This document describes using a two-layer fuzzy logic controller with a unified power flow controller to dampen tie-line power oscillations in an interconnected thermal power system. Conventionally, automatic generation control is performed using primary governor control and a secondary proportional-integral controller. However, this can still result in frequency and tie-line power transients during load disturbances. The document proposes using a UPFC along with a two-layer fuzzy logic controller to further improve damping. Simulation results indicate this approach reduces transients and achieves faster settling times.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
DESIGN OF CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR THE LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL (LFC) IN MULTI AR...IAEME Publication
This paper features the Differential Evolution (DE) by controller parameters tuning algorithm
and also an application of a multi source power system to a Load Frequency Control (LFC) by
having several sources of power generation techniques. At first, a single area multi-source power
system using integral controllers for every unit is taken and DE procedure is implemented to attain
the controller parameters. Several mutation procedures of DE are estimated and the control
parameters of DE for best obtained procedure are tuned by implementing numerous runs of
algorithm for every change in parameter. Multi-area multi-source power system is also discussed
and a HDVC link is also taken in accordance with the current AC tie line for the internal
connection between the areas. The two variables of Integrals which are to be enhanced using tuned
DE algorithm are proportional integral and proportional integral derivative.
TRANSIENT STABILITY ENHANCEMENT BY USING DSSC AND PSSIAEME Publication
Synchronous operation of generators in power system is required to supply continuous electricity to customers. Proper transient stability must be maintained for stable operation of power system. To enhance the transient stability of power system FACTS or D-FACTS technology can be used. In this paper, Distributed Static Series Compensator (DSSC) which, belongs to D-FACTS technology is used to enhance the transient stability of two-machine system with Power System Stabilizer (PSS) as an auxiliary controller and it is found that DSSC along with PSS is able to maintain required transient stability during severe three-phase to ground fault.
Improved dynamic performances of multi area reheat thermal agc power systems ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
To eliminate the adverse effect from parameter variations as well as distorted grid conditions, a current control scheme of an LCL-filtered grid-connected inverter using a discrete integral sliding mode control (ISMC) and resonant compensation is presented. The proposed scheme is constructed based on the cascaded multiloop structure, in which three control loops are composed of grid-side current control, capacitor voltage control, and inverter-side current control. An active damping to suppress the resonance caused by LCL filter can be effectively realized by means of the inverter-side feedback control loop. Furthermore, the seamless transfer operation between the grid-connected mode and islanded mode is achieved by the capacitor voltage control loop. To retain a high tracking performance and robustness of the ISMC as well as an excellent harmonic compensation capability of the resonant control (RC) scheme at the same time, two control methods are combined in the proposed current controller. As a result, the proposed scheme yields a high quality of the injected grid currents and fast dynamic response even under distorted grid conditions. Furthermore, to reduce the number of sensors, a discrete-time reduced-order state observer is introduced. Simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
DESIGN OF CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR THE LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL (LFC) IN MULTI AR...IAEME Publication
This paper features the Differential Evolution (DE) by controller parameters tuning algorithm
and also an application of a multi source power system to a Load Frequency Control (LFC) by
having several sources of power generation techniques. At first, a single area multi-source power
system using integral controllers for every unit is taken and DE procedure is implemented to attain
the controller parameters. Several mutation procedures of DE are estimated and the control
parameters of DE for best obtained procedure are tuned by implementing numerous runs of
algorithm for every change in parameter. Multi-area multi-source power system is also discussed
and a HDVC link is also taken in accordance with the current AC tie line for the internal
connection between the areas. The two variables of Integrals which are to be enhanced using tuned
DE algorithm are proportional integral and proportional integral derivative.
TRANSIENT STABILITY ENHANCEMENT BY USING DSSC AND PSSIAEME Publication
Synchronous operation of generators in power system is required to supply continuous electricity to customers. Proper transient stability must be maintained for stable operation of power system. To enhance the transient stability of power system FACTS or D-FACTS technology can be used. In this paper, Distributed Static Series Compensator (DSSC) which, belongs to D-FACTS technology is used to enhance the transient stability of two-machine system with Power System Stabilizer (PSS) as an auxiliary controller and it is found that DSSC along with PSS is able to maintain required transient stability during severe three-phase to ground fault.
Improved dynamic performances of multi area reheat thermal agc power systems ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
To eliminate the adverse effect from parameter variations as well as distorted grid conditions, a current control scheme of an LCL-filtered grid-connected inverter using a discrete integral sliding mode control (ISMC) and resonant compensation is presented. The proposed scheme is constructed based on the cascaded multiloop structure, in which three control loops are composed of grid-side current control, capacitor voltage control, and inverter-side current control. An active damping to suppress the resonance caused by LCL filter can be effectively realized by means of the inverter-side feedback control loop. Furthermore, the seamless transfer operation between the grid-connected mode and islanded mode is achieved by the capacitor voltage control loop. To retain a high tracking performance and robustness of the ISMC as well as an excellent harmonic compensation capability of the resonant control (RC) scheme at the same time, two control methods are combined in the proposed current controller. As a result, the proposed scheme yields a high quality of the injected grid currents and fast dynamic response even under distorted grid conditions. Furthermore, to reduce the number of sensors, a discrete-time reduced-order state observer is introduced. Simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Static Sustenance of Power System Stability Using FLC Based UPFC in SMIB Powe...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Control strategies for seamless transfer between the grid-connected and isla...IJECEIAES
Design of control strategies for Distributed generation systems is very important to achieve smoother transition between the grid connected and islanding modes of operation. The transition between these two modes of operation should be seamless, without any severe transients during the changeover. In this paper, two different control strategies namely inverter output current control and indirect grid current control for the seamless transfer between the modes of operation has been explored for the suitability. The design and analysis of the cascaded control loops based on Proportional Integral (PI) controller has been dealt in detail for both inverter output current control and indirect grid current control strategy. Control parameters are designed using the control system toolbox in MATLAB. A 10kW grid connected microgrid system has been designed and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and the results are presented under grid connected operation, islanding operation and the transition between the modes considering fault condition in the grid side. The simulation studies are carried out using both the control strategies and the results are presented to validate the design methodology.
