This document summarizes an experimental study investigating the potential use of LPG as the primary fuel in a medium-capacity stationary HCCI engine. The researchers modified a diesel engine to operate in HCCI mode using LPG as the main fuel and a small pilot injection of diesel to control ignition timing. They evaluated the engine's performance and emissions when running on this LPG-diesel fuel combination across different loads. The results showed reductions in NOx emissions of over 40% at 40% load compared to normal diesel operation, though NOx increased at higher loads. The document concludes that LPG shows promise as an alternative fuel for diesel engines in HCCI mode after addressing challenges of combustion control.
Abstract: Gaseous fuels such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) have been widely used in commercial vehicles. This project evaluated an experimental investigation on Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) as an alternative fuel for four-stroke spark ignition engine. The primary objective of the study was to determine the performance and the exhaust emissions of the engine using different fuels. The engine used in the study was originally a single cylinder, four-stroke spark ignition engine and minor modifications were carried out to permit the experiments to run on LPG fuel. During the running, the engine was coupled to a ropeway dynamometer to measure several engine performance parameters and a 5-gas analyzer with non-dispersive infra-red (NDIR) was inserted into the engine exhaust tailpipe for measuring the exhaust emissions. Experimental investigations have been carried out to performance and emissions of single cylinder four-stroke spark ignition engine at full throttling position of engine and different load conditions is used to different fuels (Gasoline and LPG) at various compression ratios (4.67:1,5.49:1).The engine performance studies were conducted with engine setup. Parameters like brake power, brake fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency were calculated. The test result indicated that LPG fuel have closer performance to Gasoline fuel. However, the brake specific energy consumption shows an improvement with LPG as a fuel replacement. The concentration levels of CO, CO2 and unburnt HC recorded are found to be lower than the gasoline fueled engine.
Experimental Investigation of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & Met...IJMER
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an
outcome, fuels like methanol may present a sustainable solution as it can be produced from a wide
range of carbon based feedstock. The present investigation evaluates methanol as a diesel engine fuel.
The objectives of this report is to analyze the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a
twin cylinder diesel engine that are using Methanol & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are
available in the market. This report describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which
is to analyze the emission characteristics and fuel consumption of diesel engine due to usage of the
both fuels. Detail studies about the experimental setup and components have been done before the
experiment started. Data that are required for the analysis is observed from the experiments.
Calculations and analysis have been done after all the required data needed for the thesis is obtained.
The experiment used diesel engine with no load which means no load exerted on it. A four stroke Twin
cylinder diesel engine was adopted to study the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy
consumption, and emissions at zero load & full load with the fuel of methanol. In this study, the diesel
engine was tested using 100% methanol. By the end of the report, the successful of the project have
been started which is Diesel engine is able to run with Methanol but the engine needs to run by using
diesel fuel first, then followed by methanol and finished with diesel fuel as the last fuel usage before the
engine turned off. The performance of the engine using Methanol fuel compared to the performance of
engine with diesel fuel. Experimental results of Methanol and Diesel fuel are also compared.
Natural gas engine combustion research based on bench testIJRES Journal
In this paper, mainly research on LNG(CNG) engine with outside-cylinder premixed combustion mode, the combustion mode can determine the gas engine emissions and power performance. There are three kinds of engine combustion -Lean combustion, Equivalent combustion and Mixed combustion mode by using equivalent combustion/lean burn combined. The innovation point lies in this paper is that this experiment adopts mixed combustion mode by burning strategy control, can be achieved in guarantee engine fuel economy, power performance , meet the requirements of Euro V combustion emissions regulations.
Abstract: Gaseous fuels such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) have been widely used in commercial vehicles. This project evaluated an experimental investigation on Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) as an alternative fuel for four-stroke spark ignition engine. The primary objective of the study was to determine the performance and the exhaust emissions of the engine using different fuels. The engine used in the study was originally a single cylinder, four-stroke spark ignition engine and minor modifications were carried out to permit the experiments to run on LPG fuel. During the running, the engine was coupled to a ropeway dynamometer to measure several engine performance parameters and a 5-gas analyzer with non-dispersive infra-red (NDIR) was inserted into the engine exhaust tailpipe for measuring the exhaust emissions. Experimental investigations have been carried out to performance and emissions of single cylinder four-stroke spark ignition engine at full throttling position of engine and different load conditions is used to different fuels (Gasoline and LPG) at various compression ratios (4.67:1,5.49:1).The engine performance studies were conducted with engine setup. Parameters like brake power, brake fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency were calculated. The test result indicated that LPG fuel have closer performance to Gasoline fuel. However, the brake specific energy consumption shows an improvement with LPG as a fuel replacement. The concentration levels of CO, CO2 and unburnt HC recorded are found to be lower than the gasoline fueled engine.
Experimental Investigation of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & Met...IJMER
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an
outcome, fuels like methanol may present a sustainable solution as it can be produced from a wide
range of carbon based feedstock. The present investigation evaluates methanol as a diesel engine fuel.
The objectives of this report is to analyze the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a
twin cylinder diesel engine that are using Methanol & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are
available in the market. This report describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which
is to analyze the emission characteristics and fuel consumption of diesel engine due to usage of the
both fuels. Detail studies about the experimental setup and components have been done before the
experiment started. Data that are required for the analysis is observed from the experiments.
Calculations and analysis have been done after all the required data needed for the thesis is obtained.
The experiment used diesel engine with no load which means no load exerted on it. A four stroke Twin
cylinder diesel engine was adopted to study the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy
consumption, and emissions at zero load & full load with the fuel of methanol. In this study, the diesel
engine was tested using 100% methanol. By the end of the report, the successful of the project have
been started which is Diesel engine is able to run with Methanol but the engine needs to run by using
diesel fuel first, then followed by methanol and finished with diesel fuel as the last fuel usage before the
engine turned off. The performance of the engine using Methanol fuel compared to the performance of
engine with diesel fuel. Experimental results of Methanol and Diesel fuel are also compared.
