The detail introduction of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
The detail of organelles in the cell.
And the comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
This document provides a summary of key concepts about cells:
1. It outlines the history of cell discovery from Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow. They observed cells under microscopes and established the cell theory.
2. The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function.
3. The document describes the structures and functions of key cellular organelles in plant and animal cells like the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
4. Transport processes like diffusion, osmosis, active and passive
- All living things are composed of cells, which are the basic units of structure and function.
- Cells contain organelles that compartmentalize functions and come in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic forms. Prokaryotic cells lack nuclei while eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound nuclei.
- Eukaryotic cells also contain organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts that are thought to have evolved from endosymbiotic relationships with ancient prokaryotes.
The document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It discusses the key components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells including the plasma membrane, DNA, cytoplasm, organelles like the nucleus, endomembrane system, mitochondria and lysosomes. It also covers cell size limitations, the cytoskeleton, and structures specific to plant cells such as chloroplasts, central vacuoles and cell walls.
1. The document discusses cells, which are the basic structural and functional units of living organisms.
2. It provides details on the history of cell discovery from Hooke to Virchow and outlines the three main principles of cell theory.
3. The document describes the key components of cells including the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and various organelles as well as their structure and functions. It provides examples of unicellular and multicellular organisms.
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ in their nuclear structure and cell division processes. Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus containing chromosomes, while prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and usually have a single circular chromosome. Eukaryotic cells undergo mitosis for cell division, while prokaryotic cells usually divide by binary fission without mitosis. The document also provides glossaries defining the structures and organelles found within animal cells, plant cells, and their differences.
This document summarizes key features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes like bacteria are unicellular and lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes like plants and animals are complex cells with organelles that have specialized functions. A key difference is that eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized by membrane-bound structures like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and Golgi apparatus, allowing separation of metabolic processes. The plasma membrane encloses the cell and regulates transport, while the nucleus houses genetic material and controls cellular functions.
The document summarizes cell structure and organelles. It describes that cells are the basic unit of life and contain organelles that carry out specific functions. The key organelles discussed include the nucleus, which houses genetic material, chloroplasts which conduct photosynthesis in plant cells, and vacuoles which store waste and maintain pressure.
This PowerPoint, designed by East Stroudsburg University student Kristen O'Connor, is a PowerPoint designed for middle school science students on cell organelles.
This document provides a summary of key concepts about cells:
1. It outlines the history of cell discovery from Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow. They observed cells under microscopes and established the cell theory.
2. The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function.
3. The document describes the structures and functions of key cellular organelles in plant and animal cells like the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
4. Transport processes like diffusion, osmosis, active and passive
- All living things are composed of cells, which are the basic units of structure and function.
- Cells contain organelles that compartmentalize functions and come in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic forms. Prokaryotic cells lack nuclei while eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound nuclei.
- Eukaryotic cells also contain organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts that are thought to have evolved from endosymbiotic relationships with ancient prokaryotes.
The document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It discusses the key components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells including the plasma membrane, DNA, cytoplasm, organelles like the nucleus, endomembrane system, mitochondria and lysosomes. It also covers cell size limitations, the cytoskeleton, and structures specific to plant cells such as chloroplasts, central vacuoles and cell walls.
1. The document discusses cells, which are the basic structural and functional units of living organisms.
2. It provides details on the history of cell discovery from Hooke to Virchow and outlines the three main principles of cell theory.
3. The document describes the key components of cells including the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and various organelles as well as their structure and functions. It provides examples of unicellular and multicellular organisms.
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ in their nuclear structure and cell division processes. Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus containing chromosomes, while prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and usually have a single circular chromosome. Eukaryotic cells undergo mitosis for cell division, while prokaryotic cells usually divide by binary fission without mitosis. The document also provides glossaries defining the structures and organelles found within animal cells, plant cells, and their differences.
This document summarizes key features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes like bacteria are unicellular and lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes like plants and animals are complex cells with organelles that have specialized functions. A key difference is that eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized by membrane-bound structures like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and Golgi apparatus, allowing separation of metabolic processes. The plasma membrane encloses the cell and regulates transport, while the nucleus houses genetic material and controls cellular functions.
