With the ever increasing demand for mobile broadband service with very high bitrates to indoor users, there is large industry traction around different types of In Building Solutions (IBS) for Long Term Evolution (LTE).
Soft Frequency Reuse (SFR) in LTE-A Heterogeneous Networks based upon Power R...IJECEIAES
As the traffic demand grows and the RF environment changes, the mobile network relies on techniques such as SFR in Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) to overcome capacity and link budget limitation to maintain user experience. Inter-Cell Interference (ICI) strongly affecting Signal-toInterference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) of active UEs, especially cell-edge users, which leads to a significant degradation in the total throughput. In this paper we evaluate the performance of SFR with HetNet system in order dealing with interferences. Simulation result shows that the power ratio control in SFR HetNet system doesn’t have much effect on total achieved capacity for overall cell.
Performance of modeling wireless networks in realistic environmentCSCJournals
A wireless network is realized by mobile devices which communicate over radio channels. Since, experiments of real life problem with real devices are very difficult, simulation is used very often. Among many other important properties that have to be defined for simulative experiments, the mobility model and the radio propagation model have to be selected carefully. Both have strong impact on the performance of mobile wireless networks, e.g., the performance of routing protocols varies with these models. There are many mobility and radio propagation models proposed in literature. Each of them was developed with different objectives and is not suited for every physical scenario. The radio propagation models used in common wireless network simulators, in general researcher consider simple radio propagation models and neglect obstacles in the propagation environment. In this paper, we study the performance of wireless networks simulation by consider different Radio propagation models with considering obstacles in the propagation environment. In this paper we analyzed the performance of wireless networks by OPNET Modeler .In this paper we quantify the parameters such as throughput, packet received attenuation.
Soft Frequency Reuse (SFR) in LTE-A Heterogeneous Networks based upon Power R...IJECEIAES
As the traffic demand grows and the RF environment changes, the mobile network relies on techniques such as SFR in Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) to overcome capacity and link budget limitation to maintain user experience. Inter-Cell Interference (ICI) strongly affecting Signal-toInterference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) of active UEs, especially cell-edge users, which leads to a significant degradation in the total throughput. In this paper we evaluate the performance of SFR with HetNet system in order dealing with interferences. Simulation result shows that the power ratio control in SFR HetNet system doesn’t have much effect on total achieved capacity for overall cell.
Performance of modeling wireless networks in realistic environmentCSCJournals
A wireless network is realized by mobile devices which communicate over radio channels. Since, experiments of real life problem with real devices are very difficult, simulation is used very often. Among many other important properties that have to be defined for simulative experiments, the mobility model and the radio propagation model have to be selected carefully. Both have strong impact on the performance of mobile wireless networks, e.g., the performance of routing protocols varies with these models. There are many mobility and radio propagation models proposed in literature. Each of them was developed with different objectives and is not suited for every physical scenario. The radio propagation models used in common wireless network simulators, in general researcher consider simple radio propagation models and neglect obstacles in the propagation environment. In this paper, we study the performance of wireless networks simulation by consider different Radio propagation models with considering obstacles in the propagation environment. In this paper we analyzed the performance of wireless networks by OPNET Modeler .In this paper we quantify the parameters such as throughput, packet received attenuation.
CCN notes for &th EC students, VTU, UNIT 1 Network MOdels explanation like OSI model ,TCP/IP model and tlepohone networks and cable network for data transmission
Capacity planning(CP) determines operational expenditure, capital expenditure and long-term performance of the system hence it is the most important phase in the life cycle of a cellular system. For the past three decades, capacity planning problems have studied for all generations of the cellular system. So, to increase the capacity of the network in future we focus on small cells of cell structure. Cellular network includes the variety of different cell sizes and types, heterogeneous networks, control, and data plane split architectures, coordinated multipoint, massive multiple inputs multiple outputs.
The objective of this presentation is to focus on traditional deployment reviews and identify future opportunities, challenges, and trends in detail. More specifically we investigate the future capacity planning by reviewing the CP process including its objective input and output parameter to an optimization process and the CP phases.
Switchable dual-band bandpass filter based on stepped impedance resonator wit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents a new technique in designing the switchable dual-band bandpass filter at
2.4 GHz and 3.5 GHz for WLAN and WiMAX applications. Wideband bandpass filter designed based on
stepped impedance resonator at frequency of 3 GHz. To eliminate the interference from existing system
that operates in the same frequency band, a defected microstrip structure applied and implemented to
produce the notch response. In order to generate the switchable characteristic, the PIN diode was
introduced at the dual-band filter. It exhibits that the measured results for switchable attributes when the
diode is at OFF state, the wide passband is produced with the fractional bandwidth of 62.1 % centered at
2.9 GHz. Meanwhile, for the diode in ON state, the dual-passband has produced which centered at
2.5 GHz and 3.45 GHz. The experimental results showed good agreement with the simulation results. This
structure is very useful for wireless communication systems and its applications.
Analysis of a framework implementation of the transceiver performances for in...IJECEIAES
The greatest advantages of optical fibers are the possibility of extending data rate transmission and propagation distances. Being a multicarrier technique, the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) can be applicable in hybrid optical-wireless systems design owing to its best spectral efficiency for the interferences of radio frequency (RF) and minor multipath distortion. An optical OFDM-RoF-based wireless local area network (W-LAN) system has been studied and evaluated in this work. The outline for integrating an optical technology and wireless in a single system was provided with the existence of OFDM-RoF technology and the microstrip patch antenna; these were applied in the Optisystem communication tool. The design of the proposed OFDM-RoF system is aimed at supporting mm-wave services and multi-standard operations. The proposed system can operate on different RF bands using different modulation schemes like 4.16 and 64QAM that may be associated to OFDM and multidata rates up to 5 Gbps. The results demonstrate the robustness of the integrated optical wireless link in propagating OFDM-RoF-based WLAN signals across optical fibers.