The aim of this paper is to prove that fuzzy logic algorithm is a suitable control technique for fast processes such as electrical machines. This theory has been experimented on different kinds of electrical machines such as stepping motors, dc motors and induction machines (with 6 phases) and the experimental results show that the proposed fuzzy logic algorithm is the most suitable control technique for electrical machines since this algorithm is not time consuming and it is also robust between plant parameters variations.
Automatic load frequency control of two area power system with conventional a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Load frequency control in co ordination with frequency controllable hvdc link...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper decentralized load frequency control (LFC) for suppression of oscillations in multi-area power systems using fuzzy logic
controller was studied. A three area system is considered in which areas 1 and 2 and areas 1 and 3 are connected by HVDC
transmission links and areas 2 and 3 are connected by normal AC tie-line. The performance of the fuzzy logic controller is compared
with the conventional PI controller and the simulation results shows that fuzzy logic controller is very effective enhancing better
damping performance in non-linear conditions.
Keywords: Load Frequency Control, High Voltage Direct Current transmission Link, Proportional Integral Controller,
Fuzzy Logic Control.
A new approach for Tuning of PID Load Frequency Controller of an Interconnect...Editor IJMTER
Load frequency control is one of the important issues in electrical power system
design/operation and is becoming much more significant recently with increasing size,
changing structure and complexity in interconnected power system. This paper deals with a
new approach of PID tuning and their dynamic responses are compared with PID classical
Controller when both controllers are applied to three area interconnected Thermal-ThermalHydro. The dynamical response of the load frequency control problem in an interconnected
power system is improved by designing PID controller using Pessen Integral Rule (similar to
Ziegler Nichols -2nd method). The results indicate that the proposed controller gives the better
performance.
Load Frequency Control in Three Area Power System using Fuzzy Logic Controllerijtsrd
In interconnected power system load frequency control has been used extensively. This study presents an application of a fuzzy gain scheduled proportional and integral (FGPI) controller for load-frequency control of a three-area electrical interconnected power system. The main aim is to design a FGPI controller that can ensure good performance. The paper present analysis on dynamic performance of Load Frequency Control (LFC) of three area interconnected thermal non-reheat power system by the use of Fuzzy Intelligence. The fuzzy rules are developed to ensure there is minimum frequency deviation occur when load is changed. The proposed controller limits the frequency deviations effectively as compared to conventional controller. The results has been verified by using MATLAB/Simulink software. Nazia Kosser"Load Frequency Control in Three Area Power System using Fuzzy Logic Controller" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12955.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/12955/load-frequency-control-in-three-area-power-system-using-fuzzy-logic-controller/nazia-kosser
This present paper includes the study Load Frequency Control (LFC) of power systems with several nonlinearities
like Generation Rate Constraint(GRC) and Boiler Dynamics (BD) including Superconducting
Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) units using Type-2 Fuzzy System (T2FS) controllers . Here, Load
frequency control problem is dealt with a three – area interconnected system of Thermal-Thermal-Hydal
power system by observing the effects and variations of dynamic responses employing conventional
controller, Type-1 fuzzy controller and T2FS controller considering incremental increase of step
pertubations by 10% in the load. The salient advantage of this controller is its high insensitivity to large
load changes and plant parameter variations even in the presence of non-linearities. As the non-linearities
were considered in the system, the conventional and classical Fuzzy controllers does not provide adequate
control performance with the consideration of above nonlinearities. To overcome this drawback T2FS
Controller has been employed in the system. Therefore, the efficacy of the proposed T2FS controller is
found to be better than that of conventional controller and Type-1 Fuzzy controller in cosidreration with
overshoot, settling time and robustness.
Tuning of PI and PID Controller with STATCOM, SSSC and UPFC for Minimizing Da...IOSRJEEE
This paper presents the comparative performance of directly and feedback connected PI and PID controller scheme with Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices, such as Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) in terms of improvements in transient stability, extenuation of system oscillations and furnishing voltage support in single machine infinite bus system (SMIB). Firstly, rotor angle deviation and speed deviation analyzed for directly connected PI and PID with UPFC, SSSC and STATCOM then for feedback connected. The comparisons of all the results are performed using Matlab simulink in term of maximum overshoot and settling time.