The document summarizes cell structure and organelles. It describes that cells are the basic unit of life and contain organelles that carry out specific functions. The key organelles discussed include the nucleus, which houses genetic material, chloroplasts which conduct photosynthesis in plant cells, and vacuoles which store waste and maintain pressure.
This PowerPoint, designed by East Stroudsburg University student Kristen O'Connor, is a PowerPoint designed for middle school science students on cell organelles.
This document summarizes the structure and functions of the basic unit of life - the cell. It describes the three main parts of the cell: the plasma membrane, cytoplasm and organelles, and nucleus. It then explains the roles and components of these structures, including transport mechanisms, energy production, protein synthesis, and cell death processes. The genetic material in the nucleus controls and directs the complex functions that allow cells to work together to form the human body.
The document provides information about cells including:
1. It summarizes the cell theory which states that cells are the basic units of life, all living things are made of cells, and new cells come from existing cells.
2. It describes the two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus and organelles, and eukaryotic cells which have a nucleus and organelles.
3. It details several organelles found in eukaryotic cells and their functions including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles.
Cell is the basic unit of life and the smallest unit that can replicate independently. The human body is formed of different organ systems composed of tissues, which are made of cells. Cells come in various shapes and sizes. A cell contains organelles like the cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm. While plant and animal cells share some similarities, plant cells also contain a cell wall and chloroplasts, and typically have larger vacuoles.
The document discusses cells and tissues. It provides information on plant and animal cells, including their main components like the cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall, vacuole, and chloroplasts. Plant cells differ from animal cells in having a cell wall and vacuole. The document also discusses how cells are organized into tissues and organs.
Two Types Of Cells - Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cellssth215
There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and include bacteria, while eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus and include plants, animals, fungi and protists. The key difference between these cell types is the presence of a nucleus - prokaryotes lack a nucleus, while eukaryotes have membrane-bound nuclei that contain their genetic material. Eukaryotic cells are more complex with many organelles and can form multicellular organisms.
An organelle is a specialized subunit that has a specific function. The name organelle comes from the idea that these structures are parts of cells, as organs are to the body, hence organelle. Organelles are either separately enclosed within their own lipid bilayers (also called membrane-bound organelles) or are spatially distinct functional units without a surrounding lipid bilayer (non-membrane bound organelles). Although most organelles are functional units within cells, some functional units that extend outside of cells are often termed organelles, such as cilia, the flagellum and archaellum, and the trichocyst.
- All living things are composed of cells, which are the basic units of structure and function. The cell theory states that cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division.
- Cells can be prokaryotic, lacking organelles and a nucleus, or eukaryotic, containing organelles and a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells include plant, animal, fungus and protist cells.
- Key structures of eukaryotic cells include a cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes and vacuoles. These structures perform important functions for cellular processes.
The document discusses the key parts of plant and animal cells. It explains that cells are the basic unit of all living things and outlines some of the main cellular structures including the cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplasts, chromosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria, nuclear membrane, nucleus, and vacuoles. The main differences between plant and animal cells are that plant cells contain chloroplasts and a cell wall, which animal cells do not have.
This document provides information about cell organelles and their functions. It discusses the basic components that all cells contain, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and organelles. It describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and highlights some key organelles in plant and animal cells such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell wall, and vacuoles. Throughout, it uses analogies to a turtle to help explain the structures and roles of various organelles.
The document summarizes key discoveries and concepts in cell biology:
1) Cells were first observed in the 1600s by scientists like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, and Schwann. Their work led to the Cell Theory which states that cells are the fundamental unit of life.
2) All cells share several basic components, including a cell membrane, cytoplasm, genes, and ribosomes. Organisms are either unicellular or multicellular.
3) Eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells due to membrane-bound organelles and a larger surface area to volume ratio that allows for more efficient nutrient exchange.
human cell anatomy - "cell is a basic structural unit of life" -as all living organism are made up of cells knowing the unique functions of the cell, shape, anatomy , function of organelle, and types of human cell involved are the most important factors and to also understand about -how human cells can play a vital role in our daily life.