Comprehensive investigation of coherent optical OFDM-RoF employing 16QAM exte...IJECEIAES
Given the growing need for long haul transmission that requires a high rate of data, the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing scheme (OFDM), is regarded as a technique with high potentials for high-capacity optical networks. OFDM transmits over both optical and wireless channels, with the data distributed over a huge amount of the subcarrier, and the data is distributed over a huge number of subcarriers. OFDM achieves RF signal for a long-haul transmitting by utilizing Radio over Fiber (RoF) system, which is known to produce higher orthogonality of the OFDM modulated signal designed for the wireless network. RoF systems comprise of heterogeneous networks designed through the use of wireless and optical links. The aim of this paper is to carry out an investigation of the performance of the external modulation in RoF links, while analyzing the shortcomings caused by the various elements of the optical system. The Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) can be applied in external modulation, and exhibits a more robust performance when implemented with the OFDM modulation technique.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Inter-cell Interference Management Technique for Multi-Cell LTE-A Network IJECEIAES
In modern cellular system such as LTE Advanced (LTE-A), frequency reuse scheme is targeted to be applied to fulfill the requirement of high capacity broadband access and high spectrum efficiency. But this kind of frequency planning may lead to the worse inter-cell interference (ICI) level experienced especially by a user located at the cell edge. Soft Frequency Reuse (SFR) is considered as an effective way to mitigate inter-cell interference and maintain capacity. We propose a power division SFR, known as multi level SFR technique to minimize ICI in a designed LTE-A network for sub-urban environment. Service area of LTE-A network was first developed to deploy particular number of eNB by using LTE network planning tools in the frequency of 1800 MHz with the use of SISO (Single Input Single Output) antennas. Coverage dimensioning and propagation consideration determine LTE-A parameters which were used in the simulation. Monte carlo simulation is executed to examine the performance of SFR for LTE-A downlink transmission to address different power ratio and traffic loads problem. Both performance of cell edge users and overall cell performance are evaluated in terms of CINR, BLER, and throughput. Performance with SFR is also compared with the classical frequency reuse one and three.
CCN notes for &th EC students, VTU, UNIT 1 Network MOdels explanation like OSI model ,TCP/IP model and tlepohone networks and cable network for data transmission
Capacity planning(CP) determines operational expenditure, capital expenditure and long-term performance of the system hence it is the most important phase in the life cycle of a cellular system. For the past three decades, capacity planning problems have studied for all generations of the cellular system. So, to increase the capacity of the network in future we focus on small cells of cell structure. Cellular network includes the variety of different cell sizes and types, heterogeneous networks, control, and data plane split architectures, coordinated multipoint, massive multiple inputs multiple outputs.
The objective of this presentation is to focus on traditional deployment reviews and identify future opportunities, challenges, and trends in detail. More specifically we investigate the future capacity planning by reviewing the CP process including its objective input and output parameter to an optimization process and the CP phases.
Switchable dual-band bandpass filter based on stepped impedance resonator wit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents a new technique in designing the switchable dual-band bandpass filter at
2.4 GHz and 3.5 GHz for WLAN and WiMAX applications. Wideband bandpass filter designed based on
stepped impedance resonator at frequency of 3 GHz. To eliminate the interference from existing system
that operates in the same frequency band, a defected microstrip structure applied and implemented to
produce the notch response. In order to generate the switchable characteristic, the PIN diode was
introduced at the dual-band filter. It exhibits that the measured results for switchable attributes when the
diode is at OFF state, the wide passband is produced with the fractional bandwidth of 62.1 % centered at
2.9 GHz. Meanwhile, for the diode in ON state, the dual-passband has produced which centered at
2.5 GHz and 3.45 GHz. The experimental results showed good agreement with the simulation results. This
structure is very useful for wireless communication systems and its applications.
Analysis of a framework implementation of the transceiver performances for in...IJECEIAES
The greatest advantages of optical fibers are the possibility of extending data rate transmission and propagation distances. Being a multicarrier technique, the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) can be applicable in hybrid optical-wireless systems design owing to its best spectral efficiency for the interferences of radio frequency (RF) and minor multipath distortion. An optical OFDM-RoF-based wireless local area network (W-LAN) system has been studied and evaluated in this work. The outline for integrating an optical technology and wireless in a single system was provided with the existence of OFDM-RoF technology and the microstrip patch antenna; these were applied in the Optisystem communication tool. The design of the proposed OFDM-RoF system is aimed at supporting mm-wave services and multi-standard operations. The proposed system can operate on different RF bands using different modulation schemes like 4.16 and 64QAM that may be associated to OFDM and multidata rates up to 5 Gbps. The results demonstrate the robustness of the integrated optical wireless link in propagating OFDM-RoF-based WLAN signals across optical fibers.
Comprehensive investigation of coherent optical OFDM-RoF employing 16QAM exte...IJECEIAES
Given the growing need for long haul transmission that requires a high rate of data, the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing scheme (OFDM), is regarded as a technique with high potentials for high-capacity optical networks. OFDM transmits over both optical and wireless channels, with the data distributed over a huge amount of the subcarrier, and the data is distributed over a huge number of subcarriers. OFDM achieves RF signal for a long-haul transmitting by utilizing Radio over Fiber (RoF) system, which is known to produce higher orthogonality of the OFDM modulated signal designed for the wireless network. RoF systems comprise of heterogeneous networks designed through the use of wireless and optical links. The aim of this paper is to carry out an investigation of the performance of the external modulation in RoF links, while analyzing the shortcomings caused by the various elements of the optical system. The Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) can be applied in external modulation, and exhibits a more robust performance when implemented with the OFDM modulation technique.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Inter-cell Interference Management Technique for Multi-Cell LTE-A Network IJECEIAES
In modern cellular system such as LTE Advanced (LTE-A), frequency reuse scheme is targeted to be applied to fulfill the requirement of high capacity broadband access and high spectrum efficiency. But this kind of frequency planning may lead to the worse inter-cell interference (ICI) level experienced especially by a user located at the cell edge. Soft Frequency Reuse (SFR) is considered as an effective way to mitigate inter-cell interference and maintain capacity. We propose a power division SFR, known as multi level SFR technique to minimize ICI in a designed LTE-A network for sub-urban environment. Service area of LTE-A network was first developed to deploy particular number of eNB by using LTE network planning tools in the frequency of 1800 MHz with the use of SISO (Single Input Single Output) antennas. Coverage dimensioning and propagation consideration determine LTE-A parameters which were used in the simulation. Monte carlo simulation is executed to examine the performance of SFR for LTE-A downlink transmission to address different power ratio and traffic loads problem. Both performance of cell edge users and overall cell performance are evaluated in terms of CINR, BLER, and throughput. Performance with SFR is also compared with the classical frequency reuse one and three.
Using Minecraft as a citizen participation tool in urban design and decision ...Ericsson
In partnership with UN-Habitat, Ericsson has carried out a social impact assessment of the use of Minecraft as a community participation tool in public space design in Kirtipur, Nepal.
