This document summarizes research on the effect of high temperatures on the compressive strength of concrete. Ninety concrete cubes were cast in three grades and subjected to temperatures from 200°C to 800°C for 1-2 hours. Testing found that strength was largely unaffected up to 350°C but started declining at 500°C, with over 30% reduction at 650°C. Beyond 650°C, concrete was largely decimated. Higher exposure times resulted in greater damage. The research adds to understanding concrete performance during fires and suggests structures may require repair after 500°C exposure but major work after 650°C.
Study of mechanical properties of concrete at elevated temperatures a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract Concrete, the second highest consumed material after water in the world, plays a vital role in the construction field because of the versatility in its use. Developments during the last two decades have shown a marked increase in the number of structures involving the long time heating of concrete. In recognition of its importance, many researchers have attempted to investigate the effect of elevated temperature on mechanical properties of concrete. These researchers, during their investigation, used materials with varying combination and different experimental conditions. These materials include cement, different percentages of admixtures like fly ash, silica fume, metakaolin, finely grounded pumice(FGP), group granulated blast furnace slag(GGBS), polypropylene fibre(PP fibre), palm oil fuel ash(POFA), Portland pozzolana cement(PPC), rice husk ash(RHA), different fine and coarse aggregates, super plasticisers, retarders and the conditions included a temperature range of 28oC to 1200oC . The other conditions that were varied are the shapes and sizes of test specimens, curing methods, curing conditions and test methods. The analysis of these investigations and their results are reviewed and presented in this paper. Key words: concrete, mechanical properties, elevated temperature, admixtures, curing methods
Study of Fire on Structural Materials and Its ProtectionRSIS International
Fire Safety is one of the important parameter in
modern design philosophy. Effect of fire on structural elements
made up of concrete and steel are quite different and is mostly
considered as secondary effects. Both most widely used
structural materials concrete and steel shows different response
when subjected to fire of constant temperature. Thus detailed
study on effect of fire on structural materials like concrete and
steel under different loading conditions, exposure conditions and
cooling methodology is essential. In the present study effect of
fire on concrete cubes subjected to different loading conditions
and cooling conditions are studied experimentally. Apart efficacy
of protective coating made up of piezoelectric powder with
structural epoxy for structural steel material subjected to
temperature exposure is also explored. It has been found that,
compressive strength of concrete cube reduces significantly when
preloaded with load irrespective of types of cooling methods.
Welding Studies on WB36 for Feed Water Pipingijceronline
To increase efficiency, reduce emissions, cost and to reduce weight of boiler per MW, the power manufacturing sectors are going towards the once through technology (super critical boiler) instead of sub- critical. Once through supercritical (OTSC) technology has become a focal point for effective utilization of coal-based thermal power generation sector in India. Another main advantage of moving towards OTSC technology is reducing the weight of the boiler per MW, which can be done by going for material capable of handling higher pressure and temperature than the conventional material. So, in order to keep pace with these technologies, research on newer materials for every boilers line, which can operate at both higher pressure and temperature, has been initiated. So, in this article, we have taken one such feed water system and headers, where WB 36 steel (15 MiCuMoNiNb5) can be used instead conventional standard carbon steel like A106 grade B or C, which are usually used. For super critical, ultra super critical power plants this conventional materials like A106 grade B or C, leads to very thick piping system. V&M has developed WB 36 steel (15 MiCuMoNiNb5) for high pressure piping of boiler feed water system. This heat-resistant, copperalloyed ferritic steel 15MiCuMoNiNb5 has been widely used in European nuclear and conventional power plants for decades for feed water system. This widespread application is due to the toughness and strength, caused by the precipitation of copper, that are exhibited even at elevated temperatures which other fine-grained structural steels have at room temperature. The aim of this project “Welding Studies on WB36 Steel for Feed Water Piping” was taken to understand the metallurgy and the behavior of the new materials under different manufacturing operations.
Study of mechanical properties of concrete at elevated temperatures a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract Concrete, the second highest consumed material after water in the world, plays a vital role in the construction field because of the versatility in its use. Developments during the last two decades have shown a marked increase in the number of structures involving the long time heating of concrete. In recognition of its importance, many researchers have attempted to investigate the effect of elevated temperature on mechanical properties of concrete. These researchers, during their investigation, used materials with varying combination and different experimental conditions. These materials include cement, different percentages of admixtures like fly ash, silica fume, metakaolin, finely grounded pumice(FGP), group granulated blast furnace slag(GGBS), polypropylene fibre(PP fibre), palm oil fuel ash(POFA), Portland pozzolana cement(PPC), rice husk ash(RHA), different fine and coarse aggregates, super plasticisers, retarders and the conditions included a temperature range of 28oC to 1200oC . The other conditions that were varied are the shapes and sizes of test specimens, curing methods, curing conditions and test methods. The analysis of these investigations and their results are reviewed and presented in this paper. Key words: concrete, mechanical properties, elevated temperature, admixtures, curing methods
Study of Fire on Structural Materials and Its ProtectionRSIS International
Fire Safety is one of the important parameter in
modern design philosophy. Effect of fire on structural elements
made up of concrete and steel are quite different and is mostly
considered as secondary effects. Both most widely used
structural materials concrete and steel shows different response
when subjected to fire of constant temperature. Thus detailed
study on effect of fire on structural materials like concrete and
steel under different loading conditions, exposure conditions and
cooling methodology is essential. In the present study effect of
fire on concrete cubes subjected to different loading conditions
and cooling conditions are studied experimentally. Apart efficacy
of protective coating made up of piezoelectric powder with
structural epoxy for structural steel material subjected to
temperature exposure is also explored. It has been found that,
compressive strength of concrete cube reduces significantly when
preloaded with load irrespective of types of cooling methods.
Welding Studies on WB36 for Feed Water Pipingijceronline
To increase efficiency, reduce emissions, cost and to reduce weight of boiler per MW, the power manufacturing sectors are going towards the once through technology (super critical boiler) instead of sub- critical. Once through supercritical (OTSC) technology has become a focal point for effective utilization of coal-based thermal power generation sector in India. Another main advantage of moving towards OTSC technology is reducing the weight of the boiler per MW, which can be done by going for material capable of handling higher pressure and temperature than the conventional material. So, in order to keep pace with these technologies, research on newer materials for every boilers line, which can operate at both higher pressure and temperature, has been initiated. So, in this article, we have taken one such feed water system and headers, where WB 36 steel (15 MiCuMoNiNb5) can be used instead conventional standard carbon steel like A106 grade B or C, which are usually used. For super critical, ultra super critical power plants this conventional materials like A106 grade B or C, leads to very thick piping system. V&M has developed WB 36 steel (15 MiCuMoNiNb5) for high pressure piping of boiler feed water system. This heat-resistant, copperalloyed ferritic steel 15MiCuMoNiNb5 has been widely used in European nuclear and conventional power plants for decades for feed water system. This widespread application is due to the toughness and strength, caused by the precipitation of copper, that are exhibited even at elevated temperatures which other fine-grained structural steels have at room temperature. The aim of this project “Welding Studies on WB36 Steel for Feed Water Piping” was taken to understand the metallurgy and the behavior of the new materials under different manufacturing operations.
