ABSTRACT: With the advancement of science in all fields, particularly the discovery of electricity and gas, that created urban installations, plumbing and power plants with urban life of the people, along with all the advantages and comfort to the human race, had also associated risks. Among these are fire hazards. That this incident alone caused losses of life and property also and it can be imagined that in accompany of earthquakes and fires what kinds of the tragedy occurs. In this article, it can be attempted that first, to introduce Plasco Building and its history to speak briefly to explain the reasons for the collapse of this old and massive structures.
A cupola furnace is a melting device used in foundries that can be used to melt cast iron, Ni resist iron and some bronzes
Cupola furnace is employed for melting scrap metal or pig iron for production of various cast irons.
This topic introduces the methods of irons, steels and cast irons production. It also describes the structure, properties and the usage of irons, steels and cast irons in the engineering field.
A cupola furnace is a melting device used in foundries that can be used to melt cast iron, Ni resist iron and some bronzes
Cupola furnace is employed for melting scrap metal or pig iron for production of various cast irons.
This topic introduces the methods of irons, steels and cast irons production. It also describes the structure, properties and the usage of irons, steels and cast irons in the engineering field.
Structural Response of Steel High Rise Buildings to Fire: System Characterist...Franco Bontempi
Due to the significant vertical elevation and complexity of the structural system, high rise buildings may suffer from the effects of fire more than other structures. For this reason, in addition to evacuation strategies and active fire protection, a careful consideration of structural response to fire is also very important. In this context, it is of interest to
investigate the characteristics of the structural system that could possibly reduce local damages or mitigate the progression of failures in case of fire. In this paper, a steel high rise building is taken as case study and the response of the building is investigated up to the crisis of the structure with respect to a standard fire in a lower and in a higher storey: the comparison of the fire induced failures at the different height allows highlighting the role played in the resulting collapse mechanisms by the beam-column stiffness ratio and by the loading condition.
Structural Response of Steel High Rise Buildings to Fire: System Characterist...Franco Bontempi
Due to the significant vertical elevation and complexity of the structural system, high rise buildings may suffer from the effects of fire more than other structures. For this reason, in addition to evacuation strategies and active fire protection, a careful consideration of structural response to fire is also very important. In this context, it is of interest to
investigate the characteristics of the structural system that could possibly reduce local damages or mitigate the progression of failures in case of fire. In this paper, a steel high rise building is taken as case study and the response of the building is investigated up to the crisis of the structure with respect to a standard fire in a lower and in a higher storey: the comparison of the fire induced failures at the different height allows highlighting the role played in the resulting collapse mechanisms by the beam-column stiffness ratio and by the loading condition.
The Effect of Fire after Earthquake on Bending Steel Frame StructuresQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Increase in the level of structural damage, following the fire after the earthquake could cause damages more than the face of the earthquake alone. Because the fire after the earthquake includes several fires at the same time and is complex which occur due to the earthquake and can cause social and economic damages. Experience gained from past earthquakes showed that steel structures were very vulnerable against the risk of fire spread. If a steel frame placed under high heat, quickly due to reduced mechanical properties of steel at high temperature its safety seriously threatened frame. Steel frames have been formed of beams and columns that are connected by the connections. Therefore, one of the most important components of steel structures that transmit force of members to each other and mainstays are responsible for connections among members. Strong earthquake can cause significant damages to infrastructure and possible structures of the urban areas. Past events have proven that lack of attention created a lot more damages than the earthquake itself and will cause catastrophic accidents with high fatalities and casualties. This article intended to review the effects of fire after the earthquake on steel frames. In order to collect data, two methods of use of library and documents searching and sources were used to identify different aspects of the topic and the results were presented.
FIRES AS A CAUSE OF CONCRETE DETERIORATIONMohamed Omer
Presentation outline
Introduction to the subject
What is the causes of fire?
Physical and chemical response to fire
Spalling of concrete
Factors influencing the explosive spalling
How to improve the concrete structures in the fire resistance?
Case study - Concrete structure subjected to a fire in U.A.E
Rehabilitation methods and the repairing plan
Recommendation and conclusions
Fire damage, evaluation, ndt, and repair of concrete structuresAkshaykumar More
Reinforced concrete and masonry structures are protected from fire by the cover that is present over the reinforcement, whereas steel structures are protected with externally applied fire- resistive materials. All three of these types of structures must be properly evaluated after a fire to assess the nature and extent of the damage.