Design and development broadband monopole antenna for in-door applicationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper describes the broadband monopole antenna refers to a signal
wideband of the frequencies, which can be divided the signal into channels of
the frequency bins. Aim this paper to design and development broadband
monopole antenna. The monopole antenna was designed by adding slot to
the radiated patch antenna with a single feed line, which reduced the size and
the design complexity. A rectangular patch antenna was presented using feed
line to decrease the ground plane with a suitable gap distance. The broadband
monopole antenna was designed with a frequency range of 800 MHz – 3 GHz,
with Bandwidth 0.66 (dB), reflection coefficients and return loss.
The frequency-dependent characteristic impedance was included. It can be
used in various broadband applications in used commercially for various
communication systems such as 4G (LTE), WiMAX and WLAN (LTE),
remote sensing, biomedical, and mobile wireless. Apart from that, this
technology is environment-friendly; an antenna which consists of reception
and transmission. The antenna is simulated by using computer simulation
(CST) software; using FR-4 substrate of 4.4 permittivity thickness 1.6 mm and
loss tangent of 0.025. The measurement result is accepted with simulation
result, proving the acceptable broadband operation for this proposed structure.
REVIEW OF ANTENNAS FOR USB DONGLE APPLICATIONS IJEEE
In this era of wireless communication there is an integration of more and more radios into a single wireless platform enabling maximum connectivity The multiband antenna approach using PIFA structure enables size reduction, lowers SAR values, augments the bandwidth. These can be obtained by implementing several techniques for the modification of basic structure and use of ground plane. PIFA is also a preferred choice to be incorporated for LTE and WiMAX bands as it inhibits polarization diversity effectively without any decrement in the volume. Single band antenna supports a single frequency of wireless service. And in this era several wireless standards are supported by the equipments. Thus several antennas are employed for each standard leading to a huge space requirement in the handheld devices. Hence the designing of a small PIFA antenna supports multiple bands, small size, improve Gain and good radiation pattern is the prime objective.
Min input and min output of the system can be conduct by the process of interest in the process of view of synchronisation and software Engineer at the system can be a good idea for this colour combination of view of the best part of the system can be conduct by the process of view till now I'm interested for the system based engineering and technology related issues in college and software engineer h today’s increasing demand for security, especially in public places such as
airports, train stations, supermarkets, schools, and crowded street, surveillance cameras are
used for monitoring daily activities and detecting abnormal events. This task focuses on the
localization of anomalies using both temporal and partial information in videos. Anomalies
can be defined as events deviating from normal behavior [1], e.g., fighting, sneaking,
or unattended bags at an airport. The purpose of using surveillance cameras is the early
detection of anomalous human behaviors. This is a critical task in many cases where human
intervention is necessary, e.g., for crime prevention or countering terrorism. However,
this process requires labor-intensive and continuous human attention, which is a tedious
process, since abnormal events only happen 0.01% of the time and 99.9% of the surveillance
time is wasted [2]. Moreover, a surveillance system produces a lot of redundant video data,
which require unnecessary storage space. For reducing human errors and storage costs, it
is necessary to build an efficient surveillance system for detecting any strange behaviors
that may lead to dangerous situations. This requires deep and comprehensive study of
human activity recognition, to understand the features representative of each action.
Anomaly detection in video has a wide range of applications, such as for traffic
accident detection, criminal activity detection, and illegal activity detection. In addition,
detecting anomalous items or abandoned objects, such as guns or knifes, is necessary in
sensitive area
The project manages to derive the range of operation of a user in interference based scenarios between Femtocells and Macrocells, in terms of Signal to Noise and Interference ratios. The simulation was carried out for both the uplink and the downlink scenario. It could be successfully concluded that the environment that the user is in plays an important part in performance evaluation of the user.
MIMO-OFDM (Multi Input Multi Output- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) system is very popular technique for mobile communication. We found that Ergodic channel capacity has some limitation in MIMO-OFDM system. So Ergodic channel capacity optimization is necessary to improve the performance of MIMO-OFDM System.
As a consequence of the proliferation of smart phones and tablets, data traffic is growing significantly, both on the radio access links and the backhaul infrastructure of mobile operators’ networks. And although LTE and LTE Advanced offer higher data traffic throughput than that of 3G, given to their wider allocated bandwidths, the combined capacities of even these networks is not sufficient to meet projected future capacity demands.
The conventional solution to increasing the capacity of LTE mobile networks includes splitting macro-cells and/or adding more sites. Both of these solutions require high CAPEX and OPEX, so mobile operators are seeking new and cost effective ways of increasing their network capacity. One solution is to deploy small-cell base stations (BSs) within their existing macro-cellular networks, an approach referred to as Heterogeneous Networks.
It is well known that a HetNet not only increases the network capacity, but also provides better coverage and enhances the user’s experience. These benefits are achieved by offloading data traffic dynamically from MCBSs to SCBSs using an algorithm based on several parameters such as the characteristics of the traffic, the required QoS and network
5G NR is a contradictory complex, and it is difficult to have both capacity and coverage. 5G expands the system capacity by expanding the bandwidth of the spectrum. The frequency range extends from below 3GHz in the 4G era to the millimeter wave band, and the single carrier bandwidth is increased from 20MHz to more than 100MHz. But the higher the frequency band, the smaller the coverage of the base station, and the operator has to build more base stations.
According to the definition of the industry, an antenna is a transducer that transforms a guided wave propagating on a transmission line into an electromagnetic wave propagating in an unbounded medium (usually free space), or vice versa, ie transmitting or receiving. Electromagnetic waves. Popularly speaking, whether it is a base station or a mobile terminal, the antenna acts as a middleware for transmitting signals and receiving signals.
These are the notes on mobile computing for Dr. B.A.M University Aurangabad, Maharashtra by Former faculty in PES Engineering College Aurangabad Prof. Nitin S Ujgare
Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Enhanced Outdoor ...Onyebuchi nosiri
This paper describes the development of optimized model for urban outdoor coverage in Long Term Evolution (LTE) network at 2300 MHz frequency band in Port Harcourt urban region, Nigeria. Signal attenuation and fluctuation remain amongst the major channel impairments for mobile radio communication systems. This arises as a result of model incompatibility with terrain and Line of Sight (LOS) obstruction of the channel signals. Some path loss models such as OkumuraHata, COST 231, Ericsson 999, Egli and ECC-33 models were evaluated for suitability and compared with the modified model for the environments. The models were based on data collected from LTE base stations at three geographical locations in Port Harcourt namely- Rumuokoro, Eneka and Ikwerre roads respectively. The simulation was implemented using MATLAB R2014a software. The modified model was further optimized with some selected parameters such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. The results obtained gave rise to 3.030dB for RMSE and 0.00162dB for MAE respectively. The results obtained from the PSO optimized model demonstrated a better performance which is suitable for cell coverage planning and smooth handoff processes.