Effect of Sintering Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Compositesijtsrd
Using Al, Al2O3 and SiC, different types of composites have been prepared in this experiment. Green compacts of Al composites were made at a compressing load of 1 ton and 2 ton respectively. These compacts were sintered at two different sintering temperatures of 400 °C and 450 °C in an oxygen free environment using muffle furnace for one hour followed by annealing process which took 12 hours. Sintered compacts were then sintered to micro structural examination and mechanical properties evaluation. Higher hardness has been attained for the composites containing 2.5 SiC. Attempts have been made to describe the influence of sintering temperature on the microstructure and properties of Al Al2O3 SiC composites. Samples are prepared of 100 Al, 97.5 Al 2.5 Al2O3, 92.5 Al 7.5 Al2O3, 95 Al 2.5 Al2O3 – 2.5 SiC, 92.5 Al 5 Al2O3 – 2.5 SiC, 95 Al – 5 Al2O3. The main objective of this experiment is to determine the factors that can increase hardness of Al composites. Mohd Quasim Khan ""Effect of Sintering Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Composites"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25073.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/25073/effect-of-sintering-temperature-on-mechanical-properties-of-aluminum-composites/mohd-quasim-khan
Experimental Study of Mesh Confined Concrete Subjected to High Temperatureijtsrd
Nowadays fire accidents are happening in most of the buildings which causes heavy damage to the buildings and result in loss of durability. In order to avoid the consequences an experimental investigation is carried out using mesh confinement concrete. Concrete is a non combustible material and has a slow rate of heat transfer. High temperature can cause the formation of cracks. These cracks resembles like any other cracks propagation may eventually cause loss of structural collapse and shorting of span life. One mighty problem which occurs when concrete is exposed to fire is spalling. This is the phenomenon in which explosion ejection of chunks in concrete from the surface of the material, due to the breakdown in surface tensile strength. In order to reduce early cover spalling, a new idea has been investigated. This is implemented by installing relatively cheap materials such as glass mesh, nylon mesh, GI weld mesh and wire mesh in cylindrical specimens with a length of 300mm and 150mm diameter. It has been understood from the literature to reduce the spalling in concrete and strength can be improved by mesh confinement. Hence an experimental investigation will be done to study the performance of mesh confinement concrete subjected to fire. M. Gowtham Vignesh "Experimental Study of Mesh Confined Concrete Subjected to High Temperature" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26356.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26356/experimental-study-of-mesh-confined-concrete-subjected-to-high-temperature/m-gowtham-vignesh
Investigation on the Rate of Solidification and Mould Heating in the Casting ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The quality of casting in the foundry can be measured by the rate at which solidification of the
molten metal takes place, which is consequent upon the rate the mould, is able to dissipate the heat of
solidification to the surroundings. The faster or slower the heat removal process during solidification the
structure of the grains formed by the casting is either finer of coarser. An experimental investigation was
carried out to compare the rate of solidification of commercially pure aluminium in metallic moulds. The rate at
which solidification occurred was compared with the rate at which the mould absorbed and dissipates heat. The
experiments conducted recorded the temperature fields at different casting location and that of the moulds
respectively. The results showed that there is a direct relation of the rate of heat absorption by the mould and
the rate of solidification in metallic moulds.
Keywords – Aluminium, casting, heat, mould, solidification, temperature.
Study on Processing and Mechanical Properties of nano SiCp reinforced AA7075theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Thermal Expansivity Behavior and Determination of Density of Al 6061-Sic-Gr ...IJMER
Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) covers a very wide range of materials to simple
reinforcements of castings with low cost refractory wool, to complex continuous fires lay
Strength Evaluation of Steel-Nylon Hybrid Fibre Reinforced ConcreteIJERA Editor
When fibres like steel, glass, polypropylene, nylon, carbon, aramid, polyester, jute, etc are mixed with concrete known as fibre reinforced concrete. To overcome the deficiencies of concrete; fibres are added to improve the performance of concrete. In this research hybrid reinforced concrete is made by using steel and nylon 6 fibres. The inclusion of both steel and nylon 6 fibres are used in order to combine the benefits of both fibers; structural improvements provided by steel fibers and the resistance to plastic shrinkage improvements provided by nylon fibers. So the aim of this project is to investigate the mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexure strength and split tensile strength) of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete under compression, flexure & tension. The total volume of fibre was taken 0.75 % of total volume of concrete. In this experimental work, four different concrete mix proportions were casted with fibres and one mix without fibres. Four different mix combinations of steel- nylon 6 fibres were 100-00%, 75-25%, 50-50% and 25-75%. Superplasticizer was used in all mixes to make concrete more workable. The results shown that compressive, split tensile and flexural strength of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete increase by increasing quantity of steel and nylon 6 fibres. The increase in compressive and tensile strength due to incorporation of steel fibre is greater than that of using nylon fibre. For the nylon 6 fibres, adding more fibres into the concrete has a limited improvement on splitting tensile strength. Inclusion of nylon 6 fibres along with steel fibres results in considerable improvement in flexural strength as compared to solo steel fibre.
EFFECT OF THE ROUGHNESS AND TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE OF THE BASE MATERIAL O...IAEME Publication
In this research, the thermal coating process was carried out using flame spraying
technique using a gas mixture of oxygen and acetylene for the purpose of obtaining a
surface layer of nickel-aluminum (metco450) coating on the surface of medium carbon
steel type (AISI 1050) which provide an increase in surface properties and compensation
of the base material when lost due to friction or wear.
The research was carried out in three successive stages. The first stage included the
preparation of the specimens and the design of the base surface of these specimens and
Preparation of powder coating and analysis of chemical components for base material
and powder coating. The second stage included the implementation of the coating process
of (nickel-aluminum) powder by using the flame spray. The coating process was carried
out in different ways for each model by changing the different spraying factors, which
included the surface roughness of the specimens and the surface temperature of the
specimens before the coating process. The third stage of the research included
mechanical testing procedures of the coating layer.
