Rock layers are formed through sedimentary processes over long periods of time. Stratified rocks are formed from sediments laid down in layers, and their formation depends on stratigraphy and stratification. There are several laws of stratigraphy that help geologists determine the relative ages of rock layers based on principles like original horizontality, superposition, cross-cutting relationships, inclusions and unconformities. Geologists use physical features of the rock layers as well as index fossils to correlate and match rock layers across different regions in order to reconstruct Earth's history.
Earth Materials and Processes : ENDOGENIC PROCESSSimple ABbieC
Earth Materials and Processes : ENDOGENIC PROCESS
Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
geologic processes that occur within the Earth and
the folding and faulting of rocks
Rocks and minerals for grade 11; Earth and life sciencesknip xin
please don't forget to like and leave your comments. this presentation is about rocks and minerals, grade 11, earth and life sciences; senior high school
This is a PowerPoint Presentation about Magmatism, a lesson in Earth and Life Science, First quarter for Grade 11/12 Students. This will help them understand the lesson and make them familiar with the topic.
Earth Materials and Processes : ENDOGENIC PROCESSSimple ABbieC
Earth Materials and Processes : ENDOGENIC PROCESS
Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
geologic processes that occur within the Earth and
the folding and faulting of rocks
Rocks and minerals for grade 11; Earth and life sciencesknip xin
please don't forget to like and leave your comments. this presentation is about rocks and minerals, grade 11, earth and life sciences; senior high school
This is a PowerPoint Presentation about Magmatism, a lesson in Earth and Life Science, First quarter for Grade 11/12 Students. This will help them understand the lesson and make them familiar with the topic.
Minerals / Common Rock-forming Minerals and their Physical and Chemical Prope...Simple ABbieC
Department of Education | Senior High School
Topic: Minerals / Common Rock-forming Minerals and their Physical and Chemical Properties
Learning Competency:
Earth and Life Science: Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties.
Earth Science (for STEM): Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties.
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Planet Earth and its properties necessary to support lifeSimple ABbieC
Department of Education | Senior High School
Topic: Planet Earth and its properties necessary to support life.
Learning Competency:
Earth and Life Science: Recognize the uniqueness of Earth, being the only planet in the Solar System with properties necessary to support life.
Earth Science (for STEM): Describe the characteristics of Earth that are necessary to support life.
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Learning objectives:
Identify the different subsystems that make up the earth
Describe the interactions that transpire in each subsystem
Diagram the subsystems that make up the earth including the interactions that transpire in each interface.
Explain that the Earth consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flow
Geologic processes that shape the planet Earth, which occurs beneath the surface and associated with Interior forces. Download this so you can see some animations and some hidden images behind some pictures.
Minerals / Common Rock-forming Minerals and their Physical and Chemical Prope...Simple ABbieC
Department of Education | Senior High School
Topic: Minerals / Common Rock-forming Minerals and their Physical and Chemical Properties
Learning Competency:
Earth and Life Science: Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties.
Earth Science (for STEM): Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties.
Please LIKE / FOLLOW and SHARE my other social media accounts.
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Simple-ABbieC-131584525051378/
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Youtube:
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Slideshare:
https://www.slideshare.net/AbbieMahinay
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Blogger:
https://simpleabbiec.blogspot.com/?m=1
Planet Earth and its properties necessary to support lifeSimple ABbieC
Department of Education | Senior High School
Topic: Planet Earth and its properties necessary to support life.
Learning Competency:
Earth and Life Science: Recognize the uniqueness of Earth, being the only planet in the Solar System with properties necessary to support life.
Earth Science (for STEM): Describe the characteristics of Earth that are necessary to support life.
Please LIKE / FOLLOW and SHARE my other social media accounts.
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Simple-ABbieC-131584525051378/
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Youtube:
http://tiny.cc/SimpleABbieC
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Slideshare:
https://www.slideshare.net/AbbieMahinay
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Blogger:
https://simpleabbiec.blogspot.com/?m=1
Learning objectives:
Identify the different subsystems that make up the earth
Describe the interactions that transpire in each subsystem
Diagram the subsystems that make up the earth including the interactions that transpire in each interface.
Explain that the Earth consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flow
Geologic processes that shape the planet Earth, which occurs beneath the surface and associated with Interior forces. Download this so you can see some animations and some hidden images behind some pictures.
Grade 8 Integrated Science Chapter 12 Lesson 1 on relative-age dating of fossils and rock layers. This lesson explains how scientists use rock layers to determine a age of a rock or fossil compared to others. The goal of this lesson is for students to be able to correctly order rock layers by age and to know the different disconformities and nonconformities.
A Simple Presentation depicting the concepts os Stratigraphy. The Stratigraphy is a branch of geology concerned with the study of rock layers and layering .
