The document reviews various antenna designs for USB dongle applications that support multiple wireless standards. It discusses several types of antennas used in past research, including planar inverted-F antennas (PIFAs), inverted-F antennas, monopole antennas, and more. It provides examples of specific studies on dual-band and multiband antenna designs for applications like LTE, WiFi, Bluetooth. The document also analyzes different techniques used to minimize antenna size and improve isolation between multiple antenna elements in a small USB dongle form factor.
Isolation Enhancement of a Very Compact UWB-MIMO Slot Antenna With Two Defect...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a compact UWB-MIMO slot antenna for use in multi-band applications. The antenna has a size of 22x26 mm and operates in the ultra wide band range of 3.1-10.6 GHz. Two defected ground structures are used to improve isolation and reduce mutual coupling between the antenna elements to less than 18dB. Simulation results show the antenna achieves good impedance matching across the UWB range and is a good candidate for UWB applications due to its compact size and high isolation between ports.
A Compact Wideband Monopole Antenna using Single Open Loop Resonator for Wire...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A novel single layer, microstrip line fed compact wideband monopole antenna using open loop resonator has been designed and analyzed. The proposed antenna occupies a compact size of only 30 36.5 1.6 mm3. A partial ground plane is employed to enhance the operating bandwidth and reflection coefficient of the proposed antenna. The variations in operating bandwidth of the proposed antenna can be easily controlled by properly adjusting the position of the gap in the open loop resonator.The antenna prototype is fabricated on FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant 4.2. In this design, the antenna exhibits 10dB wide impedance bandwidth of 61% from 2.0174 to 3.7903 GHz.The antenna can be easily fed using a 50 Ω microstrip feed line and it covers the bandwidth requirements of a number of modern wireless communication systems such as IEEE 502.11b WLAN band (2.4 2.5 GHz), extended UMTS (2.5 2.69 GHz), IMT (2.7 2.9 GHz), and IEEE 802.16 Wi MAX band (3.3 3.6 GHz) applications. The desired antenna is designed and simulated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST). An extensive analysis of the antenna parameters (reflection coefficient, radiation pattern, directivity, and VSWR) including surface current distributions is presented and discussed in this paper. Good agreement between simulated and measured result is obtained.
IRJET- Isolation Enhancement of Miniaturized Mimo Antenna with Slotted Gr...IRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed miniaturized ultra-wideband (UWB) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system with improved isolation for wireless applications. The antenna system consists of two C-shaped radiating elements on the top layer and two inverted L branches and a line slot etched on the slotted ground plane. Simulation results show the antenna operates from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz with mutual coupling between elements below -10 dB and maximum gain of 4.16 dB. The slotted ground plane enhances miniaturization and reduces mutual coupling between antenna elements for improved isolation.
Designing large-scale antenna array using sub-arrayjournalBEEI
Antenna array of large scale have been examined for different applications including 5G technology. To get better data rate or a reliable link substantial number of antenna arrays have been utilized to provide high multiplexing gains as well as array gains with high directivity. In this paper a simple but efficient implementation technique of using sub-arrays for the improvement of large-sized uniform arrays. By repeating a small sub-array multiple times large arrays can be designed. This implication of utilizing small array simplifies the design of a larger array which allows the designer to concentrate on the smaller sub-array before assembling larger arrays. So, by investigating the sub arrays the performance and radiation characteristics of large arrays can be anticipated. The array-factor for a planar sub-array of 2x2 (4 elements) is analyzed using Mat-lab software and then a large array is formed by placing the 2x2 sub-array indifferent configurations in a rectangular arrangements up to 8x8 planar array. And then the results are validated with CST (Computer simulation technology) simulation results.In this way the array-factors, directivities, HPBWs, and side lobes of the constructed large arrays are analyzed and associated with the small sub-array.
IRJET- MIMO Antenna with Notched Band Characteristics for UWB ApplicationsIRJET Journal
1) The document presents a compact notched MIMO antenna for UWB applications.
2) The antenna has a size of 25x25mm and two symmetrical antenna elements placed vertically to achieve good diversity performance.
3) An L-shaped slit is used to create a notched band between 5.8-6.5GHz to reduce interference between UWB systems and C-band satellite communications.
Hexa-band MIMO CPW Bow-tie Aperture Antenna Using Particle Swarm Optimization IJECEIAES
A MIMO hexa-band Bowtie Antenna for Wi-Fi is proposed. The MIMO antenna can operate at six frequency bands: 2.4, 4.4, 6.1, 8.5, 10.25 and 12.8 GHz. The MIMO antenna consists of four loaded bowtie hexa-band antennas having the same structure. Each single antenna element is loaded with six metallic strips as well as interconnected parasitic rectangular components. The presented HFSS simulations will show that the MIMO loaded antenna can operate at six frequency bands including 2.4 GHz by obtaining the return loss results, radiation patterns, and other antenna parameters. It will be shown also that the MIMO bowtie antenna has a very low mutual coupling at all the operating frequencies for the specific loaded metallic strips width which was obtained using Particle Swarm Optimization technique.
A pattern diversity compact mimo antenna array design for wlanIAEME Publication
This document describes the design of a compact multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. It presents a pattern diversity approach using printed Yagi-Uda antennas arranged in a triangular configuration to achieve orthogonal radiation patterns and reduce mutual coupling. Each Yagi-Uda antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with parasitic elements to direct the beam. The MIMO array exhibits mutual coupling below -20 dB and bandwidth from 4.8-6.2 GHz covering the upper WLAN band. Simulation results show the array provides good impedance matching, gain of 2.29 dBi, and directivity of 2.97 dBi at 5.69 GHz operating frequency
Real-life Indoor MIMO Performance with Ultra-compact LTE NodesEricsson
With the ever increasing demand for mobile broadband service with very high bitrates to indoor users, there is large industry traction around different types of In Building Solutions (IBS) for Long Term Evolution (LTE).
Isolation Enhancement of a Very Compact UWB-MIMO Slot Antenna With Two Defect...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a compact UWB-MIMO slot antenna for use in multi-band applications. The antenna has a size of 22x26 mm and operates in the ultra wide band range of 3.1-10.6 GHz. Two defected ground structures are used to improve isolation and reduce mutual coupling between the antenna elements to less than 18dB. Simulation results show the antenna achieves good impedance matching across the UWB range and is a good candidate for UWB applications due to its compact size and high isolation between ports.
A Compact Wideband Monopole Antenna using Single Open Loop Resonator for Wire...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A novel single layer, microstrip line fed compact wideband monopole antenna using open loop resonator has been designed and analyzed. The proposed antenna occupies a compact size of only 30 36.5 1.6 mm3. A partial ground plane is employed to enhance the operating bandwidth and reflection coefficient of the proposed antenna. The variations in operating bandwidth of the proposed antenna can be easily controlled by properly adjusting the position of the gap in the open loop resonator.The antenna prototype is fabricated on FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant 4.2. In this design, the antenna exhibits 10dB wide impedance bandwidth of 61% from 2.0174 to 3.7903 GHz.The antenna can be easily fed using a 50 Ω microstrip feed line and it covers the bandwidth requirements of a number of modern wireless communication systems such as IEEE 502.11b WLAN band (2.4 2.5 GHz), extended UMTS (2.5 2.69 GHz), IMT (2.7 2.9 GHz), and IEEE 802.16 Wi MAX band (3.3 3.6 GHz) applications. The desired antenna is designed and simulated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST). An extensive analysis of the antenna parameters (reflection coefficient, radiation pattern, directivity, and VSWR) including surface current distributions is presented and discussed in this paper. Good agreement between simulated and measured result is obtained.
IRJET- Isolation Enhancement of Miniaturized Mimo Antenna with Slotted Gr...IRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed miniaturized ultra-wideband (UWB) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system with improved isolation for wireless applications. The antenna system consists of two C-shaped radiating elements on the top layer and two inverted L branches and a line slot etched on the slotted ground plane. Simulation results show the antenna operates from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz with mutual coupling between elements below -10 dB and maximum gain of 4.16 dB. The slotted ground plane enhances miniaturization and reduces mutual coupling between antenna elements for improved isolation.
Designing large-scale antenna array using sub-arrayjournalBEEI
Antenna array of large scale have been examined for different applications including 5G technology. To get better data rate or a reliable link substantial number of antenna arrays have been utilized to provide high multiplexing gains as well as array gains with high directivity. In this paper a simple but efficient implementation technique of using sub-arrays for the improvement of large-sized uniform arrays. By repeating a small sub-array multiple times large arrays can be designed. This implication of utilizing small array simplifies the design of a larger array which allows the designer to concentrate on the smaller sub-array before assembling larger arrays. So, by investigating the sub arrays the performance and radiation characteristics of large arrays can be anticipated. The array-factor for a planar sub-array of 2x2 (4 elements) is analyzed using Mat-lab software and then a large array is formed by placing the 2x2 sub-array indifferent configurations in a rectangular arrangements up to 8x8 planar array. And then the results are validated with CST (Computer simulation technology) simulation results.In this way the array-factors, directivities, HPBWs, and side lobes of the constructed large arrays are analyzed and associated with the small sub-array.
IRJET- MIMO Antenna with Notched Band Characteristics for UWB ApplicationsIRJET Journal
1) The document presents a compact notched MIMO antenna for UWB applications.
