The document investigates the effects of adding hydrogen to a diesel engine on performance and emissions. Hydrogen was added through the intake port of a four-cylinder diesel engine at rates of 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, and 0.80 liters per minute. Testing was conducted at 1800 RPM with engine loads of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. Results showed that adding hydrogen increased brake thermal efficiency and decreased brake specific fuel consumption, due to improved mixture formation and the higher flame speed of hydrogen. Higher hydrogen addition of 0.80 lpm increased exhaust temperature and NOx emissions at higher loads. CO, UHC, and soot emissions significantly decreased with hydrogen addition at all loads.
Natural gas engine combustion research based on bench testIJRES Journal
In this paper, mainly research on LNG(CNG) engine with outside-cylinder premixed combustion mode, the combustion mode can determine the gas engine emissions and power performance. There are three kinds of engine combustion -Lean combustion, Equivalent combustion and Mixed combustion mode by using equivalent combustion/lean burn combined. The innovation point lies in this paper is that this experiment adopts mixed combustion mode by burning strategy control, can be achieved in guarantee engine fuel economy, power performance , meet the requirements of Euro V combustion emissions regulations.
Performance Study of Ethanol Blended Gasoline Fuel in Spark Ignition EngineIOSR Journals
Growing energy needs and environmental concern worldwide have propelled the interest for quest
and utilization of renewable and eco friendly fuels .Various substitutes are available to be used engines with the
possibility of reducing harmful emissions. In this work gasoline is taken as reference which is blended with
ethanol. Physical properties relevant to the fuel were determined for the four blends of gasoline and ethanol. A
four cylinder, four stroke, varying rpm, Petrol engine connected to eddy current type dynamometer was run on
blends containing 5%,10%,15%,20% ethanol and performance characteristics were evaluated. In this paper it
is shown that the higher blends can replace gasoline in a SI engine, results showed that there is a reduction in
exhaust gases and increase in Mechanical efficiency, Specific Fuel Consumption and air fuel ratio on blending.
We can conclude from the result that using 10% ethanol blend is most effective and we can utilize it for further
use in SI engines with little constraint on material used to sustain little increase in pressure
A Study on Engine Performance and Emission Reduction by Ethanol Addition in C...inventionjournals
Using alcohol fuels instead of fossil fuels is encouraging for alternative fuels. However, the use of compression ignition engines has been limited by its low viscosity and cetane number. In this study, fumigation combustion was performed using a dual fuel supply system that supplies diesel fuel through a compression ignition engine and ethanol through a carburetor. As the ethanol feed rate increased compared to pure diesel fuel, Torque, BMEP and BHP were slightly decreased. As the latent heat of vaporization of ethanol is higher than that of diesel and oxygen is sucked due to the role of ethanol as an oxygenate, the generation of CO, HC, and Smoke is less as the ethanol mixture increases compared with the operation of diesel fuel . Ethanol fuel has the effect of lowering the combustion temperature because it has larger latent heat of vaporization than diesel fuel. Therefore, it was found that the effect of reducing NOx is great.
Alcohols are particularly attractive as alternative fuels because they are a renewable resource. Ethanol has been
studied in spark ignition application. However, it is verydifficult to fuel compression ignition engines because of the lowercetane
number, higher latent heat, and otherchemical properties.This paper describes the performance (torque, brake mean effective
pressure, brake horse power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption rate) and emission (CO, HC, smoke)
characteristics of ethanol-diesel dual-fuels engine combustion for the homogeneous charge compression ignition engine.
Natural gas engine combustion research based on bench testIJRES Journal
In this paper, mainly research on LNG(CNG) engine with outside-cylinder premixed combustion mode, the combustion mode can determine the gas engine emissions and power performance. There are three kinds of engine combustion -Lean combustion, Equivalent combustion and Mixed combustion mode by using equivalent combustion/lean burn combined. The innovation point lies in this paper is that this experiment adopts mixed combustion mode by burning strategy control, can be achieved in guarantee engine fuel economy, power performance , meet the requirements of Euro V combustion emissions regulations.
Performance Study of Ethanol Blended Gasoline Fuel in Spark Ignition EngineIOSR Journals
Growing energy needs and environmental concern worldwide have propelled the interest for quest
and utilization of renewable and eco friendly fuels .Various substitutes are available to be used engines with the
possibility of reducing harmful emissions. In this work gasoline is taken as reference which is blended with
ethanol. Physical properties relevant to the fuel were determined for the four blends of gasoline and ethanol. A
four cylinder, four stroke, varying rpm, Petrol engine connected to eddy current type dynamometer was run on
blends containing 5%,10%,15%,20% ethanol and performance characteristics were evaluated. In this paper it
is shown that the higher blends can replace gasoline in a SI engine, results showed that there is a reduction in
exhaust gases and increase in Mechanical efficiency, Specific Fuel Consumption and air fuel ratio on blending.
We can conclude from the result that using 10% ethanol blend is most effective and we can utilize it for further
use in SI engines with little constraint on material used to sustain little increase in pressure
A Study on Engine Performance and Emission Reduction by Ethanol Addition in C...inventionjournals
Using alcohol fuels instead of fossil fuels is encouraging for alternative fuels. However, the use of compression ignition engines has been limited by its low viscosity and cetane number. In this study, fumigation combustion was performed using a dual fuel supply system that supplies diesel fuel through a compression ignition engine and ethanol through a carburetor. As the ethanol feed rate increased compared to pure diesel fuel, Torque, BMEP and BHP were slightly decreased. As the latent heat of vaporization of ethanol is higher than that of diesel and oxygen is sucked due to the role of ethanol as an oxygenate, the generation of CO, HC, and Smoke is less as the ethanol mixture increases compared with the operation of diesel fuel . Ethanol fuel has the effect of lowering the combustion temperature because it has larger latent heat of vaporization than diesel fuel. Therefore, it was found that the effect of reducing NOx is great.