The document discusses the main organelles found within eukaryotic cells. It describes the nucleus as the control center that contains DNA. The cell membrane forms the boundary around the cell and is made of a phospholipid bilayer. Mitochondria are described as the powerhouses of the cell, where cellular respiration occurs to produce energy. Three other key organelles are the endoplasmic reticulum, which acts as a highway within the cell, the golgi apparatus, which packages and stores proteins, and lysosomes, which act as the cell's garbage disposal.
The word cell is derived from the Latin word “cellula” which means “a little room”
It was the British botanist Robert Hooke who, in 1664, while examining a slice of bottle cork under a microscope, found its structure resembling the box-like living quarters of the monks in a monastery, and coined the word “cells”
Cells come in different sizes and shapes. All cells have a cell membrane which controls what enters and exits the cell, and cytoplasm which is a gel-like material. Only plants, algae, fungi and bacteria have cell walls. The nucleus is the control center of the cell and contains genetic material. Organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi bodies carry out specific functions within the cell. Mitochondria convert energy from food into a form cells can use, while ribosomes produce proteins and the endoplasmic reticulum transports materials.
The document discusses the parts of an animal cell and their functions. It aims to teach students to identify and draw the major organelles of an animal cell, including the nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, cytoskeleton, cell membrane, ribosomes, vesicles, and cytosol. Understanding the structure and role of each organelle is important for studying biology at a cellular level.
Prokaryotic cells like bacteria and archaea are much simpler than eukaryotic cells. They are typically smaller, lack membrane-bound organelles, have no nucleus, and have circular DNA not contained within a nucleus. In contrast, eukaryotic cells found in plants, animals and fungi are larger, have organelles like mitochondria and a nucleus that contains linear DNA. They have more complex structures that allow for specialized functions.
This document compares and contrasts prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It begins by introducing that all living things are made up of cells, which are the smallest living units. It then describes that cells are divided into two main categories: prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells, which contain a nucleus enclosed within a membrane. The document proceeds to list and describe the various organelles contained within each cell type, including their locations and functions. It concludes by outlining some key differences in how prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells reproduce.
The document summarizes key aspects of cellular organization and structure. It describes that cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up organ systems. It then discusses the structures and functions of key cellular components in plant and animal cells, including the plasma membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, Golgi apparatus, ER, lysosomes, mitochondria, ribosomes, nucleus, and vacuoles. Finally, it compares the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting things like size, presence of membrane-bound organelles, and cell division mechanisms.
B.Sc.(micro+biotech) II Animal & Plant Physiology Unit 1.1 Plant CellRai University
This document provides information on the key organelles and structures found within plant and animal cells. It describes the cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, chloroplasts, vacuoles, and Golgi apparatus. For each it provides 1-2 sentences on their structure and 1-2 sentences on their main functions within the cell.
This document summarizes the structure and functions of the basic unit of life - the cell. It describes the three main parts of the cell: the plasma membrane, cytoplasm and organelles, and nucleus. It then explains the roles and components of these structures, including transport mechanisms, energy production, protein synthesis, and cell death processes. The genetic material in the nucleus controls and directs the complex functions that allow cells to work together to form the human body.
The document provides information about cells including:
1. It summarizes the cell theory which states that cells are the basic units of life, all living things are made of cells, and new cells come from existing cells.
2. It describes the two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus and organelles, and eukaryotic cells which have a nucleus and organelles.
3. It details several organelles found in eukaryotic cells and their functions including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles.
Cell is the basic unit of life and the smallest unit that can replicate independently. The human body is formed of different organ systems composed of tissues, which are made of cells. Cells come in various shapes and sizes. A cell contains organelles like the cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm. While plant and animal cells share some similarities, plant cells also contain a cell wall and chloroplasts, and typically have larger vacuoles.