2) The antenna has a size of 25x25mm and two symmetrical antenna elements placed vertically to achieve good diversity performance.
3) An L-shaped slit is used to create a notched band between 5.8-6.5GHz to reduce interference between UWB systems and C-band satellite communications.
Hexa-band MIMO CPW Bow-tie Aperture Antenna Using Particle Swarm Optimization IJECEIAES
A MIMO hexa-band Bowtie Antenna for Wi-Fi is proposed. The MIMO antenna can operate at six frequency bands: 2.4, 4.4, 6.1, 8.5, 10.25 and 12.8 GHz. The MIMO antenna consists of four loaded bowtie hexa-band antennas having the same structure. Each single antenna element is loaded with six metallic strips as well as interconnected parasitic rectangular components. The presented HFSS simulations will show that the MIMO loaded antenna can operate at six frequency bands including 2.4 GHz by obtaining the return loss results, radiation patterns, and other antenna parameters. It will be shown also that the MIMO bowtie antenna has a very low mutual coupling at all the operating frequencies for the specific loaded metallic strips width which was obtained using Particle Swarm Optimization technique.
A pattern diversity compact mimo antenna array design for wlanIAEME Publication
This document describes the design of a compact multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. It presents a pattern diversity approach using printed Yagi-Uda antennas arranged in a triangular configuration to achieve orthogonal radiation patterns and reduce mutual coupling. Each Yagi-Uda antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with parasitic elements to direct the beam. The MIMO array exhibits mutual coupling below -20 dB and bandwidth from 4.8-6.2 GHz covering the upper WLAN band. Simulation results show the array provides good impedance matching, gain of 2.29 dBi, and directivity of 2.97 dBi at 5.69 GHz operating frequency
Real-life Indoor MIMO Performance with Ultra-compact LTE NodesEricsson
With the ever increasing demand for mobile broadband service with very high bitrates to indoor users, there is large industry traction around different types of In Building Solutions (IBS) for Long Term Evolution (LTE).
IRJET- Synthesis and Simulation for MIMO Antennas with Two Port for Wide Band...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and simulation of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas with two ports for wideband isolation. Specifically, it focuses on analyzing two designs for planar MIMO antennas operating across the entire ultra-wideband spectrum of 3.1-10.6 GHz. The first design proposes a printed UWB MIMO antenna system consisting of two semicircular radiating elements on a single substrate with a compact size of 35x40mm. The second design analyzes various isolation structures to reduce coupling between antenna elements. Both designs are analyzed for isolation performance, bandwidth, and radiation characteristics.
An Internal Wideband Monopole Antenna for UMTS/WLAN Dual-Mode Mobile PhoneSaou-Wen Su
An internal wideband metal-plate monopole antenna for mobile phone applications is presented. The antenna is easily fabricated by bending a single metal plate and suitable to be embedded within the casing of a mobile phone as an internal antenna. Further, the antenna shows a wide operating bandwidth of about 5 GHz (about 1.8−6.7 GHz), making it easy to cover the UMTS band and the 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN bands for mobile/WLAN dual-mode operation for a mobile phone.
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONS pijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4 (lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around 79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
Broad Band Micro strip Patch Antenna Design-a Critical reviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of techniques for designing broadband microstrip patch antennas. It discusses how microstrip patch antennas inherently have narrow bandwidths, and various techniques that have been used to enhance the bandwidth in recent decades. These techniques include using shorting pins, slot loading on patches, planar meta-material unit cells, and conductive biasing. The review then examines specific examples from literature on compact circularly polarized patch designs using slots, and UWB designs using parasitic elements and slots. Overall, the document aims to critically review different approaches for fabricating microstrip patch antennas with broader bandwidths.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Design of high gain dual T-shaped stub antenna for satellite communicationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The ultra wide band (UWB) antennas play a vital role in supporting different wireless standards and are suitable for wide variety of applications. This paper is aimed to present a novel UWB dual notch microstrip antenna with modified ground plane. The antenna is designed to operate in UWB ranging from 2 GHz to 12 GHz with multi band operation. This will help in operating the antenna for different operations independently. The proposed structure will operate in two notch bands 3.3-4 GHz (Wi-MAX), 5.05-5.9 GHz (WLAN) and the structure is suitable for long distance communications because of its increased directivity. The structure can also be used for X-Band applications for various applications of traffic control, weather forecasting and vehicle speed detection systems. It is observed that, the proposed structure is offering a gain of 5.2 dBi with improved directivity with a beam width of 42.230. This makes the antenna structure suitable for long distance satellite communications. The antenna is supporting the circular polarization at higher the frequencies and can be useful for the upcoming 5G mobile applications. Moreover, the proposed structure offers the less interference at the receiver. The structure is found to be smaller in dimensions, easily fabricated at low costs and can be integrated into any compact wireless devices. The structure is simulated using a commercially available software Ansys-HFSS and is analyzed.
High gain 5G MIMO antenna for mobile base stationIJECEIAES
This article presented a millimeter wave antenna which operated at 38 GHz for 5G mobile base station. The MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) antenna consisted of 1x10 linear array configurations. The proposed antenna’s size was 88 x 98 mm^2 and printed on 1.575 mm-thick Rogers Duroid 5880 subsrate with dielectric constant of ε_r= 2.2 and loss tangent (tanδ) of 0.0009. The antenna array covered along the azimuth plane to provide the coverage to the users in omnidirection. The simulated results showed that the single element antenna had the reflection coefficient (S11) of -59 dB, less than -10 dB in the frequency range of 35.5 - 39.6 GHz. More than 4.1 GHz of impedance bandwidth was obtained. The gain of the antenna linear array was 17.8 dBi while the suppression of the side lobes was -2.7 dB. It showed a high array gain throughout the impedance bandwidth with overall of VSWR were below 1.0646. It designed using CST microwave studio.
Circularly polarized antenna array based on hybrid couplers for 5G devicesjournalBEEI
This paper depicts a wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna for 5G devices. The antenna array has a 3D structure including four simple printed dipole elements with directional radiations, high gain, and high efficiency. It achieves a CP by using the sequential rotation (SR) feeding based on 90°-3dB hybrid couplers in the proposed feeding network. The antenna array bandwidth is wide, 26.7%, with an operating frequency band from 3.35 GHz to 4.35 GHz. The antenna achieves a high peak gain of 10.73 dBi and high efficiency of 93.75%. Besides, the antenna gain is stable over the operating bandwidth (BW). At the centre operating frequency of 3.75 GHz, the angle of circular polarization is 51°. The antenna is designed and fabricated on the Rogers 4003 C substrate. The measured S11 is well matching with the simulation results. With the above characteristics, the proposed antenna can be a suitable candidate for 5G devices.
Bandwidth and Gain Enhancement of MIMO Antenna by Using Ring and Circular Par...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This research was proposed a circular patch MIMO antenna by using a ring and circular parasitic
radiator structure. As a novelty, in order to enhance bandwidth and gain of circular patch MIMO antenna, a
conventional circular patch MIMO antenna will be added a ring and a circular parasitic. Therefore, this
research was investigated a conventional MIMO antenna (C-MA), ring parasitic MIMO antenna (RP-MA),
and circular parasitic MIMO antenna (CP-MA) as Model 1, Model 2, and Model 3, respectively. This MIMO
antenna was designed on FR4 microstrip substrate with r= 4.4, thickness h=1.6 mm, and tan = 0.0265.
This MIMO antenna has center frequency 2.35 GHz which is a frequency band for LTE application in
Indonesia. An Advance Design System (ADS) software was used to determine the antenna parameters.
The MIMO antenna C-MA / RP-MA/ CP-MA achieves 2.36GHz/ 2.38GHz/ 2.38 GHz, 70 MHz/ 100 MHz/
120 MHz, 1.625 dBi/ 4.066 dBi/ 4.117 dBi, 6.414 dBi/ 7.26 dBi/ 7.153 dBi, 33.9 %/ 47.8 %/ 49.70 %, -12.35
dB/ -22.21 dB/ -23.66 dB, and -30.924 dB/ -28.46 dB/ -27.59 dB for center frequency, bandwidth, gain,
directivity, efficiency, reflection coefficient, and mutual coupling, respectively. Compared to C-MA (Model1)
performances, The result showed that proposed antenna has wider-bandwidth/ higher-gain with 42.8%/
150.2 %, and 71.4%/ 163.3% for RP-MA (Model 2) and CP-MA (Model 3), respectively. The proposed
antenna has size of 50 mm x 130 mm x 23.2 mm. Measured results are in a good agreement with the
simulated results.
Importance of Antennas for Wireless Communication Devicespaperpublications3
Abstract: The extensive demand for mobile communication and information exchange through wireless devices has lead to major achievements in antenna designing. The purpose of the paper is to give a frame of reference, understanding, and overview of antennas used in wireless communication devices. In this paper we will be discussing various antennas, their advantages and drawbacks. Also a brief framework of comparisons between various antennas is presented on the basis of various parameters. This paper also summarizes the benefits and use of PIFA for USB dongle to cover the Wi MAX bands.