Alcohols are particularly attractive as alternative fuels because they are a renewable resource. Ethanol has been
studied in spark ignition application. However, it is verydifficult to fuel compression ignition engines because of the lowercetane
number, higher latent heat, and otherchemical properties.This paper describes the performance (torque, brake mean effective
pressure, brake horse power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption rate) and emission (CO, HC, smoke)
characteristics of ethanol-diesel dual-fuels engine combustion for the homogeneous charge compression ignition engine.
The impact of engine operating variables on emitted PM and Pb for an SIE fuel...iosrjce
The replacement of gasoline with ethanol is increased worldwide indicating the need to understand
the air quality impacts of this exchanging. In the recent study, variable experimental tests conducted to evaluate
the impacts of several ethanol-gasoline blends (E20, E50, and E80) on particulate matter (PM) and lead (Pb)
concentrations emitted from a four-stroke, single cylinder, water-cooled spark-ignition (SI) engine. PM and Pb
exhaust emissions measured and analyzed at variable engine operation parameters.
The emitted PM emissions reduced with increase concentration of ethanol in the blend. Compared to the
baseline gasoline (E0), E20 gave relatively lower reductions in PM emissions, while E50 and E80 both reduced
PM emissions under the conditions studied. Ethanol was observed to impact Pb emissions depending on the
ethanol share in the blend
Experimental Analysis of Emission Parameters for Various Blends of Gasohol o...IJMER
In India, Ethanol is generally produced as a by-product of sugar is blended with petrol and was
tested for their use as a substitute fuel, based on their emissions. The main aim of this experiment is to
study the effect of various blends on the exhaust of the engine. The 99.96% pure ethanol was blended with
gasoline, solutions of gasohol (ethanol blended gasoline) with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% ethanol
blended in gasoline, volume per volume were prepared and tested on a 1000cc four stroke four cylinder
inline engine by a digital analyzer and on a 100cc four stroke single cylinder engine by standard PUC
norms followed in India. It was observed that E20 had the optimum readings of emission.
Performance and Emissions Analysis of N-Butanol Blended with Gasoline in Spar...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The power developed by an internal-combustion
engine depends upon the fuel used for combustion. Fuels
commonly used in internal combustion engines are derived
from crude oil, which are depleting and are important
sources of air pollution. In this study, n-butanol was used
as an additive with gasoline as fuel in spark ignition engine.
N-butanol exhibits good burning characteristics, contain
oxygen, reduces some exhaust emissions and as well, has
energy density and octane rating close to that of gasoline.
The various blend rates (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 percent by
volume) were used in the engine performance analysis
using a TD110-115 single cylinder, four-stroke air-cooled
spark ignition engine test rig, under different loading
conditions. An SV-5Q automobile exhausts gas analyzer
was used to measure the concentration of gaseous emissions
such as unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC), carbon monoxide
(CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2
) from the engine tail pipe.
The results of engine performance showed reduction in the
exhaust temperature was observed for the blends than to
that of gasoline. It was observed that all the blends
improved the brake thermal efficiency and exhibited high
fuel consumption, lower specific energy consumption and
lower emissions than gasoline. All the blends performed
satisfactorily on spark-ignition engine without engine
modification.
Evaluate the Performance and Emission using EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation) i...IOSR Journals
To study different paper related to exhaust gas recirculation on four stroke compression ignition
engine fuelled with diesel/methanol blend of 10:90, 20:80 and 30:70 of methanol to diesel respectively were
studied to evaluate the performance and emission of engine. The performance of diesel engine increase with
increase in compression ratio exhaust gas recirculation is a common way to control in-cylinder NOx production
and is used in most modern high speed direct injection diesel engines because it lowers oxygen concentration
and flame temperature of the working fluid in the combustion chamber. To study evaluate and performance with
different EGR rate with and without variable compression ratio. After studying all different papers to review the
result the output power and torque for diesel fuel is lower compared to methanol-diesel blended fuel at any
mixing ratio and because of EGR the NOx emission and exhaust gas temperature reduced but emissions of
particulate matter (PM), HC, and CO were found to have increased with usage of EGR in CI engine.
Experimental Investigations of Exhaust Emissions of four Stroke SI Engine by ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Effect of HHO Gas as Fuel Additive on the Exhaust Emissions of Internal Combu...IJASRD Journal
The use of carbon-base fuels by diesel engines release gases such as CO, NOx, SO2, and THCs which constitute a major source of environmental pollution. These gases when released into the atmosphere result in the formation of acid rain and cause greenhouse effect. In the present study, an experiment was carried out with and without the use of HHO gas. The concentrations of the emitted gases were measured using an E8500 Plus gas analyzer. The results showed that the average concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), total unburnt hydrocarbons (THCs), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) emitted from the combustion chamber of the test engine was decreased by 68.8%, 35.2%, 16.4% and 97.9% respectively when a mixture of HHO gas/petrol/air was used instead of petrol/air mixture in an internal combustion engine. However, the average concentration of oxygen (O2) gas increased by 1.7%.
Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Injection of OxyHydrogen Gas on t...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRAC: Oxy-Hydrogen gas, H2O2, is a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen produced by water electrolysis. In this work, an experimental exploration was carried out in order to study the effect of the addition of oxy-hydrogen gas into inlet air manifold on speed performance characteristics of a diesel engine at different operating conditions. The experimental work was performed on a test rig comprising a four stroke 5.67 liters water-cooled diesel engine and a Heenan hydraulic dynamometer. Instrumentation included devices for measuring engine speed, load, fuel consumption and inlet air flow rate. The measurements were conducted at 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 rpm. At each speed, the engine load was adjusted to 20%, 40% and 80% from the engine full load which corresponds to engine brake mean effective pressures of 1.55, 3.11, and 6.22 bar, respectively, for Oxy-hydrogen generator supplied Currents of 26A and electrolyte concentration of 25 %. The fuel saving percentage and so the brake thermal efficiency for the H2O2 enriched CI engine is more evidently seen at low loads and high-speed conditions. the volumetric efficiency drop was about 5 % at small speeds and reaches to about 2% at higher engine speed.