A proper assessment of the structure after a fire event involves both field and laboratory work to determine the extent of fire damage, in order to design appropriate and cost effective repairs. This presentation presents an overview of how to conduct an evaluation of fire-damaged Concrete structures.
Abstract Chimneys are very important structures for the emission of poisonous gases in power plants. After realising the urgent need to
restrict the pollution levels, chimney height is being rapidly increased. So most of the chimneys are tall slender structures which
fail due to wind excitation The present study discusses the dynamic behaviour of tall chimneys. Reinforced concrete chimney of
275m high, which is located in warora, Maharastra is taken for the present study. The objective of this project is to study the
change in the stress pattern due to presence of flue holes and also to carry out the influence of along wind and across wind effects
on the height of chimney for different wind speed and location. The analyse of chimney is carried out by developing a three
dimensional model created with plate elements using STADD Pro. The stress concentrations in the flue duct in the chimney have
been studied.
Keywords: Tall Slender, Warora, Maharastra, Flue Holes, STADD Pro, Stress Concentration
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Study of Fire on Structural Materials and Its ProtectionRSIS International
Fire Safety is one of the important parameter in
modern design philosophy. Effect of fire on structural elements
made up of concrete and steel are quite different and is mostly
considered as secondary effects. Both most widely used
structural materials concrete and steel shows different response
when subjected to fire of constant temperature. Thus detailed
study on effect of fire on structural materials like concrete and
steel under different loading conditions, exposure conditions and
cooling methodology is essential. In the present study effect of
fire on concrete cubes subjected to different loading conditions
and cooling conditions are studied experimentally. Apart efficacy
of protective coating made up of piezoelectric powder with
structural epoxy for structural steel material subjected to
temperature exposure is also explored. It has been found that,
compressive strength of concrete cube reduces significantly when
preloaded with load irrespective of types of cooling methods.
Experimental study of temperature rise and early age thermal crack control in...eSAT Journals
Abstract The issues related to thermal cracking of concrete at early age are discussed in this paper. The main cause of these cracks are inhomogeneous volume changes associated with thermal and moisture gradients occurring in concrete structures which affects the durability of structure, serviceability or its appearance. The experimental study was carried out on six cast in-place reinforced concrete slabs and three reinforced thick concrete walls of different section thicknesses to determine the peak temperature rise in the structure, which was determined using temperature sensor (Thermocouple). Results obtained in the study indicated different peak rise in temperature for different section thickness, it was also studied that slabs and walls of same section thickness, produced nearly same peak temperature rise in the structure. The paper also discusses crack control measure by provision of distribution reinforcement to prevent early age thermal cracking based on the thermal data's obtained in the field. The design is carried out as per the available provisions in Indian code for the field data's, and the design results are compared with the available data's in Indian codes.. Keywords: Mass Concrete, Peak rise in temperature, Thermal gradient, Section thickness, Thermal cracks
To minimize loss of life and property, structure of building should be established to allow time for evacuation from place location of the fire and to provide the structure and prevent the collapse of buildings having high fire risk rate. Considered most of buildings made by concrete in our country, integrity of concrete must be provided during the time period escape from fire. Particularly, buildings and fire compartments having high fire risk, must be designed to provide high strength and to minimize the loss of goods. Forming fireproof compartments may be accomplished by, treatment of the weak points and determinating temperature changes on the concrete components. Fire resistance of concrete increased by adding puzzolan additives. In the study, behavior of concrete exanimate at different temperatures and optimal concrete composition evaluated. Use of such concrete built with laboratories and flammable and chemical gases or liquids stores, will reduce the life losses significantly. Moreover, studies in the light of the findings obtained that, usage of concrete in those locations has a great significance, in the creation of a secure environment during evacuation and quenched period.
Keywords: Concrete, Fire Resistant, Puzzolan Additives,
High Performance concrete, Durability
Fire Resistance of Materials & Structures - Assessment of Structural in a Fur...Arshia Mousavi
Assessment of structural fire damage in a furniture shop
This document summarises the data collected during the inspection of a 3-storey reinforced concrete building surviving a fire. The candidate is expected to:
1. Define a model for the fire scenario in the area around the central columns from 4 to 8 at first floor, considering the range of possible variation of some variables (fire load, RHR, collapse temperature of windows, etc.). Consider that a) fire load and ventilation are the most sensitive parameters governing fire intensity and duration and b) the ventilation factor is well known, based on the compartment and windows geometry c) the model strategy (external flaming vs external fire duration) is relevant just when the ventilation is noticeably limited (this is actually not the case) and d) the cooling rate in the decay stage (Eurocode vs. Buchanan) has significant effect on the depth of penetration of thermally induced damage (especially for temperature less than 500°C).