This document describes the design and simulation of a square microstrip patch antenna for S-band applications at 2.6 GHz. The antenna was designed using Ansoft HFSS simulation software. Key parameters of the antenna include a patch size of 41.2mm x 41.2mm, substrate size of 100mm x 90mm made from Rogers RT duroid 5880 dielectric material. An inset feed technique was used with a feed width of 1.8mm and length of 20mm. Simulation results showed a gain of 11.5dB and return loss of -32.11dB at the resonant frequency. Radiation patterns exhibited maximum gain in the broadside direction of 1.87dBi. The proposed antenna design achieved good
Design of Dual Frequency Antenna For Global Positioning systemijsrd.com
In recent years low profile, light weight antennas are preferred for the applications which need mobility. In this research the polygonal-shape Microstrip Single Patch Antenna has been designed for GPS dual resonant frequencies (GPS L1 1.575 GHz & L5 1.176 GHz band). Simulated results for main parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, radiation patterns and gains are also discussed herein. The Designing, Simulation & Optimization of this antenna is done in ADS Software. Result of the simulation shows at 1.575 GHz and 1.176 GHz, the antenna has return loss at -20.862 dB and -14.162 dB respectively. .
Millimeter wave circular microstrip Patch antenna for 5 g applicationsGana U Kumar
The document describes the design of a millimeter wave microstrip patch antenna for 5G applications operating at 28GHz. Key points:
1) A circular microstrip patch antenna was designed on Roger RT/duroid 5880 substrate with dielectric constant of 2.2 and thickness of 0.508mm.
2) The antenna was simulated using HFSS and achieved over 7dB gain, bandwidth over 1GHz, and return loss below -15dB at the target frequency of 28GHz.
3) To further increase gain, a 1x4 circular patch antenna array was designed and is expected to improve performance over a single element for 5G communication systems.
This document summarizes the design of a MIMO 1x8 antenna operating at 38 GHz for future 5G applications. The antenna array uses an RT/duroid 5880 substrate with 0.787 mm thickness and 2.2 dielectric constant. Simulation results show the 1x8 element antenna achieves 13.4 dBi gain and -15.76 dB return loss within a 1.294 GHz bandwidth from 37.485 to 38.779 GHz. Increasing the number of antenna elements from 1x4 to 1x8 improves the gain but maintains similar radiation patterns, meeting the gain requirements for 5G.
Mimo and smart antennas july 2013 finalPraveen Kumar
The document discusses MIMO techniques and antenna configurations used in LTE networks. It describes how LTE supports 1-8 transmit antennas at the base station and 2-8 receive antennas at the UE. The most common configuration is 4x2 MIMO where the base station uses 4 transmit antennas and the UE uses 2 receive antennas. MIMO can increase peak data rates through spatial multiplexing but works best for users with high SINR close to the base station. Open loop MIMO is used for high mobility while closed loop MIMO relies on channel feedback for better performance but only works well in low mobility environments.
Design and development broadband monopole antenna for in-door applicationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper describes the broadband monopole antenna refers to a signal
wideband of the frequencies, which can be divided the signal into channels of
the frequency bins. Aim this paper to design and development broadband
monopole antenna. The monopole antenna was designed by adding slot to
the radiated patch antenna with a single feed line, which reduced the size and
the design complexity. A rectangular patch antenna was presented using feed
line to decrease the ground plane with a suitable gap distance. The broadband
monopole antenna was designed with a frequency range of 800 MHz – 3 GHz,
with Bandwidth 0.66 (dB), reflection coefficients and return loss.
The frequency-dependent characteristic impedance was included. It can be
used in various broadband applications in used commercially for various
communication systems such as 4G (LTE), WiMAX and WLAN (LTE),
remote sensing, biomedical, and mobile wireless. Apart from that, this
technology is environment-friendly; an antenna which consists of reception
and transmission. The antenna is simulated by using computer simulation
(CST) software; using FR-4 substrate of 4.4 permittivity thickness 1.6 mm and
loss tangent of 0.025. The measurement result is accepted with simulation
result, proving the acceptable broadband operation for this proposed structure.
Massive MIMO, also known as large-scale MIMO, is a key technology for 5G that uses a large number of antennas, from 64 to 256, to improve network performance. It provides benefits like increased throughput and reduced interference. For 5G networks, massive MIMO is important because 5G will use higher millimeter-wave frequencies that experience greater path loss, and employing many antennas allows signals to be focused into narrow beams to compensate for this without increasing antenna size. This document from C&T RF Antennas Inc discusses massive MIMO technology and why it is essential for 5G networks operating at millimeter-wave frequencies.
Circular polarization folded reflectarray antenna for 5G applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Fifth-generation (5G) is a wireless connection built specifically to keep up with the rapid increase
of devices that need a mobile internet connection. A system working on 5G band can provide higher
bandwidth and faster data rate as compared to fourth-generation (4G) band. Thus, an antenna with higher
gain and lower profile is required to support this system. On the other hand, the performance of circular
polarization antenna is better than linear polarization antenna due to its ability to accept wave from
different direction. In this project, a low-profile circular polarization folded reflectarray antenna with
operating frequency of 28 GHz is presented. This project is divided into two parts. In the first part, a linear
polarization folded reflectarray antenna is designed. In this second part, a meander lines polarizer is used
to convert the linear polarization antenna to circular polarization antenna. The antenna is fed by a linear
polarized waveguide. Each radiating element of the antenna is in rectangular shape. The size of
the radiating elements are selected according to obtain required phase delay to form a planar phase front
in the far-field distance. Both of the antennas are simulated by using Computer Simulation Technology
(CST) software. Finally, the results show excellent performances with 16.81 dB directivity and 1.49 dB
axial ratio at 28 GHz. Thus, the antenna is very suitable for 5G applications.
Small Size Planar Inverted-F Antenna for WiMAX ApplicationsIJEEE
This work presents a small size planner inverted-F antenna (PIFA), with a single feed which covers WiMAX (3.2-3.6 GHz) and (5-5.8 GHz) range. The proposed antenna has many advantages like compact size and wide operation bandwidth. The antenna portion of 20mm* 15mm and the overall dimension25mm *40mm can be easily applied in the USB dongle.
A Review Of Antennas For Wireless Communication DevicesMichelle Shaw
This document reviews different antenna types used for wireless communication devices. It discusses planar inverted-F antennas (PIFAs) and how they are commonly used in devices like USB dongles due to their compact size and simple structure. The document also examines multiband antennas and how techniques have been developed to achieve multiband operation from PIFA structures. It concludes that PIFA is well-suited for applications like USB dongles due to its advantages of small size and easy fabrication.
IRJET - Design and Simulation of Multiband Microstrip AntennaIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and simulation of a multiband microstrip antenna. It begins with an abstract describing how fractal geometries have been used to improve antenna features like bandwidth. It then provides background on previous research using fractal shapes to design wideband and multiband antennas. This project aims to enhance bandwidth by combining different geometries into a hybrid fractal antenna. The antenna is analyzed using CST Microwave Studio software. Various feeding techniques and fractal geometries are tested to optimize parameters like efficiency and bandwidth. The document concludes the antenna has a wider bandwidth than regular antennas and further optimization of parameters could increase bandwidth for multiple applications.
IRJET- Synthesis and Simulation for MIMO Antennas with Two Port for Wide Band...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and simulation of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas with two ports for wideband isolation. Specifically, it focuses on analyzing two designs for planar MIMO antennas operating across the entire ultra-wideband spectrum of 3.1-10.6 GHz. The first design proposes a printed UWB MIMO antenna system consisting of two semicircular radiating elements on a single substrate with a compact size of 35x40mm. The second design analyzes various isolation structures to reduce coupling between antenna elements. Both designs are analyzed for isolation performance, bandwidth, and radiation characteristics.
An Internal Wideband Monopole Antenna for UMTS/WLAN Dual-Mode Mobile PhoneSaou-Wen Su
An internal wideband metal-plate monopole antenna for mobile phone applications is presented. The antenna is easily fabricated by bending a single metal plate and suitable to be embedded within the casing of a mobile phone as an internal antenna. Further, the antenna shows a wide operating bandwidth of about 5 GHz (about 1.8−6.7 GHz), making it easy to cover the UMTS band and the 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN bands for mobile/WLAN dual-mode operation for a mobile phone.
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONS pijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4 (lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around 79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
Broad Band Micro strip Patch Antenna Design-a Critical reviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of techniques for designing broadband microstrip patch antennas. It discusses how microstrip patch antennas inherently have narrow bandwidths, and various techniques that have been used to enhance the bandwidth in recent decades. These techniques include using shorting pins, slot loading on patches, planar meta-material unit cells, and conductive biasing. The review then examines specific examples from literature on compact circularly polarized patch designs using slots, and UWB designs using parasitic elements and slots. Overall, the document aims to critically review different approaches for fabricating microstrip patch antennas with broader bandwidths.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Design of high gain dual T-shaped stub antenna for satellite communicationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The ultra wide band (UWB) antennas play a vital role in supporting different wireless standards and are suitable for wide variety of applications. This paper is aimed to present a novel UWB dual notch microstrip antenna with modified ground plane. The antenna is designed to operate in UWB ranging from 2 GHz to 12 GHz with multi band operation. This will help in operating the antenna for different operations independently. The proposed structure will operate in two notch bands 3.3-4 GHz (Wi-MAX), 5.05-5.9 GHz (WLAN) and the structure is suitable for long distance communications because of its increased directivity. The structure can also be used for X-Band applications for various applications of traffic control, weather forecasting and vehicle speed detection systems. It is observed that, the proposed structure is offering a gain of 5.2 dBi with improved directivity with a beam width of 42.230. This makes the antenna structure suitable for long distance satellite communications. The antenna is supporting the circular polarization at higher the frequencies and can be useful for the upcoming 5G mobile applications. Moreover, the proposed structure offers the less interference at the receiver. The structure is found to be smaller in dimensions, easily fabricated at low costs and can be integrated into any compact wireless devices. The structure is simulated using a commercially available software Ansys-HFSS and is analyzed.