COMPARATIVE EMISSION ANALYSIS OF CNG AND OCTANE IN RETROFITTED CAR ENGINESIAEME Publication
Comparative emission analysis of octane and compressed natural gas (CNG) fueled retrofitted spark ignition car engine refers to exhaust emission (carbon monooxide, carbon di-oxide, Nitrogen Oxide) analysis and exhaust temperature on car engines which are operated with either gasoline or CNG using a solenoid actuated valve mechanism. The analysis was successfully carried out with the help of an exhaust gas analyzer (IMR 4000). Octane was used as the conventional fuels, whereas CNG was the alternative fuel. Comparative analysis of the experimental result showed the retrofitted engine produced higher exhaust gas temperature andNOx emission over different engines of different mileage when were used with CNG.
Other emission contents were significantly lower than those of the gasoline emissions.
Genset Engine Development to Meet Current Emission Norms" (Conversion from CP...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Combined numerical experimental study of dual fuel diesel engine to discuss t...Shans Shakkeer
It is my m.tech seminar presentation,on the basis of a study carried out by Carmelina Abagnale a, Maria Cristina Cameretti a,Luigi De Simio b, Michele Gambino b, Sabatino Iannaccone b, Raffaele Tuccillo ( Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy b Istituto Motori, C.N.R., Napoli, Italy ) were presented in 68th Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering Association, ATI2013, and Published by Elsevier ltd. in 2013
PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOGAS –PETROL DUAL FUEL IN SI EN...IAEME Publication
Towards the effort of reducing the dependency on petroleum fuel, one of the solutions is to use gaseous fuel as a partial supplement of liquid petrol fuel. In this experiment, four cylinder SI engine was tested with petrol as a fuel and petrol with partial substitution of biogas as fuel. Different percentages of biogas substitution in petrol were tested like B10 (90% Petrol +10% biogas), B20(80% Petrol +20% Biogas), B40(60%Petrol +40% Biogas). Test was conducted to study and compare the performance, emission and combustion characteristic of the engine for both the modes of engine operation. Biogas production was carried out using kitchen waste as a feedstock. Results clearly revealed that performance of the engine improved with the increases in amount of the gas substitution. Bsfc and brake thermal efficiency were found to improve. However emissions increased with the increases in the amount of gas substitution.
The impact of engine operating variables on emitted PM and Pb for an SIE fuel...iosrjce
The replacement of gasoline with ethanol is increased worldwide indicating the need to understand
the air quality impacts of this exchanging. In the recent study, variable experimental tests conducted to evaluate
the impacts of several ethanol-gasoline blends (E20, E50, and E80) on particulate matter (PM) and lead (Pb)
concentrations emitted from a four-stroke, single cylinder, water-cooled spark-ignition (SI) engine. PM and Pb
exhaust emissions measured and analyzed at variable engine operation parameters.
The emitted PM emissions reduced with increase concentration of ethanol in the blend. Compared to the
baseline gasoline (E0), E20 gave relatively lower reductions in PM emissions, while E50 and E80 both reduced
PM emissions under the conditions studied. Ethanol was observed to impact Pb emissions depending on the
ethanol share in the blend
Experimental Analysis of Emission Parameters for Various Blends of Gasohol o...IJMER
In India, Ethanol is generally produced as a by-product of sugar is blended with petrol and was
tested for their use as a substitute fuel, based on their emissions. The main aim of this experiment is to
study the effect of various blends on the exhaust of the engine. The 99.96% pure ethanol was blended with
gasoline, solutions of gasohol (ethanol blended gasoline) with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% ethanol
blended in gasoline, volume per volume were prepared and tested on a 1000cc four stroke four cylinder
inline engine by a digital analyzer and on a 100cc four stroke single cylinder engine by standard PUC
norms followed in India. It was observed that E20 had the optimum readings of emission.
Performance and Emissions Analysis of N-Butanol Blended with Gasoline in Spar...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The power developed by an internal-combustion
engine depends upon the fuel used for combustion. Fuels
commonly used in internal combustion engines are derived
from crude oil, which are depleting and are important
sources of air pollution. In this study, n-butanol was used
as an additive with gasoline as fuel in spark ignition engine.
N-butanol exhibits good burning characteristics, contain
oxygen, reduces some exhaust emissions and as well, has
energy density and octane rating close to that of gasoline.
The various blend rates (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 percent by
volume) were used in the engine performance analysis
using a TD110-115 single cylinder, four-stroke air-cooled
spark ignition engine test rig, under different loading
conditions. An SV-5Q automobile exhausts gas analyzer
was used to measure the concentration of gaseous emissions
such as unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC), carbon monoxide
(CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2
) from the engine tail pipe.
The results of engine performance showed reduction in the
exhaust temperature was observed for the blends than to
that of gasoline. It was observed that all the blends
improved the brake thermal efficiency and exhibited high
fuel consumption, lower specific energy consumption and
lower emissions than gasoline. All the blends performed
satisfactorily on spark-ignition engine without engine
modification.
Evaluate the Performance and Emission using EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation) i...IOSR Journals
To study different paper related to exhaust gas recirculation on four stroke compression ignition
engine fuelled with diesel/methanol blend of 10:90, 20:80 and 30:70 of methanol to diesel respectively were
studied to evaluate the performance and emission of engine. The performance of diesel engine increase with
increase in compression ratio exhaust gas recirculation is a common way to control in-cylinder NOx production
and is used in most modern high speed direct injection diesel engines because it lowers oxygen concentration
and flame temperature of the working fluid in the combustion chamber. To study evaluate and performance with
different EGR rate with and without variable compression ratio. After studying all different papers to review the
result the output power and torque for diesel fuel is lower compared to methanol-diesel blended fuel at any
mixing ratio and because of EGR the NOx emission and exhaust gas temperature reduced but emissions of
particulate matter (PM), HC, and CO were found to have increased with usage of EGR in CI engine.