Load Frequency Control of Multi Area System using Integral-Fuzzy ControllerIJERA Editor
The power system is interconnected to enhance the security and reliability. With large interconnected system, unexpected external disturbances, parameter uncertainties and the model uncertainties make big challenges for stability of system. Load Frequency Control (LFC) deals with the control of real power and frequency of the system. The LFC is used to reduce the transient deviations in the power system. It limits the frequency within limits and controls the tie-line exchange power. Various controllers are used for this purpose. Recently Artificial Intelligence Techniques such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN), fuzzy logic, Genetic Algorithm etc. are used for the designing of controllers. These controllers provide a faster response and are flexible to adjust according to system conditions. In this paper, I have designed integral controller which is conventional method for Load Frequency Control and Artificial Intelligence Technique based Fuzzy Logic controller to deal with the Load Frequency Control Problem for Multi-area System. The simulation of the system is done with MATLAB. These controllers provide a robust system which is more stable and reliable and helps the system to regain its normal state after any disturbance.
A coordinated mimo control design for a power plant using improved sliding mo...ISA Interchange
For the participation of the steam power plants in regulating the network frequency, boilers and turbines should be co-ordinately controlled in addition to the base load productions. Lack of coordinated control over boiler–turbine may lead to instability; oscillation in producing power and boiler parameters; reduction in the reliability of the unit; and inflicting thermodynamic tension on devices. This paper proposes a boiler–turbine coordinated multivariable control system based on improved sliding mode controller (ISMC). The system controls two main boiler–turbine parameters i.e., the turbine revolution and superheated steam pressure of the boiler output. For this purpose, a comprehensive model of the system including complete and exact description of the subsystems is extracted. The parameters of this model are determined according to our case study that is the 320 MW unit of Islam-Abad power plant in Isfahan/Iran. The ISMC method is simulated on the power plant and its performance is compared with the related real PI (proportional-integral) controllers which have been used in this unit. The simulation results show the capability of the proposed controller system in controlling local network frequency and superheated steam pressure in the presence of load variations and disturbances of boiler.
Effects of the Droop Speed Governor and Automatic Generation Control AGC on G...IJAPEJOURNAL
In power system, as any inequality between production and consumption results in an instantaneous change in frequency from nominal, frequency should be always monitored and controlled. Traditionally, frequency regulation is provided by varying the power output of generators which have restricted ramp rates. The Automatic Generation Control AGC process performs the task of adjusting system generation to meet the load demand and of regulating the large system frequency changes. A result of the mismatches between system load and system generation, system frequency and the desired value of 50 Hz is the accumulation of time error. How equilibrium system frequency is calculated if load parameters are frequency dependent, and how can frequency be controlled. Also, how do parameters of a speed governor affect generated power. The transient processes before system frequency settles down to steady state. Finally, AGC in what way is it different from governor action. This paper presents new approaches for AGC of power system including two areas having one steam turbines and one hydro turbine tied together through power lines.
Comparative Analysis of Power System Stabilizer using Artificial Intelligence...ijsrd.com
Power system stabilizers (PSSs) are used to enhance the damping during low frequency oscillations. The paper presents study of power system stabilizer using fuzzy logic and neural network to enhance stability of single machine infinite bus system. In this paper basic problem of conventional power system stabilizer for stability enhancement is defined which is traditionally used. Artificial intelligence techniques provide one alternative for stability enhancement and speed deviation (Δw). The proposed method using Artificial intelligence techniques achieves better improvement than conventional power system stabilizer. Fuzzy logic rules were developed for triangular membership function of input and output variables. Neuro controller is implemented and it is compared with reference model. The system is simulated in SIMULINK environment and the performances of conventional, Fuzzy based and Neural network based power system stabilizers are compared.
Static Sustenance of Power System Stability Using FLC Based UPFC in SMIB Powe...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Control strategies for seamless transfer between the grid-connected and isla...IJECEIAES
Design of control strategies for Distributed generation systems is very important to achieve smoother transition between the grid connected and islanding modes of operation. The transition between these two modes of operation should be seamless, without any severe transients during the changeover. In this paper, two different control strategies namely inverter output current control and indirect grid current control for the seamless transfer between the modes of operation has been explored for the suitability. The design and analysis of the cascaded control loops based on Proportional Integral (PI) controller has been dealt in detail for both inverter output current control and indirect grid current control strategy. Control parameters are designed using the control system toolbox in MATLAB. A 10kW grid connected microgrid system has been designed and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and the results are presented under grid connected operation, islanding operation and the transition between the modes considering fault condition in the grid side. The simulation studies are carried out using both the control strategies and the results are presented to validate the design methodology.
The aim of this paper is to prove that fuzzy logic algorithm is a suitable control technique for fast processes such as electrical machines. This theory has been experimented on different kinds of electrical machines such as stepping motors, dc motors and induction machines (with 6 phases) and the experimental results show that the proposed fuzzy logic algorithm is the most suitable control technique for electrical machines since this algorithm is not time consuming and it is also robust between plant parameters variations.
Automatic load frequency control of two area power system with conventional a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Load frequency control in co ordination with frequency controllable hvdc link...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper decentralized load frequency control (LFC) for suppression of oscillations in multi-area power systems using fuzzy logic
controller was studied. A three area system is considered in which areas 1 and 2 and areas 1 and 3 are connected by HVDC
transmission links and areas 2 and 3 are connected by normal AC tie-line. The performance of the fuzzy logic controller is compared
with the conventional PI controller and the simulation results shows that fuzzy logic controller is very effective enhancing better
damping performance in non-linear conditions.