2. By changing the relevant input parameters within a reasonable range, produce a series of time- temperature curves for the enclosure containing the indicated columns.
3. Produce a series of maximum temperature contour plots for the cross section of the indicated square column.
4. Check the consistency of the plots with the NDT results and choose the most likely max temperature map.
5. Determine the average residual M-N domain for the indicated columns, according to the 500°C critical isotherm method.
Please consider that this exercise tackles a real problem and is based on real data collected during onsite inspection. Hence some lack of accuracy or inconsistency of data should be also expected and taken into account. There is no "right answer" but the robustness of approach and careful critical discussion of the available data are the best basis for drawing reliable conclusions.
On the Use of the Causal Analysis in Small Type Fit Indices of Adult Mathemat...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Model evaluation is one of the most important aspects of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Many model fit indices have been developed. It is not an exaggeration to say that nearly every publication using the SEM methodology has reported at least one fit index. Fit is the ability of a model to reproduce the data in the variance-covariance matrix form. A good fitting model is one that is reasonably consistent with the data and doesn’t require respecification and also its measurement model is required before estimating paths in a covariance structure model. A baseline model of four constructs together with a combination of none, one, two, three or four additional constructs was constructed with latent variables: educational performance, socioeconomic label, self concept and parental authority using dichotomous digits 0 or 1 for each additional construct. 16 progressively nested models were considered starting with baseline model using the mathematics adult learners data from the modeling sample and employing some small fit indexes which are commonly used (AIC, CAIC, RMR, SRMR, RMSEA, 2 / DF among others) [1] to test the fitness of the model. The measures of model fit based on results from analysis of the covariance structure model are presented.
The Sov’reign Shrine of Veiled Melancholy- The Shadow of Consumption on La Be...QUESTJOURNAL
―Youth grows pale and spectre thin and dies‖ – John Keats, (Ode to Nightingale) Tuberculosis was one of the most misunderstood and misrepresented diseases of all times. Hailed as Consumption’s Poster Child, Keats' life, like Beethoven's, served as a pattern tor the Romantic artist. In acute distress and emotional turmoil, in 1819 masterpiece followed masterpiece. In Keats' poems we see a concreteness of description of the object he contemplates. All the senses - tactile gustatory, kinetic, organic, as well as visual and auditory combine to give the total apprehension of his experience. His experiences often accord closely with his personal, life and the disasters he had. Keats is austere in poetry and yet he keeps high colouring and variety of appeal to the senses and the mind. Tuberculosis remains with us today, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia where more than a million people die of this disease each year. It is worth recalling its history and its association with literature with special reference to John Keats and his poetry- and specially La Belle Dame Sans Merci that shows a dominant forebrooding over man's mortality from it. La Belle becomes a representation of the disease in Keats’s La Belle Dame Sans Merci and reflects the poet’s struggle with tuberculosis.
Recruitment Practices And Staff Performance In Public Universities: A Case St...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Recruitment, as a human resource management function, is one of the activities that impact most critically on the performance of any organization irrespective of its size and location. Public Universities, known to train professionals that exhibit transformative leadership and successfully run blue-chip companies have equally suffered from rampart industrial unrest and human resource malpractices across Kenya. Could it be a unique trend of organizational deviance that could be reflecting absence of a well executed staff recruitment practice? While it is understood and accepted that poor recruitment decisions continue to affect organizational performance and limit goal achievement, knowledge about this aspect in Public Universities remains scanty. The aim of this study was to address this gap by evaluating how recruitment practices affect performance of administrative staff in Public Universities using Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya as a case reference. A cross-sectional survey design was employed while sampling strategy was a blend of multiphase, stratified and purposive sampling. A sample size of 124 out of 1150 comprised mainly of administrative staff was used and that a questionnaire was the principal tool of data collection. Results were analyzed using frequency tables, mean, standard deviation and simple linear regression. The study found that a recruitment policy existed at Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya and that both external and internal recruitment practices were used to recruit employees at the University. However, it was noted that most of the university employees are recruited through media advert, internal advertisement, through transfers and promotions. The results of the regression indicated that recruitment practices are a significant predictor of employee performance, which was explained by 32% of variance and a moderate relationship captured by beta weight value of 0.57. On effectiveness of the recruitment policy, only 30% rated it as effective while 62% were indifferent and 8% rated it ineffective. The study concluded that although a significant relationship between recruitment practices and employee performance existed, it’s effectiveness and therefore positive impact on employee performance depended on employees’ positive perception and rating. It’s recommended that the Universities should avoid biasness in the recruitment process as this will negatively impact on employee performance.