Experimental Investigations of Exhaust Emissions of four Stroke SI Engine by ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Effect of HHO Gas as Fuel Additive on the Exhaust Emissions of Internal Combu...IJASRD Journal
The use of carbon-base fuels by diesel engines release gases such as CO, NOx, SO2, and THCs which constitute a major source of environmental pollution. These gases when released into the atmosphere result in the formation of acid rain and cause greenhouse effect. In the present study, an experiment was carried out with and without the use of HHO gas. The concentrations of the emitted gases were measured using an E8500 Plus gas analyzer. The results showed that the average concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), total unburnt hydrocarbons (THCs), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) emitted from the combustion chamber of the test engine was decreased by 68.8%, 35.2%, 16.4% and 97.9% respectively when a mixture of HHO gas/petrol/air was used instead of petrol/air mixture in an internal combustion engine. However, the average concentration of oxygen (O2) gas increased by 1.7%.
Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Injection of OxyHydrogen Gas on t...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRAC: Oxy-Hydrogen gas, H2O2, is a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen produced by water electrolysis. In this work, an experimental exploration was carried out in order to study the effect of the addition of oxy-hydrogen gas into inlet air manifold on speed performance characteristics of a diesel engine at different operating conditions. The experimental work was performed on a test rig comprising a four stroke 5.67 liters water-cooled diesel engine and a Heenan hydraulic dynamometer. Instrumentation included devices for measuring engine speed, load, fuel consumption and inlet air flow rate. The measurements were conducted at 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 rpm. At each speed, the engine load was adjusted to 20%, 40% and 80% from the engine full load which corresponds to engine brake mean effective pressures of 1.55, 3.11, and 6.22 bar, respectively, for Oxy-hydrogen generator supplied Currents of 26A and electrolyte concentration of 25 %. The fuel saving percentage and so the brake thermal efficiency for the H2O2 enriched CI engine is more evidently seen at low loads and high-speed conditions. the volumetric efficiency drop was about 5 % at small speeds and reaches to about 2% at higher engine speed.
COMPARATIVE EMISSION ANALYSIS OF CNG AND OCTANE IN RETROFITTED CAR ENGINESIAEME Publication
Comparative emission analysis of octane and compressed natural gas (CNG) fueled retrofitted spark ignition car engine refers to exhaust emission (carbon monooxide, carbon di-oxide, Nitrogen Oxide) analysis and exhaust temperature on car engines which are operated with either gasoline or CNG using a solenoid actuated valve mechanism. The analysis was successfully carried out with the help of an exhaust gas analyzer (IMR 4000). Octane was used as the conventional fuels, whereas CNG was the alternative fuel. Comparative analysis of the experimental result showed the retrofitted engine produced higher exhaust gas temperature andNOx emission over different engines of different mileage when were used with CNG.
Other emission contents were significantly lower than those of the gasoline emissions.
Genset Engine Development to Meet Current Emission Norms" (Conversion from CP...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Combined numerical experimental study of dual fuel diesel engine to discuss t...Shans Shakkeer
It is my m.tech seminar presentation,on the basis of a study carried out by Carmelina Abagnale a, Maria Cristina Cameretti a,Luigi De Simio b, Michele Gambino b, Sabatino Iannaccone b, Raffaele Tuccillo ( Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy b Istituto Motori, C.N.R., Napoli, Italy ) were presented in 68th Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering Association, ATI2013, and Published by Elsevier ltd. in 2013
PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOGAS –PETROL DUAL FUEL IN SI EN...IAEME Publication
Towards the effort of reducing the dependency on petroleum fuel, one of the solutions is to use gaseous fuel as a partial supplement of liquid petrol fuel. In this experiment, four cylinder SI engine was tested with petrol as a fuel and petrol with partial substitution of biogas as fuel. Different percentages of biogas substitution in petrol were tested like B10 (90% Petrol +10% biogas), B20(80% Petrol +20% Biogas), B40(60%Petrol +40% Biogas). Test was conducted to study and compare the performance, emission and combustion characteristic of the engine for both the modes of engine operation. Biogas production was carried out using kitchen waste as a feedstock. Results clearly revealed that performance of the engine improved with the increases in amount of the gas substitution. Bsfc and brake thermal efficiency were found to improve. However emissions increased with the increases in the amount of gas substitution.
Application of Hydrogen as Fuel Supplement in Internal Combustion Engines-A B...IJSRD
Faced with the ever increasing cost of conventional fossil fuels and the severe environmental pollution, researchers worldwide are working to cost effectively improve internal combustion engines fuel economy and emission characteristics. Recently, use of hydrogen or hydrogen-rich gas as fuel supplement for SI and CI engines is considered to be one of the potential solutions to these problems. Hydrogen has many excellent combustion properties that can be used for improving hydrocarbon combustion and emissions performance of both SI and CI engines. This article presents a brief review on the recent progress in the application of hydrogen as a fuel additive to improve the efficiencies and emissions of modern IC engines.
Anxiety of greenhouse gases and exigency of conventional fuels is an attractive exploration reneged to the researchers view, turn towards alternative fuels. The present work is to demonstrate on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of 20% Karanja Methyl Ester (KOME) blend (B20) and hydrogen with 5, 10, and 15 lpm (liters per Minute) of low flow rate on a dual fuel mode direct injection diesel engine operated at 1500 rpm with rated power output of 3.5 kW. The experimental test were conducted at three various injection operating pressure of 200, 220, and 240bar. The obtained data of above test were compared with base line pressure of diesel at 200 bars. Higher brake thermal efficiency, less brake specific fuel consumption, lower HC, and CO emissions with raised concentration of NOx were obtained at IOP of 240 bars for B20- hydrogen dual fuel mode. The current analysis discovered that the IOP of 240 bars for 15 lpm hydrogen flow rate with B20 dual fuel approach was optimum.
Potential Use of LPG in A Medium Capacity Stationary HCCI EngineIJMER
Internal combustion engines are extensively used in every field of life in today’s world.