The document discusses cells and tissues. It provides information on plant and animal cells, including their main components like the cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall, vacuole, and chloroplasts. Plant cells differ from animal cells in having a cell wall and vacuole. The document also discusses how cells are organized into tissues and organs.
Two Types Of Cells - Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cellssth215
There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and include bacteria, while eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus and include plants, animals, fungi and protists. The key difference between these cell types is the presence of a nucleus - prokaryotes lack a nucleus, while eukaryotes have membrane-bound nuclei that contain their genetic material. Eukaryotic cells are more complex with many organelles and can form multicellular organisms.
An organelle is a specialized subunit that has a specific function. The name organelle comes from the idea that these structures are parts of cells, as organs are to the body, hence organelle. Organelles are either separately enclosed within their own lipid bilayers (also called membrane-bound organelles) or are spatially distinct functional units without a surrounding lipid bilayer (non-membrane bound organelles). Although most organelles are functional units within cells, some functional units that extend outside of cells are often termed organelles, such as cilia, the flagellum and archaellum, and the trichocyst.
- All living things are composed of cells, which are the basic units of structure and function. The cell theory states that cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division.
- Cells can be prokaryotic, lacking organelles and a nucleus, or eukaryotic, containing organelles and a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells include plant, animal, fungus and protist cells.
- Key structures of eukaryotic cells include a cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes and vacuoles. These structures perform important functions for cellular processes.
The document discusses the key parts of plant and animal cells. It explains that cells are the basic unit of all living things and outlines some of the main cellular structures including the cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplasts, chromosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria, nuclear membrane, nucleus, and vacuoles. The main differences between plant and animal cells are that plant cells contain chloroplasts and a cell wall, which animal cells do not have.
This document provides information about cell organelles and their functions. It discusses the basic components that all cells contain, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and organelles. It describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and highlights some key organelles in plant and animal cells such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell wall, and vacuoles. Throughout, it uses analogies to a turtle to help explain the structures and roles of various organelles.
The document summarizes key discoveries and concepts in cell biology:
1) Cells were first observed in the 1600s by scientists like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, and Schwann. Their work led to the Cell Theory which states that cells are the fundamental unit of life.
2) All cells share several basic components, including a cell membrane, cytoplasm, genes, and ribosomes. Organisms are either unicellular or multicellular.
3) Eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells due to membrane-bound organelles and a larger surface area to volume ratio that allows for more efficient nutrient exchange.
human cell anatomy - "cell is a basic structural unit of life" -as all living organism are made up of cells knowing the unique functions of the cell, shape, anatomy , function of organelle, and types of human cell involved are the most important factors and to also understand about -how human cells can play a vital role in our daily life.
The document discusses the main organelles found within eukaryotic cells. It describes the nucleus as the control center that contains DNA. The cell membrane forms the boundary around the cell and is made of a phospholipid bilayer. Mitochondria are described as the powerhouses of the cell, where cellular respiration occurs to produce energy. Three other key organelles are the endoplasmic reticulum, which acts as a highway within the cell, the golgi apparatus, which packages and stores proteins, and lysosomes, which act as the cell's garbage disposal.
The word cell is derived from the Latin word “cellula” which means “a little room”
It was the British botanist Robert Hooke who, in 1664, while examining a slice of bottle cork under a microscope, found its structure resembling the box-like living quarters of the monks in a monastery, and coined the word “cells”
Cells come in different sizes and shapes. All cells have a cell membrane which controls what enters and exits the cell, and cytoplasm which is a gel-like material. Only plants, algae, fungi and bacteria have cell walls. The nucleus is the control center of the cell and contains genetic material. Organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi bodies carry out specific functions within the cell. Mitochondria convert energy from food into a form cells can use, while ribosomes produce proteins and the endoplasmic reticulum transports materials.
The document discusses the parts of an animal cell and their functions. It aims to teach students to identify and draw the major organelles of an animal cell, including the nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, cytoskeleton, cell membrane, ribosomes, vesicles, and cytosol. Understanding the structure and role of each organelle is important for studying biology at a cellular level.