Pesse Na Siri’ Budgetary System: A Historiography Study of Luwu Kingdom in Is...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to explore the budgetary system of pesse na siri’ at Luwu kingdom in the Islamic period of 1593 to 1945. Through the historiography method, it showed the base existence of the spiritual sense sensitivity, i.e., pesse (empathy) and siri’ (shame) and Islamic law in budgetary system. In the resources management, it was carried out in four stages, namely planning, implementation, reporting, and evaluation. Operationally, the pesse na siri’ budgetary system on the mobilization mechanism of resources or budget (balanca) through the top down system (i.e., known as balanca pole riwawo) and bottom up system (i.e., known as balanca pole riawa). The top down system was a mobilization resource form from agricultural products of the king’s land (i.e., known in Buginese language as Tanana datue) and the palace logistic. Meanwhile, the bottom up came from the resource offer–i.e., known as makkasiwiyang–mechanism, consisting of makkasiwiyang lili’ (the lower government level), makkasiwiyang ale (personal/individual), and makkasiwiyang reso (labor). One of the Islamic impacts in this system was to direct the budgetary system based on the Shari’a or Islamic law.
Fabrication of Complete Dentures for A Patient with Resorbed Mandibular Anter...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The loose and unstable lower complete denture is one of the most common problems faced by denture patients with highly resorbed ridge. The management of such highly resorbed ridges has always posed a difficulty to the prosthodontist.Obtaining consistent mandibular denture stability has longbeen a challenge for dental profession. The simplest approach often is to extend the denture base adequately for proper use of all available tisues.To achieve this goal impression of the resorbed mandibular ridge is very important. The objective is to develop a physiologic impression with maximum support of both hard and soft tissues.In such cases, an innovative technique of impressionmaking by using a close fitting tray and anelastomeric impression material tomake a proper impression to achieve maximum retentionand stability.This article describes an impression technique used for highly resorbed mandibular ridge using an all green impression technique, to gain maximum retention andstability
Steganographic Technique Using Instant Messaging Conversation DynamicsQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : Steganography is considered to be not only the science but also the art of hiding secret messages into other innocuous and non-secret media of different types. History of steganography started with the history of civilization and algorithms of data hiding have been constantly developed with the rise of mankind's knowledge. Some of steganographic algorithms are so close connected to the use of digital media, computers and information technology, that those algorithms do not have analogy in non-digital world. It is possible to see the use of hard disk drives (HDD), solid state discs (SSD) and file systems for the purpose of steganography, or steganography in TCP/IP networks as the example. In this paper we are concentrating on such algorithm and we are examining the possibility of the use of dynamics of conversation realized with the use of instant messaging services, which are very popular standalone services or are part of widely used social networks like Facebook. The paper discusses the possibility of hidden message encoding by the use of different parameters of conversation dynamics and introduces new algorithm and its program implementation. The last part of the paper summarizes results of its experimental use.
Simple Obfuscation Tool for Software ProtectionQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the issue of source code obfuscation and also the creation of a tool for automatic obfuscation of source code written in C language. The result is a tool that performs both data flow and control flow obfuscation and allows the user to configure the applied transformation algorithm. For easier and better usability the tool provides a graphical user interface, which brings possibility to control and configure transformation process.
Block Hybrid Method for the Solution of General Second Order Ordinary Differe...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: We consider the construction of block hybrid method for the solution of general second order ODEs. Derivation of the method was based on the use of hermite polynomial as basis function. The main method and its additional equations are obtained from the same continuous formulation via interpolation and collocation procedures. The method is then applied in block form as simultaneous numerical integrator, this approach eliminates requirement for starting values, and it also reduces computational effort. The stability properties of the method is discussed and the stability region shown. Two numerical experiments were given to illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the new method.
Modeling – Based Instructional Strategy for Enhancing Problem Solving Ability...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The modeling-based instructional framework accommodates the physics modeling mechanism in which the learner apply the fundamental principles in physics and develop an idealized physics model of the real world situation by means of assumptions and approximations. The present study was intended to find out the effectiveness of Modeling-based instructional strategy for enhancing physics problem solving ability of students at secondary school level. The investigator adopted a quasi-experimental method with two group pretest post-test design for the study. The sample selected for the study consisted of 242 IX standard students from three different schools of Palakkad district. The tools used for collecting the data were the Problem Solving Ability Test in Physics, lesson designs based on Modeling-based instructional strategy and activity oriented method. The findings of the study concluded that the Modeling-based instructional strategy enhanced the problem solving ability of students of secondary school level. And also the strategy scaffolded the formation of mental models of problem representations with in the cognitive structure of the learner.