The tests showed that adhesion increases with increasing surface roughness of the
sample prior to coating and the best adhesion is obtained when the base surface of the
sample is heated to a temperature of (350 ºC) before the coating process. The resistance
of the coating layer to wear is increased with the roughness of the base material surface
of the sample due to the increased adhesion of the coating layer and the best resistance
to wear when heating the surface of the base material of the sample before coating to
temperature (350 ºC). The hardness of the coating layer is increased by increasing the
roughness of the surface of the base material of the sample before the coating process
and the best surface hardness of the coating layer when heating the surface of the base
material of the sample before the coating process to (350 ºC
Study of the Tribological behavior of as cast Al-4.2%Cu-Al2O3 compositeIOSR Journals
The research work is carried out on the study of tribological property of aluminium based metal matrix composite material, which is fabricated by using sol-gel technique. The composite material is prepared through liquid metallurgy method by using varying percentage of Alumina and aluminium and fixed percentage of copper 4.2%. Test sample billet is fabricated through casting method and has been examined the different mechanical behaviour such as Vickers Hardness Number, Ultimate Tensile Strength, 0.2% Proof Stress, etc.
From the study, it has been observed that with increase in the alumina content in matrix the ductility of composite show a contrary effect. The Pin-On-Disc test is used to evaluate the tribological property wear for composite material and it is observered that tendency of wear rate has improved. The weight losses of the specimen are measured and wear and friction characteristics are calculated with respect to time. Depth of wear track, sliding speed, bearing load friction coefficient and wear volume have been shown large sensitivity to the applied normal load and the testing time (or sliding distance). The XRD and SEM analysis are used to analyse the wear debris and track; and silent conclusion has been drawn
Fabrication of aluminum foam from aluminum scrapIJERA Editor
In this study the optimum parameters affecting the preparation of aluminum foam from recycled aluminum were studied, these parameters are: temperature, CaCO3 to aluminum scrap wt. ratio as foaming agent, Al2O3 to aluminum scrap wt. ratio as thickening agent, and stirring time. The results show that, the optimum parameters are the temperature ranged from 800 to 850oC, CaCO3 to aluminum scrap wt. ratio was 5%, Al2O3 to aluminum scrap wt. ratio was 3% and stirring time was 45 second with stirring speed 1200 rpm. The produced foam apparent densities ranged from 0.40-0.60 g/cm3. The microstructure of aluminum foam was examined by using SEM, EDX and XRD, the results show that, the aluminum pores were uniformly distributed along the all matrices and the cell walls covered by thin oxide film.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
USE OF WASTE CONDUCTIVE STEEL RESIDUE IN CONCRETE PROVING BENEFICIAL FOR DE-I...IAEME Publication
The road connectivity of Jammu and Kashmir state with the rest country (India) is possible through NH-1. During winters, the traffic movement is seen off the roads due to accumulation of heavy snow and one province i.e, Kashmir of the state seems cut off from the country. Every year Government of the state is spending very huge amount for snow clearance by conventional methods like using snow cutters, chemicals (salt) etc. These methods result what is called “Detoriation of pavements” by removal of top surface of flexible pavements and corrosion of reinforcement by chemicals in rigid pavements .The paper highlights the one time solution of the above problem by using the steel residue obtained in huge quantities from steel industries .The material is used in concrete as a homogeneous mix at the construction stage of rigid pavements over which insulated bitumen layer is placed.
FRACTOGRAPHY OF CRYOGENIC CHILL CASTED ASTM A 494 M GRADE NICKEL ALLOY METAL ...IAEME Publication
ASTM A 494 M grade Ni–Garnet composites containing four different weight percentages 3%, 6%,9% and 12% of Garnet samples have been fabricated by using cryogenically cooled copper chill stir
casting method. Effects of volume percent of Garnet particles on tensile strength, and fracture surfacesof Nickel Garnet composites have been investigated. The highest tensile strength was achieved in the specimen containing 9 Wt. % garnet produced with 25 mm chill thickness which shows an increase of14% in comparison to the no chill cast reinforced alloy. Microscopic investigations of fracture surfacesrevealed that fracture in a brittle manner with little or no necking happening. By increasing garnetcontent and chill thickness, the composites fracture goes in a more severely brittle manner. The fracturebehavior of the composites was altered significantly by the presence of garnet particles and the crack
propagation through the matrix and the reinforcing particle clusters resulted in the final fracture.
ThermophysicalProperties of Cellular Aluminium andCeramic Particulate / Alumi...IJERA Editor
In this paper, the thermophysical properties of cellular Al and Ceramic Particulate / Al Composites were
explored. Thermophysical properties are defined as material properties that vary with temperature without
altering the material's chemical identity including thermal conductivity (TC), coefficient of thermal expansion
(CTE), energy absorption, porosity and relative density. The significance of cellular Al and AMMCs reinforced
by ceramic particles lies in their propertieswhich are difficult to be available combined in other engineering
materials. New cellular AMMCs that meet the needs of the required engineering applications could be
synthesized by selection an appropriate reinforcements. Different kinds of ceramic particles such as oxides,
carbides, nitrides, as well as carbon nanotubes can be utilized as reinforcements for manufacturing of cellular
AMMCs. Thermophysicalproperties of cellular AMMCs consisting of Al as continuous matrix phase and
ceramic particles as reinforcements are directly influenced by type, size, and geometry of dispersions, also the
RVR. In addition, the constituents of ceramic particulate / aluminium composites characterized by different heat
transfer mechanisms, wherethe TC mechanism in metals is attributed to free electrons, while phonons are
primarily responsible for TC in nonmetallic materials, as well as an interfacial thermal barrier resistance
influence effectively on heat transfer inside the composite and thus the thermophysical properties. In this paper,
based on the literature review, thermophysical properties of cellular Al and AMMCs reinforced by ceramic
particles were discussed.
Review and Performance Comparison of Distributed Wireless Reprogramming Proto...IOSR Journals
Abstract:A Reprogramming service should be efficient, reliable and secured in Wireless sensor network.
Wireless reprogramming for wireless sensor network emphasize over the process of changing or improving the
functionality of simulation or existing code. For challenging and on demand security purpose, secure and
distributed routing protocols such as SDRP and ISDRP were developed. This paper reviews and compares the
propagation delay for two reprogramming protocols, SDRP and ISDRP, which based on hierarchy of energies
in network. Both are based on identity-based cryptography. But in the improved protocol the keys are
distributed to the network as per the sorting and communication capabilities to improve the broadcast or
communication nature of the network. Moreover, ISDRP demonstrates the security concepts, which deals over
the key encryption properties using heap sort algorithm and the confidentiality parameter is enhanced by
changing the private key values after certain interval of time for cluster head in respect to different public keys.
The ISDRP shows high efficiency rate clearly with the throughput and propagation results by implementation in
practice over SRDP.
Keywords: identity-based cryptography,ISDRP, heapsort algorithm, Reprogramming, SDRP, Wireless sensor
network.