Prokaryotic cells like bacteria and archaea are much simpler than eukaryotic cells. They are typically smaller, lack membrane-bound organelles, have no nucleus, and have circular DNA not contained within a nucleus. In contrast, eukaryotic cells found in plants, animals and fungi are larger, have organelles like mitochondria and a nucleus that contains linear DNA. They have more complex structures that allow for specialized functions.
This document compares and contrasts prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It begins by introducing that all living things are made up of cells, which are the smallest living units. It then describes that cells are divided into two main categories: prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells, which contain a nucleus enclosed within a membrane. The document proceeds to list and describe the various organelles contained within each cell type, including their locations and functions. It concludes by outlining some key differences in how prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells reproduce.
The document summarizes key aspects of cellular organization and structure. It describes that cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up organ systems. It then discusses the structures and functions of key cellular components in plant and animal cells, including the plasma membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, Golgi apparatus, ER, lysosomes, mitochondria, ribosomes, nucleus, and vacuoles. Finally, it compares the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting things like size, presence of membrane-bound organelles, and cell division mechanisms.
B.Sc.(micro+biotech) II Animal & Plant Physiology Unit 1.1 Plant CellRai University
This document provides information on the key organelles and structures found within plant and animal cells. It describes the cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, chloroplasts, vacuoles, and Golgi apparatus. For each it provides 1-2 sentences on their structure and 1-2 sentences on their main functions within the cell.
Cells are the smallest and fundamental units of life. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells, which are microscopic and consist of a single cell, and eukaryotic cells, which have more complex structures. Plant and animal cells contain similar organelles but also have some differences. Plant cells contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis and a cell wall, while animal cells lack these structures. Both cell types contain a nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, and ribosomes that allow the cell to carry out essential functions.
This document discusses the parts of plant and animal cells. It defines a cell as the smallest unit of life and notes there are two main types - prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It then lists and describes the major organelles found in plant cells, such as the cell wall, chloroplast, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, vacuole, lysosomes, Golgi complex and ribosomes. A similar list is then provided for the organelles commonly found in animal cells.
This document provides information about cell structure and organization. It defines cells, tissues, organs and organ systems. It describes key differences between plant and animal cells as well as differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It also outlines the structure and functions of important cell organelles including the plasma membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, mitochondria, ribosomes and nucleus. Large vacuoles in plant cells are also discussed.
B.Sc. Biochemistry II Cellular Biochemistry Unit 2 Cellular componentsRai University
This document provides information on the ultrastructure of cells. It discusses the organelles found within eukaryotic cells like the nucleus, which contains DNA and RNA, and the nuclear envelope that surrounds it. It also describes mitochondria, which generate energy for the cell, and chloroplasts in plant cells, which use chlorophyll and photosynthesis to harness energy from sunlight. Finally, it mentions the endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes, which are involved in protein synthesis.
All living things are made of cells, which fall into two main categories - prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler, lacking a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex, containing a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts that perform specialized functions. Key organelles of eukaryotic cells include the nucleus, which houses DNA; mitochondria and chloroplasts, which perform cellular respiration and photosynthesis respectively; and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which are involved in protein transport.
S C I E N C E P R O J E C T W O R K ( I T E R M )Nandeesh Laxetty
The document summarizes key differences and similarities between plant and animal cells. It describes the main components of plant cells, including a cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuoles, and plastids. It also outlines the main parts of animal cells, such as the cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, nucleus, and lysosomes. Both cell types share some similar structures like the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and Golgi apparatus.
The document summarizes key differences and similarities between plant and animal cells. It describes the main components of plant cells, including a cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuoles, and plastids. It also outlines the main parts of animal cells, such as the cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, nucleus, and lysosomes. Both cell types share some similar structures like the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and Golgi apparatus.
The document discusses the structure and functions of cells. It describes the principal parts of a cell as the cell membrane, protoplasm and its organelles, and the nucleus. It provides details on the structures and roles of various organelles, including the mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vacuoles, lysosomes, and chloroplasts. The document also reviews the differences between plant and animal cells, focusing on structures specific to plant cells like the cell wall, chloroplasts, and vacuoles.