Exploring the Effectiveness of the Arabic LanguageTeaching Methods in Indones...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The aim of this research work is to identify the effectiveness of the Arabic language teaching methods in Indonesia(National University of Malang for Sample)in terms of making use of Arabic as a medium of communication among the students in the light of the modern approaches in teaching and learning of Arabic language. This research is methodologically characterized as a descriptive, analytical, evaluative and field research work. In order to arrive at the purpose of this study, a questionnaire has been designed and carried out on a specimen from the teachers of the concerned university. Eventually, the study has arrived into a finding that the method used in the university is the Eclectic Method (i.e. Selective Method), except that translation is utilized extensively with it, and it might influentially cause the depreciation of the communication skill of the students, and the major intermediary language for the Arabic language teaching is the Indonesian language. However, its uncontrolled over-usage in the Arabic language teaching procedure may negatively cause the weakness of the students in the listening and speaking skills, since they could not get enough opportunity to practice them during language learning, in addition to the fact that the teachers might be employed as Arabic language teachers on the basis of their high conversance with the grammatical rules of Arabic language and not on their skills in the Arabic language communication medium.
The Teller & The Tales: A Study of The Novels of Amitav GhoshQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The paper re-visit the plot and setting of the novels of Amitav Ghosh. The paper has two parts – (i)The Teller & (ii) The Tales. In the first section the text tries to give a brief sketch of the life of Amitav Ghosh to chornicle the life of the visionary commentator of life and the social anthroplogist , the most prominent among the Indian writers of English. In the second part the theme and storyline of the novels were revisted along with characters and narrative technique. The first section has been introduced to give an overview of the prolificness of the author and the second part is the testimony of his logocentricism. The paper aims to present the plot and theme of all Ghosh’s novels
ABSTRACT: The purpose of Larkin as literary artist was to convey his ultimate message that man has to transcend the gross environment for the attainment for final goal. His poem opens with important question which prompt us to scrutinize ourselves. According to Philip Larkin “when you come to talk about once duty as writer then ones can say that his duty is to write for harmony”. In this paper there an urge in Larkin’s poem to attain transcendental knowledge by which everything is known. The meaningful change in environment through literature result from the development of qualities and attitude that foster constructive pattern of human interaction through literature. In an age of highly industrialized and mechanized structure of our society where we have 'given our hearts away a sordid boon' and where all spiritual values have been thrown overboard, the relevance of selecting this topic "Spiritual Quest in Philip Larkin" becomes important. In Larkin's poetry there is invariably, an element of spiritual crises, a note of subsequent struggle to step out of it. This inner conflict to proceed forward in the path of Divine realization lends magnificence to his poetic and spiritual personality.
The Influence of Religiosity on Marital Satisfaction and Stability AmongChris...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Various studies indicate that religious couples are more likely to enjoy stable and happy marriages. They are also less likely to experience conflict and violence, or to divorce perhaps because religion offers couples theologically grounded guidelines on how to handle marital conflicts when they arise. The present qualitative study was conducted using face to face interviews with nine participants in Kenya who had been identified as practicing Christians. The aim of the study was to explore how religiosity impacted the participant’s marital satisfaction. Results indicated that specific attributes related to religiosity like individual and partner prayer, reading the Bible, church attendance, impacted participants and their spouses lives positively and in turn their experiences in marriage. Engaging in religious practices was reported by the participants as eliciting qualities like perseverance, forgiveness and humility which in turn assisted them in keeping their marriages stable and thus resulting in marital satisfaction
The SA0 Group Reservoir ’S Compositive Evaluation In The Central Developing P...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Using the data from logging in a net of high density, the sand core from a airtight well, and the testing data for oil and gas , and then according to the experiment of exploitation, we studied the deposit visage in macroscopical way, the physical characteristics of the reservoir, and the partition of the oil and gas’s border. It is clear that the zero group of Sa’s oil floor is mainly deposit in the foreside of a delta under the background of lake incursion, and the ventro-delta express a character that there were some sandstones which was transited for two times. Make a certain that the oil and gas’s border of zero group in Sa is maybe 600m underground, and demarcated the maximal square is 26.8km2 about this reservoir, and tell us that it lies in the top of the anticline. Of course, this production can be used in the designing of the zero group of Sa’s exploitation