Keywords: Load Frequency Control, High Voltage Direct Current transmission Link, Proportional Integral Controller,
Fuzzy Logic Control.
A new approach for Tuning of PID Load Frequency Controller of an Interconnect...Editor IJMTER
Load frequency control is one of the important issues in electrical power system
design/operation and is becoming much more significant recently with increasing size,
changing structure and complexity in interconnected power system. This paper deals with a
new approach of PID tuning and their dynamic responses are compared with PID classical
Controller when both controllers are applied to three area interconnected Thermal-ThermalHydro. The dynamical response of the load frequency control problem in an interconnected
power system is improved by designing PID controller using Pessen Integral Rule (similar to
Ziegler Nichols -2nd method). The results indicate that the proposed controller gives the better
performance.
Load Frequency Control in Three Area Power System using Fuzzy Logic Controllerijtsrd
In interconnected power system load frequency control has been used extensively. This study presents an application of a fuzzy gain scheduled proportional and integral (FGPI) controller for load-frequency control of a three-area electrical interconnected power system. The main aim is to design a FGPI controller that can ensure good performance. The paper present analysis on dynamic performance of Load Frequency Control (LFC) of three area interconnected thermal non-reheat power system by the use of Fuzzy Intelligence. The fuzzy rules are developed to ensure there is minimum frequency deviation occur when load is changed. The proposed controller limits the frequency deviations effectively as compared to conventional controller. The results has been verified by using MATLAB/Simulink software. Nazia Kosser"Load Frequency Control in Three Area Power System using Fuzzy Logic Controller" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12955.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/12955/load-frequency-control-in-three-area-power-system-using-fuzzy-logic-controller/nazia-kosser
This present paper includes the study Load Frequency Control (LFC) of power systems with several nonlinearities
like Generation Rate Constraint(GRC) and Boiler Dynamics (BD) including Superconducting
Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) units using Type-2 Fuzzy System (T2FS) controllers . Here, Load
frequency control problem is dealt with a three – area interconnected system of Thermal-Thermal-Hydal
power system by observing the effects and variations of dynamic responses employing conventional
controller, Type-1 fuzzy controller and T2FS controller considering incremental increase of step
pertubations by 10% in the load. The salient advantage of this controller is its high insensitivity to large
load changes and plant parameter variations even in the presence of non-linearities. As the non-linearities
were considered in the system, the conventional and classical Fuzzy controllers does not provide adequate
control performance with the consideration of above nonlinearities. To overcome this drawback T2FS
Controller has been employed in the system. Therefore, the efficacy of the proposed T2FS controller is
found to be better than that of conventional controller and Type-1 Fuzzy controller in cosidreration with
overshoot, settling time and robustness.
Tuning of PI and PID Controller with STATCOM, SSSC and UPFC for Minimizing Da...IOSRJEEE
This paper presents the comparative performance of directly and feedback connected PI and PID controller scheme with Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices, such as Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) in terms of improvements in transient stability, extenuation of system oscillations and furnishing voltage support in single machine infinite bus system (SMIB). Firstly, rotor angle deviation and speed deviation analyzed for directly connected PI and PID with UPFC, SSSC and STATCOM then for feedback connected. The comparisons of all the results are performed using Matlab simulink in term of maximum overshoot and settling time.
Load Frequency Control of Multi Area System using Integral-Fuzzy ControllerIJERA Editor
The power system is interconnected to enhance the security and reliability. With large interconnected system, unexpected external disturbances, parameter uncertainties and the model uncertainties make big challenges for stability of system. Load Frequency Control (LFC) deals with the control of real power and frequency of the system. The LFC is used to reduce the transient deviations in the power system. It limits the frequency within limits and controls the tie-line exchange power. Various controllers are used for this purpose. Recently Artificial Intelligence Techniques such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN), fuzzy logic, Genetic Algorithm etc. are used for the designing of controllers. These controllers provide a faster response and are flexible to adjust according to system conditions. In this paper, I have designed integral controller which is conventional method for Load Frequency Control and Artificial Intelligence Technique based Fuzzy Logic controller to deal with the Load Frequency Control Problem for Multi-area System. The simulation of the system is done with MATLAB. These controllers provide a robust system which is more stable and reliable and helps the system to regain its normal state after any disturbance.
A coordinated mimo control design for a power plant using improved sliding mo...ISA Interchange
For the participation of the steam power plants in regulating the network frequency, boilers and turbines should be co-ordinately controlled in addition to the base load productions. Lack of coordinated control over boiler–turbine may lead to instability; oscillation in producing power and boiler parameters; reduction in the reliability of the unit; and inflicting thermodynamic tension on devices. This paper proposes a boiler–turbine coordinated multivariable control system based on improved sliding mode controller (ISMC). The system controls two main boiler–turbine parameters i.e., the turbine revolution and superheated steam pressure of the boiler output. For this purpose, a comprehensive model of the system including complete and exact description of the subsystems is extracted. The parameters of this model are determined according to our case study that is the 320 MW unit of Islam-Abad power plant in Isfahan/Iran. The ISMC method is simulated on the power plant and its performance is compared with the related real PI (proportional-integral) controllers which have been used in this unit. The simulation results show the capability of the proposed controller system in controlling local network frequency and superheated steam pressure in the presence of load variations and disturbances of boiler.