High gain 5G MIMO antenna for mobile base stationIJECEIAES
This article presented a millimeter wave antenna which operated at 38 GHz for 5G mobile base station. The MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) antenna consisted of 1x10 linear array configurations. The proposed antenna’s size was 88 x 98 mm^2 and printed on 1.575 mm-thick Rogers Duroid 5880 subsrate with dielectric constant of ε_r= 2.2 and loss tangent (tanδ) of 0.0009. The antenna array covered along the azimuth plane to provide the coverage to the users in omnidirection. The simulated results showed that the single element antenna had the reflection coefficient (S11) of -59 dB, less than -10 dB in the frequency range of 35.5 - 39.6 GHz. More than 4.1 GHz of impedance bandwidth was obtained. The gain of the antenna linear array was 17.8 dBi while the suppression of the side lobes was -2.7 dB. It showed a high array gain throughout the impedance bandwidth with overall of VSWR were below 1.0646. It designed using CST microwave studio.
Circularly polarized antenna array based on hybrid couplers for 5G devicesjournalBEEI
This paper depicts a wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna for 5G devices. The antenna array has a 3D structure including four simple printed dipole elements with directional radiations, high gain, and high efficiency. It achieves a CP by using the sequential rotation (SR) feeding based on 90°-3dB hybrid couplers in the proposed feeding network. The antenna array bandwidth is wide, 26.7%, with an operating frequency band from 3.35 GHz to 4.35 GHz. The antenna achieves a high peak gain of 10.73 dBi and high efficiency of 93.75%. Besides, the antenna gain is stable over the operating bandwidth (BW). At the centre operating frequency of 3.75 GHz, the angle of circular polarization is 51°. The antenna is designed and fabricated on the Rogers 4003 C substrate. The measured S11 is well matching with the simulation results. With the above characteristics, the proposed antenna can be a suitable candidate for 5G devices.
Bandwidth and Gain Enhancement of MIMO Antenna by Using Ring and Circular Par...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This research was proposed a circular patch MIMO antenna by using a ring and circular parasitic
radiator structure. As a novelty, in order to enhance bandwidth and gain of circular patch MIMO antenna, a
conventional circular patch MIMO antenna will be added a ring and a circular parasitic. Therefore, this
research was investigated a conventional MIMO antenna (C-MA), ring parasitic MIMO antenna (RP-MA),
and circular parasitic MIMO antenna (CP-MA) as Model 1, Model 2, and Model 3, respectively. This MIMO
antenna was designed on FR4 microstrip substrate with r= 4.4, thickness h=1.6 mm, and tan = 0.0265.
This MIMO antenna has center frequency 2.35 GHz which is a frequency band for LTE application in
Indonesia. An Advance Design System (ADS) software was used to determine the antenna parameters.
The MIMO antenna C-MA / RP-MA/ CP-MA achieves 2.36GHz/ 2.38GHz/ 2.38 GHz, 70 MHz/ 100 MHz/
120 MHz, 1.625 dBi/ 4.066 dBi/ 4.117 dBi, 6.414 dBi/ 7.26 dBi/ 7.153 dBi, 33.9 %/ 47.8 %/ 49.70 %, -12.35
dB/ -22.21 dB/ -23.66 dB, and -30.924 dB/ -28.46 dB/ -27.59 dB for center frequency, bandwidth, gain,
directivity, efficiency, reflection coefficient, and mutual coupling, respectively. Compared to C-MA (Model1)
performances, The result showed that proposed antenna has wider-bandwidth/ higher-gain with 42.8%/
150.2 %, and 71.4%/ 163.3% for RP-MA (Model 2) and CP-MA (Model 3), respectively. The proposed
antenna has size of 50 mm x 130 mm x 23.2 mm. Measured results are in a good agreement with the
simulated results.
Importance of Antennas for Wireless Communication Devicespaperpublications3
Abstract: The extensive demand for mobile communication and information exchange through wireless devices has lead to major achievements in antenna designing. The purpose of the paper is to give a frame of reference, understanding, and overview of antennas used in wireless communication devices. In this paper we will be discussing various antennas, their advantages and drawbacks. Also a brief framework of comparisons between various antennas is presented on the basis of various parameters. This paper also summarizes the benefits and use of PIFA for USB dongle to cover the Wi MAX bands.
This document describes the design and simulation of a square microstrip patch antenna for S-band applications at 2.6 GHz. The antenna was designed using Ansoft HFSS simulation software. Key parameters of the antenna include a patch size of 41.2mm x 41.2mm, substrate size of 100mm x 90mm made from Rogers RT duroid 5880 dielectric material. An inset feed technique was used with a feed width of 1.8mm and length of 20mm. Simulation results showed a gain of 11.5dB and return loss of -32.11dB at the resonant frequency. Radiation patterns exhibited maximum gain in the broadside direction of 1.87dBi. The proposed antenna design achieved good
Design of Dual Frequency Antenna For Global Positioning systemijsrd.com
In recent years low profile, light weight antennas are preferred for the applications which need mobility. In this research the polygonal-shape Microstrip Single Patch Antenna has been designed for GPS dual resonant frequencies (GPS L1 1.575 GHz & L5 1.176 GHz band). Simulated results for main parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, radiation patterns and gains are also discussed herein. The Designing, Simulation & Optimization of this antenna is done in ADS Software. Result of the simulation shows at 1.575 GHz and 1.176 GHz, the antenna has return loss at -20.862 dB and -14.162 dB respectively. .
Millimeter wave circular microstrip Patch antenna for 5 g applicationsGana U Kumar
The document describes the design of a millimeter wave microstrip patch antenna for 5G applications operating at 28GHz. Key points:
1) A circular microstrip patch antenna was designed on Roger RT/duroid 5880 substrate with dielectric constant of 2.2 and thickness of 0.508mm.
2) The antenna was simulated using HFSS and achieved over 7dB gain, bandwidth over 1GHz, and return loss below -15dB at the target frequency of 28GHz.
3) To further increase gain, a 1x4 circular patch antenna array was designed and is expected to improve performance over a single element for 5G communication systems.
This document summarizes the design of a MIMO 1x8 antenna operating at 38 GHz for future 5G applications. The antenna array uses an RT/duroid 5880 substrate with 0.787 mm thickness and 2.2 dielectric constant. Simulation results show the 1x8 element antenna achieves 13.4 dBi gain and -15.76 dB return loss within a 1.294 GHz bandwidth from 37.485 to 38.779 GHz. Increasing the number of antenna elements from 1x4 to 1x8 improves the gain but maintains similar radiation patterns, meeting the gain requirements for 5G.
Mimo and smart antennas july 2013 finalPraveen Kumar
The document discusses MIMO techniques and antenna configurations used in LTE networks. It describes how LTE supports 1-8 transmit antennas at the base station and 2-8 receive antennas at the UE. The most common configuration is 4x2 MIMO where the base station uses 4 transmit antennas and the UE uses 2 receive antennas. MIMO can increase peak data rates through spatial multiplexing but works best for users with high SINR close to the base station. Open loop MIMO is used for high mobility while closed loop MIMO relies on channel feedback for better performance but only works well in low mobility environments.
Design and development broadband monopole antenna for in-door applicationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper describes the broadband monopole antenna refers to a signal
wideband of the frequencies, which can be divided the signal into channels of
the frequency bins. Aim this paper to design and development broadband
monopole antenna. The monopole antenna was designed by adding slot to
the radiated patch antenna with a single feed line, which reduced the size and
the design complexity. A rectangular patch antenna was presented using feed
line to decrease the ground plane with a suitable gap distance. The broadband
monopole antenna was designed with a frequency range of 800 MHz – 3 GHz,
with Bandwidth 0.66 (dB), reflection coefficients and return loss.
The frequency-dependent characteristic impedance was included. It can be
used in various broadband applications in used commercially for various
communication systems such as 4G (LTE), WiMAX and WLAN (LTE),
remote sensing, biomedical, and mobile wireless. Apart from that, this
technology is environment-friendly; an antenna which consists of reception
and transmission. The antenna is simulated by using computer simulation
(CST) software; using FR-4 substrate of 4.4 permittivity thickness 1.6 mm and
loss tangent of 0.025. The measurement result is accepted with simulation
result, proving the acceptable broadband operation for this proposed structure.
Massive MIMO, also known as large-scale MIMO, is a key technology for 5G that uses a large number of antennas, from 64 to 256, to improve network performance. It provides benefits like increased throughput and reduced interference. For 5G networks, massive MIMO is important because 5G will use higher millimeter-wave frequencies that experience greater path loss, and employing many antennas allows signals to be focused into narrow beams to compensate for this without increasing antenna size. This document from C&T RF Antennas Inc discusses massive MIMO technology and why it is essential for 5G networks operating at millimeter-wave frequencies.