Diesel engines being more efficient are preferred in the industrial and transportation sector in
comparison to spark ignition engines for their higher efficiency, versatility and ruggedness. The major
emissions of diesel engines are oxides of nitrogen (NOx), particulate matter (PM), carbon dioxide
(CO2), carbon monoxide (CO). Among these emissions, oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and the particulate
matter are the reasons of serious concern. For reduction of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate
matter simultaneously, the use of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) have provided a
sustainable solution in the present scenario.
This paper presents the findings of an experimental investigation into the operation of a
compression ignition (CI) engine in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) mode using LPG
as the main fuel and diesel as pilot injection. Factors that were investigated include engine performance
and emission characteristics and based on the results, LPG was found to be a possible fuel for operation
of a CI engine in HCCI mode.
A methodology using a small pilot quantity of diesel fuel injected during the compression stroke
to improve the power density and operation control is carried out for an HCCI engine based on a
stationary, constant RPM, water cooled diesel engine. The objective of this study is to investigate the
performance and emission characteristics of HCCI engine fuelled with LPG and help understand the
viability of LPG as an alternative fuel in diesel engines for use in the automotive industry.
Investigation of engine performance, combustion, and emissions using waste t...Adib Bin Rashid
This work investigated engine performance and emissions using waste tire oil-diesel-biodiesel blends. A sustainable fuel glycine max biodiesel was blended with the tire oil-diesel blends to improve performance, combustion, and exhaust emissions. The seven fuels including a 100% diesel 10–30% waste tire oil to 90-70% diesel, 10% tire oil +10% biodiesel +80% diesel, 30% tire
oil+10% biodiesel+60% diesel and 10% biodiesel+90% diesel was used as fuels in a direct injection diesel engine. Up to 30% (vol) waste tire pyrolysis oil was blended with diesel. More than 30% of waste tire pyrolysis oil shows inferior solubility issues and inferior engine performance and emissions. Thus, this investigation was limited to 30% waste tire pyrolysis oil. All fuel blends
showed similar properties to diesel. With similar engine performance, like torque, power,efficiency, energy, and exergy metrics, the blends showed insignificant variations in emissions (carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide) compared to a reference diesel fuel. Interestingly, the experimental results were compared with the modelling results, and the maximum variations between
them were 10%. The outcome of this research can promote waste tire pyrolysis oil as an alternative fuel for diesel engines and accords with alternative energy development initiatives all over the world.
The experimental investigation is made to estimate the combustion and performance
characteristics of direct injection diesel engine using different blends of karanja methyl ester with
diesel. The Karanja biodiesel is mixed with diesel in proportions of 20%, 50% and 100% by volume
and studied under various loading conditions i.e. at No load, 25%, 50%, 75% and full load in diesel
engine. The combustion parameters were found close to that of diesel. The blend of karanja biodiesel
performed complete and smoother combustion process than diesel. The various parameters values
like brake thermal efficiency, and heat equivalent to useful work wererecorded nearest to diesel. The
fuel air ratio also recorded higher than diesel. Whereas the mean gas temperature for pure karanja
biodiesel was higher than diesel which is on account of complete combustion on account of 10-12%
fuel bound oxygen. On the basis of brake thermal efficiency, KB20 blend was found to be the best
blend.
Studies of performance and emission characteristics of compressed natural gas...IOSR Journals
In Bangladesh, petrol, diesel and octane are conventionally used as an engine fuel. Petrol and
octane are used only transport sector. Diesel is used in transport, agriculture and power generation among
them 45% of diesel is consumed in transport sector. Total demand of liquid fuel is rising day by day. The
country has no natural sources of liquid fuels. As a result a huge amount of money spent for importing fuel from
abroad. This expenditure will be massive amount within a few years. The gas could be compressed natural gas
(CNG) or bio methane. The advantage is that this reduces fuel costs and when local bio methane is used, it also
contributes to the use of a more sustainable fuel supply.
CNG system suppliers are currently developing dual-fuel technology and have already converted
trucks, using government grants. Furthermore, various exploratory studies into the dual-fuel principle are being
conducted under contract to various municipalities in the context of sustainable transportation (fermentation of
city waste to produce bio methane for use as engine fuel). According to World Health Organization (WHO), the
safe limit of dust particles in the atmosphere is 40 to 80 micrograms, whereas in Dhaka city, it is 1700 to 2200
micrograms. To minimize environmental pollution in Dhaka, CNG played a vital role now a day. To use CNG
on commercial basis, different programs are taken to use compressed natural gas (CNG). This program mainly
concentrated on road transport. These programs cannot spread throughout the country due to some difficulties.
But there is a huge potentiality in road, marine, railway and stationary engines to use CNG.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
2. elimination of problems such as recoil and pre-ignition are the
main advantages of the H2 injection over the carbureted sys-
tem [15]. Tomita et al. In the work carried out by Ref. [16] H2, a
DI-CI motor was mixed with the intake air. It is reported that
very low NOx emissions are obtained when injecting is star-
ted. It has also been observed that emissions of hydrocarbons
(HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) are often reduced due to the
lower carbon content in the fuel [17,18]. An experimental
study was conducted on a constant CI motor by Saravanan
and Nagarajan [19] to improve performance and emissions.
NOx emissions reduced conventional man's business to 90%
H2 enrichment at medium engine load. On the contrary, NOx
emissions at full load increased slightly compared to con-
ventional diesel operation, while SD decreased by 50%. Sar-
avanan et al. In another experimental inquiry carried out by
Ref. [20] a binary engine was run on a CI engine using H2 in the
fuel mode. Experimental results showed a significant reduc-
tion in NOx and a 30% increase in BTE progression compared
with diesel.
However, higher NOx emissions with an undesirable effect
on the environment are a significant drawback to H2-powered
engines. NOx formation becomes important when the com-
bustion peak temperature is above 2200 K [21,22]. Operating
the H2 engine with oil-free blends is one of the ways to reduce
NOx while maintaining better fuel economy. This results in a
lower peak temperature which will slow down the chemical
reaction due to cooler combustion which weakens the kinetics
of NOx formation [23,24]. The use of H2 in dual fuel mode with
exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology has resulted in
lower NOx emissions with lower SD level and particulate
matter [25]. For this reason, the use of EGR is considered to be
most effective in improving the exhaust emissions of H2-
powered engines.