Effects of the Droop Speed Governor and Automatic Generation Control AGC on G...IJAPEJOURNAL
In power system, as any inequality between production and consumption results in an instantaneous change in frequency from nominal, frequency should be always monitored and controlled. Traditionally, frequency regulation is provided by varying the power output of generators which have restricted ramp rates. The Automatic Generation Control AGC process performs the task of adjusting system generation to meet the load demand and of regulating the large system frequency changes. A result of the mismatches between system load and system generation, system frequency and the desired value of 50 Hz is the accumulation of time error. How equilibrium system frequency is calculated if load parameters are frequency dependent, and how can frequency be controlled. Also, how do parameters of a speed governor affect generated power. The transient processes before system frequency settles down to steady state. Finally, AGC in what way is it different from governor action. This paper presents new approaches for AGC of power system including two areas having one steam turbines and one hydro turbine tied together through power lines.
Comparative Analysis of Power System Stabilizer using Artificial Intelligence...ijsrd.com
Power system stabilizers (PSSs) are used to enhance the damping during low frequency oscillations. The paper presents study of power system stabilizer using fuzzy logic and neural network to enhance stability of single machine infinite bus system. In this paper basic problem of conventional power system stabilizer for stability enhancement is defined which is traditionally used. Artificial intelligence techniques provide one alternative for stability enhancement and speed deviation (Δw). The proposed method using Artificial intelligence techniques achieves better improvement than conventional power system stabilizer. Fuzzy logic rules were developed for triangular membership function of input and output variables. Neuro controller is implemented and it is compared with reference model. The system is simulated in SIMULINK environment and the performances of conventional, Fuzzy based and Neural network based power system stabilizers are compared.
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Never expose/express myself completely in any situation.
I have a habit of thinking deeply, so than I can figure out the PROS & CONS in the time of uncertainty.
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Patient-reported outcomes for asthma in children and adults. Guided Discussion to Facilitate SAFTINet Stakeholders' Selection of an Asthma PROM. Teleconference. 1 April 2011
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL IN TWO AREA NETWORK INCLUDING DGIAEME Publication
Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is associate integral a part of Energy Management
System. This paper deals with the automatic generation control of interconnected multi area grid
network. The first purpose of the AGC is to balance the full system generation against system load
and losses so the specified frequency and power interchange with neighboring systems are
maintained. Any pair between generation and demand causes the system frequency to deviate from
regular worth. So high frequency deviation could result in system collapse. This necessitates
associate correct and quick acting controller to take care of constant nominal frequency. The
limitations of the conventional controls are slow and lack of efficiency in handling system nonlinearity.
This leads to develop a control technique for AGC. In this paper both conventional and
PI viz. Proportional Integral controller approach of automatic generation control has been
examined. PI based AGC has been used for all optimization purposes. System performance has
been evaluated at various disturbances such as, load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load
and grid disturbances. Various responses due to conventional and proposed PI based AGC
controllers have been compared at load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load and grid
disturbances.
Automatic power generation control structure for smart electrical power gridseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Voltage profile Improvement Using Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOMINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is a regulating device used in AC transmission systems as a source or a sink of reactive power. The most widely utilization of the STATCOM is in enhancing the voltage stability of the transmission line. A voltage regulator is a FACTs device used to adjust the voltage disturbance by injecting a controllable voltage into the system. This paper implement Nruro-Fuzzy controller to control the STATCOM to improve the voltage profile of the power network. The controller has been simulated for some kinds of disturbances and the results show improvements in voltage profile of the system. The performance of STATCOM with its controller was very close within 98% of the nominal value of the busbar voltage.