S6E5. Students will investigate the scientific view of how the earth’s surface is formed.
g. Describe how fossils show evidence of the changing surface and climate of the Earth.
c. Classify rocks by their process of formation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
11 formation of rock layers
1. FORMATION OF ROCK LAYERS
Prepared by: Engr. Ariel S. Motas
Engr. Andreana Amor M. Gulay
2. LESSON 1: ROCK LAYERS
- How are rock layers formed?
Stratified Rocks
• Also known as derivatives rock, maybe fragmental or crystalline.
• These rocks are product of SEDIMENTARY PROCESSES.
• These are made of visible layers of sediments.
• Formation on rock layers depend on its stratigraphy and stratification
Stratigraphy
• It is the branch of geology that deals with
the description, correlation, and
interpretation of stratified rocks on and
within the Earth.
Stratification
• It is also known as bedding, which is the
layering that happens in sedimentary and
igneous rocks formed at the surface of the
Earth that comes from lava flows or other
volcanic activity.
• It is expressed by rock layers (units) of a
general tabular or lenticular form that differ
in rock type
3. Law of
Unconformomities
Law of Cross Cutting
Relationship
Law of Inclusions
Law of Original
Horizontality
Law of Faunal
Succession
Law of Superposition
LAWS OF
STRATIGRAPHY
4. Law of Superposition
• The largest and heaviest rock layer that settled first at the bottom is the oldest
rock layer
• The lightest and smallest that settled last is the youngest rock layer.
Sandstone & Shale
Shale & Siltstone
Sandstone
Limestone & Sandstone
Limestone
5. Principle of Original Horizontality
• sediments are deposited in flat layers, if the rock maintains in
horizontal layers, it means it is not yet disturbed and still has its
original horizontality
1
2
6. Law of Inclusions
• A rock mass that contains pieces of rocks called
inclusions are younger than the other rock
masses.
• Stated that if a rock body (Rock B) contained
fragments of another rock body (Rock A), it
must be younger than the fragments of rock it
contained. The intruding rock (Rock A) must
have been there first to provide the fragments.
7. Law of Cross Cutting Relationship
• Stated that if a fault or other body of rock cuts through another body
of rock then it must be younger in age than the rock through which it
cuts and displaces.
• When magma intrudes to the rock, that fault or magma is younger
than the rock
dike or dyke, in
geological usage,
is a sheet of rock
that is formed in a
fracture of a pre-
existing rock body
8. Law of Faunal Succession
• Different strata contain particular assemblage of fossils by which rocks
may be identified and correlated over long distances
9. Law of Unconformities
• Rock layers that are formed without interruptions are conformable.
• Describes a layer of rock that have been deformed or eroded before
another layer is deposited, resulting in rock layer mismatching
• An unconformity represents a long period during which deposition
stopped, erosion removed previously formed rocks, and then deposition
resumed
• Three types of unconformities: Disconformity, Angular Uncorformity and
Non-conformity
10. Three Types of Unconformities
Disconformity
Originates from horizontal
sedimentary rock layers that is
lifted and the top layer eroded.
New sediments are deposited
when they are submerged
beneath a freshwater or
saltwater
Angular Unconformity
It originates from horizontally
parallel strata of sedimentary
rock that are deposited on
tilted and eroded layers.
It produced an angular
discordance with underlying
horizontal layers.
Non-conformity
It originates between
sedimentary rocks,
metamorphic or igneous rock
when sedimentary rock lies
above and was deposited on the
pre-existing and eroded
metamorphic or igneous rock.
16. LESSON 2: Correlation of Rock Layers
- The process of showing that rocks or geologic events occurring at different locations are of the same age
Two types of correlation:
1. Physical
2. Fossil
- Geologists need to correlate rocks from one place to another to get more complete record of Earth’s history over time.
- They try to determine the relative age of widely separated strata or rock layers.
- They used correlation trying to fit together sedimentary strata in different places just like a cut out puzzle.
17. 1. Physical Correlation
• Is accomplished by using number of criteria such as color, texture, and types of
minerals contained within a stratum which make it possible for geologists to classify a
particular stratum specifically
2. Fossil Correlation
• Is a principle that geologists use
to determine the age of rock. It
uses fossil with unique
characteristics, such as
geologically short lifespan and
easily identifiable features and
use this information to estimate
the age of rock layer in other
areas that contain the same type
of fossil or group of fossils
18. Criteria to be considered in identifying index fossils includes:
• Easily recognizable and it must be easy to identify because of its
uniqueness.
• Must be geographically widespread
• Must lived for only a short time
There are fossils which are used to date the layers of rock that they are found in. Fossils
that can be used in this way are called index fossils, and rock layers with the same
index fossils in them can be correlated.
21. Match correlated rock layers
There are four columns from neighboring regions. The numbers represent different
fossils found in the rock layers. Unconformities (buried erosional surfaces) indicate that
material is missing. Try to find a fossil number that is common to all four columns and
use it to line them up for correlation in the previous example.