Ericsson Technology Review: Versatile Video Coding explained – the future of ...Ericsson
Continuous innovation in 5G networks is creating new opportunities for video-enabled services for both consumers and industries, particularly in areas such as the Internet of Things and the automotive sector. These new services are expected to rely on continued video evolution toward 8K resolutions and beyond, and on new strict requirements such as low end-to-end latency for video delivery.
The latest Ericsson Technology Review article explores recent developments in video compression technology and introduces Versatile Video Coding (VVC) – a significant improvement on existing video codecs that we think deserves to be widely deployed in the market. VVC has the potential both to enhance the user experience for existing video services and offer an appropriate performance level for new media services over 5G networks.
BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND DIGITAL REALITIES
The key role that connectivity plays in our personal and professional lives has never been more obvious than it is today. Thankfully, despite the sudden, dramatic changes in our behavior earlier this year, networks all around the world have proven to be highly resilient. At Ericsson, we’re committed to ensuring that the network platform continues to improve its ability to meet the full range of societal needs as well as supporting enterprises to stay competitive in the long term. We know that greater agility and speed will be essential.
This issue of our magazine includes several articles that explain Ericsson’s approach to future network development, including my annual technology trends article. The seven trends on this year’s list serve as a critical cornerstone in the development of a common Ericsson vision of what future networks will provide, and what sort of technology evolution will be required to get there.
ERIK EKUDDEN
Senior Vice President, Chief Technology Officer and Head of Group Function Technology
Ericsson Technology Review: Integrated access and backhaul – a new type of wi...Ericsson
Today millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum is valued mainly because it can be used to achieve high speeds and capacities when combined with spectrum assets below 6GHz. But it can provide other benefits as well. For example, mmWave spectrum makes it possible to use a promising new wireless backhaul solution for 5G New Radio – integrated access and backhaul (IAB) – to densify networks with multi-band radio sites at street level.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explains the IAB concept at a high level, presenting its architecture and key characteristics, as well as examining its advantages and disadvantages compared with other backhaul technologies. It concludes with a presentation of the promising results of several simulations that tested IAB as a backhaul option for street sites in both urban and suburban areas.
Ericsson Technology Review: Critical IoT connectivity: Ideal for time-critica...Ericsson
Critical Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity is an emerging concept in IoT development that enables more efficient and innovative services across a wide range of industries by reliably meeting time-critical communication needs. Mobile network operators (MNOs) are in the perfect position to enable these types of time-critical services due to their ability to leverage advanced 5G networks in a systematic and cost-effective way.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explores the benefits of Critical IoT connectivity in areas such as industrial control, mobility automation, remote control and real-time media. It also provides an overview of key network technologies and architectures. It concludes with several case studies based on two deployment scenarios – wide area and local area – that illustrate how well suited 5G spectrum assets are for Critical IoT use cases.
5G New Radio has already evolved in important ways since the 3GPP standardized Release 15 in late 2018. The significant enhancements in Releases 16 and 17 are certain to play a critical role in expanding both the availability and the applicability of 5G NR in both industry and public services in the near future.
This Ericsson Technology Review article summarizes the most notable new developments in releases 16 and 17, grouped into two categories: enhancements to existing features and features that address new verticals and deployment scenarios. This analysis and our insights about the future beyond Release 17 is an important component of our work to help mobile network operators and other stakeholders better understand and plan for the many new 5G NR opportunities that are on the horizon.
Ericsson Technology Review: The future of cloud computing: Highly distributed...Ericsson
The growing interest in cloud computing scenarios that incorporate both distributed computing capabilities and heterogeneous hardware presents a significant opportunity for network operators. With a vast distributed system (the telco network) already in place, the telecom industry has a significant advantage in the transition toward distributed cloud computing.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explores the future of cloud computing from the perspective of network operators, examining how they can best manage the complexity of future cloud deployments and overcome the technical challenges. Redefining cloud to expose and optimize the use of heterogeneous resources is not straightforward, but we are confident that our use cases and proof points validate our approach and will gain traction both in the telecommunications community and beyond.
Ericsson Technology Review: Optimizing UICC modules for IoT applicationsEricsson
Commonly referred to as SIM cards, the universal integrated circuit cards (UICCs) used in all cellular devices today are in fact complex and powerful minicomputers capable of much more than most Internet of Things (IoT) applications require. Until a simpler and less costly alternative becomes available, action must be taken to ensure that the relatively high price of UICC modules does not hamper IoT growth.
This Ericsson Technology Review article presents two mid-term approaches. The first is to make use of techniques that reduce the complexity of using UICCs in IoT applications, while the second is to use the UICCs’ excess capacity for additional value generation. Those who wish to exploit the potential of the UICCs to better support IoT applications have the opportunity to use them as cryptographic storage, to run higher-layer protocol stacks and/or as supervisory entities, for example.
Mobile data traffic volumes are expected to increase by a factor of four by 2025, and 45 percent of that traffic will be carried by 5G networks. To deliver on customer expectations in this rapidly changing environment, communication service providers must overcome challenges in three key areas: building sufficient capacity, resolving operational inefficiencies through automation and artificial intelligence, and improving service differentiation. This issue of ETR magazine provides insights about how to tackle all three.
Ericsson Technology Review: 5G BSS: Evolving BSS to fit the 5G economyEricsson
The 5G network evolution has opened up an abundance of new business opportunities for communication service providers (CSPs) in verticals such as industrial automation, security, health care and automotive. In order to successfully capitalize on them, CSPs must have business support systems (BSS) that are evolved to manage complex value chains and support new business models. Optimized information models and a high degree of automation are required to handle huge numbers of devices through open interfaces.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explains how 5G-evolved BSS can help CSPs transform themselves from traditional network developers to service enablers for 5G and the Internet of Things, and ultimately to service creators with the ability to collaborate beyond telecoms and establish lucrative digital value systems.