Stability Improvement in Grid Connected Multi Area System using ANFIS Based S...IJMTST Journal
Generally, the non-conventional energy sources are being extensively used in case of power electronic
converter based distribution systems. This paper mainly focuses on the wind energy system integrating with
grid connected system and also improvement of power quality features. The wind energy power plant is
modelled based on associated equations. For improving this power quality problems, this paper proposes the
concepts of shunt converter controllers. This paper also proposes the concepts of ANFIS based Static
Compensator. And also the results are compared for this cases. Thus with such a control, a balanced load
currents are obtained even in the presence of non-linear load. The experimental setup is done in Matlab and
verified the simulation results
Performance analysis of various parameters by comparison of conventional pitc...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance analysis of various parameters by comparison of conventional pitc...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper deals with a variable speed wind turbine coupled with a permanent magnet synchronous generator connected through a two mass drive train. This drive train is connected to synchronous generator and after the conversion process finally connected to grid and the idea of transmission over a long distance makes the use of converter necessary and at the receiving end. The inverter is used to convert it back and the inverter is designed with a proper gate signal to get the best output three phase voltages. The fuzzy logic controller is used to track generator speed with varying wind speed to optimize turbine aerodynamic efficiency in the outer speed loop. Pitch angle control of wind turbine has been used widely to reduce torque and output power variation in high rated wind speed areas .The machine side converter is designed to extract maximum power from the wind. In this work a WECS connected with grid is designed in Matlab and a Fuzzy controller is designed to improve the output and we can see the major difference in DC link voltage and reactive power in transmission line. From the outputs we can also go through the reactive power issue which system is best for inductive load or capacitive load. The simple PI system is good for capacitive load and the fuzzy system is better option for the inductive load. The results of both the system of normal controller and fuzzy controller is compared and analyzed. Key Words: Fuzzy logic controller (FLC), permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) , Pulse width modulation (PWM), Wind energy conversion system, DC link capacitor. FACTS Flexible A.C Transmission system, PI proportional integral
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Automatic Generation Control of Multi-Area Power System with Generating Rate ...IJAPEJOURNAL
In a large inter-connected system, large and small generating stations are synchronously connected and hence all stations must have the same frequency. The system frequency deviation is the sensitive indicator of real power imbalance. The main objectives of AGC are to maintain constant frequency and tie-line errors with in prescribed limit. This paper presents two new approaches for Automatic Generation Control using i) combined Fuzzy Logic and Artificial Neural Network Controller (FLANNC) and ii) Hybrid Neuro Fuzzy Controller (HNFC) with gauss membership functions. The simulation model is created for four-area interconnected power system. In this four area system, three areas consist of steam turbines and one area consists of hydro turbine. The components of ACE, frequency deviation (F) and tie line error (Ptie) are obtained through simulation model and used to produce the required control action to achieve AGC using i) FLANNC and ii) HNFC with gauss membership functions. The simulation results show that the proposed controllers overcome the drawbacks associated with conventional integral controller, Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), Artificial Neural Network controller (ANNC) and HNFC with gbell membership functionsv
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
2. A. Deepa Lakshmi, M. Malathi and K. Bhuvaneshwari
http://www.iaeme.com/IJEET/index.asp 44 editor@iaeme.com
helps to damp out the frequency oscillations and match the power flow between the
areas within predetermined limits [1- 3]. AGC scheme has two main control loops
namely, primary control and secondary control [1]. During load variations, the
primary speed governor control generation, to match with the demand. With the help
of speed controller, various generators in the control area track the load variations and
share the load in proportion to their capacities. The secondary controller will fine tune
the frequency and tie line power. As per Cohn control strategy, the power flow control
among the areas becomes a joint undertaking for the control areas [4].
The control areas may contain thermal, hydro, nuclear or gas turbine plant. The
inter connection between these areas of any combination is made by tie line.
In this paper, two area thermal power systems are considered. Depending upon the
turbine type, the primary control loop responds within few seconds. Though, primary
AGC match generation with demand, there will be a dip in frequency. The speed
changer setting control by secondary controller is used to resets the error to zero in
few minutes. This fine adjustment carried out through integral action by controlling
the speed changer setting is considerably slower and goes into action only after the
primary control loop has completed its job [1- 3].
Mostly as secondary controller, PI controller is employed [4- 9]. The PI controller
is tuned using various techniques [5- 8]. Further improvement in the tie line power
flow is achieved using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. The
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) [15] appreciably improves the
frequency oscillations but the tie line power variations are not much improved [16].
The tie line power oscillations are much damped out using the Static Synchronous
Series Compensator (SSSC) [14] [17]. The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
[18- 20] is used in this paper for damping the tie line power oscillations.
This paper describes about two area thermal power in section 2. Two layer fuzzy
logic Controller and its tuning are explained in section 3. The modeling of UPFC and
its connection with two area thermal power system is furnished in section 4. The
performance of UPFC along with FLC controller is described in section 5.
2. MODEL OF TWO AREA THERMAL PLANT – PRIMARY
CONTROL
2.1. Speed Governing System
Speed-governor in thermal power plant controls the turbine speed with the help of fly
ball and speed Changer mechanism. The steam input valve to the turbine is controlled
by speed governor. The speed control in turn controls the active power output of the
system. During load variations, by controlling the steam the real power is made to
match with the demand. The governor indirectly measures the mismatch between
generation and demand by sensing the change in frequency. Though, primary AGC
match generation with demand, there will be error in frequency. Fine tuning of
frequency is carried out by secondary controller which in turn controls the speed
changer setting.
2.2. Hydraulic Valve Actuator
Very large mechanical forces are needed to position the valve against the high steam
pressure inlet to turbine. These forces are obtained via hydraulic amplifier
3. Tie Line Power Oscillation Control In An Interconnected System Using Two Layers Fuzzy
Logic Controllers with Unified Power Flow Control
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2.3. Turbine-Generator Response
The prime mover driving a generator unit is a steam turbine of thermal power plant.
The turbine power is directly proportional to the flow of the steam. Here, a non-reheat
type turbine is used. It relates the position of the valve that controls the emission of
steam into turbine to the power output of the turbine. The turbine power output is
given as the input to the generator which in turn provides electrical power to the
power system.
2.4. Tie-line
Practically, all power systems are tied together with neighbouring areas. The problem
of load-frequency control becomes a joint undertaking in controlling the power flows
on the inter-ties. In this paper, a two-area thermal power plant is connected by a tie-
line as shown in Fig. 1.
The interconnected thermal power plant is subjected to a unit step load
disturbance, the system frequency and tie-line power deviations are controlled.