Effect of Sintering Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Compositesijtsrd
Using Al, Al2O3 and SiC, different types of composites have been prepared in this experiment. Green compacts of Al composites were made at a compressing load of 1 ton and 2 ton respectively. These compacts were sintered at two different sintering temperatures of 400 °C and 450 °C in an oxygen free environment using muffle furnace for one hour followed by annealing process which took 12 hours. Sintered compacts were then sintered to micro structural examination and mechanical properties evaluation. Higher hardness has been attained for the composites containing 2.5 SiC. Attempts have been made to describe the influence of sintering temperature on the microstructure and properties of Al Al2O3 SiC composites. Samples are prepared of 100 Al, 97.5 Al 2.5 Al2O3, 92.5 Al 7.5 Al2O3, 95 Al 2.5 Al2O3 – 2.5 SiC, 92.5 Al 5 Al2O3 – 2.5 SiC, 95 Al – 5 Al2O3. The main objective of this experiment is to determine the factors that can increase hardness of Al composites. Mohd Quasim Khan ""Effect of Sintering Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Composites"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25073.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/25073/effect-of-sintering-temperature-on-mechanical-properties-of-aluminum-composites/mohd-quasim-khan
Experimental Study of Mesh Confined Concrete Subjected to High Temperatureijtsrd
Nowadays fire accidents are happening in most of the buildings which causes heavy damage to the buildings and result in loss of durability. In order to avoid the consequences an experimental investigation is carried out using mesh confinement concrete. Concrete is a non combustible material and has a slow rate of heat transfer. High temperature can cause the formation of cracks. These cracks resembles like any other cracks propagation may eventually cause loss of structural collapse and shorting of span life. One mighty problem which occurs when concrete is exposed to fire is spalling. This is the phenomenon in which explosion ejection of chunks in concrete from the surface of the material, due to the breakdown in surface tensile strength. In order to reduce early cover spalling, a new idea has been investigated. This is implemented by installing relatively cheap materials such as glass mesh, nylon mesh, GI weld mesh and wire mesh in cylindrical specimens with a length of 300mm and 150mm diameter. It has been understood from the literature to reduce the spalling in concrete and strength can be improved by mesh confinement. Hence an experimental investigation will be done to study the performance of mesh confinement concrete subjected to fire. M. Gowtham Vignesh "Experimental Study of Mesh Confined Concrete Subjected to High Temperature" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26356.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26356/experimental-study-of-mesh-confined-concrete-subjected-to-high-temperature/m-gowtham-vignesh
Investigation on the Rate of Solidification and Mould Heating in the Casting ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The quality of casting in the foundry can be measured by the rate at which solidification of the
molten metal takes place, which is consequent upon the rate the mould, is able to dissipate the heat of
solidification to the surroundings. The faster or slower the heat removal process during solidification the
structure of the grains formed by the casting is either finer of coarser. An experimental investigation was
carried out to compare the rate of solidification of commercially pure aluminium in metallic moulds. The rate at
which solidification occurred was compared with the rate at which the mould absorbed and dissipates heat. The
experiments conducted recorded the temperature fields at different casting location and that of the moulds
respectively. The results showed that there is a direct relation of the rate of heat absorption by the mould and
the rate of solidification in metallic moulds.
Keywords – Aluminium, casting, heat, mould, solidification, temperature.
Study on Processing and Mechanical Properties of nano SiCp reinforced AA7075theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Thermal Expansivity Behavior and Determination of Density of Al 6061-Sic-Gr ...IJMER
Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) covers a very wide range of materials to simple
reinforcements of castings with low cost refractory wool, to complex continuous fires lay
Strength Evaluation of Steel-Nylon Hybrid Fibre Reinforced ConcreteIJERA Editor
When fibres like steel, glass, polypropylene, nylon, carbon, aramid, polyester, jute, etc are mixed with concrete known as fibre reinforced concrete. To overcome the deficiencies of concrete; fibres are added to improve the performance of concrete. In this research hybrid reinforced concrete is made by using steel and nylon 6 fibres. The inclusion of both steel and nylon 6 fibres are used in order to combine the benefits of both fibers; structural improvements provided by steel fibers and the resistance to plastic shrinkage improvements provided by nylon fibers. So the aim of this project is to investigate the mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexure strength and split tensile strength) of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete under compression, flexure & tension. The total volume of fibre was taken 0.75 % of total volume of concrete. In this experimental work, four different concrete mix proportions were casted with fibres and one mix without fibres. Four different mix combinations of steel- nylon 6 fibres were 100-00%, 75-25%, 50-50% and 25-75%. Superplasticizer was used in all mixes to make concrete more workable. The results shown that compressive, split tensile and flexural strength of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete increase by increasing quantity of steel and nylon 6 fibres. The increase in compressive and tensile strength due to incorporation of steel fibre is greater than that of using nylon fibre. For the nylon 6 fibres, adding more fibres into the concrete has a limited improvement on splitting tensile strength. Inclusion of nylon 6 fibres along with steel fibres results in considerable improvement in flexural strength as compared to solo steel fibre.
EFFECT OF THE ROUGHNESS AND TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE OF THE BASE MATERIAL O...IAEME Publication
In this research, the thermal coating process was carried out using flame spraying
technique using a gas mixture of oxygen and acetylene for the purpose of obtaining a
surface layer of nickel-aluminum (metco450) coating on the surface of medium carbon
steel type (AISI 1050) which provide an increase in surface properties and compensation
of the base material when lost due to friction or wear.
The research was carried out in three successive stages. The first stage included the
preparation of the specimens and the design of the base surface of these specimens and
Preparation of powder coating and analysis of chemical components for base material
and powder coating. The second stage included the implementation of the coating process
of (nickel-aluminum) powder by using the flame spray. The coating process was carried
out in different ways for each model by changing the different spraying factors, which
included the surface roughness of the specimens and the surface temperature of the
specimens before the coating process. The third stage of the research included
mechanical testing procedures of the coating layer.
The tests showed that adhesion increases with increasing surface roughness of the
sample prior to coating and the best adhesion is obtained when the base surface of the
sample is heated to a temperature of (350 ºC) before the coating process. The resistance
of the coating layer to wear is increased with the roughness of the base material surface
of the sample due to the increased adhesion of the coating layer and the best resistance
to wear when heating the surface of the base material of the sample before coating to
temperature (350 ºC). The hardness of the coating layer is increased by increasing the
roughness of the surface of the base material of the sample before the coating process
and the best surface hardness of the coating layer when heating the surface of the base
material of the sample before the coating process to (350 ºC
Study of the Tribological behavior of as cast Al-4.2%Cu-Al2O3 compositeIOSR Journals
The research work is carried out on the study of tribological property of aluminium based metal matrix composite material, which is fabricated by using sol-gel technique. The composite material is prepared through liquid metallurgy method by using varying percentage of Alumina and aluminium and fixed percentage of copper 4.2%. Test sample billet is fabricated through casting method and has been examined the different mechanical behaviour such as Vickers Hardness Number, Ultimate Tensile Strength, 0.2% Proof Stress, etc.