Natural gas engine combustion research based on bench testIJRES Journal
In this paper, mainly research on LNG(CNG) engine with outside-cylinder premixed combustion mode, the combustion mode can determine the gas engine emissions and power performance. There are three kinds of engine combustion -Lean combustion, Equivalent combustion and Mixed combustion mode by using equivalent combustion/lean burn combined. The innovation point lies in this paper is that this experiment adopts mixed combustion mode by burning strategy control, can be achieved in guarantee engine fuel economy, power performance , meet the requirements of Euro V combustion emissions regulations.
CONVERSION OF PETROL BIKE INTO LPG AND EMISSION CHECK IAEME Publication
An attempt has been made in this project to use alternative fuel in four stroke engine to increase the efficiency. Our fore most aim in selecting this project is to use non conventional fuel against conventional fuel which is becoming scarce and costly now days. With this air is less polluted than conventional fuels.
An Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emissions of LPG as Dual Fue...IJERA Editor
The usage of diesel engine generating set (Gen set) increasing day by day where the places without connection
to power grid or emergency power supply when the grid fails. Worldwide dual fuel engines are becoming
popular because of high performance and low emissions. LPG with diesel is a proven technology in case of
vehicles, but in diesel engine power plants it is far so.
The proposed work is concentrated on higher load of Diesel Engine Generator with LPG as dual fuel by keeping
environmental concern. A test is conducted on performance of engine along with emissions at different
proportions of Diesel and LPG including 100% diesel. An experimental set up is made with simple
modifications on existing genset to supply LPG as secondary fuel into Diesel.
Performance & emission of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & EthanolIJMER
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an
outcome, fuels like ethanol may present a sustainable solution as it can be produced from a wide range
of carbon based feedstock. The present investigation evaluates Ethanol as a diesel engine fuel. The
objectives of this report is to analyze the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a twin
cylinder diesel engine that are using Ethanol & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available
in the market. This report describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyze
the emission characteristics and fuel consumption of diesel engine due to usage of the both fuels. Detail
studies about the experimental setup and components have been done before the experiment started.
Data that are required for the analysis is observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis have
been done after all the required data needed for the thesis is obtained. The experiment used diesel
engine with no load which means no load exerted on it. A four stroke Twin cylinder diesel engine was
adopted to study the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, and emissions at zero
load & full load with the fuel of Ethanol. In this study, the diesel engine was tested using 100% Ethanol.
By the end of the report, the successful of the project have been started which is Diesel engine is able to
run with Ethanol but the engine needs to run by using diesel fuel first, then followed by Ethanol and
finished with diesel fuel as the last fuel usage before the engine turned off. The performance of the
engine using Ethanol fuel compared to the performance of engine with diesel fuel. Experimental results
of Ethanol and Diesel fuel are also compared.
Performance Study of Ethanol Blended Gasoline Fuel in Spark Ignition EngineIOSR Journals
Growing energy needs and environmental concern worldwide have propelled the interest for quest
and utilization of renewable and eco friendly fuels .Various substitutes are available to be used engines with the
possibility of reducing harmful emissions. In this work gasoline is taken as reference which is blended with
ethanol. Physical properties relevant to the fuel were determined for the four blends of gasoline and ethanol. A
four cylinder, four stroke, varying rpm, Petrol engine connected to eddy current type dynamometer was run on
blends containing 5%,10%,15%,20% ethanol and performance characteristics were evaluated. In this paper it
is shown that the higher blends can replace gasoline in a SI engine, results showed that there is a reduction in
exhaust gases and increase in Mechanical efficiency, Specific Fuel Consumption and air fuel ratio on blending.
We can conclude from the result that using 10% ethanol blend is most effective and we can utilize it for further
use in SI engines with little constraint on material used to sustain little increase in pressure
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The Objective was to Develop a Motorcycle running on alternative fuel, in this case Methane Gas. The Project was a success and we were able to switch between petrol and gas as fuel resulting in a hybrid motorcycle. The project was featured in local and national news channels.
Optimization of Bolted Joints for Aircraft Engine Using Genetic AlgorithmsIJMER
Genetic Algorithms mimic the evolving technique of nature to better fit populations to a certain environment. Despite this technique has proved its adequacy in several fields, its application in Aerospace is still limited, mostly because of the high quantity of acceptability criteria that the design
must pass and the amount of design parameters. The presented paper explores required GA architecture’s adaptations to be applied in highly restricted systems such as those commonly found in Aerospace applications. The proposed GA was applied to the design of an Aircraft Engine’s Axial Casing bolted joint following static strength restrictions as per FAR 33 regulations. The set of Elitism,
interdependent geometric restrictions, Crossing, and Reproduction modules proved the applicability of
the presented multi-objective GA architecture under 14 restrictions for normal, limit and ultimate loads.
As it is described, the conversion is quickly achieved due to the shortage of the search space; therefore a
modified Variable Crossing per Scheme is proposed to expand the diversity of the genome to compensate
the relatively low impact of the Mutation module. Finally, the process and solutions found were compared against the traditional design process, showing the feasibility of this technique in complex applications in terms of quality of the solution and developing time.
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
CONVERSION OF PETROL BIKE INTO LPG AND EMISSION CHECK IAEME Publication
An attempt has been made in this project to use alternative fuel in four stroke engine to increase the efficiency. Our fore most aim in selecting this project is to use non conventional fuel against conventional fuel which is becoming scarce and costly now days. With this air is less polluted than conventional fuels.
An Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emissions of LPG as Dual Fue...IJERA Editor
The usage of diesel engine generating set (Gen set) increasing day by day where the places without connection
to power grid or emergency power supply when the grid fails. Worldwide dual fuel engines are becoming
popular because of high performance and low emissions. LPG with diesel is a proven technology in case of
vehicles, but in diesel engine power plants it is far so.
The proposed work is concentrated on higher load of Diesel Engine Generator with LPG as dual fuel by keeping
environmental concern. A test is conducted on performance of engine along with emissions at different
proportions of Diesel and LPG including 100% diesel. An experimental set up is made with simple
modifications on existing genset to supply LPG as secondary fuel into Diesel.
