The document reports on an investigation into using Guinea Corn Husk Ash (GCHA) as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. GCHA was analyzed and found to meet requirements for a pozzolanic material with over 70% combined silicon, aluminum, and iron. Concrete mixes were made with 0-25% GCHA replacement by weight. Compressive strength generally decreased as replacement increased but was highest at 5% replacement, exceeding the control mix. Density also slightly decreased with increasing replacement except at 5%. Workability test results fell within acceptable ranges. In conclusion, 5-10% GCHA replacement produced strong concrete and GCHA can be effectively used as a pozzolanic cement replacement.
Effectiveness of Use of Rice Husk Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement in Con...IJMER
India is a major rice producing country, and the husk generated during milling is mostly
used as a fuel in the boilers for processing paddy and producing energy through direct combustion.
About 21 million tones of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) is produced annually. This RHA is regarded as a waste
and has disposal problem because of the fact that it consumes a vast area for dumping. Lots of ways are
being thought of for disposing them by making commercial use of this RHA. RHA can be used as a
replacement for concrete (5 to 15%).This paper evaluates how different contents of Rice Husk Ash
added to concrete may influence its properties. In this study, cement was replaced by waste RHA as
5%,10% and 15% by weight for M-25 mix. The concrete specimens were tested for compressive
strength, durability (water absorption) and density at 28 days of age and the results obtained were
compared with those of normal concrete. The results concluded the permissibility of using waste RHA
as partial replacement of cement up to 10% by weight of cement
Use of Saw Dust Ash as Partial Replacement for Cement In Concreteinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A STUDY ON REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH RICE HUSK ASHIAEME Publication
Objectives: This study is to identify the effect of parameter such as Activator ratio thataffects the properties of alkali activated fly ash
Methodology: To achieve the above objectives, the present investigation is adopted atechnology that is currently in use to manufacture and to test themain aim of this activity was to facilitate promotion of newmaterials later on to the concreteindustry. Research variable included activator ratio (1:2, 1:2.5, and 1:3). The trial mix isprepared for the molarity of 16 M. Concrete specimens were cured at roresponse variables are Flexural strength, Compressive strength and Split tensile strength.Findings: Test data are used to identify the variation ofGeopolymer concrete propertieswhich are affected by using of various activator ratios and curing period. At all ages, theactivator ratio 1:3 gives maximum strength and also economical when compared to otheractivator ratios. There is substantial gain incompressive strength of fly ash geopolymerconcrete with age.Improvements:Thisworkcan beenhancedforvariousmolaritiesundervarioustemperaturesandvariousactivator ratios.
Utilization of rice husk ash in mix asphalt concrete as mineral fillar replac...rajatsikarwar
how to use rice husk as a replacement of cement in concrete
and conducting diifferent tests conducted to prove that it is satisfying the indian standards(IS).
The Effect of Rise Husk Ash on Strength and Permeability of ConcreteAkshay D Nicator
HA, produced after burning of Rice husks (RH) has high reactivity and pozzolanic property. Indian Standard code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete, IS 456- 2000, recommends use of RHA in concrete but does not specify quantities.
Effectiveness of Use of Rice Husk Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement in Con...IJMER
India is a major rice producing country, and the husk generated during milling is mostly
used as a fuel in the boilers for processing paddy and producing energy through direct combustion.
About 21 million tones of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) is produced annually. This RHA is regarded as a waste
and has disposal problem because of the fact that it consumes a vast area for dumping. Lots of ways are
being thought of for disposing them by making commercial use of this RHA. RHA can be used as a
replacement for concrete (5 to 15%).This paper evaluates how different contents of Rice Husk Ash
added to concrete may influence its properties. In this study, cement was replaced by waste RHA as
5%,10% and 15% by weight for M-25 mix. The concrete specimens were tested for compressive
strength, durability (water absorption) and density at 28 days of age and the results obtained were
compared with those of normal concrete. The results concluded the permissibility of using waste RHA
as partial replacement of cement up to 10% by weight of cement
Use of Saw Dust Ash as Partial Replacement for Cement In Concreteinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A STUDY ON REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH RICE HUSK ASHIAEME Publication
Objectives: This study is to identify the effect of parameter such as Activator ratio thataffects the properties of alkali activated fly ash
Methodology: To achieve the above objectives, the present investigation is adopted atechnology that is currently in use to manufacture and to test themain aim of this activity was to facilitate promotion of newmaterials later on to the concreteindustry. Research variable included activator ratio (1:2, 1:2.5, and 1:3). The trial mix isprepared for the molarity of 16 M. Concrete specimens were cured at roresponse variables are Flexural strength, Compressive strength and Split tensile strength.Findings: Test data are used to identify the variation ofGeopolymer concrete propertieswhich are affected by using of various activator ratios and curing period. At all ages, theactivator ratio 1:3 gives maximum strength and also economical when compared to otheractivator ratios. There is substantial gain incompressive strength of fly ash geopolymerconcrete with age.Improvements:Thisworkcan beenhancedforvariousmolaritiesundervarioustemperaturesandvariousactivator ratios.