From the study, it has been observed that with increase in the alumina content in matrix the ductility of composite show a contrary effect. The Pin-On-Disc test is used to evaluate the tribological property wear for composite material and it is observered that tendency of wear rate has improved. The weight losses of the specimen are measured and wear and friction characteristics are calculated with respect to time. Depth of wear track, sliding speed, bearing load friction coefficient and wear volume have been shown large sensitivity to the applied normal load and the testing time (or sliding distance). The XRD and SEM analysis are used to analyse the wear debris and track; and silent conclusion has been drawn
Fabrication of aluminum foam from aluminum scrapIJERA Editor
In this study the optimum parameters affecting the preparation of aluminum foam from recycled aluminum were studied, these parameters are: temperature, CaCO3 to aluminum scrap wt. ratio as foaming agent, Al2O3 to aluminum scrap wt. ratio as thickening agent, and stirring time. The results show that, the optimum parameters are the temperature ranged from 800 to 850oC, CaCO3 to aluminum scrap wt. ratio was 5%, Al2O3 to aluminum scrap wt. ratio was 3% and stirring time was 45 second with stirring speed 1200 rpm. The produced foam apparent densities ranged from 0.40-0.60 g/cm3. The microstructure of aluminum foam was examined by using SEM, EDX and XRD, the results show that, the aluminum pores were uniformly distributed along the all matrices and the cell walls covered by thin oxide film.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
USE OF WASTE CONDUCTIVE STEEL RESIDUE IN CONCRETE PROVING BENEFICIAL FOR DE-I...IAEME Publication
The road connectivity of Jammu and Kashmir state with the rest country (India) is possible through NH-1. During winters, the traffic movement is seen off the roads due to accumulation of heavy snow and one province i.e, Kashmir of the state seems cut off from the country. Every year Government of the state is spending very huge amount for snow clearance by conventional methods like using snow cutters, chemicals (salt) etc. These methods result what is called “Detoriation of pavements” by removal of top surface of flexible pavements and corrosion of reinforcement by chemicals in rigid pavements .The paper highlights the one time solution of the above problem by using the steel residue obtained in huge quantities from steel industries .The material is used in concrete as a homogeneous mix at the construction stage of rigid pavements over which insulated bitumen layer is placed.
FRACTOGRAPHY OF CRYOGENIC CHILL CASTED ASTM A 494 M GRADE NICKEL ALLOY METAL ...IAEME Publication
ASTM A 494 M grade Ni–Garnet composites containing four different weight percentages 3%, 6%,9% and 12% of Garnet samples have been fabricated by using cryogenically cooled copper chill stir
casting method. Effects of volume percent of Garnet particles on tensile strength, and fracture surfacesof Nickel Garnet composites have been investigated. The highest tensile strength was achieved in the specimen containing 9 Wt. % garnet produced with 25 mm chill thickness which shows an increase of14% in comparison to the no chill cast reinforced alloy. Microscopic investigations of fracture surfacesrevealed that fracture in a brittle manner with little or no necking happening. By increasing garnetcontent and chill thickness, the composites fracture goes in a more severely brittle manner. The fracturebehavior of the composites was altered significantly by the presence of garnet particles and the crack
propagation through the matrix and the reinforcing particle clusters resulted in the final fracture.
ThermophysicalProperties of Cellular Aluminium andCeramic Particulate / Alumi...IJERA Editor
In this paper, the thermophysical properties of cellular Al and Ceramic Particulate / Al Composites were
explored. Thermophysical properties are defined as material properties that vary with temperature without
altering the material's chemical identity including thermal conductivity (TC), coefficient of thermal expansion
(CTE), energy absorption, porosity and relative density. The significance of cellular Al and AMMCs reinforced
by ceramic particles lies in their propertieswhich are difficult to be available combined in other engineering
materials. New cellular AMMCs that meet the needs of the required engineering applications could be
synthesized by selection an appropriate reinforcements. Different kinds of ceramic particles such as oxides,
carbides, nitrides, as well as carbon nanotubes can be utilized as reinforcements for manufacturing of cellular
AMMCs. Thermophysicalproperties of cellular AMMCs consisting of Al as continuous matrix phase and
ceramic particles as reinforcements are directly influenced by type, size, and geometry of dispersions, also the
RVR. In addition, the constituents of ceramic particulate / aluminium composites characterized by different heat
transfer mechanisms, wherethe TC mechanism in metals is attributed to free electrons, while phonons are
primarily responsible for TC in nonmetallic materials, as well as an interfacial thermal barrier resistance
influence effectively on heat transfer inside the composite and thus the thermophysical properties. In this paper,
based on the literature review, thermophysical properties of cellular Al and AMMCs reinforced by ceramic
particles were discussed.
Review and Performance Comparison of Distributed Wireless Reprogramming Proto...IOSR Journals
Abstract:A Reprogramming service should be efficient, reliable and secured in Wireless sensor network.
Wireless reprogramming for wireless sensor network emphasize over the process of changing or improving the
functionality of simulation or existing code. For challenging and on demand security purpose, secure and
distributed routing protocols such as SDRP and ISDRP were developed. This paper reviews and compares the
propagation delay for two reprogramming protocols, SDRP and ISDRP, which based on hierarchy of energies
in network. Both are based on identity-based cryptography. But in the improved protocol the keys are
distributed to the network as per the sorting and communication capabilities to improve the broadcast or
communication nature of the network. Moreover, ISDRP demonstrates the security concepts, which deals over
the key encryption properties using heap sort algorithm and the confidentiality parameter is enhanced by
changing the private key values after certain interval of time for cluster head in respect to different public keys.
The ISDRP shows high efficiency rate clearly with the throughput and propagation results by implementation in
practice over SRDP.
Keywords: identity-based cryptography,ISDRP, heapsort algorithm, Reprogramming, SDRP, Wireless sensor
network.
Measurement of Efficiency Level in Nigerian Seaport after Reform Policy Imple...IOSR Journals
This paper focuses on the impact of reforms on port performance using Onne and Rivers ports as a reference point. It analyses the pre and post reform eras of the ports in terms of their performance. The reforms took effect from 1996 after the Federal Government of Nigeria concessioned the ports to private investors. Parameters such as Ship traffic, Cargo throughput, Ship turn round time, Berth Occupancy and personnel were used as variables for the assessment. Secondary Data were collected from the Nigerian Ports Authority and Integrated Logistic Services Nigeria (Intels) for the period 2001 to 2010 and analyzed using Data Envelopment Analysis to assess the efficiency of the port. Analysis revealed a continuous improvement in the overall efficiency of both Ports Since 2006 when the new measure was introduced. Average Ship turn-around time improved in the ports due to modern and fast cargo handling equipment and more cargo handling space which were provided. There is an increase in Ship traffic calling at the ports, resulting in increased cargo throughput and berth occupancy rate at ports of Onne and Rivers. The reform also led to more private investment in the ports’ existing and new facilities and the introduction of a World Class service in port operation. This study concludes that the Ports of Onne and Rivers are performing better under the reform programme of the Federal Government of Nigeria. It finally recommends the urgent need for a regulator to appraise the performance of the reform programme from time to time as provided by the agreement and for the full adoption and utilization of management information system (MIS) to aid performance efficiency.