Figure 1 Block Diagram of Two Area Interconnected Power Plant
Primary AGC mathematical model of a two-area thermal power plant is used for
simulation as shown in Fig. 2.
3. DEVELOPMENT TWO LAYER FUZZY LOGIC
CONTROLLER
3.1. PI controller
Conventionally, PI controller acts as secondary controller which sets the turbine
reference power of each area. When a two-area thermal power plant is subjected to a
unit step load disturbance, the variation in one area affects the other area via tie-line in
terms of frequency and tie-line power. These two variations have to be combined
4. A. Deepa Lakshmi, M. Malathi and K. Bhuvaneshwari
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linearly as one signal which serves as the input to the secondary PI controller. The
input of each controller is called as Area Control Error (ACE).
The ACE adopted in two area system is developed by Cohn [4]. The proportional
control is used for increasing the loop gain to make the system less sensitive to load
disturbance. The integral control is used to eliminate steady state errors [5]. The
secondary PI controller resets both the frequency and tie-line power variations back to
nominal values.
According to Cohn control strategy [4], all the areas in the network should control
both tie-line and frequency deviations when subjected to step load disturbance.
3.2. Fuzzy logic Controller
Fuzzy logic systems belong to the category of computational intelligence technique.
One advantage of the fuzzy logic over the other forms of knowledge-based controllers
lies in the interpolative nature of the fuzzy control rules. The overlapping fuzzy
antecedents to the control rules provide transitions between the control actions of
different rules. Because of this interpolative quality, fuzzy controllers usually require
far fewer rules than other knowledge-based controllers.
Figure 3 Block Diagram of Fuzzy Logic Controller
A fuzzy system knowledge base consists of a fuzzy if then rules and membership
functions characterizing the fuzzy sets. The block diagram and architecture of fuzzy
logic controller is shown in fig 4. Membership Function (MF) specifies the degree to
which a given input belongs to a s∆∆et. Here triangular membership function have
been used to explore best dynamic responses namely Negative Big (NB), Negative
Small (NS), zero (ZE), Positive Small (PS), Positive Big(PB).Fuzzy rules are
conditional statement that specifies the relationship among fuzzy variables. These
rules help to describe the control action in quantitative terms and have been obtained
by examining the output response to the corresponding inputs to the fuzzy controllers.
Defuzzification, to obtain crisp value of FLC output is done by centre of area
method. The fuzzy rules are designed as shown in Table 1.
3.2 Design of a Two Layer Fuzzy Logic Controller
The aim of introducing two layered fuzzy logic controller [16] is to eliminate the
steady state error and improve the performance of the output response of the system
under study. The proposed control scheme is shown in Fig. 5. The controller consists
5. Tie Line Power Oscillation Control In An Interconnected System Using Two Layers Fuzzy
Logic Controllers with Unified Power Flow Control
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of two “layers”: a fuzzy pre-compensator and a usual fuzzy PI controller. The error
e(k) and change of error ∆e(k) are the inputs to the pre compensator.
Table 1 Fuzzy Logic Rules for LFC
A
C
E
.
N N P P
AC B S Z S B
E
N N N N Z
B B B NS S E
N N N Z Z
S S B NS E E
N N Z P
Z S S ZE E S
P Z N P P
S E S ZE S S
P Z Z P P
B E E PS B B
Figure 4.Basic Structure of Fuzzy Pre-Compensated Pi Controller
The aim of introducing two layered fuzzy logic controller [16] is to eliminate the
steady state error and improve the performance of the output response of the system
under study. The proposed control scheme is shown in Fig. 5.
The controller consists of two “layers”: a fuzzy pre-compensator and a usual fuzzy
PI controller. The error e(k) and change of error ∆e(k) are the inputs to the pre
compensator. The output of the pre-compensator is µ (k).
The pre-compensation scheme [18, 19] is easy to implement in practice, since the
existing PI control can be used without modification in conjunction with the fuzzy
pre-compensator as shown in Fig 6. The procedure of rule generation consists of two
parts (i) learning of initial rules which determines the linguistic values of the
consequent variables. (ii) fine tuning adjusts the membership function of the rules
obtained by the previous step. The structure of the pre-compensation rule is written as
If e is Le, and ∆e is L∆e then C is Lc where Le, ∆Le and Lc are linguistic values of e,
∆e, c respectively. Each fuzzy variable is assumed to take 5 linguistic values Le,∆ Le,
or Lc = {NB, NS, ZE, PS, and PB} this leads to fuzzy rules, if the rule base is
complete.
6. A. Deepa Lakshmi, M. Malathi and K. Bhuvaneshwari
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Figure 5 Proposed Two Layered Fuzzy Logic Controller
The proposed two layered FL Ccompensate these defects and gives fast responses
with less overshoot and/or undershoot. Moreover the steady state error reduces to
zero. The first layer fuzzy pre-compensator is used to update and modify the reference
value of the output signals to damp out the oscillations. The fuzzy states of the input
and output all are chosen to be equal in number and use the same linguistic
descriptors as N = Negative, Z = Zero, P = Positive to design the new fuzzy rules. The
fuzzy logic rules for pre- compensator are presented in Table-2.