Circular polarization folded reflectarray antenna for 5G applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Fifth-generation (5G) is a wireless connection built specifically to keep up with the rapid increase
of devices that need a mobile internet connection. A system working on 5G band can provide higher
bandwidth and faster data rate as compared to fourth-generation (4G) band. Thus, an antenna with higher
gain and lower profile is required to support this system. On the other hand, the performance of circular
polarization antenna is better than linear polarization antenna due to its ability to accept wave from
different direction. In this project, a low-profile circular polarization folded reflectarray antenna with
operating frequency of 28 GHz is presented. This project is divided into two parts. In the first part, a linear
polarization folded reflectarray antenna is designed. In this second part, a meander lines polarizer is used
to convert the linear polarization antenna to circular polarization antenna. The antenna is fed by a linear
polarized waveguide. Each radiating element of the antenna is in rectangular shape. The size of
the radiating elements are selected according to obtain required phase delay to form a planar phase front
in the far-field distance. Both of the antennas are simulated by using Computer Simulation Technology
(CST) software. Finally, the results show excellent performances with 16.81 dB directivity and 1.49 dB
axial ratio at 28 GHz. Thus, the antenna is very suitable for 5G applications.
Small Size Planar Inverted-F Antenna for WiMAX ApplicationsIJEEE
This work presents a small size planner inverted-F antenna (PIFA), with a single feed which covers WiMAX (3.2-3.6 GHz) and (5-5.8 GHz) range. The proposed antenna has many advantages like compact size and wide operation bandwidth. The antenna portion of 20mm* 15mm and the overall dimension25mm *40mm can be easily applied in the USB dongle.
A Review Of Antennas For Wireless Communication DevicesMichelle Shaw
This document reviews different antenna types used for wireless communication devices. It discusses planar inverted-F antennas (PIFAs) and how they are commonly used in devices like USB dongles due to their compact size and simple structure. The document also examines multiband antennas and how techniques have been developed to achieve multiband operation from PIFA structures. It concludes that PIFA is well-suited for applications like USB dongles due to its advantages of small size and easy fabrication.
IRJET - Design and Simulation of Multiband Microstrip AntennaIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and simulation of a multiband microstrip antenna. It begins with an abstract describing how fractal geometries have been used to improve antenna features like bandwidth. It then provides background on previous research using fractal shapes to design wideband and multiband antennas. This project aims to enhance bandwidth by combining different geometries into a hybrid fractal antenna. The antenna is analyzed using CST Microwave Studio software. Various feeding techniques and fractal geometries are tested to optimize parameters like efficiency and bandwidth. The document concludes the antenna has a wider bandwidth than regular antennas and further optimization of parameters could increase bandwidth for multiple applications.
The effect of changing the formation of multiple input multiple output anten...IJECEIAES
The document summarizes research on modifying the formation of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antennas to improve gain. It investigates different 2x1 and 2x2 MIMO antenna configurations by changing substrate shapes and patch placement. The best 2x1 configuration was an inverted design with high gain up to 6.51 dB and 40 GHz bandwidth. Eight 2x2 configurations were also tested, with the plus-shaped, loop, and chair-shaped designs showing maximum gain improvements of 2.73 dB, 1.17 dB, and 0.92 dB respectively, compared to a single antenna. The proposed MIMO antennas could provide high gain without increasing transmitter power for applications like wireless networks and satellite communication.
Coplanar waveguide-fed ultra-wideband antenna with WLAN bandnooriasukmaningtyas
A modified coplanar waveguide fed ultra-wideband antenna with extended transmission band to WLAN frequency is investigated. The proposed antenna consists of a modified semi-circular patch and staircase of ground plane. The prototype is constructed on a low cost FR4 substrate. The overall dimensions of proposed UWB antenna are 34 mm x 40 mm. The result has been shown that the proposed antenna archives low VSWR over transmission bandwidth from 2.10-12.7 GHz to cover both WLAN and UWB bands. The average gain is 3.87 dBi. It depicts nearly omni-directional radiation pattern like dipole antenna. Moreover, the fabricated prototype antenna shows a good agreement between the simulated and measured results. It is illustrated that our proposed technique is a good choice for designing any structure of microstrip antenna which appropriate to use for many wireless communication systems.
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONSpijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications
which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4
(lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the
circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed
antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of
dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation
Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides
low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around
79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size
and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency
and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONSpijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications
which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4
(lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the
circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed
antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of
dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation
Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides
low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around
79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size
and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency
and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed
Microstrip Rectangular Monopole Antennas with Defected Ground for UWB Applica...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the design of new compact antennas for ultra wide band applications. Each antenna consists of a rectangular patch fed by 50Ω microstrip transmission line and the ground element is a defected ground structure (DGS). The aim of this study is to improve the bandwidth of these antennas by using DGS and the modification geometry of rectangular structure, which gives new compact antennas for UWB applications. The input impedance bandwidth of the antennas with S11<-10dB is more than 10GHz, from 3GHz to more than 14 GHz. The proposed antennas are investigated and optimized by using CST microwave studio, they are validated by using another electromagnetic solver Ansoft HFSS. The measured parameters present good agreement with simulation. The final antenna structures offer excellent performances for UWB system.
A compact UWB monopole antenna with penta band notched characteristicsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A modified rectangular monopole ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with penta notched frequency bands is presented. An inverted U shaped and slanted U-shaped on the radiating patch are inserted to achieve WiMAX and ARN bands rejection respectively, two mirrored summation Σ-shaped and four mirrored 5-shaped slots are inserted on the partial ground to achieve WLAN and X-band bands rejection respectively, finally rectangular shaped slot with partially open on the feed is inserted to achieve ITU-8 band rejection. The proposed antenna which was simulated has a compact size 30×35×1.6 m3. It is operated with impedance bandwidth 2.8-10.6 GHz at |S11| < −10 dB, that supported UWB bandwidth with filtering the five narrowbands that avoid the possible interference with them. The simulated resonant frequency for notched filters received 3.55, 4.55, 5.53, 7.45, 8.16 GHZ, for WiMAX, ARN, WLAN, X-Band, ITU-8 respectively. The proposed antenna is suitable for wireless communication such as mobile communication and internet of everything (IoE). Throughout this paper, CST-EM software package was used for the design implementation. Surface current distributions for all notched filters were investigated and shown that it is concentrated around the feeding point and the inserted notched slots proving that there is no radiation to the space due to maximum stored electromagnetic energy around each investigated notch slot, proving that the slots play a role of a quarter wavelength transformer which generates for each notched band, maximum gain, and radiation pattern are also investigated.
Bandwidth enhancement of compact microstrip rectangular antennas for UWB appl...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes the design and simulation of compact microstrip rectangular patch antennas for ultra-wideband applications. The antennas were designed to have good impedance matching over the FCC-defined UWB frequency band of 3.1-10.6 GHz. Defected ground structures were used to improve the bandwidth of the rectangular patch antennas. Simulation results showed the antennas achieved an impedance bandwidth of 133.33% from 3-15 GHz with stable radiation patterns and gains up to 4.9 dBi. Measurements agreed well with simulations and validated the antennas' wide bandwidth performance from 3.1-14.5 GHz, covering the FCC UWB band. The compact antennas are suitable for UWB applications including WLAN, WiMAX
A four-element UWB MIMO antenna using SRRs for application in satellite commu...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a method for designing a new ultra wide band (UWB) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with two and four elements. First we presented an ultra-wide band antenna we studied these performances. Then, we studied the application of metamaterials to the design of MIMO antennas for miniaturization and the performance of antennas, in order to guarantee the proper functioning of the MIMO system with a much reduced separation distance between the radiating elements (λ/12), where the coupling can be very weak. The application of these circular double ring SRRs materials on the front plan of the antenna has contributed to the increasing of the antenna performance is studied in terms of S-Parameters, efficiency, diversity gain (DG), radiation properties and envelop correlation coefficient (ECC). It offers advantages such as the reduction of weight and congestion that is beneficial for their integration into satellite communications systems.
A miniaturized printed UWB antenna with dual notching for X-b and and aeronau...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document presents a miniaturized printed ultra-wideband (UWB) microstrip antenna with dual notched bands for X-band and aeronautical radio navigation applications. The antenna is 19x25 mm in size and achieves a bandwidth of 112% from 3-10.6 GHz. It incorporates two window-shaped microstrip closed ring resonators on the ground plane to create dual notch bands. The first notch band from 7-8.1 GHz rejects interference from the X-band downlink of 7.25-7.74 GHz. The second notch band from 8.6-9.4 GHz rejects interference from aeronautical radio navigation systems operating from 8.7-9.2 GHz.
A pattern diversity compact mimo antenna array design for wlanIAEME Publication
This document describes the design of a compact multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. It presents a pattern diversity technique using printed Yagi-Uda antennas arranged in a triangular configuration to achieve orthogonal radiation patterns and reduce mutual coupling. Each Yagi-Uda antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with a parasitic strip director and integrated balun. A 3-antenna array exhibits mutual coupling below -20 dB and bandwidth from 4.8-6.2 GHz covering the 5 GHz WLAN band with low cost and compact size suitable for indoor use.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new design for a wideband microstrip patch antenna. The antenna uses an inverted slotted patch structure fed by a microstrip transmission line to improve bandwidth performance over a conventional microstrip antenna. It operates from 1-12 GHz, showing an impedance bandwidth of over 11 GHz. The design combines techniques such as an inverted patch structure, slotting of the patch, and microstrip line feeding to achieve a compact, low-profile antenna with enhanced bandwidth and high gain for ultra-wideband applications. Key aspects of the antenna's design and operating principles are discussed.