The main disadvantage of using H2 as a fuel for automo-
biles is that on-board storage of H2 and H2 supply in-
frastructures is not available and needs to be developed in the
near future [26e28]. One of the feasible solutions to this
problem is to produce H2 on board. Using a electrolysis unit,
the amount of H2 intake to the intake of the engine is posi-
tively affected by the performance of the engine and espe-
cially emissions. Gjirja et al. [29] It was observed that a small
amount of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was reduced in NOx
when fumigated for intake of a motor using an electronic
injector. Shirk et al. [30] conducted a series of experiments to
investigate the fumigating effects of gas H2 on the intake of
bio-diesel fueled CI engines (B20). According to results, engine
emissions and efficiency changes were low.
From the literature review, the effect of additional H2 on CI
motor on the performance and emission characteristics of the
CI engine continue clearly to understand. Therefore, these
issues need to be investigated in order to make up for the
shortcomings in the literature. For this reason, in this study,
effects of H2 added to the intake air of the CI motor on the
performance and emission characteristics of a single-
cylinder, water-cooled, DI-CI engine were investigated.
Hydrogen gas was sent into the intake manifold of the CI en-
gine. The CI engine was analyzed for H2 addition [0.20, 0.40,
0.60 and 0.80 L (lpm) per minute] in the intake air at different
engine loads (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and full load). And constant
speed, 1800 rpm.
Methodology
The diesel engine used for the study was a direct injection,
four cylinder; four-stroke, water-cooled engine. Bore to stroke
ratio of the engine is 0.82. Compression ratio is 18.5:1.
Maximum engine power and moment are 260 kW at 1800 rpm
and 1.6 kNm at 1100 rpm, respectively. Engine properties and
operating conditions were given in Table 1 and Table 2. Fuel
injection pressure and timing are 20 MPa and 18
BTDC,
respectively. The engine was modeled in a 3D CFD code. The
hydrogen effects were investigated via port injection in a
different amount. The results were evaluated to compare the
fuel consumption, temperatures, pressures, and emissions.
The H2 was fed by hydrogen injector on the intake port for the
engine. Hydrogen is calculated in a different amount before it
is introduced to the engine by the use of the air inlet manifold.
Hydrogen was passed through the intake port and mixed with
fresh air. First the engine was run with diesel fuel and inves-
tigated. Engine wall temperatures were tuned as a constant
temperature, it is accepted that engine reached stabilized
operating condition. The engine was operated at a constant
speed of 1800 rpm obtained maximum torque with five
different percentage of load (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%).
For all load conditions, single fuel, just diesel fuel was used
and investigated before hydrogen addition. After this point
some amount of H2 (0.20, 0.40, 0.60, and 0.80 lpm) was sent to
the intake port and the amount of diesel was arranged to
obtain desired each load regardless of any modification in
engine setup. In fact, through the intake port air was enriched
by hydrogen and ignited by diesel fuel. After a while, in sta-
bilized model, results were recorded and evaluated. Hydrogen
properties were given in Table 3. Brake power, brake specific
fuel consumption (BSFC), brake specific energy consumption
(BSEC), engine speed, all loads, diesel fuel consumption,
exhaust temperature and BTE were also analyzed. Carbon
dioxide (CO2), CO, HC and NOx exhaust emission and soot
Table 1 e Engine properties.
Combustion system Four-stroke diesel with direct
injection
Number of cylinders,
Cylinder arrangement
6
Bore/Stroke, 0.82
Displacement 11967 cc
Compression ratio 18,5:1
Rated power 260 kW at 2200 rpm
Maximum torque 1,6 kNm at 1800 rpm
Idle Speed 1100 rpm
Weight, dry 1000 kg
Table 2 e Operating conditions.
Engine speed 1800 rpm
Mass of fuel injection 12 kg/hr
Intake pressure 1.3 bar
Intake temperature 312 K
Hydrogen rates (lpm) 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, 0.80
Engine load % 20, 40, 60, 80, 100
i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 8 ) 1 e92
Please cite this article in press as: Koten H, Hydrogen effects on the diesel engine performance and emissions, International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.04.146
3. results were evaluated using the results. Engine model was
given in Fig. 1.
Results and discussion
Engine performance
Hydrogen addition in a diesel engine positively affects the
engine performance and emission characteristics in general
because of excellent combustion of H2. It is aimed to see how
H2 addition affects the engine performance parameters and
exhaust gas temperature (EGT) in this research. Operating
conditions were defined as four engine loads (20%, 40%, 60%,
80% and 100%), 1800 rpm constant engine speed and four
different amount of H2 (0.20, 0.40, 0.60 and 0.80 lpm).
Brake thermal efficiency (BTE)
As known, BTE can be defined as the ratio of the brake power
to fuel consumption and lower heating value (LHV). BTE in-
dicates the capability of the combustion system and provides
comparable means of assessing how efficient the energy in
the fuel was changed to mechanical output [31]. BTE results
for all loads and for different amount of introduced H2 were
shown in Fig. 2. According to results, BTE increase and BSFC
decrease for all conditions, when the engine loads increase. At
80% engine load, maximum BTE for 0.80 lpm H2 mixture is
26.91% compared to 25.56% for single fuel diesel case. It can be
concluded from Fig. 2 about 3% improvement was occurred in
brake thermal efficiency. At 100% engine load, the highest BTE
was found to be 27.3% for 0.80 lpm H2 enrichment compared to
diesel of 24.9%. The increase in BTE is owing to the uniformity
in mixture formation and higher flame speed of H2 assists to
have more complete combustion resulting in an improvement
in BTE at all load conditions. The best results for BTE were
taken at 0.60 lpm H2 addition.
Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC)
As known, BSFC can be defined as the ratio of the fuel con-
sumption to the brake power [27]. BSFC changes with respect
to engine load for the diesel fuel and the H2 enrichments were
presented in Fig. 3. For all operating conditions, BSFC decrease
with respect to engine load increase until it reaches a mini-
mum value. Also it increases a small amount with further for
engine load increase. It can be explained for this decline could
be the higher percentage increase in the brake power with
load as compared to BSFC.