Down the Purgatory of Memories:The Pain of Remembering in M alayalam Naxal Ci...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:Keralam, the southern most state in India is known for its cinema and politics. It is in Kerala that Communist Party came to power through Parliamentary election process for the first time in history. The political consciousness nurtured by the Communist movement found its reflections in Malayalam (language being spoken by the people of Keralam) Cinema as well. As a result films produced during the formative years of Malayalam Cinema were characterized by their political content. Having said this it should also be added that since those films are produced within the dominant production system with a view to garner profit they fail to politically stimulate the audience. But the situation had been changed after the Naxalite (radical left movement ideologically inclined to Maoism) uprising in 1969 during which both the feudal/bourgeois value orientations and the alleged degeneration of the Communist Party were challenged by the educated radical youths who fought for an immediate revolution. The state promptly intervened and contained Naxalite uprising with an iron fist. The repressive machinery of the state intervened whenever instances of resistance occurred. The Emergency declared in 1975 exposed the inhuman face of government that unleashed series of tortures against its citizens. The post -1980 political films, otherwise called as Naxalite films, try to recapture the tormenting experience of being political during the time of such mass oppression. Those movies resort to memory to expose the stark experience of the past.Remembering is a way of representing the past with all its nuances as it situates the remembering subject at close proximity with the past. At the same time Naxalite movies explored the possibility of forgetting also to unveil the subtle complexities of individual's relationship with the past. Here I consider two Malayalam films-AmmaAriyan(1986) directed by John Abraham and Margam (2003) directed by Rajeev Vijayaraghavan- to investigate how memory and oblivion are meticulously used by the filmic narratives to politicize a society already under the grip of political amnesia.
Professional Competences: An Integrative Approach for Defining The Training C...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper offers an integrative proposal for Business Administrationcurricular programs. For that purpose, we have carried out a survey with teachers from upper Business Administration courses so as to select a group of key competences for the contemporary Administrator, which has allowed us to elaborate an integrative proposal of curricular program for the Business Administration scholars in Brazil. As a qualitative research, it consists of a multiple case study with empirical approach and a triangular analysis based on Moraes (2014).Its main objective has been to analyze the curricular programs from five higher education institutions in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and two other foreign institutions in South America. At first, we have asked ourselves the following question: How to adapt the Business Administration curricular program to the contemporary needs as far as the vocational training competences of Administrators are concerned?In order to answer it, we have analyzed the National Curriculum Guidelines (DCN) and the Political-Educational Projects of Business Administration Courses (PPC/CSA). After that, we have compared the Curricular Components (CC) of the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) under analysis. After performing the triangular textual analysis of the DCN, PPC/CSA and CC of all HEIs under study, we have carried out a survey with 35 teachers from Business Administration upper courses through a computerized online questionnaire.We have sent a Survey Monkey link for a total of 40 teachers, however, only 35 answered it (87.5%); we have considered 100% valid answers. Previously, based on the doctrine of competences and curriculum according to the most renowned authors – suchas Vygostsky, Freire, Sacristán, Piaget, Saviani, Bloom, Libâneo (curriculum); Fleury & Fleury, Zarifian, Perrenoud, Lisboa (competences), among others – wehave concluded that implementing the integrative proposal will providemore well-prepared graduates from the Business Administration course right to the competitive and globalized labor market.
Resisting Total Marginality: Understanding African-American College Students’...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This article explores collegiate Black identity development when African American students attend predominantly White institutions (PWIs) in the United States, considering the overall impact of total marginality. The term “total marginality” is used to describe the myriad, chronic, and often inescapable ways that African American college students attending PWIs are marginalized in a college setting. The focus of this paper is the impact of total marginality on Black identity development for those African American collegians who successfully complete their university studies at a PWI.
Alternative dispute resolution and civil litigation barriers to access to jus...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Civil law is the predominate system of law in the world. Civil law as a legal system is often compared with common law. The main difference that is usually drawn between the two system is that common law drawn abstract rules from specific cases, whereas civil law with abstract rules which judges must then apply to the various cases before them. Civil law has its roots in Roman law, Common law and the Enlightenment, alongside influence from other religious laws such as Islamic Law. The legal system in many civil law countries are based around one or several codes of law which set out the main principles that guide the law. On the other hand, Criminal Law as offences and prescribes punishment for them. It not only precludes or prevents crimes but also punish the offender. It is necessary for the maintenance of law, order and peace within state. In criminal cases, it is the state which initiates proceeding against the offender. Laws relating to the Civil Proceeding as the Code of Civil Procedure 1908; the Civil Courts Act 1887; the Suit Valuation Act 1887; the Limitation Act 1908; the Registration Act 1908; & the Specific Relief Act 1877.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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2. Shot firing the Plasco Building and Reasons for the collapse
*Corresponding Author: Mohsen Gerami2*
22 | Page
Based on the third paragraph of Section 18-1-3 National Building Regulations any building which its
height (vertical distance between the floor levels of the highest disposable floor to the lowest level of access for
fire engines) is more than 23 meters is High-rise building.