1. A cell is the smallest unit capable of performing life functions and all living things are composed of cells.
2. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack a membrane-bound nucleus and eukaryotic cells which have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.
3. Key cell organelles include the nucleus which houses genetic material, mitochondria which generate energy, the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus which aid in protein transport and modification, and plastids and chloroplasts which perform photosynthesis in plant cells. Together, these organelles allow the cell to carry out all functions necessary for life.
Cell structures, cell theory, biological diversityjun de la Ceruz
This document provides an overview of cell structures and the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It begins with an introduction to cells as the basic units of life and defines prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The main body compares characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells such as cell size, presence of organelles, genetic material, and mode of division. It then describes the basic structures of plant and animal cells including cell membranes, cell walls, mitochondria, plastids, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, and nuclei.
cells structure and transport mechanismsReisa Roberts
The document provides detailed information about the structure and functions of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells, containing a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have originated from endosymbiotic prokaryotes. The cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell and is composed of phospholipids and proteins. Materials can move across the membrane through diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, or vesicles.
The document provides information about hair cells. It discusses that hair cells must have appropriate nutrition to stay alive. It notes that humans have between 100,000 to 150,000 hairs that each grow around 5 inches every 5-6 years. When the hair dies, it takes around 4 months to regrow. Keratin is the main protein in hair and contains amino acids like cysteine and methionine. Disulfide bonds give curly hair its structure and perms/relaxants break these bonds to straighten hair. Hair loss can be inherited and treated with medicine or transplant, or caused by diseases, stress, or damage and will regrow after the cause is removed.
Cell organelles are small structures within cells that perform specific functions. The main organelles include the nucleus, which contains DNA and controls the cell; mitochondria, which generate energy; and the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, chloroplasts, and cytoskeleton, each of which has a specialized function in the cell. Organelles are surrounded by membranes that allow transport of materials in and out and provide structure and protection to the organelle.
This document compares and contrasts plant and animal cells. It lists organelles that are common to both cell types, including the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi bodies. It then describes specialized structures unique to each cell type - plants contain chloroplasts and cell walls for photosynthesis, while animal cells contain lysosomes and centrosomes. The document provides brief explanations of the function of each organelle to help distinguish key differences between plant and animal cells.
Cells are small to maintain a high surface area to volume ratio which allows for efficient exchange of substances. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which are smaller and lack organelles, and eukaryotic cells which are larger and have membrane-bound organelles that perform specialized functions. Key organelles in eukaryotic cells include the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, cytoskeleton, and vacuoles.
The document describes a technology-based lesson on cells for 9th standard science students. It covers various topics related to cells including: the basic unit of life, structural organization of cells, different types of cell organelles, differences between plant and animal cells, and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Diagrams are provided to illustrate cell structures like the plasma membrane, nucleus, mitochondria and more. The key aspects of cell theory are also explained.
The document outlines the syllabus for a course on fundamentals of cell biology. It discusses key topics that will be covered including the structure and functions of plant and animal cells, cell organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts, and cell processes like the cell cycle and cell division. The summary highlights that the cell is the basic unit of life, cells contain distinctive structures like the cell membrane and nucleus, and plant and animal cells share common features but also have differences like plant cells containing a cell wall and chloroplasts.
The document summarizes key organelles and structures found within plant and animal cells. It describes the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, ribosomes, plasma membrane, vesicles, lysosomes, centrosomes, chloroplasts, cell wall, vacuoles, and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It also discusses epithelial tissues, mesophyll tissue, and parenchyma cells.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
2. All living organisms are made of cells.
A cell is a small, membrane enclosed
structure filled with an aqueous solution
where organelles and other subcellular
structures are found.
3. Cells are of different size and shape.
The cell’s size and shape can be
related to its specific function.
12. Cellular Organelles
The Plasma
membrane
The boundary of the
cell.
Composed of three
distinct layers.
Two layers of fat and
one layer of protein.