A Comparative Study on Balance and Flexibility between Dancer and Non-Dancer ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Dance is a form of art that normally involves rhythmic movement of the body and accompanied with
music. Movement of human body while performing dance can become a significant medium for communication,
feelings and emotions. It embraces movement, creation and performance. Dance helps to extend the limits of
human physical ability, expressiveness and spirit. When it comes to health dance can be a very effective way of
establishing a lasting healthy living. Anecdotally it can be said that dance potentially motivate and excite young
people. Dance is a non-competitive form of exercise which has positive effects on physical and mental health.
Young girls can be engaged in physical activity through dance. The author being a dancer in fervor and passion
as well as an aspirant of the profession Physical Education strived to conduct the study bearing the title “A
Comparative Study on Balance and Flexibility between Dancer and Non-Dancer Girls”. The researcher
selected 30 girls who are regularly involved in Dance and 30 girls who are non-dancer or rather sedentary on
the basis of purposive stratified random sampling from Bidhan Govt. Girl’s School, Dist. Nadia West Bengal as
the subjects of her study. She incorporated Sit and Reach test and Stork Stand Balance tests for assessment of
Flexibility and Balance respectively. With respect to data analysis initially descriptive statics like mean SD and
range and further paired sample T test was conducted to ascertain the degree of difference between the means
with the help of SPSS soft ware. Data analysis proved significant difference between the Dancer and NonDancer
girls both with respect to flexibility and Balance. In both the cases the Dancer girls proved to be better
though the differences were not statistically significant. Thus the author arrived at the conclusion that dance
involving passion, strength, stamina, enthusiasm, rhythm, amusement and many more could be a wonderful
fitness activity similar to other fitness activities like jogging, running, cycling, swimming etc.
Key words: Dance, Flexibility, Balance, Dancer, Non-Dancer.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE AT ...AM Publications
The main objective of this study is to understand the fundamental behaviour of FRC when it is exposed to elevated temperatures. However, rather than relying on one type of fibre, this study proposed of mixing two different types of fibre in concrete which will then be exposed to elevated temperatures from normal temperature i.e. 27 °C (room temperature) to 200°C, 400 °C and 600 °C for one hour and cooled to room temperature before testing. The two types of fibres used, steel and Recron 3s (polyester) fibres, have different characteristics. The study is mainly focused on the experimental work. Concrete mixes prepared are without fibre, with either or both steel fibre and Recron 3s fibres. Dosage of steel fibre is 1% by volume of concrete and Recron 0.1% by volume of concrete. The study deals with the comparison of residual strength of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete with fibre reinforced concrete. Experimental work was carried out to study the impact of elevated temperatures on the compressive strength, tensile strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity.
An Experimental Investigation on Effect of Elevated Temperatures on M35 grade...IJERD Editor
In the event of sudden fire break out, the concrete elements such as columns, beams etc. are
subjected to extreme temperatures. The assessment of their performance after fire becomes necessary to decide
upon its fitness and required repair measures. Hence, it is important to understand the changes in the concrete
properties due to its exposure to extreme temperatures. It is important to know the effect of elevated temperature
on the properties of concrete. In this project thesis work experimental investigation is carried out to study the
effects of elevated temperatures on the compressive strength of normal concrete and on concrete by partial
replacement of cement with various percentages of fly ash. In the present study a concrete mix M35 and is taken.
In the normal concrete, cement is replaced with (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%) fly ash.The compressive strength of
concrete with various percentages of fly ash (0%to 25%) are subjected to temperatures (400 to 6000C), for
different time periods (30 and 60min) which were tested for 28 days and 56 days of curing. The samples are
cured in water and later exposed to various temperatures with various time periods. After heating the samples in
electrical furnace to the desired temperatures .They are allowed to cool to the room temperatures and tested
under compression. The average of the readings obtained is recorded and presented in various tables. This study
shows that the compressive strength of fly ash (0%to 10%) concrete is more than the normal concrete at room
temperatures and elevated temperatures and also compared to compressive strength of fly ash (15%to 25%)
concrete.
Experimental study of temperature rise and early age thermal crack control in...eSAT Journals
Abstract The issues related to thermal cracking of concrete at early age are discussed in this paper. The main cause of these cracks are inhomogeneous volume changes associated with thermal and moisture gradients occurring in concrete structures which affects the durability of structure, serviceability or its appearance. The experimental study was carried out on six cast in-place reinforced concrete slabs and three reinforced thick concrete walls of different section thicknesses to determine the peak temperature rise in the structure, which was determined using temperature sensor (Thermocouple). Results obtained in the study indicated different peak rise in temperature for different section thickness, it was also studied that slabs and walls of same section thickness, produced nearly same peak temperature rise in the structure. The paper also discusses crack control measure by provision of distribution reinforcement to prevent early age thermal cracking based on the thermal data's obtained in the field. The design is carried out as per the available provisions in Indian code for the field data's, and the design results are compared with the available data's in Indian codes.. Keywords: Mass Concrete, Peak rise in temperature, Thermal gradient, Section thickness, Thermal cracks
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Fire damage, evaluation, ndt, and repair of concrete structuresAkshaykumar More
Reinforced concrete and masonry structures are protected from fire by the cover that is present over the reinforcement, whereas steel structures are protected with externally applied fire- resistive materials. All three of these types of structures must be properly evaluated after a fire to assess the nature and extent of the damage.
A proper assessment of the structure after a fire event involves both field and laboratory work to determine the extent of fire damage, in order to design appropriate and cost effective repairs. This presentation presents an overview of how to conduct an evaluation of fire-damaged Concrete structures.
Corrosion resistance performance of fly ash blended cement concreteseSAT Journals
Abstract Durability of reinforced concrete with respect to corrosion of reinforcement is one of the major aspects to be considered in the management of civil infrastructure systems. An accelerated laboratory test method developed at SERC where the concrete specimen containing rebar is subjected to polarization under a constant voltage in a sodium chloride solution. It is found that the current response with time follows that of a typical service life model indicating depassivation and corrosion propagation. Index terms- Materials, cement, super plasticizer, workability, compressive strength etc.
Corrosion resistance performance of fly ash blended cement concreteseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE WHEN SUBJECTED TO ELEVATED TEMPERATURE
To achieve the SCC mix for M40 grade
To obtain optimum Percentage Replacement of cement by GGBS, FLYASH, Micro cement
To find the Mechanical Properties of SCC when subjected to elevated temperature
To draw the conclusions after conducting the Tests.
