GPCRs are the most dynamic and most abundant all the receptors. The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily comprises the largest and most diverse group of proteins in mammals. GPCRs are responsible for every aspect of human biology from vision, taste, sense of smell, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous functions, metabolism, and immune regulation to reproduction. GPCRs interact with a number of ligands ranging from photons, ions, amino acids, odorants, pheromones, eicosanoids, neurotransmitters, peptides, proteins, and hormones.
Nevertheless, for the majority of GPCRs, the identity of their natural ligands is still unknown, hence remain orphan receptors.
The simple dogma that underpins much of our current understanding of GPCRs, namely,
one GPCR gene− one GPCR protein− one functional GPCR− one G protein −one response
is showing distinct signs of wear.
GPCRs are the most dynamic and most abundant all the receptors. The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily comprises the largest and most diverse group of proteins in mammals. GPCRs are responsible for every aspect of human biology from vision, taste, sense of smell, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous functions, metabolism, and immune regulation to reproduction. GPCRs interact with a number of ligands ranging from photons, ions, amino acids, odorants, pheromones, eicosanoids, neurotransmitters, peptides, proteins, and hormones.
Nevertheless, for the majority of GPCRs, the identity of their natural ligands is still unknown, hence remain orphan receptors.
The simple dogma that underpins much of our current understanding of GPCRs, namely,
one GPCR gene− one GPCR protein− one functional GPCR− one G protein −one response
is showing distinct signs of wear.
Cell signaling / Signal Transduction / Transmembrane signaling.
It is the process by which cells communicate with their environment and respond to external stimuli.
When a signaling molecule(ligand) binds to its receptor, it alters the shape or activity of the receptor, triggering a change inside of the cell such as alteration in the activity of a gene / cell division. Thus the original Intercellular Signal is converted into an Intracellular Signal that triggers as a response.
MAPK Signaling pathway (Mitogen-activated protein kinase), how the pathway helps in regulation of mitosis, It's activation and inactivation inside the cell, roles of MAPK pathway in cancerous cell, different classes of MAP kinase in human
This presentation provide knowledge about Gene Expression & its regulation in brief.
i hope it gives some information about gene expression in your academic time.
In this presentation mentioned - Lac Operon and its expressor.
Jump to search
The JAK-STAT signalling pathway is a chain of interactions between proteins in a cell, and is involved in processes such as immunity, cell division, cell death and tumour formation. The pathway communicates information from chemical signals outside of a cell to the cell nucleus, resulting in the activation of genes through a process called transcription. There are three key parts of JAK-STAT signalling: Janus kinases (JAKs), Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription proteins (STATs), and receptors (which bind the chemical signals).[1] Disrupted JAK-STAT signalling may lead to a variety of diseases, such as skin conditions, cancers, and disorders affecting the immune system.
Cell cycle and Regulation
* cell Division is occur in every human but these have certaint check point to preventing from the forming the defective cell or cancerious cell.
Assignment on Secondary messengers and intracellular signalingDeepak Kumar
Assignment on Secondary messengers: cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, calcium ion, inositol 1,4,5- trisphosphate, (IP3), NO, and diacylglycerol. Detailed study of following intracellular signaling pathways: cyclic AMP signaling pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway.
cellcycle,cell cycle regulation,phases of cell cycle,cell injury,etiology of cell injury,mechanism of cell injury,apoptosisand necrosis,autophagy,cell death
Cell signaling / Signal Transduction / Transmembrane signaling.
It is the process by which cells communicate with their environment and respond to external stimuli.
When a signaling molecule(ligand) binds to its receptor, it alters the shape or activity of the receptor, triggering a change inside of the cell such as alteration in the activity of a gene / cell division. Thus the original Intercellular Signal is converted into an Intracellular Signal that triggers as a response.
MAPK Signaling pathway (Mitogen-activated protein kinase), how the pathway helps in regulation of mitosis, It's activation and inactivation inside the cell, roles of MAPK pathway in cancerous cell, different classes of MAP kinase in human
This presentation provide knowledge about Gene Expression & its regulation in brief.
i hope it gives some information about gene expression in your academic time.
In this presentation mentioned - Lac Operon and its expressor.
Jump to search
The JAK-STAT signalling pathway is a chain of interactions between proteins in a cell, and is involved in processes such as immunity, cell division, cell death and tumour formation. The pathway communicates information from chemical signals outside of a cell to the cell nucleus, resulting in the activation of genes through a process called transcription. There are three key parts of JAK-STAT signalling: Janus kinases (JAKs), Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription proteins (STATs), and receptors (which bind the chemical signals).[1] Disrupted JAK-STAT signalling may lead to a variety of diseases, such as skin conditions, cancers, and disorders affecting the immune system.
Cell cycle and Regulation
* cell Division is occur in every human but these have certaint check point to preventing from the forming the defective cell or cancerious cell.
Assignment on Secondary messengers and intracellular signalingDeepak Kumar
Assignment on Secondary messengers: cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, calcium ion, inositol 1,4,5- trisphosphate, (IP3), NO, and diacylglycerol. Detailed study of following intracellular signaling pathways: cyclic AMP signaling pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway.
cellcycle,cell cycle regulation,phases of cell cycle,cell injury,etiology of cell injury,mechanism of cell injury,apoptosisand necrosis,autophagy,cell death
The forth lecture about the "Cell".