Utilization of rice husk ash in mix asphalt concrete as mineral fillar replac...rajatsikarwar
how to use rice husk as a replacement of cement in concrete
and conducting diifferent tests conducted to prove that it is satisfying the indian standards(IS).
The Effect of Rise Husk Ash on Strength and Permeability of ConcreteAkshay D Nicator
HA, produced after burning of Rice husks (RH) has high reactivity and pozzolanic property. Indian Standard code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete, IS 456- 2000, recommends use of RHA in concrete but does not specify quantities.
Experimental Study On Rice Husk As Fine Aggregates In Concretetheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
A REPORT ON PARTIAL SUBSTITUTE OF CEMENT IN CONCRETE USING RICE HUSK ASHIAEME Publication
Objectives: This research work is to examine the partial replacement of cement in concrete mistreatment rice husk ash. It involved the study of strength properties of the concrete with totally different proportions of rice husk ash as partial replacement in cement. Methods: The major problem sweet-faced by the globe nowadays is that the environmental pollution. In the industry, mainly the production of cement can cause the emission of pollutants that includes a nice impact on atmosphere. This can be reduced by the magnified usage of business by-products within the industry. Findings: In this present study, to produce the concrete, Portland cement is partially substituted with Rice husk ash. Different ratios of partial replacement is done like 1/3, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% is taken to prepare completely different mixes. The concrete specimens are tested for their compressive strength, split tensile strength take a look at and flexural strength test at the age of seven and twenty eight days.
Mix Design of Grade M35 by Replacement of Cement with Rice Husk Ash in ConcreteDr. Amarjeet Singh
The optimized RHA, by controlled burn or
grinding, has been used as a pozzolanic material in cement
and concrete. Using it provides several advantages, such as
improved strength and durability properties, and
environmental benefits related to the disposal of waste
materials and to reduced carbon dioxide emissions. Up to
now, little research has been done to investigate the use of
RHA as supplementary material in cement and concrete
production .The main objective of this work is to study the
suitability of the rice husk ash as a pozzolanic material for
cement replacement in concrete. However it is expected that
the use of rice husk ash in concrete improve the strength
properties of concrete. Also it is an attempt made to develop
the concrete using rice husk ash as a source material for
partial replacement of cement, which satisfies the structural
properties of concrete like compressive strength.
Utilization Of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) In Concrete By Partial Replacemen...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
UTILIZATION OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH AS A SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL...IAEME Publication
In developing countries, accumulation of unmanaged agricultural waste has resulted in an increased environmental concern. Recycling of such agricultural wastes is the viable solution not only to pollution problem, but also the problem of land filling. In view of utilization of agricultural waste in concrete and mortar, the present paper reviews, utilization of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) in different compositions that were added to the raw material at different levels to develop
sustainable concrete and mortar. Various physico-mechanical properties of the concrete and mortar incorporating sugarcane bagasse ash are reviewed and recommendations are suggested as the outcome of the study.
Partial Replacement of Cement by Saw Dust Ash in Concrete A Sustainable ApproachIJERD Editor
Concrete industry is one of the largest consumers of natural resources due to which sustainability of concrete industry is under threat. The environmental and economic concern is the biggest challenge concrete industry is facing. In this paper, the issues of environmental and economic concern are addressed by the use of saw dust ash as partial replacement of cement in concrete. Cement was replaced by Saw Dust Ash as 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight for M-25 mix. The concrete specimens were tested for compressive strength, durability (water absorption) and density at 28 days of age and the results obtained were compared with those of normal concrete. The results concluded the permissibility of using Saw Dust Ash as partial replacement of cement up to 10% by weight for particle size of range 90micron.