Multiband antenna using stacked series array for Ka-Band applicationjournalBEEI
In this paper, a multiband stack series array antenna is designed in order to attain solutions for the future 28 GHz Ka-band application. Double layer substrate Technology is utilized to accomplish multiple resonant frequencies with higher data transfer capacities due to high bandwidth. The designed antenna is dependent on twofold layer consisting patches and resonators in different layers stacked together. The designed multiband antennas can resonate at single band of
(28 GHz), dual band of (28 and 30 GHz) and triple band of (24.18, 26 and 28.453). The results achieved in the simulation are later fabricated and tested. The test result illustrates that the antennas have wide bandwidth, high gain and even higher efficiencies. All the proposed antenna configurations have demonstrated a decent possibility for 5G millimeter wave (mmwave) application.
This document describes a dual-band microstrip patch antenna designed for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. The antenna consists of an L-shaped element and an E-shaped element printed on an FR4 substrate to generate two resonant modes at around 2.4 GHz and 6 GHz, covering the lower and higher WLAN bands. A microstrip stub is also introduced for impedance matching, which improves the gain and radiation efficiency. The antenna was simulated using Ansoft HFSS and achieved return losses of -38.08 dB and -40.74 dB at 2.4 GHz and 6 GHz respectively, demonstrating dual-band operation for WLAN systems.
This document describes the design and implementation of a printed monopole antenna for use in the 2.4-2.4835 GHz Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) band. It begins with an introduction to wireless communications in the ISM band and the challenges of developing small, low-cost integrated antennas for these applications. It then outlines the methodology for antenna design which includes calculating dimensions, simulation, observation, and hardware implementation. The design specification and steps taken to design the rectangular microstrip patch antenna are provided, including choosing parameters like resonant frequency, dielectric material, and substrate height. Simulation results for parameters like radiation pattern and bandwidth are analyzed. The document concludes that printed monopole antennas are well-suited for ISM band applications
This document describes the design of a small planar monopole antenna that provides multiple communication bands including UWB, GPS, GSM, and WLAN.
The antenna uses a diamond-shaped patch to achieve UWB performance. Additional resonance strips are integrated into a notched center region of the patch to add other frequency bands without affecting the UWB behavior or increasing the antenna size. Simulated dual-band, triple-band, and quad-band antenna configurations demonstrate good performance across the relevant frequency ranges. A prototype quad-band antenna is fabricated and tested, with measured results matching simulations.
DESIGN OF MONOPOLE BASED FRACTAL BINARY TREE FOR UWB APPLICATIONS PPT.pptxMoturiSatyanarayana
This document describes the design of a monopole-based fractal binary tree antenna for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. It proposes a microstrip-fed UWB monopole antenna with a parasitic patch and fractal binary tree structure. The antenna is designed and simulated using HFSS software to achieve a passband frequency of 2.45GHz for Bluetooth in addition to UWB performance. Simulation results including return loss, radiation patterns, gain and VSWR are presented. Potential applications of the antenna include short-range high-speed wireless systems such as wireless local area networks and communication systems for military and automotive uses.
Design and Analysis of MIMO Patch Antenna for 5G Wireless Communication SystemsIJCNCJournal
In this work, the circular array microstrip patch antenna (MPA) design is proposed for the 5G wireless communication and the millimeter- wave frequency being utilized for this communication system to enhance the coverage area. Here, the Multi Input Multi Output feeding technique is utilized to improve the performance of the proposed design at a resonant frequency of 35 GHz with RT-Duroid 5880 material as substrate. It has 2.2 dielectric constant value and the thickness is 0.5mm.The simulation analysis has obtained the gain as 8.8dB and return loss as -41.9dB. Also, two MPA designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA are designed to validate the proposed antenna design. A comparative analysis has proved that the circular array MPA is preferable for the 5G wireless communication system compared to the other two designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA.
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This document describes a study investigating the resonant frequency of split ring resonator (SRR) metamaterial structures. SRR unit cells with varying dimensions were simulated using HFSS electromagnetic simulation software. Analytical calculations of inductance and capacitance were also performed to determine the resonant frequencies. The simulated and calculated resonant frequencies were then compared. Good correlation was achieved between the simulated and calculated frequencies. Parametric analyses were performed by varying the spacing, width, and length of the SRR, and the effects on resonant frequency were examined.
In this paper, we provide the average bit error probabilities of MQAM and MPSK in the presence of log normal shadowing using Maximal Ratio Combining technique for L diversity branches. We have derived probability of density function (PDF) of received signal to noise ratio (SNR) for L diversity branches in Log Normal fadingfor Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC). We have used Fenton-Wilkinson method to estimate the parameters for a single log-normal distribution that approximates the sum of log-normal random variables (RVs). The results that we provide in this paper are an important tool for measuring the performance ofcommunication links in a log-normal shadowing.
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Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
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REVIEW OF ANTENNAS FOR USB DONGLE APPLICATIONS
1. www.ijeee-apm.com International Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engineering 5
IJEEE, Volume 2, Issue 1 (February, 2015) e-ISSN: 1694-2310 | p-ISSN: 1694-2426
REVIEW OF ANTENNAS FOR USB
DONGLE APPLICATIONS
1
Akhil Sharma, 2
Abhishek Thakur, 3
Dr.Hardeep Singh Saini, 4
Rajesh kumar
1
Research Scholar, 2
Asstt. Professor, 3
Professor, 4
Asso. Professor,
1,2,3,4
Indo Global College of Engineering, Mohali-Punjab, India
1
akhilsharma0509@gmail.com, 2
abhithakur25@gmail.com, 3
hardeep_saini17@yahoo.co.in,
4
errajeshkumar2002@gmail.com
Abstract- In this era of wireless communication there is
an integration of more and more radios into a single
wireless platform enabling maximum connectivity The
multiband antenna approach using PIFA structure enables
size reduction, lowers SAR values, augments the
bandwidth. These can be obtained by implementing several
techniques for the modification of basic structure and use
of ground plane. PIFA is also a preferred choice to be
incorporated for LTE and WiMAX bands as it inhibits
polarization diversity effectively without any decrement in
the volume. Single band antenna supports a single
frequency of wireless service. And in this era several
wireless standards are supported by the equipments. Thus
several antennas are employed for each standard leading to
a huge space requirement in the handheld devices. Hence
the designing of a small PIFA antenna supports multiple
bands, small size, improve Gain and good radiation pattern
is the prime objective.
Index Terms- Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
antenna; USB Dongle; Isolation; Symmetric Slotted
Structure; Inverted-L Antenna; fractal; USB Dongle;
WLAN; Antennas; printed antennas; ultrawideband
antennas.
I. INTRODUCTION
The universal serial bus (USB) dongle has acquired
popularity for the wireless communication in short range. A
considerable amount of research on single band antennas
for USB dongle applications has been undertaken. As the
need for multiple services has enhanced, a USB dongle
integrated with a multiband antenna is very beneficial and
impressive for different applications. Till now, many
studies on multiband antennas for USB dongles operational
in the wireless local area network (WLAN) band have been
reported. The different categories are the monopole
antennas [1-3], the spiral antennas [4], and the inverted-F
antennas [5]. Currently,USB dongles integrated with an
ultra wideband (UWB) antennas have been in proposition
as a multiple services solution [6-8]. Further it [9], was also
proposed to use a single antenna for the applications in two
wide frequency bands, a lower band for the DCS1800
system operating from 1.71-1.88 GHz and a higher band
for the WLAN system operating at 5 GHz, for USB dongle
services. Recently, most built in antennas currently
incorporated in mobile phones include microstrip antennas,
inverted-F shaped wire form antennas (IFAs), and planar
inverted-F antennas (PIFAs) [1]-[4]. Microstrip antennas
are compact in size and light in weight. However, for
different mobile applications at lower band such as
GSM900 half-wavelength microstrip antennas are too large
to be incorporated into a mobile handset. Basic IFA and
PIFA elements, with a length equal to a quarter wavelength
of the middle frequency in the operational band, but at
operating frequency is narrow in bandwidth.
In the near future, it is likely that the LTE (long term
evolution) service [1] will become highly impressive for
the mobile users. With the LTE incorporated to the mobile
devices with the existing GSM/UMTS operation, the
provision of ubiquitous mobile broadband coverage is
becoming a reality. However, designing an embedded
antenna in the constrained space of the mobile phone and
covering all the LTE/GSM/UMTS bands for services has
become a challenging task. Here, we present a promising
small-size coupled-fed printed PIFA for the eight-band
LTE/GSM/UMTS operation.
Conventional universal serial bus (USB) dongles are
feasible for providing plug and play functionality in several
mobile communication devices such as laptops. The
upcoming wireless USB dongles must have the capability
of accommodating enhanced data rates to provide several
multimedia applications. However, it is extremely difficult
to place multiple antennas within a small USB dongles and
simultaneously maintaining a good isolation between the
antenna elements as antennas can be strongly coupled with
each other along with the ground plane by sharing the
surface currents distributed on the ground plane. Till now,
many studies for multi antenna systems using various
techniques have been conducted with the aim of
improvement in the isolation between the antenna elements.