Shot firing the Plasco Building and Reasons for the collapseQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: With the advancement of science in all fields, particularly the discovery of electricity and gas, that created urban installations, plumbing and power plants with urban life of the people, along with all the advantages and comfort to the human race, had also associated risks. Among these are fire hazards. That this incident alone caused losses of life and property also and it can be imagined that in accompany of earthquakes and fires what kinds of the tragedy occurs. In this article, it can be attempted that first, to introduce Plasco Building and its history to speak briefly to explain the reasons for the collapse of this old and massive structures.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
De-mystifying Zero to One: Design Informed Techniques for Greenfield Innovati...
I012126670
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 1 Ver. II (Jan- Feb. 2015), PP 66-70
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12126670 www.iosrjournals.org 66 | Page
Effect of High Temperature on Compressive Strength of Concrete
Ashok R. Mundhada1
Dr. Arun D. Pofale2
1
(Professor, Civil department, PRMIT & R, Badnera, Amravati-444701, India,)
2
(Retired Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, VNIT, Nagpur, India,)
Abstract: This work was carried out to assess the effect of high temperatures on compressive strength of
concrete. Effect of fire on concrete is a relatively less explored area because of the lesser use of RCC structures
in Europe/USA as compared to steel structures. Ninety concrete cubes of 150 mm size, divided equally over
three different grades of design mix concrete viz. M: 30, M: 25 & M: 20 were cast. After 28 days’ curing & 24
hours’ air drying, the cubes were subjected to different temperatures in the range of 200°C to 800°C, for two
different exposure times viz. 1 hour & 2 hours in an electric furnace. The heated cubes were cooled at room
temperature for 24 hours & then subjected to cube compressive strength test. Results revealed fairly robust
performance up to 500°C, with strength coming down only slightly. Up to this stage, the fire affected structural
members remain serviceable although the factor of safety would come down. Affected structure/ structural
members would require minor repairs & patchwork to recuperate. At or @ 650°C, the fall in concrete strength
would be a cause for concern. Major retrofitting might be required. At or beyond 650°C, concrete stood
completely decimated.
Keywords: RCC, Fire, Compressive Strength of concrete
I. Introduction
Fire is an emergency, from which no structure, howsoever well-built, is immune. With the increased
incidents of major fires in buildings; assessment, repairs and rehabilitation of fire damaged structures has
become a topic of interest. RCC in relation to fire is relatively less explored because of the lesser use of RCC
structures in Europe/USA as compared to steel structures. There is an urgent need to collect more data & lay
more emphasis on design oriented “Passive measures” rather than just relying on fire fighting measures known
as “Active measures”. Whereas, the earthquakes in India during last couple of decades have resulted in a lot of
awareness & concern amongst individuals, media & authorities, the same can„t be said about fire. Ignorance on
part of the consultants & civic authorities has resulted in structures that are sub-standard from fire resistance
view point. There is an urgent need to gather additional information about performance of R.C.C. under fire in
order to create a general awareness & improve the existing practices & Code provisions.
This work provides an insight in to the strength of concrete at high temperatures. The research involved
casting 90 concrete cubes of 150 mm size, divided equally over three different grades of design mix concrete
viz. M: 30, M: 25 & M: 20. After 28 days‟ curing & 24 hours‟ air drying, the cubes were subjected to different
temperatures in the range of 200°C to 800°C, for two different exposure times viz. 1 hour & 2 hours in an
electric furnace. The heated cubes were cooled at room temperature for 24 hours & then subjected to cube
compressive strength test. Results add to the available database & provide useful information about the
performance of concrete made by using the aggregates available in this part of the world, during calamities like
fire.
II. Previous Research
Khoury Gabriel A. et al. [1] did research work on effect of elevated temperatures on concrete. As per
them, basic creep studies at constant temperatures indicated a marked increase in creep above 550–600°C for
cement paste and lightweight concrete which suggested that the structural, though not necessarily the refractory,
usefulness of Portland cement-based concretes in general would be limited to temperatures below 550–600°C.
Chakrabarti S. C. et al. [2] conducted an extensive test program for assessing the residual strength of
concrete after fire. The authors proclaimed that the concrete actually gained some strength between 100 to
300°C in the presence of siliceous & carbonaceous aggregates. Some other researchers too have reported this
phenomenon which has more detractors than supporters. As per the authors, concrete didn‟t lose much of its
strength up to 500°C & in fact regained 90% of lost strength up to this temperature after about a year. The
theory of fire affected concrete regaining some of its strength with time is not an established one. Concrete
cubes heated beyond 800°C for 4 hours started crumbling after 2-3 days.
Phan Long T. et al. [3] performed experiments on high-strength concrete (HSC) and normal strength
concrete (NSC) at elevated temperature in order to study the phenomenon of explosive spalling associated with
HSC & suggest further research needs. The differences were found to be most pronounced in the temperature
2. Effect of high temperature on compressive strength of concrete
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12126670 www.iosrjournals.org 67 | Page
range of 200°C to 400°C.
High strength concrete is a material often used in the construction of high rise buildings. Ravindrarajah
R. [4] et al. summarized and discussed the degradation of the strengths and stiffness of high-strength concrete in
relation to the binder material type. The results showed that the binder material type had a significant influence
on the performance of high-strength concrete particularly at temperatures below 800°C. The influence of the
binder material type was significantly decreased at temperature of 1000°C. The strengths and stiffness of high-
strength concrete were reduced with the increase in temperature without any threshold temperature level.
III. Experimental Work
An electric furnace was used to heat the specimens. The maximum attainable temperature in this
furnace was 1000°C. The inner depth of the furnace was 1000mm. Initially the furnace was heated to the
required temperature and when the required temperature was attained the specimens were put inside with the
door closing tightly so that no air could enter. Each time 3 cubes were kept at various temperatures and the same
procedure was repeated for 1 & 2 hours time duration. After the specified time duration, the cubes were taken
out & air cooled at room temperature for 24 hours.
The moulds were of 150 mm size conforming to IS: 10086-1982 [6]. In assembling the mould for use,
the joints between the sections of mould were thinly coated with oil and a similar coating of oil was applied
between the contact surfaces at the bottom of the mould and the base plate in order to ensure zero leakage
during the filling. The interior surfaces of the steel moulds were thinly coated with oil to prevent adhesion of
concrete.
Figure 1. Electric Furnace Figure 2. Hot Cubes Being Taken Out Of Furnace
The specimens for testing were concrete cubes. Thirty concrete cubes of size 150mm were cast for each
grade of concrete. Three different grades of design mix concrete, M: 30, M: 25 & M: 20 were used. Mix design
was carried out using the Ambuja method of design, a popular mix design method in India suggested by the
Swiss cement manufacturing giant, Holcim Ltd. Cement & aggregates from the same batch were used for all the
specimens.
