both the modes of engine operation. Biogas production was carried out using kitchen waste as a feedstock. Results clearly revealed that performance of the engine improved with the increases in amount of the gas substitution. Bsfc and brake thermal efficiency were found to improve. However emissions increased with the increases in the amount of gas substitution.
STUDIES ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF CERAMIC COATED DI DIESEL ENGINE FUELLED WITH ...IAEME Publication
Investigations were carried out to study exhaust emissions of a low grade low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine with ceramic coated cylinder head [ceramic coating of thickness 500 microns was done on inside portion of cylinder head] with different operating conditions [normal temperature and pre-heated temperature] of cotton seed biodiesel with varied injector opening pressure and injection timing
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Evaluate the Performance and Emission using EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation) i...IOSR Journals
To study different paper related to exhaust gas recirculation on four stroke compression ignition
engine fuelled with diesel/methanol blend of 10:90, 20:80 and 30:70 of methanol to diesel respectively were
studied to evaluate the performance and emission of engine. The performance of diesel engine increase with
increase in compression ratio exhaust gas recirculation is a common way to control in-cylinder NOx production
and is used in most modern high speed direct injection diesel engines because it lowers oxygen concentration
and flame temperature of the working fluid in the combustion chamber. To study evaluate and performance with
different EGR rate with and without variable compression ratio. After studying all different papers to review the
result the output power and torque for diesel fuel is lower compared to methanol-diesel blended fuel at any
mixing ratio and because of EGR the NOx emission and exhaust gas temperature reduced but emissions of
particulate matter (PM), HC, and CO were found to have increased with usage of EGR in CI engine.
Computer simulation of ci engine for diesel and biodisel blendsLaukik Raut
Among the alternative fuels, biodiesel and its blends
are considered suitable and the most promising fuel for diesel
engine. The properties of biodiesel are found similar to that of
diesel. Many researchers have experimentally evaluated the
performance characteristics of conventional diesel engines
fuelled by biodiesel and its blends. However, experiments require
enormous effort, money and time. Hence, a cycle simulation
model incorporating a thermodynamic based single zone
combustion model is developed to predict the performance of
diesel engine. A comprehensive computer code using “C”
language was developed for compression ignition (C.I) engine.
Combustion characteristics such as cylinder pressure, heat
release, heat transfer and performance characteristics such as
work done, brake power and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) were
analyzed. On the basis of first law of thermodynamics the
properties at each degree crank angle was calculated. The
simulated combustion and performance characteristics are found
satisfactory with the experimental results
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water Industry Process Automation and Control Monthly - May 2024.pdf
Performance and Emission Characteristics of Twin Cylinder CI Engine Using Cottonseed Oil Blended With Methanol
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 1 Ver. I (Jan- Feb. 2015), PP 47-53
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12114753 www.iosrjournals.org 47 | Page
Performance and Emission Characteristics of Twin Cylinder CI
Engine Using Cottonseed Oil Blended With Methanol
Dr. Hiregoudar Yerrennagoudaru 1
, Manjunatha K 2
Chandragowda3
1
Professor and PG Co-ordinator (Thermal Power Engineering), Mechanical Engineering Department,
RYMEC Bellary, Karnataka, India
2
ASST Professor and PROJECT Coordinator (Thermal Power Engineering), Mechanical Engineering
Department, RYMEC Bellary, Karnataka, India
3
ASST Professor (Thermal Power Engineering), Mechanical Engineering Department, RYMEC
Bellary, Karnataka, India
4
M.Tech (Thermal Power Engineering), Mechanical Engineering Department, RYMEC Bellary,
Karnataka, India
Abstract: Creating a suitable energy and environmental, alternative energy is needed to develop instead of
using fossil fuels. The demand of resources and fuels for the technologies development is increasing day by day.
In order to keep the development high we need to think about some alternative fuel with better efficiency which
would help the demand keeping in mind the resources for the future generation An alternative fuel needs to be
developed and researched upon which could help us get greener and better tomorrow. In this paper I would
like to highlight upon the usage of Methanol (30%) blended with Cottonseed oil (70%) for a compression
ignition engine and the performance characteristics of this blended fuel. The HC, CO emissions are measured in
exhaust gases using gas analyzer and it is observed that HC, CO emissions in Methanol Blend with vegetable oil
are less compare to diesel.
Keywords: CI Twin Cylinder Engine, Engine Performance, Emissions, Cottonseed oil, Methanol.