Based on this Regulations, buildings Higher than the 7-story are considered high-rise buildings.
II. METHODS AND MATERIALS
To collect the data, library studies was used and documents was identified the various aspects of the subject.
Instruments for data collection in the library method was books, articles, dissertations, Internet and in the field
study was the documents.
III. DISCUSSION AND DATA COLLECTION:
3.1 Plasco Building history
This building is the second high-rise building and with elevator in Iran and it is the first high-rise building with a
steel structure. This 17-story building was built in the years 1960 to 1962 by Israeli engineers and its structure
architect was a German engineer. This structure ousted Iranian market from the traditional mode [2]. This building
has a basement and a ground floor and 15 floors on it. The total area of the building is 29,000 square meters and
the first and fourth floors of the building has more surface area than other classes. Total height of the structure is
over 42 meters. This building was intended for distribution and garment manufacturing and have been business
users with 560 commercial units. This structure was designed in accordance with Regulation 519 and due to old
design Regulations did not consider the impact of fire on the structure.
The roof of this structure was formed concrete slab with simple reinforcement. The function of this
building change over time and from place of business had become to the workshop production of clothing so that
70% units change to production units. So, heavy equipment placed on the higher floors of building. So, it causes
abnormal heavy of floors. Only 160 units from 560 units of this building were insured. Columns was formed 4
metal cans filled with concrete, so these structures were not protected against fire. All of the Armatures was
simple.
3.2 Description of Plasco building fire:
The main cause of this incident was reported Electrical connection in 19 January 2017. It started from
one of the production units and caused the fire started from 9th floor to the top. Classes 8 and 9 of the building
caught fire in the morning and 4 hours after the fire, the whole of building collapsed at 11:20 minutes. In total its
damage is estimated 1700 billion.
Destruction of structures has been started since a vibration in structures and within 15 seconds of progressive
collapse, the whole structure was destructed.
It should be noted that the strength of steel at a temperature of 600 ° C is half of its initial strength. If
temperature reaches to 1000 ° Strength of steel will tend to zero. In this event, fire temperature under the rubble
has been reported 1000 to 1500 ° C because of the presence of flammable materials inside the structure.
3.3 Study on collapse factors of Plasco
3.3.1 The general trend "progressive collapse"
There is a phenomenon called "Progressive Collapse" or "progressive destruction". In this phenomenon,
main elements of the building destroyed [3].Progressive destruction starts by removing Structural load capacity
of a small portion of the structure and more damage occurs in other structural elements. Now everything is ready
to broker a column out of the cycle. As soon as one column was loosed, other columns must be bearing that
column load. Now the next column loses on the outskirts of the columns and so the progressive collapse process
continues until the whole structure collapses.
Yet all of the above we add that steel crisis caused by heat at temperatures of up to 80 percent of normal
fire loses his resistance and therefore its duration is much reduced. If the structure was concrete, after the fire
began, firefighters had the opportunity to fire off a lot more and not poured down rate structures with this speed.
Progressive destruction may be spread in part or extend range of structures. This phenomenon is due to factors
such as explosions, fires and etc. in structures. In other words, after the fire and reducing the bearing capacity of
steel elements, structures have to be progressive destruction and part or all structures will be destroyed. In this
process at first the fire and heat (650 ° C) weaken the steel structure and steel strength were reduced where the
trusses bend progressively.
As a result, in addition to the load tolerance horizontally and downwards, also an aggravated extra load
enters into the building. This load causes the outer pillars and the inner pillars bend and eventually led to the
destruction of structures.
For this reason, according to international standards for fire extinguish on buildings with steel structure,
if fire not controlled after 30 minutes, firefighters must leave the building and extinguish fire from out of building.
3. Shot firing the Plasco Building and Reasons for the collapse
*Corresponding Author: Mohsen Gerami2*
23 | Page
While firefighters were busy fighting Plasco about 3 hours and 30 minutes. Of course, 30 minutes is for buildings
that its structure is fire-proof insulation.