13. The Nucleus
Brain of Cell
Bordered by a porous
membrane - nuclear
envelope.
Contains thin fibers of DNA
and protein called
Chromatin.
Rod Shaped Chromosomes
Contains a small round
nucleolus
produces ribosomal RNA
which makes ribosomes.
14.
15.
16. The nucleus of eukaryotic cells is
contained by the nuclear envelope,
which is made of two membranes (inner
and outer) decorated with pore
complexes
17. Inside the nucleus, chromatin (DNA +
DNA associated proteins) and a
nucleolus are present
18. The nuclear lamina (made of
intermediate filaments) covers the inner
nuclear membrane, helping in the
maintenance of nuclear shape
The nucleus hosts the genetic material
(DNA and RNA)
19. Ribosomes
Small non-membrane
bound organelles.
Contain two sub units
Site of protein synthesis.
Protein factory of the cell
Either free floating or
attached to the
Endoplasmic Reticulum.
21. Smooth ER lacks ribosomes.
It is a network of pipe-like
interconnected tubes.
Functions of the SER include synthesis
of lipids/steroids, processing of sugars,
and detoxification of drugs and poisons
22.
23.
24. Rough ER has ribosomes attached to
the outside. The RER is in fact an
extension of the outer nuclear
membrane. Functions of the RER
include anchorage of newly synthesize
proteins, and the finishing of proteins
25. Golgi Apparatus
A series of flattened
sacs that modifies,
packages, stores,
and transports
materials out of the
cell.
Works with the
ribosomes and
Endoplasmic
Reticulum.
26. Lysosomes
Recycling Center
Recycle cellular debris
Membrane bound
organelle containing a
variety of enzymes.
Internal pH is 5.
27. Lysosomes
Digest material or microbes ingested by
the cell
Remove old/damaged organelles
Self destruct (autolyze/autophagy)
28. Centrioles
Found only in animal
cells
Paired organelles
found together near the
nucleus, at right angles
to each other.
Role in building cilia
and flagella
Play a role in cellular
reproduction (division)
30. Cytoskeleton
Framework of the cell
Contains small microfilaments and larger
microtubules.
They support the cell, giving it its shape
and help with the movement of its
organelles.
33. The Chloroplast
Double membrane
Center section contains
grana
Thylakoid (coins) make
up the grana.
Stroma - gel-like
material surrounding
grana
34. The Chloroplast
Chloroplast are plastids that contain the green
pigment chlorophyll along with other
photosynthetic pigments.
Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis
In the stroma, chloroplast DNA and ribosomes
can be found
35. The Vacuole
The vacuole is a
membrane-bound
organelle containing
water and other
enzymes that function
during the life of the
plant.
38. Cell Wall
Extra structure surrounding its plasma
membrane in plants, fungi, and
bacteria.
Cellulose – Plants
Chitin – Fungi
Peptidoglycan - Bacteria
39. The Plant Cell Wall
The plant cell wall is the outermost layer
of plant cells
It provides extra protection to the plant
and cohesiveness among neighboring
plant cells.
Cell walls of adjacent plant cells are in
close communication through
plasmodesmata
40. Plasmodesmata
Plasmodesmata are
narrow channels that
act as intercellular
cytoplasmic bridges to
facilitate
communication and
transport of materials
between plant cells.
41.
42. Size of organelles
Nucleus- 5-10 Micrometers in diameter.
Nucleolus- Depends on metabolic needs of cell. Can be up
to 25% of nucleus.
Mitochondria- .5-1 Micrometers in diameter.
ER- Typically 1-2 Micrometers long, but can be up to 7
Micrometers.
Lysosome- .05-.5 Micrometers in diameter.
Golgi- 2.5 Micrometers in length.
Ribosome- .025 Micrometers in diameter.
43. Chloroplast- .2-.4 Micrometers in diameter.
Centrioles- .5 Micrometers in length.
Cilia- Depends on the size of the cell. .25
Micrometers in diameter.
Flagella- Depends on the size of the cell. .
02 Micrometers in diameter and can be up
to 2-3 times the length of the cell.