I. Introduction
A lot of researches have been done on the prospect of methanol as an alternative fuel. Methanol,
CH3OH, is the simplest of alcohol and originally produced by the destructive distillation of wood. Today it is
produced in very large quantities from natural gas by the reformation of the gas into carbon monoxide and
hydrogen followed by passing these gases over a suitable catalyst under appropriate conditions of pressure and
temperature [1]. Historically, alcohols have been added to the engine intake air (fumigation) since they do not
mix well with diesel [2, 3]. Few tests have been conducted using fumigation method. The results are very
impressive. The thermal efficiency for fumigated diesel has improved 30% in a direct injection engine at certain
combination of alcohol and diesel fuel ratios and overall equivalent ratio [4]. It has been observed that engines
running on methanol alone were prone to pre-ignition, in spite of high octane rating of the fuel. Due to the cost
factor and other technical problems, the use of methanol as fuel was confined mainly to the racing arena. For
internal combustion engines, alcohols, methanol and ethanol, are tested and demonstrated in the world [5]. E10
(10% ethanol in volume and 90% gasoline in volume) fuel and M15 (15% methanol in volume and 85%
gasoline in volume) is used [6]. Table 1 compares a parts of the fuel properties, from which the advantages can
be summarized as following [7, 8 and 9]: (1) Emissions from methanol cars are low in reactive hydrocarbons
(which form smog) and in toxic compounds. Methanol-fuelled trucks and buses emit almost no particulate
matter (which cause smoke, and can also be carcinogenic), and much less nitrogen oxides than their diesel-
fuelled counterparts. (2) Methanol can be manufactured from a variety of carbon-based feedstock such as
natural gas, coal, and biomass (e.g. wood). Use of methanol would diversify the country's fuel supply and
reduce its dependence on imported petroleum. (3) Methanol is much less flammable than gasoline and results in
less severe fires when it does ignite. (4) Methanol has a higher laminar flame propagation speed, which may
make combustion process finish earlier and thus improve engine thermal efficiency [9]. (5) Methanol is a high-
octane fuel that offers excellent acceleration and vehicle power. Though the latent heat of methanol is higher,
measures are not necessary for the mixture preparing due to lower fraction, while it may increase engine
volumetric efficiency and thus increase engine power [6]. With economies of scale, methanol could be
produced, distributed, and sold to consumers at prices competitive with gasoline. This paper will carry out
further study on the effects of methanol, and its fraction on CI engine.
Methanol is another kind of oxygenates, with high Oxygen content, high heat of evaporation, and low
Viscosity, making it a potential additive for biodiesel fuel [10]. Cheung et al. [11–13] and Yu et al. studied the
influence of methanol addition on the performance and emissions of engine fueled with biodiesel in a pump-
line-injector diesel engine and a common-rail (CR) diesel engine respectively.
2. Performance and Emission Characteristics of Twin Cylinder CI Engine using Cottonseed…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12114753 www.iosrjournals.org 48 | Page
II. Objectives of the present study
It is proposed to use Methanol Fuel in the diesel engine (CI engine).
The emissions like CO, HC, and Smoke in the exhaust gases are also proposed to reduce during the
combustion itself.
To study the performance evaluation of the using Methanol blended with Hippi oil as fuel in the diesel
engine to Analyze the exhaust emissions and measurements, reduction in the exhaust gas
III. Sources of Bio-Fuel
Methanol is a renewable energy source because the energy is generated by using a resource, sunlight, which
cannot be depleted. Creation of Methanol starts with photosynthesis causing a feed stock, such as sugar
cane or a grain such as maize (corn), to grow. These feed stocks are processed into methanol.
Following are the methods to produce the
a) Following are methods to producing Bio Fuel:-
Fermentation
Distillation
Dehydration
Blending (Methanol and Cotton Seed Oil)
b) Methods of Extraction of Cottonseed oil
Two methods of extraction are available.
Water Steam distillation
Soxhlet extraction
c) Properties of Bio Fuels.
Sl.
No
Properties Methanol
Cottonseed
oil
1 Density(kg/m3
) 796.6 874
2
Calorific value
(kJ/kg)
23,800 39500
3
Kinematic viscosity
@ 40C (cst)
1.04 50.7
4 Cetane number 4 50.7
5 Flash point ºC 12 205
6 Fire point ºC 97.6 228
7 Specific gravity 0.79 0.948
IV. Experimental setup
The experimental test set up Figure-1 consisted of twin cylinder diesel engine, four stroke, Forced
cooling system, crank start. The setup is provided with a resistance load bank, Multi gas analyzer made by test
and Stack monitoring kit for particulate matter & formaldehyde as HCHO.,etc for performance and emissions
analysis
The engine is cooled using the water jackets on the engine block and cylinder head using a Forced Feed
System. While the recommended injection timing given by the manufacturer is 27º BTDC (static), theopening
pressure of the nozzle was set at 1800 bar and the engine speed at 1500rpm.There are a number of transducers
3. Performance and Emission Characteristics of Twin Cylinder CI Engine using Cottonseed…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12114753 www.iosrjournals.org 49 | Page
used in the engine such as piezoelectric pressure transducer flush with the cylinder head surface to measure
cylinder pressure. Specifications of engine are shown in Table 2.