Performance & emission of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & EthanolIJMER
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an
outcome, fuels like ethanol may present a sustainable solution as it can be produced from a wide range
of carbon based feedstock. The present investigation evaluates Ethanol as a diesel engine fuel. The
objectives of this report is to analyze the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a twin
cylinder diesel engine that are using Ethanol & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available
in the market. This report describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyze
the emission characteristics and fuel consumption of diesel engine due to usage of the both fuels. Detail
studies about the experimental setup and components have been done before the experiment started.
Data that are required for the analysis is observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis have
been done after all the required data needed for the thesis is obtained. The experiment used diesel
engine with no load which means no load exerted on it. A four stroke Twin cylinder diesel engine was
adopted to study the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, and emissions at zero
load & full load with the fuel of Ethanol. In this study, the diesel engine was tested using 100% Ethanol.
By the end of the report, the successful of the project have been started which is Diesel engine is able to
run with Ethanol but the engine needs to run by using diesel fuel first, then followed by Ethanol and
finished with diesel fuel as the last fuel usage before the engine turned off. The performance of the
engine using Ethanol fuel compared to the performance of engine with diesel fuel. Experimental results
of Ethanol and Diesel fuel are also compared.
Performance Study of Ethanol Blended Gasoline Fuel in Spark Ignition EngineIOSR Journals
Growing energy needs and environmental concern worldwide have propelled the interest for quest
and utilization of renewable and eco friendly fuels .Various substitutes are available to be used engines with the
possibility of reducing harmful emissions. In this work gasoline is taken as reference which is blended with
ethanol. Physical properties relevant to the fuel were determined for the four blends of gasoline and ethanol. A
four cylinder, four stroke, varying rpm, Petrol engine connected to eddy current type dynamometer was run on
blends containing 5%,10%,15%,20% ethanol and performance characteristics were evaluated. In this paper it
is shown that the higher blends can replace gasoline in a SI engine, results showed that there is a reduction in
exhaust gases and increase in Mechanical efficiency, Specific Fuel Consumption and air fuel ratio on blending.
We can conclude from the result that using 10% ethanol blend is most effective and we can utilize it for further
use in SI engines with little constraint on material used to sustain little increase in pressure
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The Objective was to Develop a Motorcycle running on alternative fuel, in this case Methane Gas. The Project was a success and we were able to switch between petrol and gas as fuel resulting in a hybrid motorcycle. The project was featured in local and national news channels.
Optimization of Bolted Joints for Aircraft Engine Using Genetic AlgorithmsIJMER
Genetic Algorithms mimic the evolving technique of nature to better fit populations to a certain environment. Despite this technique has proved its adequacy in several fields, its application in Aerospace is still limited, mostly because of the high quantity of acceptability criteria that the design
must pass and the amount of design parameters. The presented paper explores required GA architecture’s adaptations to be applied in highly restricted systems such as those commonly found in Aerospace applications. The proposed GA was applied to the design of an Aircraft Engine’s Axial Casing bolted joint following static strength restrictions as per FAR 33 regulations. The set of Elitism,
interdependent geometric restrictions, Crossing, and Reproduction modules proved the applicability of
the presented multi-objective GA architecture under 14 restrictions for normal, limit and ultimate loads.
As it is described, the conversion is quickly achieved due to the shortage of the search space; therefore a
modified Variable Crossing per Scheme is proposed to expand the diversity of the genome to compensate
the relatively low impact of the Mutation module. Finally, the process and solutions found were compared against the traditional design process, showing the feasibility of this technique in complex applications in terms of quality of the solution and developing time.
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
This paper of finite element analysis of the rib cage model is applied to recognize stress distributions and to determine the rate of bone fractures(especially for pathologically changed bones). Also to determine the load and stress to occurs on the human rib cage at any accident. Also find the maximum load sustain capacity of human rib cage and according to the load sustain capacity of the human rib cage by finite element analysis and search a material as like a bone cement and it take on a rib fracture and see the result . This paper is only of to nullify the rib fracture as present medical treatment give the elastic belt but due to respiration, the human ribs are contract and relax that’s the rib fracture are only minimize not a nullify. The human models are considered in between age 15 to 40 year. The Simulation result shows a good agreement with the cadaver test data.
Development of a New Formula for a Clear Water Scour around GroynesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Εργασία των μαθητριών Αναστασίας Τσαγκαρίδου και Χαράς Χατζηαθανασίου στο πλαίσιο του περιβαλλοντικού προγράμματος " Η αειφόρος κοινωνία αναπτύσσεται στην κινηματογραφική λέσχη cinelans"
Σχολικό έτος 2016-17, 1ο Λύκειο Νέας Σμύρνης Λ.Α.Ν.Σ
The Effect of Design Parameters of an Integrated Linear Electromagnetic Moto...IJMER
This paper assess the influence of design parameters of ferromagnetic guide housing at the possess of pulling away the anchor from the holding device which is integrated in the design of the motor. The design of an integrated circuit and the equivalent magnetic circuit of the integrated LEMM on breakaway stage was built, mathematical models of system were laid out. An expression for its magnetic
induction, with which you can set the beginning of saturation of the shunt, defining moment of pulling
away anchor from the holding area. an expression is derived for its magnetic induction, with which you
can set the beginning of saturation of the shunt, define moment of anchor pulling away from the holding
area, the zone of permissible combinations of cross-sectional area of the upper magnetic shunt and
holding area, and the zone of change in the magnetic induction in the yoke at the pulling away moment of
the motor anchor
Crack Detection of Ferromagnetic Materials through Non Destructive Testing Me...IJMER
The real components have so many defects in the material, which acts as a crack. In fact,
manufacturing of a component is not ideal. In manufacturing several kinds of defects are generated
like voids and inclusions. Thus, it must be check all the critical components through non-destructive
techniques (NDT) to detect the potential dangerous cracks. In Certain crucial components such as
Airplanes, Space Vehicles, Nuclear Plants, Heavy Machinery, Dams, Concrete etc., online monitoring
of defects is necessary. Concrete is different from other construction materials. Concrete can be made
from combination of different materials. Its final properties depend on its treatment at construction
site. To achieve this, sophisticated technologies are used. Ferromagnetic Composite Iron (FCI) is
used in power generating devices and DC brushless Motors. Laminations can be substituted by
Ferromagnetic Composite Iron (FCI) materials which offer a great manufacturing advantage. Non
Destructive testing (NDT) is a major part of quality control. In Non-Destructive testing (NDT)
different materials are tested for surface, volumetric and internal defects present in it. Non
Destructive testing (NDT) is also an assurance that the proposed product is good and reliable. To
apply these techniques, a certain level of skills is very necessary so that maximum amount of
information is fetched related to the proposed product during testing. This paper deals with the Non
Destructive Testing Methodology Used for crack detection in ferromagnetic materials.