Table 3 e Hydrogen properties [16].
Molecular weight 2,01 kg/kmol
Density 0,0838 kg/m3
Flash point 585
C
Net heating value 119,93 Mj/kg
Flame speed 270e325 cm/s
Octane number 130
Cetane number e
F/Astoichiometric 34,3
Fig. 1 e View of engine cylinder structure.
Fig. 2 e Brake thermal efficiency results.
i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 8 ) 1 e9 3
Please cite this article in press as: Koten H, Hydrogen effects on the diesel engine performance and emissions, International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.04.146
4. As illustrated in Fig. 3, at all engine loads, BSFC slightly
decreased with increasing H2 amount in the intake port
because of owing to the uniformity in mixture formation and
higher flame speed of H2 leads to better combustion resulting
in an improvement in BSFC. At 80% engine load the minimum
BSFC value was acquired 189.28 g/kWh for 0.80 lpm H2
enrichment compared to diesel of 194.93 g/kWh. Minimum
value of BSFC is 183.53 g/kWh at 0.60 lpm H2 flow rate
compared to pure diesel 189.88 kg/kWh at full engine load. On
average for all engine loads, BSFC for 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, and
0.80 lpm H2 addition assisted by 0.32, 0.85, 0.97, and 1%,
respectively, compared to those of diesel fuel.
Brake specific energy consumption (BSEC)
BSEC of the engine can be described as multiplication of BSFC
and LHV, as known [33]. BSEC decreases when the engine load
increases as shown in Fig. 4, because of noticeably
diminishing BSFC for the all fuel conditions. It can be also
concluded from the Fig. 4 that BSEC for all mixture formations
is lower than that of diesel single fuel. The lowest BSEC of
14.67 MJ/kWh is obtained for 0.80 lpm H2 enrichment
compared to diesel of 15.21 MJ/kWh at 80% load. BSEC for H2
enriched engine is 17.19 MJ/kWh compared to diesel fuel,
which is 17.9 MJ/kWh, at full load. At full load, reduction for
0.80 lpm H2 enrichment is about 1%. In BSEC can be seen a
reduction, because of better mixing of H2 in addition to
assisting diesel during the engine operations [26]. According to
results, efficient BSEC was obtained at 0.80 lpm H2
enrichment.
Exhaust gas temperature
Exhaust gas temperature results were given in Fig. 5 with
respect to engine loads. As looked at the results, exhaust gas
Fig. 3 e Brake specific fuel consumptions.
Fig. 4 e Brake specific energy consumptions.
i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 8 ) 1 e94
Please cite this article in press as: Koten H, Hydrogen effects on the diesel engine performance and emissions, International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.04.146
5. temperature increases proportionally with the engine loads. It
ca be concluded that exhaust gas temperature for all H2
mixture conditions is higher than diesel at full load. At full
load the maximum EGT was 534
C at 0.80 lpm H2 enriched air
mixture compared to diesel of 515
C.
Exhaust emissions
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
The conversion of nitrogen and oxygen to NOx is generated by
the high combustion temperatures occurring within the
burning fuel sprays controlled by local conditions. NOx is
collective term used to refer to nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen
dioxide (NO2). NOx emissions form in the high-temperature
burned gas region, which is non-uniform, and formation
rates are highest in the close to stoichiometric regions [33].
The variation of NOx with the engine load for different amount
of H2 into the inlet air is presented in Fig. 6. Karagoz et al. [34]
studied on a heavy duty type diesel engine using hydrogen-
diesel dual fuel and they found that the emissions of NOx,
UHC, soot, CO and CO2 are reduced with hydrogen addition. In
literature [20,35e43] diesel-hydrogen dual fuel using high EGR
levels, flame speeds were studied and researchers found that
particulate mass decreased up to 75%.
NOx emissions increased with the increasing engine load
because of increasing combustion temperature as shown in
Fig. 6. NOx emissions decreased for all H2 enrichments at
lower load condition. However at higher load conditions, NOx
emissions initially decreases slightly with the addition of H2
into the inlet air until it reaches 0.60 lpm value but it increases
with more enhancement of the H2 addition owing to better
combustion leads to higher temperature resulting in an
Fig. 5 e Exhaust gas temperature.
Fig. 6 e NOx emissions.
i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 8 ) 1 e9 5
Please cite this article in press as: Koten H, Hydrogen effects on the diesel engine performance and emissions, International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.04.146
6. increase in NOx emissions. The NOx emission is found to be
high, 477 ppm at 80% load for 0.60 lpm H2 enrichment
compared to diesel of 468 ppm. At full load for 0.80 lpm H2
enrichment NOx is found to be 491 ppm compared to diesel of
473 ppm. On average, for all engine loads, NOx emissions for
0.20, 0.40, 0.60, and 0.80 lpm H2 addition decreased by 9.7,
17.11, 10.39, and 3.4% compared to those of single fuel diesel,
respectively.
Soot emissions
Due to the heterogeneous nature of diesel combustion, there is
a wide distribution of fuel-air ratios within the cylinder. Soot is
attributed to either fuel-air mixtures that are too lean to auto-
ignite or to support a propagating flame, or fuel/air mixtures
that are too rich to ignite. Soot formation mainly takes place in
the fuel-rich zone at high temperature and high pressure,
single fuel operating conditions also in this step mixture for-
mations were effected by high temperature decomposition [31].