The influence of sintering temperature on the thermal conductivity of rice husk ash refractory is examined in this research. Cylindrical disk made from RHA whose chemical composition measured by XRF were sintered in the temperature range of 1000℃-1400℃. the crystalline phase transformation studied by XRD. The thermal conductivity of these Rice Husk Ash refractory was determined using the hot flux method and values calculated using Fourier’s equation for steady state heat conduction. Porosity and density test were also carried out Result showed that there was an increase in apparent density and conductivity with increasing sintering temperature though the values are still low and satisfactory for most insulation applications. Porosity of rice husk ash refractory decreases with increasing sintering temperature therefore the gains of higher strength from higher sintering temperature are not negated.
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) production produces
substantial CO2 emission. Geopolymer Concrete (GPC)
will be of considerable cure to Global Warming related
with construction industry since GPC replaces OPC
completely or about 80% with industrial waste products. In
this study GPC was made up of Ground Granulated Blast
furnace Slag (GGBS) and Red Mud (RM) incorporating
hybrid fibres in various ratios. Results show that, among
all the mixes, one mix showed the best mechanical
properties owing to the incorporation of hybrid fibres
and reduction of Red Mud.
ALTERNATE AND LOW COST CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL: RICE HUSK ASH (RHA)AM Publications
Due to pozzolanic reactivity, Rice Husk Ash is used as a supplementary cementing material in concrete. It has
economical and technical advantages to be used in concrete. I am going to replace cement by the use of RHA by 5%,10% &
15% by weight of cement in three different experiment to find out the maximum strength and compare it with the strength of
normal concrete by using the grade of M20 at the days of 7 and 14. This research therefore is an investigation of the
performance of the concrete made of partially replacing OPC with RHA on the structural integrity and properties of RHA
concrete.
A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SUGARCANE BAGASSE...IAEME Publication
A Large quantities of waste materials and by-products are generated from manufacturing processes, service industries and municipal solid wastes, etc. As a result, solid waste management has become one of the major environmental concerns in the world. With the increasing awareness about the environment, scarcity of land-fill space and due to its ever increasing cost, waste materials and by-products utilization has become an attractive alternative to disposal. High consumption of natural sources, high amount production of industrial wastes and environmental pollution require obtaining new solutions for a sustainable development.Ordinary Portland cement is recognized as a major construction material throughout the world.
Fly Ash as a Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete and Durability Study o...IJERD Editor
Cement production gives rise to CO2emissions generated by the calcinations of CaCo3 and by the
fossil, being responsible for about 5% of the Co2 emissions in the world. This can be substantially reduced if
cement replacement materials such as a fly ash are used Within the frame work of a comprehensive research
concerning this residual of coal industries, studied some durability characteristics of concretes made with Fly
ash. In this project report the results of the tests carried out on Sulphate attack on concrete cubes in water curing
along with H2SO4 solution. Also, aiming the use of fly-ash as cement replacement. The present experimental
investigation were carried on fly ash and has been chemically and physically characterized, and partially
replaced in the ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% by weight of cement in concrete. Fresh concrete tests like
compaction factor test was hardened concrete tests like compressive Strength at the age of 28 days, 60 days, 90
days was obtained and also durability aspect of fly ash concrete for sulphates attack was tested. The result
indicates that fly ash improves concrete durability.
Experimental investigation on effect of different shaped steel fibers on comp...IOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper presents the results of the experimental investigation of various strengths of steel fiber
reinforced concrete (SFRC). Variables considered in the research work of various shapes and fiber volume
fractions. Compressive strength is investigated using mix of M70 grade and hooked, flat and waved fibers with
aspect ratio 50. The fiber volume fraction is varied from 0.5% to 4% at an interval of 0.5% by weight of cement
separately. Standard test specimens for compressive strengths were cast and water cured for 7 and 28 days. All
the test specimens were tested according to relevant Indian Standards and standard test procedures available in
the literature wherever applicable. Compressive strengths are found to be increased continuously with increase
in fiber volume fraction.