d) Engine Specification
Table 2-Engine specification
Engine type
Four stroke Twin cylinder
diesel engine
No. of
cylinders
02
Stroke 100 mm
Bore Diameter 87 mm
Engine power 15KV
Compression
ratio
17.5:1
RPM 1500
Type of
starting
Crank starting
Load type Electric load bank
Fig 2: Test engine
e) Load Bank Specification
Table 3- Load Bank Specification
Max. Output 15 KVA / 12.06 KW
Generator type 1 Phase
Amps 63
RPM 1500
PF 0.8
Volts 240
V. Precaution Observed Before Starting Of The Engine
At the time of starting the engine for each of the tests it was measured that the engine level was
in the safe zone and its condition is also good in case the condition was bad, then fresh SAE 40 was
introduced into the pump after draining the old . The foundation and mounting bolts were checked
periodically as they may go loose due to high speed operations and vibrations.
In the course of experiments the following precautions were observed:
The ambient temperature variations during the experiment should not be more than 6°Cand this was
observed as far as possible.
After each load is applied the engine in allowed to settle before further loads are applied.
Before stopping the engine, it was allowed to run on pure diesel for some time. This is done so that the
engine can be restarted easily
VI. Experimental Procedure
Experiments were initially carried out on the engine using diesel as fuel in order to provide base line
data. The methanol were prepared and made to run on the engine.
4. Performance and Emission Characteristics of Twin Cylinder CI Engine using Cottonseed…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12114753 www.iosrjournals.org 50 | Page
1st
Case:-The engine was started using neat diesel and allowed to run for at least 30 minutes before taking
observations. After engine conditions stabilized and reached to steady state, the base line data were taken. Load
was varied (Zero load & full load condition) using the alternator load bank and the same was recorded. Gaseous
emissions, fuel consumption were also recorded from the respective sensor.
2nd
Case:-The engine was started on diesel and when engine became sufficiently heated.After engine conditions
stabilized and reached to steady state, the base line data were taken. Load was varied (Zero load & full load
condition) using the alternator load bank and the same was recorded. Gaseous emissions, fuel consumption were
also recorded from the respective sensor.
VII. Results And Discussion
The performance and exhaust emission parameters of the engine with methanol blend with hippi oil
from zero to full load condition are presented and discussed below.
Tabular Coloumn:
Table 4: Oil type: Diesel calorific value: 43200 kJ/kg Specific gravity: 0.86
Table 5: Oil type: methanol blend with Cottonseed oil calorific value= 34790 kJ/kg Specific gravity= 0.9
Table 7: Emissions
a) Specific fuel consumption
From figure-1 it is clear that as the load increases specific fuel consumption decreases for different
loads andthe SFC of methanol blend with hippi oil is less than the diesel.
5. Performance and Emission Characteristics of Twin Cylinder CI Engine using Cottonseed…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12114753 www.iosrjournals.org 51 | Page
Figure- 1: Comparison of Brake specific fuel consumption vs Load
b) Brake thermal efficiency
Figure 2, shows the variation of brake thermal efficiency with respect to methanol blend with hippi oil
& diesel at different loads. From the graph it is observed that as load increases brake thermal efficiency is also
increases for diesel as well as methanol blend with hippi oil.
Figure- 2: Comparison of Brake thermal efficiency vs Load
c) Carbon Monoxide
Figures 3, shows the variation CO level with respect to diesel and methanol blend with hippi oil at
different loads. From the graph it is clear that the CO level of methanol blend with hippi oil increases in zero
load and equal in full load compare with diesel.
Figure- 3: Comparison of Carbon monoxide vs Load
6. Performance and Emission Characteristics of Twin Cylinder CI Engine using Cottonseed…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12114753 www.iosrjournals.org 52 | Page
d) Hydrocarbon
The variation of Hydrocarbon of the engine with diesel & methanol blend with hippi oil is shown in
figure 4. From the graph it is clear that the HC level of methanol blend with hippi oil equal in zero load and
decreases in full load compare with diesel
Figure- 4: Comparison of HC vs Load
e) SMOKE
The variation of smoke of the engine with diesel & methanol blend with hippi oil is shown in figure 5.
From the graph it is clear that the smoke level of methanol blend with hippi oil decreases compare with diesel.
Figure- 5: Comparison of smoke vs Load
VIII. Conclusion
From the evaluation and comparison of the diesel and methanol blend with hippi oil have been
experimented with in the twin cylinder diesel engine, it is inferred that the Methanol Blend with vegetable oil is
suitable for running compression ignition engines. Methanol Blends with vegetable oils emits less pollutants
compared to diesel.
From this project we tried to use Ethanol Blends with vegetable oil as substitute to diesel, run the
engine and succeeded, this show that Methanol Blend with vegetable oil alternative to diesel fuel. The HC, CO
emissions are measured in exhaust gases using gas analyzer and it is observed that HC, CO emissions in
Methanol Blend with vegetable oil are less compare to diesel.
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