An Overview of Clearance Optimization in Sheet Metal Blanking ProcessIJMER
Abstract: This document prescribes a model investigation the effect of potential parameters influencing the blanking
process and their interaction. The blanking process optimization carried out by using Design of Experiment (DOE), Finite
Element Method (FEM) with ANSYS Package, Simulation with ABAQUS-Explicit software, Blank soft Software and Neural
Network Simulation in order to achieve the intended model objectives.
Keywords: Blanking Process, DOE, FEM, Optimum Clearance and Simulation.
History of gasoline direct compression ignition (gdci) engine a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract The first single-cylinder gasoline direct compression ignition (GDCI) engine was designed and built in 2010 by Delphi Companyfor testing performance, emissions and Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). Then after achieving the good results in performance, emissions and BSFCfrom single-cylinder engine, multi-cylinder GDCI engine was built in 2013. The compression ignition engine has limitations such as high noise, weight, PM and NOX emissions compared to gasoline engine. But the high efficiency, torque and better fuel economy of compression ignition engine are the reasons of Delphi Company to use compression ignition strategy for building a new combustion system. The objective of the present review study involves the reasons of building of the GDCI engine in detail. Keywords: Delphi Company,Emissions, Multi-Cylinder GDCI engine andSingle-CylinderGDCI Engine.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental Investigations of Exhaust Emissions of four Stroke SI Engine by ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A CONVENTIONAL DIESEL ENGINE RUNNING IN DUAL FUEL M...IAEME Publication
Present study evaluates the performance of a compression ignition engine running in dual fuel mode with Liquefied Petroleum Gas and Petroleum Diesel. The LPG was inducted in the engine by Fumigation method at the rate of 0.094, 0.189 & 0.283 Kg/hr. Major performance parameters such as Brake power, Brake thermal efficiency, Brake specific fuel consumption etc. were evaluated at different load & different fuel combinations.
Effect of Modified Design on Engine Fuel Efficiency IJERA Editor
This paper covers key and representative developments in the area of high efficiency and cleans internal combustion engines. The main objective is to highlight recent efforts to improve (IC) engine fuel efficiency and combustion. Rising fuel prices and stringent emission mandates have demanded cleaner combustion and increased fuel efficiency from the IC engine. This need for increased efficiency has placed compression ignition (CI) engines in the forefront compared to spark ignition (SI) engines. However, the relatively high emission of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emitted by diesel engines increases their cost and raises environmental barriers that have prevented their widespread use in certain markets. The desire to increase IC engine fuel efficiency while simultaneously meeting emissions mandates has thus motivated considerable research. This paper describes recent progress to improve the fuel efficiency of diesel or CI engines through advanced combustion and fuels research. In particular, a dual fuel engine combustion technology called ―reactivity controlled compression ignition‖ (RCCI), which is a variant of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI), is highlighted, since it provides more efficient control over the combustion process and has the capability to lower fuel use and pollutant emissions. This paper reviews recent RCCI experiments and computational studies performed on light- and heavy-duty engines, and compares results using conventional and alternative fuels (natural gas, ethanol, and biodiesel) with conventional diesel, advanced diesel and HCCI concepts.
Application of Hydrogen as Fuel Supplement in Internal Combustion Engines-A B...IJSRD
Faced with the ever increasing cost of conventional fossil fuels and the severe environmental pollution, researchers worldwide are working to cost effectively improve internal combustion engines fuel economy and emission characteristics. Recently, use of hydrogen or hydrogen-rich gas as fuel supplement for SI and CI engines is considered to be one of the potential solutions to these problems. Hydrogen has many excellent combustion properties that can be used for improving hydrocarbon combustion and emissions performance of both SI and CI engines. This article presents a brief review on the recent progress in the application of hydrogen as a fuel additive to improve the efficiencies and emissions of modern IC engines.
Alcohols are particularly attractive as alternative fuels because they are a renewable resource. Ethanol has been
studied in spark ignition application. However, it is verydifficult to fuel compression ignition engines because of the lowercetane
number, higher latent heat, and otherchemical properties.This paper describes the performance (torque, brake mean effective
pressure, brake horse power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption rate) and emission (CO, HC, smoke)
characteristics of ethanol-diesel dual-fuels engine combustion for the homogeneous charge compression ignition engine.
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
known as
δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
The focus of this paper is on implementation of Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol
following slave module for no data loss. In this paper, the principle and the operation of I2C bus protocol
will be introduced. It follows the I2C specification to provide device addressing, read/write operation and
an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
the I2C slave device to any legal slave address to avoid the slave address collision on an I2C bus with
multiple slave devices. This paper demonstrates how I2C Master controller transmits and receives data to
and from the Slave with proper synchronization.
The module is designed in Verilog and simulated in ModelSim. The design is also synthesized in Xilinx
XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Application of Parabolic Trough Collectorfor Reduction of Pressure Drop in Oi...IJMER
Pipelines are the least expensive and most effective method for the oil transportation.
Due to high viscosity of crude oil, the pressure drop and pumping power requirements are very high.