In Fig. 6 Soot results were illustrated with respect to engine
loads. According to results, Soot is proportionally with the en-
gine load as seen in Fig. 6. As known, in high engine loads, fuel
mass flow rate increases and this statement results the higher
Soot formations. However, Soot formation decreases with the
increasing fraction of hydrogen addition into the engine, as
seen in Fig. 6. At 80% load in the 0.80 lpm hydrogen enriched
statement was resulted to be 41.5% compared to diesel of
47.3%. At 0.80 lpm hydrogen enrichment at 20% load, Soot
resulted as the lowest value of 12.83%. Hydrogen forms more
homogeneous air-fuel mixture on the contrary to diesel fuel
resulting in a further reduction in Soot. Soot emission for 0.20,
0.40, 0.60 and 0.80 lpm hydrogen addition diminished by 12.18,
18.15, 28.37, and 37.15% compared to those of single diesel fuel,
respectively, at all engine loads.
Unburned hydrocarbon emissions (UHC)
UHC emissions were illustrated in Fig. 7 for different operating
conditions. UHC emissions decreased proportionally with the
increase of hydrogen addition to the engine intake port.
Hydrogen addition into the inlet air resulted homogeneity in
mixture and improvement in UHC emissions with the higher
flame speed at all engine load conditions [32]. UHC emission is
35.8 ppm for the 0.80 lpm H2 enrichment compared to
41.9 ppm for single diesel fuel at 80% engine load. Likewise, a
decrease in UHC emission compared to that of single diesel
fuel with the more hydrogen addition at 100% engine load. For
0.60 lpm H2 operation it is 37.6 ppm compared to diesel of
41 ppm. On average, UHC emissions for all engine loads for
0.20, 0.40, 0.60, and 0.80 lpm H2 addition decreased by 9.23,
17.6, 25.13, and 39.25% compared to those of single diesel,
respectively.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO)
CO exhaust emissions mean the lost chemical energy due to
the incomplete combustion. Fuel properties, combustion
chamber design, equivalence ratio, mass flow rate, start of
injection timing, engine load and other parameters can affect
the formation of CO emission, as known. In Fig. 8, effects of
hydrogen addition on the diesel engine characteristics were
shown. CO exhaust emission increases depending on fuel
properties and engine loads. This condition results the lower
CO emissions at low engine loads as seen in figure. Likewise,
hydrogen addition in diesel engine causes better results in
CO exhaust emissions at all mixture formations, as seen in
figure. The CO emission for 0.80 lpm H2 enriched operation is
0.055% by volume compared to 0.07% by volume for single
diesel fuel at 20% load. However, hydrogen addition at 100%
engine load, caused an increase in CO emission compared to
other engine loads. The value of CO being 0.81% by volume
for 0.80 lpm H2 enrichment compared to that of diesel of
0.95% by volume at full load. For all engine loads, CO emis-
sions for 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, and 0.80 lpm H2 addition decreased
by 7.4, 12.7, 12.09, and 11.87% compared to those of single
diesel fuel, respectively. Since Hydrogen doesn't contain
carbon atoms as a fuel, hydrogen addition results naturally
Fig. 7 e Soot emissions.
i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 8 ) 1 e96
Please cite this article in press as: Koten H, Hydrogen effects on the diesel engine performance and emissions, International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.04.146
7. Fig. 8 e UHC emissions.
Fig. 9 e CO emissions.
Fig. 10 e CO2 emissions.
i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 8 ) 1 e9 7
Please cite this article in press as: Koten H, Hydrogen effects on the diesel engine performance and emissions, International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.04.146
8. reduction in CO exhaust emission. Contrary to CO exhaust
emissions, CO2 emission is resulted in exact combustion and
exact combustion produces just water vapor and CO2 [32].
CO2 exhaust emissions were illustrated in Fig. 9 with
different operating conditions. Generally, CO2 emission in-
creases proportionally with the engine load due to the higher
fuel injection into the combustion chamber and higher
temperature with the exact combustion. Besides that,
hydrogen mixture cases resulted lower CO2 emissions when
compared to that of the single fuel diesel combustion as seen
Fig. 9. The CO2 for 0.80 lpm H2 enrichment is 6.15% by volume
compared to 6.3% by volume for single fuel diesel at 80%
engine load. CO2 for 0.80 lpm H2 enrichment is 9.22% by
volume compared to 10.18% by volume for diesel, at 100%
engine load. CO2 emissions decreased by 6, 7.8, 11.45, and
10.78% for 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, and 0.80 lpm H2 addition compared
to those of single diesel fuel, respectively. Hydrogen as a fuel
doesn't contain HC molecules and hydrogen mixture at the
intake port causes a decrease in CO2 exhaust emissions as
well as CO exhaust emissions and increase in thermal effi-
ciency of the engine (see Fig. 10).
Conclusions
Effects of H2 addition into the intake port of diesel engine on
the combustion performance and exhaust emission charac-
teristics of four cylinder, water cooled, CI engine were
investigated successfully, in this work. H2 was supplied from
external unit as a secondary fuel. Then diesel engine was
analyzed with H2 air mixture as (0.20, 0.40, 0.60, and 0.80 lpm)
at different engine load (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%) and the
constant speed, 1800 rpm. As seen in literature, hydrogen
addition into the diesel engine has an important effect on the
engine performance and exhaust emissions. It concluded
that hydrogen addition decrease specific fuel consumptions
and energy consumption also increase about 20% the brake
thermal efficiency because of the high flame speed of
hydrogen and homogeneous mixture formation in-cylinder.
This causes the exact combustion for the hydrogen air
mixture formations. Optimum results were obtained at the
mixture of 0.80 lpm. As a general, hydrogen addition made
NOx emissions decrease for all cases except for 0.80 lpm case
at high load. For Soot, HC and CO emissions, hydrogen
mixture formations generated good results in all cases when
compared to that of the single diesel fuel cases. The lowest
emissions were obtained at 0.80 lpm mixture case. Also due
to the absence of HC molecules in hydrogen fuel supply, CO
and CO2 exhaust emissions have the lowest value and the
best thermal efficiency in all cases with respect to single fuel
diesel cases.
Acknowledgement
This project was supported by Monro gas Co. with the project
number 2017.883 and author thanks to the company due to
their support during the engine works.
r e f e r e n c e s
[1] Garni M. A simple and reliable approach for the direct
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Please cite this article in press as: Koten H, Hydrogen effects on the diesel engine performance and emissions, International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.04.146