Keywords: composites, SFRC, aspect ratio, fiber volume fraction, strengths
Experimental Study On Rice Husk As Fine Aggregates In Concretetheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
A REPORT ON PARTIAL SUBSTITUTE OF CEMENT IN CONCRETE USING RICE HUSK ASHIAEME Publication
Objectives: This research work is to examine the partial replacement of cement in concrete mistreatment rice husk ash. It involved the study of strength properties of the concrete with totally different proportions of rice husk ash as partial replacement in cement. Methods: The major problem sweet-faced by the globe nowadays is that the environmental pollution. In the industry, mainly the production of cement can cause the emission of pollutants that includes a nice impact on atmosphere. This can be reduced by the magnified usage of business by-products within the industry. Findings: In this present study, to produce the concrete, Portland cement is partially substituted with Rice husk ash. Different ratios of partial replacement is done like 1/3, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% is taken to prepare completely different mixes. The concrete specimens are tested for their compressive strength, split tensile strength take a look at and flexural strength test at the age of seven and twenty eight days.
Mix Design of Grade M35 by Replacement of Cement with Rice Husk Ash in ConcreteDr. Amarjeet Singh
The optimized RHA, by controlled burn or
grinding, has been used as a pozzolanic material in cement
and concrete. Using it provides several advantages, such as
improved strength and durability properties, and
environmental benefits related to the disposal of waste
materials and to reduced carbon dioxide emissions. Up to
now, little research has been done to investigate the use of
RHA as supplementary material in cement and concrete
production .The main objective of this work is to study the
suitability of the rice husk ash as a pozzolanic material for
cement replacement in concrete. However it is expected that
the use of rice husk ash in concrete improve the strength
properties of concrete. Also it is an attempt made to develop
the concrete using rice husk ash as a source material for
partial replacement of cement, which satisfies the structural
properties of concrete like compressive strength.
Utilization Of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) In Concrete By Partial Replacemen...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
UTILIZATION OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH AS A SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL...IAEME Publication
In developing countries, accumulation of unmanaged agricultural waste has resulted in an increased environmental concern. Recycling of such agricultural wastes is the viable solution not only to pollution problem, but also the problem of land filling. In view of utilization of agricultural waste in concrete and mortar, the present paper reviews, utilization of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) in different compositions that were added to the raw material at different levels to develop
sustainable concrete and mortar. Various physico-mechanical properties of the concrete and mortar incorporating sugarcane bagasse ash are reviewed and recommendations are suggested as the outcome of the study.
Partial Replacement of Cement by Saw Dust Ash in Concrete A Sustainable ApproachIJERD Editor
Concrete industry is one of the largest consumers of natural resources due to which sustainability of concrete industry is under threat. The environmental and economic concern is the biggest challenge concrete industry is facing. In this paper, the issues of environmental and economic concern are addressed by the use of saw dust ash as partial replacement of cement in concrete. Cement was replaced by Saw Dust Ash as 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight for M-25 mix. The concrete specimens were tested for compressive strength, durability (water absorption) and density at 28 days of age and the results obtained were compared with those of normal concrete. The results concluded the permissibility of using Saw Dust Ash as partial replacement of cement up to 10% by weight for particle size of range 90micron.
The influence of sintering temperature on the thermal conductivity of rice husk ash refractory is examined in this research. Cylindrical disk made from RHA whose chemical composition measured by XRF were sintered in the temperature range of 1000℃-1400℃. the crystalline phase transformation studied by XRD. The thermal conductivity of these Rice Husk Ash refractory was determined using the hot flux method and values calculated using Fourier’s equation for steady state heat conduction. Porosity and density test were also carried out Result showed that there was an increase in apparent density and conductivity with increasing sintering temperature though the values are still low and satisfactory for most insulation applications. Porosity of rice husk ash refractory decreases with increasing sintering temperature therefore the gains of higher strength from higher sintering temperature are not negated.
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) production produces
substantial CO2 emission. Geopolymer Concrete (GPC)
will be of considerable cure to Global Warming related
with construction industry since GPC replaces OPC
completely or about 80% with industrial waste products. In
this study GPC was made up of Ground Granulated Blast
furnace Slag (GGBS) and Red Mud (RM) incorporating
hybrid fibres in various ratios. Results show that, among
all the mixes, one mix showed the best mechanical
properties owing to the incorporation of hybrid fibres
and reduction of Red Mud.
ALTERNATE AND LOW COST CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL: RICE HUSK ASH (RHA)AM Publications
Due to pozzolanic reactivity, Rice Husk Ash is used as a supplementary cementing material in concrete. It has
economical and technical advantages to be used in concrete. I am going to replace cement by the use of RHA by 5%,10% &
15% by weight of cement in three different experiment to find out the maximum strength and compare it with the strength of
normal concrete by using the grade of M20 at the days of 7 and 14. This research therefore is an investigation of the
performance of the concrete made of partially replacing OPC with RHA on the structural integrity and properties of RHA
concrete.