Ericsson Technology Review: 5G migration strategy from EPS to 5G systemEricsson
For many operators, the introduction of the 5G System (5GS) to provide wide-area services in existing Evolved Packet System (EPS) deployments is a necessary step toward creating a full-service, future-proof 5GS in the longer term. The creation of a combined 4G-5G network requires careful planning and a holistic strategy, as the introduction of 5GS has significant impacts across all network domains, including the RAN, packet core, user data and policies, and services, as well as affecting devices and backend systems.
This Ericsson Technology Review article provides an overview of all the aspects that operators need to consider when putting together a robust EPS-to-5GS migration strategy and provides guidance about how they can adapt the transition to address their particular needs per domain.
Ericsson Technology Review: Creating the next-generation edge-cloud ecosystemEricsson
The surge in data volume that will come from the massive number of devices enabled by 5G has made edge computing more important than ever before. Beyond its abilities to reduce network traffic and improve user experience, edge computing will also play a critical role in enabling use cases for ultra-reliable low-latency communication in industrial manufacturing and a variety of other sectors.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explores the topic of how to deliver distributed edge computing solutions that can host different kinds of platforms and applications and provide a high level of flexibility for application developers. Rather than building a new application ecosystem and platform, we strongly recommend reusing industrialized and proven capabilities, utilizing the momentum created with Cloud Native Computing Foundation, and ensuring backward compatibility.
The rise of the innovation platform
Society and industry are transforming at an unprecedented rate. At the same time, the network platform is emerging as an innovation platform with the potential to offer all the connectivity, processing, storage and security needed by current and future applications. In my 2019 trends article, featured in this issue of Ericsson Technology Review, I share my view of the future network platform in relation to six key technology trends.
This issue of the magazine also addresses critical topics such as trust enablement, the extension of computing resources all the way to the edge of the mobile network, the growing impact of the cloud in the telco domain, overcoming latency and battery consumption challenges, and the need for end-to-end connectivity. I hope it provides you with valuable insights about how to overcome the challenges ahead and take full advantage of new opportunities.
Ericsson Technology Review: Spotlight on the Internet of ThingsEricsson
The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a fundamental cornerstone in the digitalization of both industry and society as a whole. It represents a huge opportunity not only in economic terms, but also from a global challenges perspective – making it easier for governments, non-governmental organizations and the private sector to address pressing food, energy, water and climate related issues.
5G and the IoT are closely intertwined. One of the biggest innovations within 5G is support for the IoT in all its forms, both by addressing mission criticality as well as making it possible to connect low-cost, long-battery-life sensors.
With this in mind, we decided to create a special issue of Ericsson Technology Review solely focused on IoT opportunities and challenges. I hope it provides you with valuable insights about the IoT-related opportunities available to your organization, along with ideas about how we can overcome the challenges ahead.
Ericsson Technology Review: Driving transformation in the automotive and road...Ericsson
A variety of automotive and transport services that require cellular connectivity are already in commercial operation today, and many more are yet to come. Among other things, these services will improve road safety and traffic efficiency, saving lives and helping to reduce the emissions that contribute to climate change. At Ericsson, we believe that the best way to address the growing connectivity needs of this industry sector is through a common network solution, as opposed to taking a single-segment silo approach.
The latest Ericsson Technology Review article explains how the ongoing rollout of 5G provides a cost-efficient and feature-rich foundation for a horizontal multiservice network that can meet the connectivity needs of the automotive and transport ecosystem. It also outlines the key challenges and presents potential solutions.
This presentation explains the importance of SD-WAN technology as part of the Enterprise digital transformation strategy. It goes over the first wave of SD-WAN in a single vendor deployment, with Do-it-yourself (DIY) as the preferred model. Then continues with the importance of orchestration in the second wave of SD-WAN deployments in a multi-vendor ecosystem, turning to SD-WAN Managed Services as the preferred model. It ends up with some examples of use cases and the Verizon customer case. More information on Ericsson Dynamic orchestration - http://m.eric.sn/6rsZ30psKLu
Ericsson Technology Review: 5G-TSN integration meets networking requirements ...Ericsson
Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) is becoming the standard Ethernet-based technology for converged networks of Industry 4.0. Understanding the importance and relevance of TSN features, as well as the capabilities that allow 5G to achieve wireless deterministic and time-sensitive communication, is essential to industrial automation in the future.
The latest Ericsson Technology Review article explains how TSN is an enabler of Industry 4.0, and that together with 5G URLLC capabilities, the two key technologies can be combined and integrated to provide deterministic connectivity end to end. It also discusses TSN standards and the value of the TSN toolbox for next generation industrial automation networks.
Ericsson Technology Review: Meeting 5G latency requirements with inactive stateEricsson
Low latency communication and minimal battery consumption are key requirements of many 5G and IoT use cases, including smart transport and critical control of remote devices. Thanks to Ericsson’s 4G/5G research activities and lessons learned from legacy networks, we have identified solutions that address both of these requirements by reducing the amount of signaling required during state transitions, and shared our discoveries with the 3GPP.
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Real-life Indoor MIMO Performance with Ultra-compact LTE Nodes
1. Abstract—With the ever increasing demand for mobile
broadband service with very high bitrates to indoor users, there
is large industry traction around different types of In Building
Solutions (IBS) for Long Term Evolution (LTE). Multiple Input
Multiple Output (MIMO) is a key feature in LTE enabling
significantly improved user bitrates, and the indoor channel
characteristics are also expected to be in favor for MIMO
performance. Despite this, due to deployment constraints and
design constraints on the IBS antenna design and size, many IBS
deployments of today do not support MIMO. As the market
evolves, this is finally changing and in this paper, the 2x2 MIMO
performance is measured in real-life with small-size radio
equipment, a commercial smartphone and a low-power radio
head, both with a size of approximately a wavelength. Despite the
small antennas, the performance is found to be very good
supporting rank-2 transmission on almost the whole 2500 m2
office floor with only 100 mW transmission power. In more than
half of the area, the user bitrate exceeds the maximum rank-1
bitrate, demonstrating the value of MIMO. Also in Line-Of-Sight
(LOS) conditions, traditionally a weakness for MIMO
performance, the indoor channel richness facilitates rank-2
transmission. The 2x2 MIMO performance is found to be limited
rather by propagation loss than MIMO channel characteristics
and antenna size, which demonstrates the potential for ultra-
compact 2x2 MIMO indoor antenna heads.