Here, I am discussing the several signaling pathways.....It is highly dependent on the 3rd lecture; Receptors.
Enjoy :)
Role of jak stat pathway in cancer signallingJEYASREEG
jak stat pathway plays a important role in cancer signalling. This presentation particularly concentrates on hematological malignancies and current therapy.
Cell signalling through MAP-Kinase and JAK STAT pathway.pptxSonalShrivas
Cell signaling is a complex process by which cells communicate with each other to regulate various cellular activities, including growth, differentiation, metabolism, and apoptosis (cell death). Signaling molecules, such as hormones, growth factors, and neurotransmitters, bind to specific receptors on the cell surface or inside the cell, initiating a cascade of events that ultimately lead to a cellular response. There are several signaling pathways involved in cell signaling, including the Ras-MAPK pathway and the JAK-STAT pathway.
Both the Ras-MAPK pathway and the JAK-STAT pathway are critical for normal cellular function, and dysregulation of these pathways can lead to various diseases, including cancer and inflammatory disorders.
Basic Mutagenic signal Transduction or the cancer signal transduction that control cell cycle are important pathways to understand cancer in molecular level and to invent targeted treatment.
This presentation gives the basic idea, about the information on the role of tyrosine kinases in cancer. I have also included a phylogenetic tree for finding the relatedness between different organisms.
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
This visual guide breaks down important metrics across four categories: Patient-Centered Metrics, Care Efficiency Metrics, Quality of Life Metrics, and Staff Metrics. Each section is designed to help healthcare professionals monitor and improve care delivery for patients facing serious illnesses. Understand how to implement these metrics in your palliative care practices for better outcomes and higher satisfaction levels.
2. What is JAK- STAT?
• The JAK-STAT(Janus kinase-signal transducer
and activator of transcription) signalling
pathway transmits information from chemical
signals outside the cell, which causes DNA
transcription and activity in the cell.
• The JAK-STAT system is a major signalling
alternative to the second messenger system.
3. • It consists of three main components
a. Receptor
b. JAK-Janus kinases
c. STAT-Signal transducer and activator of
transcription
4.
5.
6. • In the first step the ligands (EPO) bind to its
receptor and dimerizes the receptor.
• This causes the activation of JAK.
• JAK phosphorylates tyrosine residue on itself
(auto-phosphorylation).
• The freely moving STAT molecules in the
cytoplasm goes and attaches to the
phosphorylated tyrosine residue.
• JAK also phosphorylates the STAT protein and
7. dimerizes it.
• The STAT dimer enters the nucleus and
attaches to the specific region of the DNA(in
the promoter region) and promotes
transcription of a particular sequence and the
protein thus formed show its effect.
8. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
• Disrupted or disregulated JAK-STAT functionality
can result in immune deficiency syndrome and
cancer.
TYPES OF JAK PROTIEN
• Janus kinase 1
• Janus kinase 2 (most important)
• Janus kinase 3
• Tyrosine kinase 2
9. Drugs targeting the JAK-STAT pathway
• Drugs that target the JAK-STAT pathway are used to turn down the immune
response. One type of drug that has been approved by the FDA is a cytokine
receptor blocker derived from a monoclonal antibody. Because it is a
protein, this type of drug needs to be injected. An example is basiliximab,
which is used to prevent transplant rejection. Basiliximab binds to the IL-2
receptor.
• Many drugs that inhibit the kinase activity of JAK are in development, and
one, ruxolitinib, has been approved to treat a myeoloproliferative disorder
(a disorder in which there is abnormal proliferation of cells in the bone
marrow). Tofacitinib is a JAK inhibitor that has been approved for the
treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. An advantage of JAK inhibitors over
receptor blocking drugs is that they are small molecule drugs that can be
taken orally.
10. Role of JAK-STAT signalling pathway in
Cancer
• The tyrosine kinase JAK and its downstream target STAT respond to
cytokine signalling in cells.
• In response to cytokines, JAK itself is phosphorylated, leading to its
activation. The activated JAK kinase then phosphorylates specific
STATs.
• STAT proteins dimerise and translocate into the nucleus upon
phosphorylation by JAK, where they bind to DNA and regulate
transcription.
• Overactivation of the JAK‐STAT pathway can cause cancer by
bypassing apoptosis and cell cycle checkpoints.
• Unphosphorylated STAT is also found in the nuclei and
mitochondria of cells that are not stimulated by cytokines.
• Mitochondrial STAT upregulates cellular respiration and can
promote oncogenic transformation.
11. • Unphosphorylated nuclear STAT binds to HP1α and
stabilises heterochromatin. STAT5A in colon cancer
cells acts as a tumour suppressor via this mechanism.
• Nuclear JAK2 is a histone tyrosine kinase.
Phosphorylation of histone 3 tyrosine 41 displaces
HP1α/CBX5 from chromatin and contributes to
tumourigenicity.
• In some cancers, DNA methylation suppresses the
expression of inhibitory SOCS proteins, resulting in
uncontrolled JAK/STAT pathway activation.
12. REFERRENCES:
• Molecular biology of the cell by Bruce Alberts,
Dennis Bray, James Watson and Julian Lewis.
• https://courses.washington.edu
• www.google.com