Table 2 Fuzzy Logic Rules for Pre Compensator
AC
E
N Z P
ACE
N N Z
Z Z p
Z P P
The second layer which is known as feedback fuzzy logic control reduces the
steady state error to zero.
4. UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), the FACTS device is a fast acting
compensator. It controls the power system parameters in terms of voltage, phase angle
and impedance. It can be used not only for power flow control but also for stabilizing
the power system [18]. UPFC improves both steady state and dynamic performance of
the system. UPFC with damping controller further improves the dynamic performance
of the system [19]. UPFC with damping controller is connected in series with the
transmission line or in a tie-line. It provides damping of tie-line power oscillations
with fast control of voltage in maintaining the stability of the system. Schematic block
of UPFC based damping controller is shown in Fig. 5.
Figure 6 Block Diagram of UPFC Based Damping Controller
7. Tie Line Power Oscillation Control In An Interconnected System Using Two Layers Fuzzy
Logic Controllers with Unified Power Flow Control
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UPFC comprises of high pass filter known as signal wash-out which prevents
steady changes in frequency by modifying input parameters. The wash out time
constant Tw is not sensitive and could
UPFC comprises of high pass filter known as signal wash-out which prevents
steady changes in frequency by modifying input parameters. The wash out time
constant Tw is not sensitive and could lie in the range of 1s to 20s. Tw of 10s is taken
as wash-out time constant. The phase compensator is a lead compensator whose time
constants are chosen so that the system is fully compensated. The damping controller
parameters are determined by means of phase compensation technique [19]. The
UPFC based damping controller relates
Figure 7 Mathematical Model for Electrical Power for Damping Controller
5. SIMULATION RESULTS
The two area thermal power plant shown in Fig. 2 is developed using MATLAB /
Simulink, and is subjected to a unit step load disturbance in area 1 alone.The response
shows steady state error pertaining to oscillations in frequency and tie-line power.
Later, secondary PI controller, is discussed in section 3.1 is included to the two-
area thermal power plant as shown in Fig. 2. The interconnected thermal plant is
subjected to a unit step load disturbance in area 1 alone. The response with secondary
PI controller provides better result with reduced peak overshoot attaining zero steady
state error, when compared with the open loop response as shown in Fig. 8.
Figure 8 Change In Area1 Frequency
Further, the secondary PI controller is replaced by VSS controller as shown in Fig.
2 is simulated. The response of the plant with secondary PI controller and FLC
controller is compared and furnished in Fig. 9.
8. A. Deepa Lakshmi, M. Malathi and K. Bhuvaneshwari
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FLC controller relatively reduces the transients in frequency and tie-line power
with zero steady state error at faster rate.
From the Fig. 9, it shows the oscillation in tie-line power still persists for a while.
Therefore, FLC controller with UPFC damping controller is included in two- area
thermal power plant subjected to step load disturbance in area 1 alone as its
comparison response is shown with VSS controller in Fig. 10.
Figure 9 Change In Tie Line Frequency
Figure 10 change in area 2 frequency
6. CONCLUSION
The systematic procedure for improving the system dynamic performance of an
interconnected thermal power plant is presented in this paper. Two-area thermal
power plant when subjected to unit step load disturbance lead to frequency and tie-
line power oscillations with steady state error and transient overshoots. The transient
oscillation in frequency and tie-line power is reduced using ZN tuned secondary PI
controller. In secondary PI controller, a high proportional gain results in a large
change in the output during the steady state and high integral gain results overshoot
during the transient period.
Thus, it is overcome by using FLC controller. As FLC controller switches in
between P and PI controller, it helps in achieving improved system frequency and tie-
line power response. But, the transient tie-line power oscillation persists for a while
which is not desirable. Therefore, UPFC connected in interconnected tie-line helps to
stabilize the system tie-line power oscillations at a faster rate. The two-area thermal
power plant with FLC controller and UPFC yields much better faster response in
terms of reduced peak overshoot, controls the transient frequency oscillation and
reduces the tie-line power oscillations with zero steady state error.
LIST OF SYMBOLS
- R1, R2: Speed regulation of thermal system; = 2Hz/pu MW
- TH: Hydraulic amplifier time constant; = 0.08 sec
9. Tie Line Power Oscillation Control In An Interconnected System Using Two Layers Fuzzy
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- TT: Non-reheat turbine time constant; = 0.3 sec
- KP: Power system gain constant; = 100
- TP: Power system time constant; = 20 sec
- PD1, PD 2: Change in load demand power in area1 and area2 respectively; =0.01
p.u.
- A12: Synchronizing power coefficient; = -1
- δ12: Operating voltage angle of the tie-line; = 450
- T: Synchronizing coefficient; =10% of area capacity = 0.1 Cos δ12 = 0.0707
- B1, B2: Frequency bias constant; = 0.425 p.u. MW/Hz
- Pref1, Pref2: Change in reference power in p.u;
- Pg: Change in governor power of the thermal system in p.u;
- PH: Change in hydraulic valve power of the thermal system in p.u;
- PT: Change in turbine power of the thermal system in p.u;
- f1, f 2: Change in frequency of area 1 and 2respectively in Hz;
- Ptie12: Change in tie-line power in p.u;
- s: Laplace operator;
- K: Constants of the UPFC based damping controller;
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