Keywords—E-UTRA, LTE, MIMO, IBS, Small Cells
I. INTRODUCTION
The success of smartphones in LTE networks has increased
data traffic load in the networks and increased the importance
of high peak bitrates. Different types of small cell solutions
have been and keep being introduced in densely populated
areas to meet the bit rate expectations. Most traffic is
consumed by indoor users which has triggered renewed
interest in In-Building Solutions (IBSs).
Legacy IBSs, such as Distributed Antenna Systems (DASs),
have been used for a long time, mainly to improve coverage,
as larger buildings and buildings with energy-saving glass can
be challenging to cover from the outside with outdoor
antennas. However, many legacy DASs do not support a
fundamental LTE characteristic: support for MIMO
transmissions. In the downlink, Single User (SU)-MIMO is
supported already from the first release, Release 8, of LTE.
Today, two layer SU-MIMO is used in almost all cells in
existing LTE networks, thanks to the mandatory two receiver
antennas in the LTE User Equipment (UE) and thanks to most
macro network nodes already having infrastructure for two
antennas for uplink coverage reasons. In contrast, when
antennas are deployed indoor, one antenna has been sufficient
for uplink coverage reasons and therefore most existing DAS
deployments have only one antenna branch. With such an
antenna solution, the full potential of LTE is not utilized, since
it only enables Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO)
transmission, reducing the peak bitrate and the capacity. With
the expected indoor channel richness, this is an even greater
performance loss from what could be achievable [1].
Therefore, alternative low-power node solutions with multiple
radio branches are of large interest for LTE IBSs to reach high
peak bitrate and to improve capacity.
There are cost and esthetic constraints on IBS solutions.
The antenna or the radio head should be as small as possible,
and therefore the same hardware performance as for macro
base stations is not feasible. Also, macro deployments
typically use cross-polarized antennas which give decreased
correlation between layers improving two-layer SU-MIMO
performance [2]. In some IBS deployments, an omni-
directional antenna is desired. With a small-size omni-
directional antenna, it is challenging to maintain good
polarization orthogonality and isolation between antenna
branches in all directions. The question is therefore how much
of the MIMO gain can be realized, given cost constraints and
antenna design constraints (form factors) of commercial
products.
LTE MIMO performance has been extensively studied by
means of simulation and measurement also in indoor
environments [3,4]. However, to our knowledge there are no
published results based on measurements on indoor-deployed
small size nodes, investigating the impact of propagation loss
and channel conditions.
In this paper, results from SU-MIMO measurements on
small-size radio equipment are presented. A 2x50mW radio
head with the size of less than a wavelength is deployed in an
office environment. Walk tests with a smartphone are
performed in different radio conditions measuring the MIMO
performance and assessing channel conditions.
The paper is organized as follows: in Section II, the SU-
MIMO conditions are discussed followed by the description of
the measurements including test equipment and used measures
in Section III. Measurement results are presented in Section
IV and finally conclusions are drawn in Section V.
Real-life Indoor MIMO Performance
with Ultra-compact LTE Nodes
Arne Simonsson, Maurice Bergeron, Jessica Östergaard and Chris Nizman
Ericsson
[arne.simonsson, maurice.bergeron, jessica.ostergaard, chris.nizman]@ericsson.com
2. II. SINGLE USER MIMO CONDITIONS
SU-MIMO performance and spatial multiplexing
possibilities are, as mentioned above, limited partly by the
antenna deployment, partly by the radio link characteristics.
The radio link is characterized by the Signal-to-
Interference-and-Noise Ratio, and its rank [5]. As is well-
known from theory, even a high-SINR channel might not
support spatial multiplexing due to insufficient rank, caused
by antenna characteristics and insufficient multipath
propagation [6]. To capture varying channel characteristics,
both indoors and outdoors, LTE supports rank adaptation to
dynamically adapt the number of layers transmitted. One
example is the Transmission Mode (TM) 3, also known as
open loop spatial multiplexing [7].
For the indoor scenario studied in this paper, theory tells us
to expect a large number of reflections (creating a rich channel
with high rank), but also a channel with a high probability of
LOS, where the direct path is often much stronger than any
reflected paths (resulting in lower channel rank). The MIMO
condition in LOS can be improved by using cross-polarized
antennas, often deployed in macro scenarios. Perfect cross
polarization is however not trivial to achieve in all directions
with the small-size omni-antennas used in today’s handheld
UEs and indoor radio heads.
III. MEASUREMENT DESCRIPTION
The measurement was done on a 5 MHz LTE carrier on
band 4, 2.1 GHz in downlink. There was no co-channel or
other external interference on the used band allowing for in-
detail studies of the indoor channel. A fully standard-
compliant LTE IBS was used, the Radio Dot System [8]. The
radio head is a 2x50 mW so-called dot with two integrated
omnidirectional antennas, see Fig. 1. The radio head including
the antenna has a diameter of 10 cm which allows for less than
a wavelength in separation between the two antennas, see
Fig 1.
A commercially available LTE smartphone was used: a
standard-compliant, Category 4 LTE UE. The size of the
terminal is 15x8x1 cm leaving room for a distance between
the two antennas of less than a wavelength. To minimize hand
and body loss, the terminal was mounted in a plastic car phone
holder on a trolley 1.2 m above the floor, and tilted 45 degrees
for a more expected user orientation, see Fig 1.
A single radio head has been used in the measurements. It
was deployed in the ceiling at two different locations to
investigate different environments. One location was at typical
ceiling height (2.7 m above floor) in the middle of a 2500 m2
office floor, see Fig. 2 blue circle. This is an ordinary office
area with both open areas and meeting rooms and other typical
office facilities such as an elevator, washroom block and
office supply room. Most of the area is Non-Line-Of-Sight
(NLOS) from the radio head. The other radio head deployment
was at 4.3 m above the floor in one end of an 8000 m2
office
area, see Fig. 6 blue circle. This office area has a higher
ceiling and is more open resulting in larger areas within LOS
(Line-Of-Sight) from the radio head.
The measurements have been done along three different test
routes to investigate different scenarios:
a) NLOS route: A route around the first deployment
covering the floor area both near and far from the radio
head, see Fig 2. The route is NLOS from the radio head
except from some small areas closest to the radio head.
b) Long LOS route: A straight route starting at the radio
head in the second deployment and ending in the other
end of the office area, see Fig. 6. The route is in LOS
from the radio head except at the end when behind a
wall.
c) Short LOS route: Two rounds close around the radio
head in the first deployment, see Fig. 4. The inner
round is completely within LOS and the outer round is
partly LOS from the radio head.