So it is necessary to bring down the viscosity of crude oil. Heated pipelines are used reduce the oil
viscosity by increasing the oil temperature. Electrical heating and direct flame heating are the common
method used for heating the oil pipeline. In this work, a new application of Parabolic Trough Collector
in the field of oil pipeline transport is introduced for reducing pressure drop in oil pipelines. Oil
pipeline is heated by applying concentrated solar radiation on the pipe surface using a Parabolic
Trough Collector in which the oil pipeline acts as the absorber pipe. 3-D steady state analysis is
carried out on a heated oil pipeline using commercial CFD software package ANSYS Fluent 14.5. In
this work an effort is made to investigate the effect of concentrated solar radiation for reducing
pressure drop in the oil pipeline. The results from the numerical analysis shows that the pressure drop
in oil pipeline is get reduced by heating the pipe line using concentrated solar radiation. From this
work, the application of PTC in oil pipeline transportation is justified.
Application of Parabolic Trough Collectorfor Reduction of Pressure Drop in Oi...
I0502 01 4856
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.2| Feb. 2015 | 48|
Potential Use of LPG in A Medium Capacity Stationary
HCCI Engine
Abhinav Tomar1
, Abhinav Chandra2
, Jatin Madaan3
1,2,3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, 110042, India.
I. INTRODUCTION
Oil accounts for 33.1% of global energy consumption. Global oil consumption grew by a below-
average 0.6 million barrels per day (b/d), or 0.7%, to reach 88 million b/d [1]. In the present scenario of energy
crisis and global warming, energy demand is exponentially increasing due to ever increasing number of
vehicles employing internal combustion engines [2]. There is a growing need to decrease this consumption;
Indian transport sector majorly consists of Diesel engines which carries many disadvantages such as more fuel
consumption, lower power with higher level of harmful emissions. The excessive dependency on these Internal
Combustion engines is forcing the automotive sector to utilize the technically advanced combustion technique
to compensate with current demand.
Ever-increasing stringent legislations imposed by emission regulatory organizations on NOx
emissions from engines make achieving near zero NOx emission combustion strategies more challenging.
Hence, in-cylinder NOx reduction methods such as low temperature combustion are being widely studied.
Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion is a reliable method that has been found to
produce ultra-low NOx levels and near zero soot emissions and to provide equal or greater fuel conversion
efficiencies compared to that of conventional Direct Injection (DI) diesel combustion [3, 4].
There is no direct control over the combustion timing in an HCCI engine, unlike the Diesel and Otto
engines which use injection timing and spark timing respectively to control the start of combustion. Recently a
lot of researches have been performed to investigate the potential control methods such as the inlet air heating
[5, 6], variable compression ratio (VCR) [7, 8], variable valve actuation (VVA) [9, 10] and EGR rates [11, 12].
Moreover many studies also focused on the effects of different fuel physical and chemical properties, for
instance the octane number and the cetane number, using the primary reference fuels and fuel additives [13,
14, 15, 16]. Within these attempts, attracting progresses have been reported, to some extent, about gaining
control of the HCCI combustion process. In a HCCI engine, the fuel is injected into the (preheated) air in the
intake manifold, to create a homogeneous charge. The charge is then further heated during the compression
ABSTRACT: Internal combustion engines are extensively used in every field of life in today’s world.
Diesel engines being more efficient are preferred in the industrial and transportation sector in
comparison to spark ignition engines for their higher efficiency, versatility and ruggedness. The major
emissions of diesel engines are oxides of nitrogen (NOx), particulate matter (PM), carbon dioxide
(CO2), carbon monoxide (CO). Among these emissions, oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and the particulate
matter are the reasons of serious concern. For reduction of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate
matter simultaneously, the use of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) have provided a
sustainable solution in the present scenario.
This paper presents the findings of an experimental investigation into the operation of a
compression ignition (CI) engine in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) mode using LPG
as the main fuel and diesel as pilot injection. Factors that were investigated include engine performance
and emission characteristics and based on the results, LPG was found to be a possible fuel for operation
of a CI engine in HCCI mode.
A methodology using a small pilot quantity of diesel fuel injected during the compression stroke
to improve the power density and operation control is carried out for an HCCI engine based on a
stationary, constant RPM, water cooled diesel engine. The objective of this study is to investigate the
performance and emission characteristics of HCCI engine fuelled with LPG and help understand the
viability of LPG as an alternative fuel in diesel engines for use in the automotive industry.
Keywords: LPG , Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI). Performance Characteristics,
NOx Emissions,
2. Potential Use of LPG in A Medium Capacity Stationary HCCI Engine
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.2| Feb. 2015 | 49|
stroke to get auto-ignition, close to Top Dead Centre (TDC). With HCCI, there is no direct control over the
ignition timing. The ignition timing can only be controlled indirect. By adjusting the operating parameters
correctly, ignition will occur near TDC [17]. The auto-ignition timing in an HCCI engine is dependent on
many parameters including equivalence ratio, pilot injection timing, fuel composition and properties,
compression ratio, intake pressure and temperature, and external and internal EGR. The overall efficiency of
the engine depends strongly on the combustion timing and duration. The homogeneous mixing of the fuel and
air before the combustion, opposite to that in diesel engines, reduces the level of soot particles in the exhaust
leading to cleaner combustion. HCCI provides up to a 30-percent fuel savings, while meeting current emissions
standards. In regards to gasoline engines, the emission of throttle losses improves HCCI efficiency [18]. Recent
research has shown that the use of two fuels with different reactivity’s can help solve some of the difficulties of
controlling HCCI ignition and burn rates. RCCI or Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition has been
demonstrated to provide highly efficient, low emissions operation over wide load and speed ranges [19].
HCCI engines do present some technical challenges that have so far kept them from widespread
commercialization. The main hurdles are combustion timing control, low specific power output, high
emissions of hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO), and difficulty to start when cold [20]. These are
formidable technical challenges for transportation applications, due to the fast transients required to meet the
road load and due to the size restrictions inside a vehicle. However, for stationary applications, these issues are
not nearly as challenging, because a stationary engine runs predominantly at a constant speed and the load
changes relatively slowly. Under these conditions, combustion control becomes much more tractable. External
components (e.g. a burner and heat exchanger for starting the engine can easily be installed in stationary
engines, since size restrictions are typically not as strict as for transportation applications [21].