A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SUGARCANE BAGASSE...IAEME Publication
A Large quantities of waste materials and by-products are generated from manufacturing processes, service industries and municipal solid wastes, etc. As a result, solid waste management has become one of the major environmental concerns in the world. With the increasing awareness about the environment, scarcity of land-fill space and due to its ever increasing cost, waste materials and by-products utilization has become an attractive alternative to disposal. High consumption of natural sources, high amount production of industrial wastes and environmental pollution require obtaining new solutions for a sustainable development.Ordinary Portland cement is recognized as a major construction material throughout the world.
Fly Ash as a Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete and Durability Study o...IJERD Editor
Cement production gives rise to CO2emissions generated by the calcinations of CaCo3 and by the
fossil, being responsible for about 5% of the Co2 emissions in the world. This can be substantially reduced if
cement replacement materials such as a fly ash are used Within the frame work of a comprehensive research
concerning this residual of coal industries, studied some durability characteristics of concretes made with Fly
ash. In this project report the results of the tests carried out on Sulphate attack on concrete cubes in water curing
along with H2SO4 solution. Also, aiming the use of fly-ash as cement replacement. The present experimental
investigation were carried on fly ash and has been chemically and physically characterized, and partially
replaced in the ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% by weight of cement in concrete. Fresh concrete tests like
compaction factor test was hardened concrete tests like compressive Strength at the age of 28 days, 60 days, 90
days was obtained and also durability aspect of fly ash concrete for sulphates attack was tested. The result
indicates that fly ash improves concrete durability.
Experimental investigation on effect of different shaped steel fibers on comp...IOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper presents the results of the experimental investigation of various strengths of steel fiber
reinforced concrete (SFRC). Variables considered in the research work of various shapes and fiber volume
fractions. Compressive strength is investigated using mix of M70 grade and hooked, flat and waved fibers with
aspect ratio 50. The fiber volume fraction is varied from 0.5% to 4% at an interval of 0.5% by weight of cement
separately. Standard test specimens for compressive strengths were cast and water cured for 7 and 28 days. All
the test specimens were tested according to relevant Indian Standards and standard test procedures available in
the literature wherever applicable. Compressive strengths are found to be increased continuously with increase
in fiber volume fraction.
Keywords: composites, SFRC, aspect ratio, fiber volume fraction, strengths
Detail Solidworks Design and Simulation of an Unmanned Air VehicleIOSR Journals
Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) are a new type of aircraft maturing day by day and have reached
unprecedented levels of growth recently. Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) have enormous potential in
applications. They are deployed predominantly for military and special operation applications, but also used in
a small but growing number of civil applications, such as policing and firefighting, and nonmilitary security
work, such as surveillance of pipelines. UAVs are often preferred for missions that are too "dull, dirty, and
dangerous" for manned aircraft. This article mainly describes the design process of an unmanned air vehicle in
solidworks and shows the results of solidworks simulation analysis
Mobile computing application risks in ZimbabweIOSR Journals
Abstract: Mobile technology has now become the order of the day. Everyone seems to own one or more mobile
devices. Everyone is so excited because this has made life easier for a lot of people. Though mobile technology
has brought many benefits to people’s lives, its application has some risks that come with it. This paper
therefore looked at mobile computing application areas in Zimbabwe, the risks brought about by mobile
computing application in Zimbabwe and how mobile computing application risks are mitigated in a developing
country like Zimbabwe where the technology level seems to be behind. The study findings showed that mobile
application areas in Zimbabwe include paying bills, social networking and playing games. Most Zimbabweans
revealed that they do not know how to mitigate mobile computing application risks. The study finally
recommended that mobile computing application risks should be taught in schools as well as in televisions and
radios so that everyone is aware of them.