The universal serial bus (USB) is a very renowned
and adopted wired connectivity technology in the personal
computer market and has a number of applications for
consumer electronics and mobile devices. The presence of
the cables is a vital constraint of the USB technology. Ultra
wideband (UWB) becomes the vehicle for the unwiring
USB through the wireless USB.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
In [1], the design of a dual-band antenna for universal
serial bus (USB) dongle applications in the 2.4 GHz
wireless local area network (WLAN) and 3.5-GHz
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
(WiMAX) systems is presented. There are two folded
2. International Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engineering 6 www.ijeee-apm.com
inverted-F radiating elements in the antenna. One inverted-
F element generates a 2.45-GHz band for the WLAN band
(2.4-2.484 GHz), and both inverted-F elements
simultaneously resonate at around 3.5 GHz to develop a
wide frequency band for the WiMAX system (3.3-3.8
GHz). The designing of the antenna is done on a 25×70
mm2 printed-circuit board (PCB), same size of an USB
dongle PCB. The fabrication of a prototype is done for the
verification and measurement of simulation results.
Measured results show that the antenna has two impedance
bandwidths, 2.39-2.5 GHz and 3.24-3.8 GHz, for the
WLAN and WiMAX applications, respectively. The
simulation and measurement radiation patterns, efficiencies
and gains of the antenna are all presented.
In [2], work presents an Inverted-L antenna design
using the fractal geometry for dual band WLAN
(2.4/5.2GHz) USB dongle application. The proposed
antenna has several benefits such as compact size, wide
operation bandwidth and easy fabrication. The
experimental results show that it has a S11<-10 dB
bandwidth from 2.25 to 2.60 GHz and 5.06 to 5.62 GHz.
The radiation performances of the proposed antenna in free
space and when connected to a laptop computer were also
analyzed during the research. Furthermore the proposed
antenna was designed and optimized by using Ansoft HFSS
V13.
In [3], compact dual-band MIMO antenna using a
symmetric slotted structure is proposed for next generation
USB dongle applications. The MIMO antenna described
here consists of two printed dual-band PIFAs with a
symmetric slotted strip. The first resonance frequency here
is controlled by the total length of the main radiating strip
with coupling slot (W1 = 2 mm and W2 = 2 mm) has a
length of 70 mm, which is about 0.18 wavelengths at 0.77
GHz, but it can easily generate a resonant mode to cover
LTE band 13 (LTE Band 13; 0.746-0.787 GHz) and the
second one is tuned by the width of the slot (W1 and W2)
and the position of the port 1 and 2 (P1 and P2) to cover
mobile world interoperability for microwave access band
(M-WiMAX Band; 2.5-2.69 GHz). In order to improve the
isolation characteristic at the LTE and MWiMAX bands, a
symmetric slotted structure and the jointed shorting line are
applied to reduce the interaction between the two PIFAs.
The proposed MIMO antenna has an isolation of
approximately 20 dB at LTE band 13 and the envelope
correlation coefficient (ECC) of the two antennas is less
than 0.2 over the entire LTE band 13. For the evaluation of
the performance of the proposed antenna, the different key
performance parameters such as the total efficiency, ECC,
mean effective gain (MEG), MEG ratio and actual diversity
gain are analyzed.
In [4], paper a small and compact MIMO antenna for
USB dongle application is presented. The proposed MIMO
antenna consists of two PIFA antennas that operate at the
same frequency band at around 2.4 GHz for applying at
WLAN band (2.4 to 2.484 GHz). An inverted-E element
between the PIFAs and a meandered neutral line on the
back side are used to improve isolation between the PIFAs,
which is higher than 15 dB over the operational band. Two
connected holes are used to connect the neutral line and the
two PIFAs. The antenna portion of 20 mm x 8 mm and
overall dimension of 20 mm x 55 mm can be easily applied
in the USB dongle.
In [5], miniature ultra wideband (UWB) antenna for
wireless universal serial bus (USB) dongle applications is
demonstrated. The proposed antenna consists of a half-
circular quasi-self-complementary structure along with a
triangular cut on a bent microstrip feed line. As a
consequence of its simple geometry and compact size, the
antenna can be easily integrated and printed on wireless
USB dongle printed circuit boards. The dimension of the
proposed antenna is only 16 mm × 16.1 mm whereas the
footprint size of the dongle board is 16 mm × 60 mm,
similar to that of a conventional USB flash disc. The
simulated and measured results depict that the antenna can
achieve a UWB 10 dB impedance bandwidth with
reasonable radiation properties. It also exhibits a much-
reduced ground plane effect comparative to the stand-alone
design. Furthermore, a parametric study is performed to
provide insights into the antenna operating mechanism.
In [6], printed planar antenna covering
GSM850/900/1800/1900/UMTS2100 and
LTE700/2300/2500 operating frequency bands for wireless
USB dongle applications is presented, designed, and
manufactured. The presented antenna consists of a large
patch and a matching network in order for the bandwidth
enhancement. The upper operating bands including
GSM1800/1900/UMTS2100 /LTE2300/2500 are primarily
attributed to the large patch. Meanwhile, the lower resonant
modes covering LTE700/ GSM850/900 bands are
developed physically by ground planes of the USB dongle
circuit board and the laptop board together. There is an
improvement in impedance matching over all bands by the
matching network. The antenna demonstrated here
occupies an imperceptible size of mm and can be easily
printed on a 0.8-mm-thick FR4 substrate of conventional
dimensions of mm, making it promising for wireless USB
dongle applications.
In [7] Body-centric wireless communications (BCWCs)
have received augmented attention due to its potential
services in different fields such as E-health systems, home
care, security, and entertainment. A compact and low-
profile wearable planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) with
tuning function is described for BCWCs in this paper. A
two-thirds muscle-equivalent phantom is used to model the
human’s arm. With a proper tuning of the capacitance of
the proposed antenna, the industrial, scientific and medical
(ISM,2.40-2.48 GHz), wireless broadband (WiBro,2.3-2.39
GHz) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
(UMTS, Rx 2.1-2.17 GHz) and meanwhile lower band can
also cover 950-956 MHz.
In [8], achievement of the high data rates proposed by
the fourth generation (4G) technology using a small-size
antenna on a compact device has always remained as a
major technical challenge. This paper is focused on
surveying of the ongoing experimentation on antenna
designs for USB dongle supporting Long Term Evolution
(LTE). The advantages and disadvantages of the
alternatives are analyzed here. It includes the small
monopole antenna design such as meandered line antenna,
inverted-L antenna, inverted-F antenna, planar inverted-F
antenna, and multiband antenna composed of different
types of radiators for providing multifunctional operations
for LTE-USB antennas. Based on isolation techniques,
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques
3. www.ijeee-apm.com International Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engineering 7
implemented has been categorized and analyzed. The
conclusion is that the existing work focused on the wire or
3D antennas and still there are voids for researchers to
improve the low cost, and simple profile printed antenna
designs. LTE MIMO throughput measurement for
characterization of antenna terminal performance study is
missing from all reviewed papers contained in this study.
In [9], meandered PIFA antenna with two curved strips
extended from ground plane is proposed for WLAN USB
dongle application. The meandered PIFA excites a resonant
mode at 2.4 GHz while the lower curved strip (strip B)
operates two higher modes for 5.2 and 5.S GHz bands. The
extension of PIFA’s current path is done by the curved
strip (strip A) with a rectangle stub on top of it and shift the
2.4 GHz band. The upper strip also augments the
impedance bandwidth of the higher band. From the
simulated and measured S11, the -10 dB operating bands
cover the IEEES02.11 all WLAN applications. As per the
dimensions the proposed antenna occupies a very small
area of 36.5 mm x 10 mm that can be easily incorporated in
portable wireless devices. In addition, the antenna portion
having only 10 mm x 10 mm is relatively small as
compared to the published printed antenna.
III. SMALL ANTENNA TYPES
This section categorizes all reviewed papers based on
antenna geometric shape and then analyses its advantages
and disadvantages and their contributions to reduce the size
and to increase antenna efficiency, bandwidth, and number
of LTE covered bands. Figure 1 shows the geometry of
various types of antennas. The antenna categories are
discussed in the following subsections.
A. Planar inverted-L antenna (PILA):
All modern wireless communication applications in the
700 MHz ~ 2.6 GHz frequency range, the /4 monopole is
magnificent for USB device size integration [2]. Reduction
in height (and fixed frequency) creates short, straight-wire
monopole antenna which has a high capacity and meager
radiation resistance leading to an increment in voltage
standing wave ratio (VSWR), loss, and a decrement in
radiation efficiency. Creation of monopole resonant
frequency and thereby matching it to the desired
characteristic impedance is easily accomplished by
modifying the short monopole in an inverted-L shape [2].
Reference [3] shows antenna on a supporter with three
faces in a plane. The overall size of a printed circuit board
is 7× 11× 46 mm3. It covers octabands LTE 700/GSM
850/GSM 900/DCS 1800/PCS 2010/LTE 2300/LTE 2500.
The measured gains of the low band are 1.1 ~ 2.2 dBi, and
of the high band are 0.55 ~ 4.95 dBi. The design here
generates the highest number of application bands
(octabands) by the antenna among all other reviewed
papers covered in the entire study.