A TEMS Investigation tool was connected to the UE for
logging and pin-point positioning [8]. The trolley was moved
around the routes in a slow constant walking speed,
approximately 1 m/s, collecting logs. Data was constantly
downloading with User Datagram Protocol (UDP) utilizing all
available bandwidth, closely mimicking a full buffer traffic
model commonly used in simulations.
Fig. 1. Test equipment.
10 cm
15 cm
Fig. 2. NLOS route and throughput.
Radio head
10 m
60 m
Only rank 1
Rank 2 utilized
0- 6 Mbps
6-12 Mbps
12-18 Mbps
18-24 Mbps
24-30 Mbps
30-36 Mbps
Downlink Throughput and Rank
(Rank 1 maximum)
3. Used measures are:
- Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP): [10] as
logged every 10 ms. Presented in 5 dB bins.
- Condition Number (CN): [5] based on 2x2 signal
strength logged every 100 ms, see below. Presented in
5 dB bins.
- Downlink layer-1 throughput: aggregated sum of
correctly received bits. Aggregated over 0.5 seconds
(500 data transmissions) in map plots and distributions.
Aggregated over 10 ms (10 data transmissions) when
correlated with RSRP and presented as mean with 95%
confidence interval for each RSRP bin to allow for
higher granularity.
- Average transmission rank: Correlated with RSRP and
CN and averaged over their logging intervals, 10 and
100 ms respectively. Presented as mean with 95%
confidence interval for each bin, RSRP or Condition
Number.
SINR has also been analyzed regarding correlation to RSRP.
As expected when there is no interference, the analysis
showed similar trends and did not change any of the findings
or conclusions. Therefore only RSRP results are presented in
this paper, but the RSRP results could easily be translated into
SINR results. Also RSRP is specified by 3GPP [10] while
SINR is a UE-vendor proprietary measure.
To assess the channel condition for MIMO transmission, a
Condition Number in dB is calculated as:
10 · log · (1)
based on the per antenna 2x2 received signal strength
where H is the MIMO channel and x the transmitted signal.
The phase which can facilitate layer separation in the
receiver is not available resulting in an overestimated CN.
Assuming a random phase the average overestimation is in the
order of two times in dB scale.
On the NLOS route three different MIMO configurations
were tested to allow for comparison
1) TM3: Spatial Multiplexing enabling SU-MIMO
transmission with rank adaptation.
2) TM2: Transmit diversity with rank-1 only.
3) 1 TX: SIMO single antenna transmission mimicking a
single antenna branch IBS.
On the other two routes only TM3 was used, which allows
comparison to the TM3 results on the other two walk routes.
IV. MEASUREMENT RESULTS
A. Non-Line-Of-Sight Performance
The throughput measure on the NLOS route is shown in
Fig. 2. Spatial multiplexing was extensively used, 75% of all
downlink data transmissions were rank-2 transmissions, and
rank-2 transmissions are seen on the whole walk route,
covering the entire floor plan. The areas where only rank-1 is
used are marked as stars in Fig.1, circles marks periods with at
least some rank-2 transmissions. The only portion of the floor
plan that exhibits a significant portion of rank-1 transmissions
is the upper left part, 40 m from the radio head. This area is
behind several walls and exhibits RSRP values (and in this
case equivalently SINR values) which would typically not
support MIMO. Additional radio heads are needed to get rank-
2 coverage throughout the whole floor plan.
The throughput accumulated per 0.5 s period as seen on
map in Fig.2. is shown as distribution function with solid line
in Fig. 3. In 60% of the scanned area the throughput exceeds
the maximum rank-1 throughput of 18 Mbps on the used 5
MHz band. This maximum rank-1 throughput is also the
maximum for SIMO transmission in a single branch DAS
system. SU-MIMO improves the user quality significantly in
this environment. The area where the throughput exceeds
maximum SIMO throughput is also seen in Fig. 2 as green
circles along the scanned walk route. Within 20 m or more
from the radio head the throughput exceeds SIMO capability,
thanks to sufficient channel rank and good RSRP.
In Fig.3. the contribution from rank-2 transmissions for
each 0.5 s period is also shown as distribution function with
dashed line. The contribution is large throughout the whole
floor plan. Only 2% of the 0.5 s samples do not contain any
rank-2 transmissions, seen as dashed line at 0 Mbps in Fig. 3.
which corresponds to the fraction of stars in Fig. 2.
Results with different configurations are shown in Fig.4 as
throughput vs RSRP. TM 2 and 1 TX with rank-1 only are
Fig 3. NLOS throughput distribution.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Downlink Throughput [Mbps]
C.D.F.[%]
Rank 2 transmissions
Total: rank 1 and 2 transmissions
18
Fig 4. RSRP vs throughput for different MIMO configurations NLOS
-130 -120 -110 -100 -90 -80 -70 -60
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
DownlinkmeanL1bitrate(95%confidence)[Mbps]
RSRP [dBm]
TM3
TM2
1 TX
4. clearly limited in good radio conditions above 90 dBm RSRP,
conditions which are exhibited on more than half of the floor
plan. On the remaining areas, below 90 dBm RSRP, TM 3 still
gives a higher throughput than 1 TX. As seen comparing with
TM 2, this is explained by transmit diversity gain from 2
transmit antennas in the lowest RSRP region, from -125 dBm
to -110 dBm. In the middle RSRP region between -110 dBm
and -90 dBm, TM3 adds a spatial multiplexing gain from
rank-2 transmissions. This together result in a substantial
MIMO gain, across both average and good RSRP conditions,
and show that overall, there is a large benefit of SU-MIMO
spatial multiplexing in this NLOS scenario.
B. Line-Of-Sight Performance
In Fig. 5, the walk route and resulting throughput for the
short LOS walk route measurement is shown. It is for the
same deployment as the NLOS measurement but at short
distance around the radio head. Note that the color legend is
different compared to Fig. 2. The performance is very good
using almost only rank-2 transmission with highest
Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS), green circles in Fig.
5, still resulting in 10 % or fewer retransmissions,. The
interesting part of the result in this case is that MIMO
transmissions are seen almost throughout these LOS
conditions, despite the small radio node size and the limited
separation between the two transmit antennas. Furthermore,
this is true in all directions around the radio head, showing
that the two antennas are sufficiently decorrelated in all
directions. The resulting average results for the whole route
are shown in Table I.