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) accounts for 16.8% of global energy consumption by 2011 end with
production increased to 35.9% in less than 20 years [1]. As LPG has a low auto ignition temperature it is more
likely that it will cause HCCI mode of ignition and is quite prone to knocking.
HCCI engines can operate on gasoline, diesel fuel, and most alternative fuels [22]. Further, on using
LPG as a fuel in HCCI engine results in even lower levels of NOx and other particulate emissions are observed.
LPG is made by liquefying petroleum gas (which is mainly composed of butane and propane), to less than 1%
of the volume it occupies at standard atmospheric pressure. It is stored and distributed in hard containers in the
liquid form with a pressure of 200–248 bar (2,900–3,600 psi), usually in cylindrical or spherical shapes. Being
a gaseous fuel, LPG mixes easily and evenly in air, thus producing a homogeneous mixture essential for
working of HCCI engine along-with increasing the life of lubricating oils, as LPG does not contaminate and
dilute the crankcase oil. As LPG is less likely to ignite on hot surfaces, since it has a high auto-ignition
temperature around 450 °C and a narrow range (5–15%) of flammability, therefore a methodology using a
small pilot quantity of diesel fuel injected during the compression stroke to improve the power density and
operation control is implemented, thus helping the homogeneous mixture of LPG and air to combust without
altering the compression ratio of the engine or installing a spark plug inside the combustion chamber.
In present study the Compression Ignition engine is used which is modified to LPG-Diesel HCCI
engine in which Diesel works on pilot-injection (volumetric ratio of 1/10) and LPG as the main fuel.
Combustion control is carried out by LPG and its quantity varies at different loads. The objective is to
investigate the performance and emission characteristics. This technique reduces NOx by 40.53% at 40% load
and increases at 80% and 100% load. Kerosene when used as an alternative for diesel in HCCI engines at high
compression ratio, higher BTE was observed with low exhaust emissions.
It is proposed that a small (<20% of fuel energy) pilot injection of a fuel (diesel) with high volatility
and low auto-ignition temperature will act to initiate combustion of a premixed liquefied petroleum gas charge
in an HCCI engine. The pilot fuel is injected shortly before TDC to burn as a stratified charge or a diffusion
jet, and not as a homogeneous mixture. As such, it will cause a relatively slow rise in the cylinder pressure and
temperature and cause the homogeneous natural gas charge to auto-ignite at an appropriate timing. The pilot
injection is used to lower the variation in IMEP at the lean limit, as well as prevent misfiring of the engine at
marginal conditions. It can also be used to control the combustion timing in an HCCI engine and increase the
efficiency of fuels like liquefied petroleum gas that have very high reaction rates. With HCCI, cycle-to-cycle
variations of combustion are very small since combustion initiation takes place at many points at the same
time. HCCI has no flame propagation; instead the whole mixture burns close to homogeneous at the same time.
Till now the study in this field resulted into the engines used for power generation, but here the
engine optimized for this use is an engine used in rural area as a transport unit so if we can control the
combustion of this technology with emission control it could result into its commercialization.
3. Potential Use of LPG in A Medium Capacity Stationary HCCI Engine
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.2| Feb. 2015 | 50|
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Diaz, p.m. et al. [23] did an experimental study on emission characteristics on a single cylinder
engine, he blended reformer gas (RG) with different mass% with LPG, formed a lean preheated mixture which
worked under the limit of misfiring and knocking which is 10-20 bar/CAD. Reformer gas mainly increased the
maximum cylinder pressure and thus NOx increased when mass% RG is more than 60% and is reduced before
it. Junjun Ma et al. [24] did experimental study on n-heptane diesel HCCI and concluded that NOx emissions
decreases at low premixed ratios and increases at high premixed ratios, this is due to the diffusive combustion
and increased peak pressure.
P. Saisirirat et al. [25] concluded that in HCCI combustion the usage of alcohol resulted into cooler
flame and lover OH radicals, constant volume was kept hand in hand with pressure which is maintained at 20
and 40 bar to attain these conditions. S. Swami Nathan et al. [26] ran single cylinder diesel engine working on
biogas-diesel HCCI and tested its performance and emissions where NOx emissions were decreased when the
lean air-fuel mixture is given intake charge of 135 C thus less is the work done by compression to ignite fuel
thus fuel burned evenly at multiple points and combustion control is done by adjusting amount of diesel
injected with a constant supply of biogas, BTE was maximum at 135 C temperature as the expansion ratio of
biogas is greater than diesel. Kimura S et al. [27] are continuously interested in developing a better
understanding 0f the mechanism of HCCI combustion over a wide range of operating conditions. This study is
motivated by the need to improve combustion efficiency and performance of current used engines and to reduce
harmful pollutants emissions generated in the combustion. As a result many studies took place. Magnus
Christensen et al. [28] used a Volvo TD100 Diesel engine was converted for HCCI operation with the
capability of variable compression ratios, intake air preheating, air/fuel equivalence ratio and intake boost
pressure. It was found that the level of intake charge preheating needed to accomplish ultra-lean HCCI
combustion could be drastically reduced almost to the point of elimination with increasing inlet pressure
(boost). The idea of charge dilution from excess air inducted from boost (creation of extremely lean charge)
aids in the problematic nature of the speed of the combustion caused by the chemical reaction rates.