Keywords: application risks, mobile computing, mobile device,mobile technology
Design and Implementation of Encoder for (15, k) Binary BCH Code Using VHDL a...IOSR Journals
Abstract: In this paper we have designed and implemented(15, k) a BCH Encoder on FPGA using VHDL for reliable data transfers in AWGN channel with multiple error correction control. The digital logic implementation of binary encoding of multiple error correcting BCH code (15, k) of length n=15 over GF (24) with irreducible primitive polynomial x4+x+1 is organized into shift register circuits. Using the cyclic codes, the reminder b(x) can be obtained in a linear (15-k) stage shift register with feedback connections corresponding to the coefficients of the generated polynomial. Three encoder are designed using VHDL to encode the single, double and triple error correcting BCH code (15, k) corresponding to the coefficient of generated polynomial. Information bit is transmitted in unchanged form up to k clock cycles and during this period parity bits are calculated in the LFSR then the parity bits are transmitted from k+1 to 15 clock cycles. Total 15-k numbers of parity bits with k information bits are transmitted in 15 code word. Here we have implemented (15, 5, 3), (15, 7, 2) and (15, 11, 1) BCH code encoder on Xilinx Spartan 3 FPGA using VHDL and the simulation & synthesis are done using Xilinx ISE 13.3. BCH encoders are conventionally implemented by linear feedback shift register architecture. Encoders of long BCH codes may suffer from the effect of large fan out, which may reduce the achievable clock speed. The data rate requirement of optical applications require parallel implementations of the BCH encoders. Also a comparative performance based on synthesis & simulation on FPGA is presented. Keywords: BCH, BCH Encoder, FPGA, VHDL, Error Correction, AWGN, LFSR cyclic redundancy checking, fan out .
Perishable Inventory Model Having Weibull Lifetime and Time Dependent DemandIOSR Journals
In this paper we develop and analyse an inventory model for deteriorating items with Weibull rate of decay and time dependent demand. Using the differential equations, the instantaneous state of inventory at time‘t’, the amount of deterioration etc. are derived. With suitable cost considerations the total cost function and profit rate function are also obtained by maximizing the profit rate function, the optimal ordering and pricing policies of the model are derived. The sensitivity of the model with respect to the parameters is discussed through numerical illustration. It is observed that the deteriorating parameters have a tremendous influence on the optimal selling price and ordering quantity.
Mathematical Modelling: A Comparatively Mathematical Study Model Base between...IOSR Journals
In this paper, we have studied on the topic of „Corruption‟. Also, I will try to find or study the effect of corruption on the Development of the country or any country of the world. Therefore, how find the solution of the problem of corruption will be destroyed completely from the society. We have observed that the Development of the country depends upon Corruption. That is, when the Corruption increases, Development decreases automatically of any country of the world. Therefore, I will try to find the formula on the problem of „Relation between the Corruption and Development of any field or any country of the world‟. Also, I have to highlight the concept of „Application of Mathematical modeling in the interesting problem “corruption” in every field of our country or world .Also, Applied Mathematics focuses on the formulation and study of Mathematical Models .Thus the activity of Applied Mathematics is vitally connected with Research in Pure Mathematics. So I will try to study on it and find, what is corruption and quantity of corruption and also find the growth of corruption and how it will decay? Now we convert this areal world problem to mathematics problem and find some formulae on it such as Mathematical Corruption Growth formula, Mathematical Constant corruption level formula and Mathematical decay of corruption formula.
The Protective Role Of High Dietary Protein On Arsenic Induced Hepatotoxicity...IOSR Journals
The objective of the present investigation was to study the protective role of High dietary protein on arsenic induced hepatotoxicity model in adult male albino rats. Hepatotoxicity in rats was caused by arsenic tri oxide at a dose of 3mg- /ml/kg body weight. Hepamerz, a drug used as standard hepatoprotective agent, was administered orally as standard hepatoprotective agent for 14 consecutive days prior to arsenic treatment at a dose of 10mg- /ml/kg body weight. This drug has many side effects. These side effects have prompted the scientific world for the search of alternative natural remedies of liver damage. The High dietary protein was administered orally to rats along with arsenic. The biochemical parameters were investigated. The results indicated that biochemical changes produced by arsenic were restored to almost normal by High protein diet. The High protein diet produced hepatoprotective effect through the modulation of antioxidant - mediated mechanism by altering serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels - against arsenic induced hepatotoxicity model in rats.
Fluorescence technique involves the optical detection and spectral analysis of light emitted by a substance undergoing a transition from an excited electronic state to a lower electronic state. The aim of this study is to assess the -amino levulinic acid (-ALA) uptake. Based on image processing technique, Matlab was used to analyze the fluorescence images resulted from activation of (-ALA) and follow its uptake along one week. Analyzing the RGB colours pixel profile from obtained results showed different profiles for malignant tissues, normal tissues, treated just after PDT and finally at one week post PDT. The treated tissues fluorescence profile showed changes from closer to malignant tissue profile till been closed to normal one.
