EARTH MATERIALS AND PROCESSES
Topic: Classification of Rocks / Types of Rocks
Senior High School | Earth and Life Science
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11/12ES-Ib-10)
Senior High School | Earth Science
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11ES-Ic-6)
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3. ROCKS
• any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals
or mineraloid matter.
• categorized by the minerals included, its chemical
composition and the way in which it is formed.
3
Kapurpurawan Rock Formation Stonehenge in England A Boulder
13. 13IGNEOUS ROCKS
• from a Latin word
“ignis” which means
fire.
• The parent material of
igneous rocks is usually
magma (a molten material
from deep within the earth
that cools and hardens).
14. 14IGNEOUS ROCKS
1) Fine-grained Igneous rock
(“Aphanitic”) - has smaller crystal
due to the faster rate of cooling of
the magma.
2) Coarse-grained Igneous Rock
(“Phaneritic”) - has larger crystal
due to the slower rate of cooling of
the magma.
Types based on Texture:
15. 15IGNEOUS ROCKS
Types based on Texture:
Fine-grained Igneous rock
(“Aphanitic”)
Coarse-grained Igneous Rock
(“Phaneritic”)
16. 16IGNEOUS ROCKS
1) Mafic – are
magmas associated
with crystal
spreading.
2) Felsic – are
magmas associated
with crystal
compression.
Types based on Composition:
17. 17IGNEOUS ROCKS
1) INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
✓ cool slowly
✓ forms coarse grained rock
✓ presence of crystal growth
2) EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
✓ cool quickly
✓ forms fine-grained rock
✓ lack of crystal growth
General Types:
21. 21SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• formed by the compaction and cementing
together of sediments (broken pieces of rock-like
gravel, sand, silt, or clay)
22. 22SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Importance Processes Involved:
• Lithification - a process of sementing soft,
unconsolidated sendiments into hard rocks.
• Deposition - process when rocks are
fragmented into tiny bits, then carried to low
areas and settled at the bottom.
• Sedimentation - process of building up of
deposited rocks after many years.
24. 24SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Three (3) Main Types:
1. Clastic- are formed from mechanical
weathering debris.
2. Chemical – are formed when dissolved
materials precipitate from solution.
3. Organic – are formed by accumulated
sedimentary debris caused by organic
processes.
25. 25SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Three (3) Main Types:
TYPE EXAMPLES
CLASTIC
• Conglomerate – composed of pieces
pebble-size or larger
• Sandstone - composed of sand-size pieces
• Shale - composed of pieces smaller than
fine sand
CHEMICAL
• Limestone – a whitish or grayish rock made
of the mineral calcite.
• Rock salt, iron ore, chert, flint, some
dolomites, and more.
ORGANIC
• coal, lignite, oil shale, or black shale
• Chalk
• Limestone with fossils
• Coquina
26. 26METAMORPHIC ROCKS
• The metamorphic rocks get
their name from “meta”
(changed) and “morph”
(form).
• Movement of earth causes
rock to be pressed or buried
that leads to an increase in
temperature and pressure.
29. 29
Types of Metamorphism
1) CONTACT (THERMAL) Metamorphism
✓ evolves when rock near igneous intrusive
gets heated.
✓ produces non-foliated metamorphic
rocks.
2) REGIONAL (PRESSURE) Metamorphism
✓ affects a large area due to mountain
formation.
✓ foliated rocks are produced and strong
pressure effects.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
30. 30
Two (2) Main Types:
1) NON-FOLIATED
✓ formed around the igneous intrusive.
✓ their atoms recognize while becoming more compact
and dense.
✓ shows color bands that reflects very small impurities.
2) FOLIATED
✓ formed within the earth’s interior.
✓ extremely high temperature and unequal pressure.
✓ better identified on the basis of their texture.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
31. 31
Two (2) Main Types:
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
• Marble - derived from limestone-its parent rock. A
hard crystalline rock and the most beautiful rock
because of its shimmering luster.
• Quartzite - derived from sandstone, its hard
and durable.
• Slate – derived from shale.
• Serpentine – originates from basalt.
• Gneiss – derived from conglomerate.
Contains feldspar or quartz.
33. 33METAMORPHIC ROCKS
PROTOLITH
- the original / parent rock or the unmetamorphosed rock
from which a given metamorphic rock is formed
- From the Greek words:
“proto” means first and “lithos” means rock