Cement used was Birla OPC conforming to IS 8112-1989 [7]. Manufacture‟s certificate was obtained
for the batch. Fine aggregates consisted of natural river sand conforming to Zone II of IS 383-1970 [8]. The
coarse aggregates consisted of crushed hard blue granite passing through 20 mm sieve & retained on 4.75mm
sieve. Potable water was used.
Table 1: Cube casting schedule
SR.
NO
Grade & Proportion
Date of Casting
Cubes
Notation
Curing Period
In Days
Type Of Cement
No. of
Cubes
1
M 30
(1: 2.03: 2.63)
22-02-2014 F1 - F30 28
Birla 53 Grade
OPC
30
2
M 25
(1: 2.29: 2.97)
23-02-2014 F31 - F60 28
Birla 53 Grade
OPC
30
3
M 20
(1:2.57 :3.32)
24-02-2014 F61 - F90 28
Birla 53 Grade
OPC
30
All the cubes (90 in all) were cured in a curing tank for 28 days & then tested on the 30th day. Nine
specimens (3 of each concrete grade) were tested for compressive strength at room temperature, and the results
were tabulated. Nine specimens each (3 of each concrete grade) were heated in the electrical furnace at 350°C
for 1 hour and 2 hour respectively without any disturbance. Same procedure was repeated for 9 specimens each
at 500°C, 650°C and 800°C. However, at 200°C the cubes were heated for 2 hours only, as only 30 cubes were
3. Effect of high temperature on compressive strength of concrete
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12126670 www.iosrjournals.org 68 | Page
cast for each grade. After heating, specimens were kept aside for normal cooling at atmospheric temperature for
24 hours.
Figure 3: Casting of Cubes Figure 4: Cube compression test
After air cooling, the cubes were subjected to compressive strength test on a cube testing machine as
per IS: 516 – 1959 (Reaffirmed 1999) [9].
IV. Scrutiny Of Results
Table 2 below depicts the compression test results obtained for M: 30 grade of concrete. For the sake of
brevity, the tables for M: 25 & M: 20 Grade concrete are omitted. Fig. 5 & Fig. 6 below are graphical
manifestation of the same results. A careful glance at these plots shows persistent fall in compressive strength of
concrete at elevated temperatures. Along with the compressive strength, change in appearance & colour was
also noted down.
A careful study of these tables & graphs would reveal that, up to 350°C, the fall in compressive
strength was negligible at less than 10%. At 500°C, the values of cube compressive strength became conscious
of exposure time. For one hour exposure time, the fall remained negligible at @ 10% but almost doubled to @
20 % for two hour‟s exposure time. Still, it is clear that up to 500°C, only factor of safety will come down but
the structure/member will remain serviceable. Beyond this, the fall in cube compressive strength became louder
& louder. The percentage fall at 650°C was between 30-40 %. Concrete strength became low & unacceptable.
The percentage fall at 800°C was @ 50 % for one hour exposure time & more than 60% for two hours exposure
time. A higher exposure time, resulted in an inferior response across all grades, especially so at higher
temperatures. Higher concrete grades gave seemingly higher strengths in absolute terms. But the percentage fall
remained identical across all concrete grades.
Visual inspection of the heated samples revealed minor cracking up to 500°C but pronounced cracking
beyond that. At 800°C, concrete looked in bad shape. Colour changes after heating were also studied. Normal
grey colour of cement was maintained up to 200°C & even at 350°C. But at 350°C, brownish patches
developed. At 500°C, the grey shade became darker but at 650°C, it became whitish grey. At 800°C, the colour
got changed to buff (yellowish brown).
Table 2: Compressive strength of concrete grade M: 30
No.
Temperature
(°C)
Heating
Time (Hrs.)
Failure Load (N)
fck
(N/mm²)
Average
Average Fall
(%)
1 30 0 830000.00 36.89
2 30 0 880000.00 39.11 40.89 0
3 30 0 1050000.00 46.67
4 200 2 750000.00 33.33
5 200 2 870000.00 38.67 37.33 8.70
6 200 2 900000.00 40
7 350 1 880000.00 39.11
8 350 1 780000 34.67 37.48 8.34
9 350 1 870000 38.67
10 350 2 860000 38.22
11 350 2 710000.00 31.56 36.44 10.88
12 350 2 890000.00 39.55
4. Effect of high temperature on compressive strength of concrete
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12126670 www.iosrjournals.org 69 | Page
13 500 1 760000 33.78
14 500 1 870000.00 38.67 36.45 10.85
15 500 1 830000.00 36.89
16 500 2 730000 32.44
30.51 19.2417 500 2 630000 28
18 500 2 700000 31.11
19 650 1 680000 30.22
20 650 1 610000 27.11 28 31.52
21 650 1 600000 26.66
22 650 2 680000 30.22
23 650 2 570000 25.33 25.63 37.31
24 650 2 480000 21.33
25 800 1 420000.00 18.67
26 800 1 450000.00 20 20.45 49.98
27 800 1 510000.00 22.67
28 800 2 300000.00 13.33
29 800 2 340000.00 15.11 15.11 63.04
30 800 2 380000.00 16.89
Figure 5: % Fall in compressive strength after 1 hour Figure 6: % Fall in compressive strength after 2 hours
V. Conclusion
Based on the results & their scrutiny, the following conclusions could be drawn:
1. Up to 350°C, concrete remains almost unaffected in appearance & strength.
2. At 500°C, quality of concrete suffers slightly & strength too comes down. Structure/ structural members
remain serviceable although the factor of safety comes down. Affected structure/ structural members will
require minor repairs & patchwork to recuperate.
3. At or @ 650°C, the fall in concrete quality & strength becomes a cause for concern. Major retrofitting
might be required.
4. Beyond 650°C, concrete stands decimated on all accounts. Affected members/portion will require
replacement.
5. Higher exposure time results in greater damage. This calls for active measures to limit exposure time.
6. Within the ambit of NSC (Normal strength concrete), higher grade concrete performs better in absolute
terms.
Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to Prof. Ram Meghe Institute of Technology & Research, Badnera, Amravati-
444701, India, for making the library & laboratory facilities available for this experimental work.
References
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[3]. Long T. Phan and Nicholas J. Carino, Fire performance of high strength concrete: Research Needs, Proceedings of ASCE/SEI
Structures Congress 2000, Philadelphia, USA
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[5]. Dr A Kumar, V Kumar, Behaviour of RCC Beams after Exposure to Elevated Temperatures, Journal of the Institution of Engineers
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[7]. Specifications for 43 grade OPC (Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 8112: 1989)
[8]. Specifications for coarse and fine aggregates from natural source for concrete (Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 383-1970)
[9]. Methods of tests for strength of concrete (Bureau of Indian Standards, IS: 516 – 1959 (Reaffirmed 1999)