Rakesh Kumar Maurya et al. [29] did an experimental study where an HCCI engine was operated
with a fixed compression ratio of 16.5 and fixed engine speed of 1500 RPM fuelled with ethanol. The results
are reported with respect to λ (the excess air ratio {1/λ= Φ}) instead of equivalence ratio. In this study it was
determined that at lower intake temperatures a richer mixture ( Φ = 0.5 or λ = 2) could be ignited without
causing engine knock, as the intake temperature was increased at the same rich equivalence ratio knock was
encountered. However it was found that the lean operational range (up to Φ = 0.18 or λ = 5.5) could be
extended with increases in intake temperature. John E. Dec et al. [30] resulted maximum IMEP to 16.34 bar
with no knock and intake pressure ringing at 3.25 bar. Noguchi et al. conducted a spectroscopic analysis on
HCCI combustion in an opposed piston, two-stroke engine. They measured high levels of CHO, HO2, and O
radicals within the cylinder prior to auto ignition, which demonstrated that pre-ignition chemical reactions had
occurred and these reactions contributed to the auto ignition. After auto ignition took place, H, CH, and OH
radicals were detected, which were indicative of high-temperature chemical reactions. In a traditional SI
engine, these radical species are only associated with end-gas auto ignition, namely knock, which confirmed
the similarities between the reactions of HCCI and knock in an SI engine.
III. FUEL PROPERTIES
Table 1: Properties of LPG
S.No. Constituents Value
1. Molecular weight 4409
2. Carbon content (wt %) 8172
3. Hydrogen content (wt %) 1828
4. Carbon: hydrogen ratio by weight 447
5. Density of liquid at 15ºC (kg/l) 510
6. Boiling point of liquid at atm. pres. (ºC) -421
7. Density of gas at 15ºC & atm. pres. (kg/m3) 186
8. Volume ratio of gas: liquid at STP* 274:1
9. Vapour pressure at 20ºC (kPa abs.) 710
10. Net calorific value at 25ºC (MJ/kg) 460
11. Wobbe number (kcal/Nm3) 19000
12. Limits of flammability in air (vol% gas) 22 – 10
13. Limits of flammability in oxygen (vol% gas) 2 – 50
14. Max. flame temperature in air (ºC) 1930
4. Potential Use of LPG in A Medium Capacity Stationary HCCI Engine
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.2| Feb. 2015 | 51|
15. Max. flame temperature in oxygen (ºC) 2740
16. Max. flame speed in 25 mm tube (cm/sec) 82
17. Air required for combustion at STP (m3/kg LPG) 1210
18. Air: gas vol. ratio for combustion at STP 225
19. O2 vol. for combustion at STP (m3/kg fuel) 256
These properties of LPG is quite useful in controlling the combustion as this gas has flammability
entirely different from the other fuels which brings changes in the type of combustion and temperature
program which is followed with low peak in pressure and gives low harmful emissions with similar power
output.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The engine used for the study is Kirloskar Make, single cylinder, 4-stroke, constant speed, vertical,
water cooled, direct injection, 5.2 kW diesel engine, Table 2. The engine was coupled to a swinging field
separating exciting type DC generator and loaded by electrical resistance. Exhaust gas temperature was
measured by an iron–constantan thermocouple. Fuel consumption was measured by U-tube manometer. The
engine was started with standard diesel fuel and warmed up. The warm up period ends when the cooling water
temperature is stabilized. Then the fuel consumption and different exhaust emission like NOx, HC, CO, CO2
and smoke were measured.
Table 2: Engine Specifications
Make Kirloskar
Ignition Type Compression Ignition
Type of Cooling Water Cooled
Injection Type Direct Injection
Number of cylinders 1
Bore (mm) 87.5
Stroke (mm) 110
Cycle 4-stroke
Compression Ratio 17.5
Rated Power (HP) 5.2kW @1500 rpm
Swept Volume (cc) 661
Figure 1: Experimental Setup
5. Potential Use of LPG in A Medium Capacity Stationary HCCI Engine
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.2| Feb. 2015 | 52|
The LPG is induced into the combustion chamber by installing a LPG gas kit (including a LPG
cylinder, a multivalve, a vaporiser along-with a battery, lambda controller) along-with a venturi in the intake
manifold just after the air filter. It assures proper mixing of the air and LPG and hence forming a homogenous
and a lean air/fuel mixture before combustion. The quantity of the diesel entering the combustion chamber is
controlled through the help of the diesel governor ensuring on pilot quantity of diesel entering the chamber
enough for starting the combustion process of the lean mixture.
V. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
In order to achieve HCCI the engine was initially hand started same likely the normal diesel engine
with a steady and constant rpm program with no load condition or the Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP)
was maintained constant to 1 bar, then steadily the diesel consumption is minimised from the governor
followed with the flow of LPG in the intake manifold with a constant ratio with diesel to maintain the steady
rpm at 1500 and controlled combustion state. The intake was given a constant charge of 300 F. The limitations
found in this operational working are misfire (at high LPG flow rates followed by low diesel flow rate) and
Knocking (at low LPG flow rate followed by high diesel flow rate). Thus the misfire and knocking is controlled
by injecting a controlled and appropriate amount of fuel and feasible combustion state is obtained followed
with the stabilization.
Data points were recorded at steady state operating conditions. Engine speed for the tests was held
constant at 1500 RPM. Data sets were taken at different loads of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%(full load
i.e. 5.2kW).
Each data set contained numerous points as:
-Amount of diesel consumption in 60 sec.
-NOx emissions
-CO emissions
-HC emissions
-smoke opacity
- λ value
-exhaust temperature
-voltage and current
The data sets were first taken without LPG Induction i.e. engine operating fully on diesel fuel and then
repeated with LPG fuel along with pilot diesel injection as HCCI.
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
6.1 Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE):
Fig .2 shows relationship between brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake mean effective pressure
(BMEP). In all the three cases BTE increases with increase in BMEP. It is found that brake thermal efficiency
of the engine when run on LPG-HCCI mode (with diesel pilot injection) is more than that when run on diesel
alone at all loads. Power available at the crankshaft increases with increase in the load due to increase richness
of the air fuel mixture but as with increase in the load mass flow rate also increases, so on the whole the
outcome being increase in thermal efficiency. Also, as the loss of energy increases at higher loads the Brake
thermal efficiency decreases at higher loads. Except for the engine loads that are very close to the maximum
load (in the range 90–100%), this analysis combined with the analysis of the BSFC (Fig.2) may suggest that
the higher the engine load, the better is its performance in terms of fuel consumption and thermal efficiency, as
shown by some investigations [31].