TABLE I. RESULTS SHORT LOS
Measure Value
RSRP -67 dBm
Rank-2 fraction 98 %
Throughput 34.2 Mbps
Retransmission rate 3 %
In Fig. 6, the walk route and resulting throughput for the
long LOS measurement is shown with the same legend as for
NLOS in Fig. 2. The rank-2 coverage is surprisingly good in
this LOS environment, rank-2 transmissions are utilized all the
way along the LOS path of the walk route. The throughput
exceeds the SIMO capability of 18 Mbps to more than 100 m
from the radio head. This indicates a rich channel resulting in
good MIMO conditions also in this LOS scenario.
C. Rank Analysis
In Fig. 7, the throughput as a function of RSRP is shown for
both the two long walk routes with TM 3. In addition rank-1
and 2 transmissions are shown separately. The short walk
route is omitted since it shows a very small distribution around
-67 dBm RSRP and 34 Mbps.
The total throughput which is the average of all rank-1 and
rank-2 transmissions is very similar to the rank-2 throughput.
The reason is that there is a majority of rank-2 transmission
which dominates the statistics.
Somewhat surprising there is no significant difference
between NLOS and LOS. The performance is determined by
link quality only and seems to be independent of LOS
conditions. This is further confirmed by Fig. 8 where average
transmission rank is shown vs RSRP. The fraction of rank-2 is
largely determined by link quality (in terms of RSRP) and
seems to be rather independent of LOS vs NLOS conditions.
An assessment of the channel conditions is done by
calculating the Condition Number according to Eq. (1). The
distribution for the different walk routes is shown in Fig. 9.
The short LOS walk route shows a lower condition number
indicating better MIMO channel conditions than the long walk
routes. In the measured indoor environment with the used
small size nodes (radio head and UE) the LOS channel is
surprisingly good for spatial multiplexing. The two longerFig. 6. Long LOS route and throughput.
Radio head
10 m
100 m
Only rank 1
Rank 2 utilized
0- 6 Mbps
6-12 Mbps
12-18 Mbps
18-24 Mbps
24-30 Mbps
30-36 Mbps
Downlink Throughput and Rank
(Rank 1 maximum)
Fig 7. RSRP vs throughput with TM 3 for the long walk routes.
-120 -110 -100 -90 -80 -70 -60
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
DownlinkmeanL1bitrate(95%confidence)[Mbps]
RSRP [dBm]
LOS Total
NLOS Total
LOS Rank 2
NLOS Rank 2
LOS Rank 1
NLOS Rank 1
Fig. 5. Short LOS route and throughput.
NLOS
LoS
0-30 Mbps
30-32 Mbps
32-34 Mbps
34-36 Mbps
Downlink Throughput
10 mRadio head
5. walk routes show similar CN distributions. More than 65% has
a CN below 30 dB which is a well-conditioned MIMO channel
assuming that this CN is in average overestimated with a
factor of two. The good rank-2 performance also verifies this.
Fig. 10 shows the average transmission rank vs Condition
Number for the three walk routes. For the short LOS walk
route, the RSRP is constantly very high resulting in no
significant impact from CN. The high SINR enables good
rank-2 reception also for less well-conditioned MIMO
channels and high CN. For the longer walk routes with a larger
range of RSRP, there is a clear correlation between average
rank and CN. The MIMO channel condition has an impact on
the spatial multiplexing performance at lower RSRP. The
difference between the two long walk routes is explained by a
difference between the RSRP distributions resulting in
different ability to utilize less well-conditioned MIMO
channels.
It is expected that interference will impact link quality, and
that a system with interference is better determined by SINR
than by RSRP. However, these tests have been performed on
clean spectrum with no interference. RSRP is therefore a good
measure of link quality showing high correlation with
throughput and rank.
V. CONCLUSION
The indoor MIMO performance is very good even with a
small-sized radio head and a commercial handheld terminal
with antennas subject to shape and size constraints. MIMO
gain over SIMO is seen almost over the whole NLOS 2500 m2
office area measured. The throughput in the measurements
exceeds maximum SIMO capability on more than half the
measured area.
Surprisingly, also in LOS conditions, the MIMO
performance is very good, despite the expectation of higher
channel condition number in the LOS case. The throughput
exceeds SIMO capability up to 100 m from the radio head. In
the vicinity around the radio head maximum MCS on rank-2 is
reached in all directions showing good antenna decorrelation
and a lower channel condition number.
Weighed together, the 2x2 MIMO performance is
determined by link quality and propagation but seemingly, and
unexpectedly, independent of LOS conditions.
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[1] K. Werner et al, “LTE-A Field Measurements: 8x8 MIMO and Carrier
Aggregation”, in Proc. of IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference
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[2] M. Lerch and M: Rupp, “Measurement-Based Evaluation of the LTE
MIMO Downlink at Different Antenna Configurations”, in Proc. of
IEEE Smart Antennas (WSA), 2013.
[3] H. Nishimoto, Y. Ogawa, T. Nishimura and T. Ohgane “Measurement-
Based Performance Evaluation of MIMO Spatial Multiplexing in a
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and Propagation, vol. 55, no. 12, 2007.
[4] S. Yasukawa et al, “Influence of antenna configuration on achievable
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[5] Tse, David, and Pramod Viswanath. “Fundamentals of wireless
communication”. Cambridge university press, 2005.
[6] R. S. Blum, J. H.. Winters, N. R. Sollenberger, “On the capacity of
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6, no. 6, pp. 242-244, Jun. 2002.
[7] 3GPP, “E-UTRA, Physical Channels and Modulation,” TS 36.211
v8.9.0.
[8] Ericsson Radio Dot System,
www.ericsson.com/ourportfolio/products/radio-dot-system.
[9] TEMS Pocket/Investigation, www.ascom.com/tems.
[10] 3GPP, “E-UTRA, Physical layer – Measurements”, TS 36.214 v8.7.0.
Fig 8. RSRP vs mean transmission rank for the long walk routes.
-120 -110 -100 -90 -80 -70 -60
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
Dowlinkmeanrank(95%confidence)
RSRP [dBm]
LOS
NLOS
Fig 9. Condition Number distribution.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
C.D.F.[%]
Condition Number [dB]
LOS long
LOS short
NLOS
Fig 10. Condition Number vs mean transmission rank.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
Dowlinkmeanrank(95%confidence)
Condition Number [dB]
LOS long
LOS short
NLOS