B. Meandered line antenna (MLA):
Meandered antenna is an alternative configuration of
L-antenna. Tuning of monopole antenna capacitive
reactance, or the total feeding point reactance equal to zero,
can be achieved by meandering the horizontal part of wire
in any geometric configuration to compress the antenna
overall diameter, with a possibility of enhancing the length
but at the same time keeping the same height (h) where h
<< � as small antenna. Meandering does not necessarily
have a considerable effect on the resonant frequency [2].
LTE requires 100 MHz of bandwidth or at least 40 MHz of
bandwidth to cover the downlink and uplink channels
which have been achieved in [4] in which the bandwidth of
the proposed meander antenna is 100 MHz in a total size of
23.5 × 43 mm2. Reference [5] shows bandwidth of 500
MHz at frequency of 2.6 GHz through a meander antenna
which has a compact size of 10 mm × 20 mm (6 and 12
times lower in corresponding dimension than the operating
wavelength).A meander line antenna constricts the
electrical length of a conventional monopole or dipole
antenna by folding its length back and forth and thus form a
structure with multiple turns. This technique is preferred
for antenna with a low frequency of operation since it will
reduce the size of the antenna significantly [5]. The paper
describing the meandered antenna design depicted that
meandered antennas are differentiated by wide bandwidth
compared to its alternative shapes.
C. Planar Inverted–F Antenna (PIFA):
Inverted-L configuration antenna have low resonant
resistance (RA << ZCH), so impedance matching to ZCH
can be obtained by using parallel inductance connected
directly in the feed point which develops the inverted-F
antenna (IFA). But when a comparatively small value of
parallel inductance connected at the feed point, there is a
significant change of the antenna’s total feed point, tuning
or adjustment of the match frequency can be accomplished
by adjustment of the connection point and the overall wire
antenna length as depicted by papers that introduced IFA.
To augment the insufficient bandwidth of the inverted–F
antenna, the horizontal conductor can be kept in planar
configuration as a planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) [2].
PIFA proposed by many references as [1, 6-8] and [7]
[9][12][13]. Three dimensional multiband antenna has been
designed by authors in [6] is made up of a main radiator in
an irregular shape, a rectangular slot, shorting walls and
ground plane as a wire PIFA. It has extremely miniature
dimensions and physically thin. It covers a frequency band
in the range of 1.5-6.8 GHz for the three application bands:
UMTS, m-WiMAX and WLAN with radiation efficiencies
of 70.12%, 60.29% and 66.24% respectively. The
frequency-S parameters graph presents a completely
independent control of the entire three bands without
affecting the other two bands. It is a big challenge to
change the dimensions of a radiator (antenna element)
without altering the current distribution on the other
radiators. The procedure of changing the dimensions of
each
radiator independently is not included in the analysis. Such
mechanism acts as a major parameter in LTE antenna
solution because the switching unit creates an impact on the
antenna parameters. Author in [8] proposed printed dual-
band antenna. The first resonance frequency is under the
control of the total length of the main radiating strip with a
slot length of 70 mm, which is about 0.18 wavelength at
0.77 GHz. It can also easily generate a resonant mode to
cover LTE band 13 (LTE Band 13; 0.746-0.787 GHz) and
the second one is tuned by the width of the slot and the
position of the port covering mobile world interoperability
for microwave access band (M WiMAX Band; 2.5-2.69
GHz). In [1] a dual band antenna is proposed in which the
radiating portion of the antenna is a simple two-strip PIFA.
4. International Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engineering 8 www.ijeee-apm.com
The smaller strip has a length of about 12 mm, which is
about 0.1 wavelength at about 2.0 GHz and can easily
develop a wide resonant to cover WCDMA operation in the
2.05 GHz band. The longer strip with an impeded chip
inductor of 15 nH has a total length of about 34 mm, which
is about 0.08 wavelength at about 0.77 GHz.
D. Patch antenna:
Patch antennas confronts narrow bandwidth constraint
[2] as observed in [10]. Authors in [10] affirmed that
creation of slots on the patch antenna develops multiband
antenna, the length of the patch determines the central
frequency in the single band. The slot position and
dimensions determine the center frequencies of the
multiband antenna. Thus two C slots on two parallel
patches of dual band antenna have been proposed and
designed [10]. It is connected through two switches (PIN
diode) with the feeding line to obtain an antenna mode
selection. The possible modes are (OFF ON, ON OFF and
ON ON) where these three modes cover narrowband
services such as the WLAN and WiMAX and wideband
operations in the frequency range from 5 to 7 GHz for other
wireless standards.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(f)
Figure 1: Geometry of: (a) inverted-L wire antenna, (b)
Meandered antenna (PCB-MLA), (c) inverted-F wire antenna, (d)
planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA), and (e) slotted planar inverted-
F antenna.
Single band antenna supports a single frequency of
wireless applications. And in this era more & more wireless
standards are supported by the equipments. Thus several
antennas are employed for each standard. This leads to
huge space requirement in the handheld devices. Thus an
antenna supporting almost all wireless standards is
perquisite today and the various specifications for such
antennas are:
Multiband Support (DCS, PCS, GSM, UMTS, LTE,
WiMax), small size, improve gain and good radiation
pattern. For the designing of a small PIFA antenna
supporting multiple bands, reduced size, improved gain and
good radiation patter we need to make a selection of the
design parameters, modeling of Antenna structure,
Simulating & Optimizing Design Parameters [11] [12].
TABLE I: SMALL ANTENNA DESIGNS
Antenna
Type/
Parameters
Slot Microstrip
Patch
PIFA
Radiation
Pattern
Roughly
Omnidire
ctional
Directional Omnidirectional
Gain Moderate High Moderate to
high
Modeling &
Fabrication
Fabricati
on on
PCB can
be done.
Easier to
fabricate
and model
Easier
fabrication
using PCB
Applications Radar,
Cell
Phone
base
stations
Satellite
Communica
tion,
Aircrafts
Internal
antennas of
Mobile phones
Merits Radiation
characteri
stics
remains
unchange
d due to
tuning,
Design
simplicity
Low cost,
Low weight,
Easy in
integration
Small size, Low
cost, Reduced
backward
radiation for
minimizing
SAR
Problems Size
constraint
for
mobile
handheld
devices
No
bandpass
filtering
effect,
surface-area
requirement
Narrow
bandwidth
characteristic
IV. CONCLUSION
This review paper has focused on the most recent
trends incorporated by the researchers for WLAN, LTE,
WiMAX user equipment antenna design. Many researchers
have contributed towards printed antennas. The antennas
fabricated by various researchers as specified in this paper
have mostly aimed on the wire or 3D antennas for
acquiring the multiband characteristics and diversity in
MIMO applications. On the contrary there are still rooms
for researchers to ameliorate the design and functioning of
the printed antenna designs, which among several others
have the pluses of imperceptible cost for manufacturing an
easy integrated profile for the integration with wireless
communication equipment, and high conformability with
planar or non-planar surfaces.
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AUTHORS
1
Akhil Sharma, Research Scholar, in Electronics and
Communication Engineering from Punjab Technical
University in Indo Global College of Engineering, Mohali-
Punjab-140109 (India).
Email: akhilsharma005@hotmail.com
2
Abhishek Thakur M. Tech. in
Electronics and Communication
Engineering from Punjab Technical
University, MBA in Information
Technology from Symbiosis Pune, M.H.
Bachelor in Electronics (B.E.) from
Shivaji University Kolhapur, M.H. Five years of work
experience in teaching and one year of work experience in
industry. Area of interest: Digital Image and Speech
Processing, Antenna Design and Wireless Communication.
International Publication: 7, National Conferences and
Publication: 6, Book Published: 5 (Microprocessor and
Assembly Language Programming, Microprocessor and
Microcontroller, Digital Communication and Wireless
Communication). Working with Indo Global College of
Engineering Abhipur, Mohali, Punjab, since 2011.
Email: abhithakur25@gmail.com
3
Dr. Hardeep Singh Saini obtained his
Doctorate degree in Electronics &
Communication Engineering in 2012.
He holds Master’s degree in Electronics
& Communication Engineering from
Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar
passed in 2007. His total experience is
15 years, presently working as Professor
(ECE) and Associate Dean Academic at Indo Global
College of Engineering, Abhipur, (Mohali), and Punjab
(India) since June-2007. His area of expertise includes
optical communication. He is author of 6 books in the field
of Electronics &Communication Engineering. He has
presented 34 papers in international/national conferences
and published 33 papers in international journals. He is a
fellow and senior member of various prestigious societies
like IETE (India), IEEE and he is also editorial member of
various international journals.
Email: hardeep_saini17@yahoo.co.in
4
Rajesh Kumar Associate Professor at Indo Global
College of Engineering, Abhipur, Mohali, Punjab. He is
pursuing research on very large scale integrated circuits on
nanotechnology based systems. He has done his M.Tech
and B.Tech. in electronics and communication engineering
from Kurukshetra university. He has 11 years of academic
experience. He has authored many books like refresher on
digital signal processing and linear control systems. He has
contributed many research papers in reputed international
journals, International and National conferences. His areas
of interest are VLSI, Microtechnology, control systems,
digital speech and image processing.
Email: errajeshkumar2002@gmail.com
.