6.2 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption:
Fig .3 shows relationship between brake specific fuel consumption and brake mean effective pressure.
Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is a measure of the fuel efficiency of an engine. It is the rate of fuel
consumption divided by the power produced. It may also be thought of as power-specific fuel consumption.
BSFC decreases with increase in brake mean effective pressure in all the three cases as seen in the Fig.3, due to
the increment in the value of BTE for higher loads. BSFC, being inversely proportional to Brake Thermal
Efficiency, is highest for neat diesel mode, and lowest for normal pilot diesel assisted LPG-HCCI mode. To
give the same power output i.e. to run on the same load range for different modes the engine starts to consume
larger volume of fuel for diesel mode and LPG-HCCI water injection mode than normal pilot diesel assisted
LPG-HCCI mode. With increase in the load, Brake specific fuel consumption will decrease. All these results
agree with the literature [32, 33, 34].
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Figure 2: BTE vs BMEP Figure 3: BSFC vs BMEP
6.3 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx):
Fig.4 depicts the NOx versus the BMEP values for various load ranges for neat diesel mode, LPG-
HCCI mode. NOx formation is highly sensitive to temperature in the combustion chamber. The NOx formation
rate is governed by the Zeldovich Mechanism [35]. Homogeneous charge in combination with lean mixtures of
LPG gives low maximum temperature as LPG storage is in high pressured liquid form and when mixed with
normal air the temperature is maintained to <273 K which when enters the combustion chamber lower its
temperature to a great extent and much lower NOx are observed.
HCCI combustion is well known for its ultra-low NOx and soot emission. Thus it is considered in this
study that the NOx and soot emissions are mainly due to the diffusive combustion of direct injection. The
formation of Nitrogen Monoxide and Nitrogen Dioxide can be divided into thermal route, prompt route, N2O
route and fuel-bound nitrogen route [36]. The major NOx formation route in IC engine combustion is the
thermal route [37]. The thermal NO route is the major constituent to the NOx emission and can be described
with the following three elementary reactions called as extended Zeldovich mechanism
Eq. 1-3:
O+N2®NO+N (1)
N + O2®NO+O (2)
N+OH®NO+H (3)
It is evident from the Fig.4 that NOx is reduced dramatically with the pilot diesel aided HCCI mode
engine running on LPG along-with exhibiting an increasing trend in NOx levels at higher loads, just as in a
neat diesel engine. This reason being the trade-off relationship between the reduction of NOx during HCCI
combustion and the increase of NOx during diffusive combustion. On one hand, the LPG undergoing HCCI
combustion produces nearly no NOx so that increasing premixed ratio would reduce the overall NOx. On the
other hand, the heat release prior to the diffusive combustion raised the in-cylinder temperature that offset the
NOx decrease. Therefore at higher loads (above 85% load) the NOx emissions are greater
6.4 Hydrocarbons (HC):
Fig.5 shows relationship between hydrocarbon formation and brake mean effective pressure for
different loads (0%,20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and full load (5.2KW)). Hydrocarbon formation results from
unburned carbon presence inside engine. The HC emissions mainly originate from the HCCI combustion since
the prototype engine run is a diesel engine and without varying its compression ratio the complete combustion
of LPG cannot take place and hence unburned HCs are emitted. The low combustion temperature prevents
NOx formation, but the combustion temperature becomes too low to fully oxidize the fuel completely. This low
combustion temperature results in high emissions of unburned hydrocarbons. During no load condition,
unburned carbon is present inside the engine which go on to produce hydrocarbons when engine is run on
diesel pilot injection assisted LPG, in great amount as compared to when run on diesel alone. The increase in
HC can also partly be explained by incomplete vaporization of the fuel when the humidity of the inlet air
becomes very high. Further as load increases, hydrocarbon formation decreases rapidly when engine is run on
LPG (with diesel pilot injection) for both modes with and without water injection as higher temperature is
achieved.
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Figure 4: NOx vs BMEP Figure 5: Hydrocarbons vs BMEP
6.5 Carbon Dioxide (CO2):
Fig 6 shows relationship between carbon dioxide and brake mean effective pressure. In this present
study the CO2 is found to be increase gradually with the increase in the load for diesel fuel but this pattern was
not found to be uniform throughout the investigation. At the same time, at maximum load the CO2 measured is
lower in HCCI-LPG mode as compared to the diesel because of the complete combustion of the butane.
6.6 Smoke Opacity:
Fig.7 shows relationship between smoke opacity (%) and brake mean effective pressure for different
loads (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and full load (5.2KW)). Smoke opacity increases with increase in the amount
of unburned carbon. Unburned carbon will go on to form soot which will result in smoke formation. It is found
when brake mean effective pressure approaches from 0 to 3 bar, smoke opacity increases exponentially in case
when engine is run on diesel whereas it increases first then decreases in case when run on LPG (with diesel
pilot injection). Amount of unburned carbon formed by LPG is more than that formed by diesel when brake
mean effective pressure increases from 0 to 3.
Figure 6: CO2 vs BMEP Figure 7: Smoke Opacity vs BMEP
VII. CONCLUSIONS
NOx emissions decreased at low premixed ratios with the pilot diesel aided HCCI engine running on
LPG. Generally the NOx formation in HCCI could be dramatically reduced in comparison with the prototype
diesel engine. Note that the specific NOx levels continue to be high at high loads and further combustion
enhancements is needed to make the LPG fuelled HCCI engine practical. Smoke opacity in HCCI mode
decreases with increasing load. Overall smoke opacity in HCCI mode is quite low as compared with diesel
mode. Extreme low levels of smoke opacity are attained at brake mean effective pressure being above 3 bar,
when the engine is operated on HCCI mode. The change of carbon monoxide with premixed ratio mainly
depends upon the premixed equivalence ratio which exceeds the critical value when the unburned hydrocarbon
increases linearly with the premixed ratio due to the incomplete oxidation at the boundary layer and in the
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crevices. Higher Brake Thermal Efficiency was obtained at all loads and offers 20-25% overloads in HCCI
mode in comparison to 10% in conventional diesel operation.
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