Also pressure from Collapsing upper floors will cause Collapsing lower classes and according to interior design
Plasco in the form of U, Collapsing buildings were completely internal and surrounding buildings were not
seriously hurt.
3.3.2. Scientific phenomenon in the fire called Backdraft
When the fire is deficient in oxygen and choking incomplete and then for whatever reason it was accessed
to oxygen and air, flashover was happened (i.e. the height of the fire) and smoke and hot gases violently hurled.
This is same of explosion phenomenon and of course the far less sound. Pressure caused by this phenomenon
enters additional stress on the structure under stress, and thus destroy the structures.
3.3.3 Water and fire, thermal shock
This fire is placed in the groups that the fire skyscrapers or high rise fire is said. These fires usually affect
the structure of high-rise buildings and off and overcoming it requires much training and use of appropriate
equipment [4]. Contrary to rumors that were launched after the September 11 attacks, the Twin Towers were not
the only structures that collapsed due to fire. There is a long list of high-rise buildings have taken down due to a
fire. Inhibition of fires such buildings, important points must be met. According to a spokesman for the fire
department and safety services of Tehran Municipality Seyyed Jalal Maleki A total of 200 firefighters with 15
water tankers and three lifts aided fire Suppression Operations in Plasco's building (Fig 2).
Fig. 2- Plasco incident pictures [4]
Use of water for Extensive firefighting in buildings with steel structure is a strategic mistake. Water in
addition to adding the building weight, also, causing thermal shock too. In particular, this shock is high in the
clothing distribution center. Because of textiles, fire quickly spread and the temperature rises quickly. This will
affect the steel structure of building and if the temperature will not collapse the building alone, pouring cold water
on the molten metal to cause shock and thermal stress on them. In this way, may be some key components of
structures bend, twist or cut under shock and weight gain caused by water. In this way a chain reaction that
"progressive collapse" is known to occur. What makes the key components of the structure is disrupted and the
shock of the collapse of the upper classes will disrupt components of the lower classes. So, the event is determined
that the classic example is the Twin Towers and here in Tehran Plasco building. In the design, structures must be
designed with not progressive destruction. Better designing of steel structure connections is one of the strategies
to prevent progressive destruction.
3.3.4 The lack of fire proof cover
Old structures of Plasco building was lack of fire proof cover. Materials researchers showed that the
metal parts of these structures in the heat and splashing water was collapsed. It does not require steel used in metal
structures melt because in high heat metal behavior changes against the force. This seems a combination of
temperature, thermal shock, lack of safety (causing a second explosion), the increase in weight because of water;
fatigue steel structure and the absence of anti-heating cover caused to collapse buildings due to fire (Fig 3).
4. Shot firing the Plasco Building and Reasons for the collapse
*Corresponding Author: Mohsen Gerami2*
24 | Page
Fig 3. Plasco Building demolition [4]
IV. CONCLUSIONS AND THE WAY THINGS:
The useful life of this building was estimated 200 years but it was collapsed 54-year-old due to fire. It collapsed
after 4 hours the fire at 11:20 minutes in total damage is estimated 1700 billion.
With all things said, it can be concluded that:
If in an incident did not disrupt the path of car fire and the streets were open
If people listen to municipal warnings and organizations in charge
If authorities reconstruct this kind of buildings before the event
If owners did not change users from commercial to production and workshop
If firefighters had needed equipment to turn off this kind of events, they were replaced the water with
extinguisher
If at the time of the accident crisis management was done and the evacuation was took placed instead of
firefighters were gone inside the unsafe building
If all the shops were insured
If the owners of the stalls were followed safety issues
Maybe none of these events would have happened and firefighters returned safely to their homes
However, these bitter events were for a while, the subject of hot virtual world and then less than a month was
forgotten and we forget that dozens of buildings with the same attributes throughout Tehran is waiting for a spark
to create a new scenario.
REFERENCES
[1]. ABAQUS / standard analysis user's manual v. 6.10. SIMULIA; 2010 1
[2]. Khairuddin, A. and Fallahzadeh, S. (2015).The behavior of steel moment frames in the phenomenon of progressive
collapse, the first national conference on development-oriented of civil, architecture, electrical and mechanical
engineering, Iran. (In Persian).
[3]. Khairuddin, A. (2016). The reasons for Plasco collapse; internal conference of Semnan University, Iran, (in Persian).
[4]. Ranjbar, A. (2016). Science journalist; 11 My 2015. Accessible at: http://bigbangpage.com/science-content/