Experimental Evaluation of the Effect of Thread Angle on the Fatigue Life of ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : The present work is concerned with fatigue strength, obtained by plotting the S-N Curves for
determining the fatigue life of various thread geometries of bolts under cyclic loading. The stress equations
obtained from Majzoobi are being used for calculations of core stress produced due to cyclic loading,
which is being carried usually by the first thread of the bolt. The higher stress concentration occurs in the root
of first threads.The experimental work has been carried out for five different thread profiles of varying flank
angles, having six samples of each profile. The fatigue testing on each profile has been performed under cyclic
loading, in order to obtain the number of cycles to failure of a particular specimen. The results obtained
experimentally have been compared with the work of Gane . Finally the work is used to obtain the failure life of
bolts, which means which thread profile has higher fatigue life or simply higher strength to failure. As strength
is of direct use to the designer regarding the safety of structures.
Simple Thinking Makes Chemistry Metabolic and Interesting - A Review ArticleIOSR Journals
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by controlled burning of groundnut husk to a temperature of 600 oC and sieved through 75 µm sieve
after allowing cooingl. The compressive strength of GHA-Concrete was investigated at replacement
levels of 0, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 %, respectively by weight of cement. A total of ninety 150 mm cubes of
GHA-Concrete grade 20 were tested for compressive strength at 3, 7, 28, 60 and 90 days of curing and
the microstructure of GHA-Concrete samples at 0 and 10 % replacements were examined at 28 and 90
days of curing. Also, thirty six 100 mm cubes were subjected to attack from 10 % concentration of
diluted solution of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3), respectively. The result of the
investigations showed that the compressive strength of concrete decreased with increase in GHA
content. However 10 % replacement with GHA was considered as optimum for structural concrete.
GHA provided a less compact microstructure of concrete at 28 and 90 days curing compared to OPC
concrete as a result of low pozzolanic activity. The use of GHA in concrete improved its resistance
against sulphuric acid, but not against nitric acid attack. The average weight loss of GHA concrete
after 28 days of subjection in sulphuric acid and nitric acid were 16.3 % and 17.3 %, respectively as
opposed to 22.4 % and 15.1 %, respectively for plain Portland cement concrete.
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ash (BLA) and pulverized burnt clay waste (PBCW).The binders were characterized, their influence on concrete
workability examined, and the blended cement concrete compressive strength investigated. 100 mm concrete
cubes specimens were cast according to BS EN 12390-3. The specimens were water cured extensively for 3, 7.
14. 28, 56, 90 and 120 days. Incorporation of BLA and PBCW in cement concrete made it sticky, stiffer and less
workable, BLA had a greater influence than PBCW. The higher the composition of BLA and PBCW in the
blended cement concrete, the lower the compressive strength at early days of curing, however, at later ages of
hydration, their strength surpassed that of the control. Binders with 90% OPC and 10% PBCW; 90% OPC and
10% BLA; 80% OPC, 10% PBCW and 10% BLA performed optimally
Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Cement by Flyash and GGBSijsrd.com
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Durability Studies on Concrete and Comparison with Partial Replacement of Cem...IJERA Editor
This research work describes the feasibility of using the Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash
(SCBA) waste in concrete production as a partial replacement of cement. This present work deals with the effect
on strength and mechanical properties of concrete using RHA and SCBA instead of cement. The cement has
been replaced by rice husk ash, accordingly in the range of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight. Concrete
mixtures with RHA, were produced, tested and compared in terms of compressive strengths with the
Conventional concrete. These tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties for the test results of
7, 28, 60, 90 days for compressive strengths in normal water and in MgSO4 solution of 1%, 3% and 5%. Also
the durability aspect for rice husk ash concrete for sulphate attack was tested. Similarly the above tests were also
performed for SCBA. The result indicates that the RHA and SCBA improve concrete durability. Finally the test
results for RHA and SCBA were compared. Key words: Rice Husk Ash, Sugarcane Bagasse Ash, Concrete,
M35 grade concrete, cubes, cylinders, MgSO4, durability.
Study on effect of Alccofine & Fly ash addition on the Mechanical properties ...ijsrd.com
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Rice Husk Ash Sandcrete Block as Low Cost Building MaterialIJERA Editor
Concrete is a widely used construction material for various types of structures due to its structural stability and
strength. The construction industry is today consuming more than 400 million tonnes of concrete every year
.Most of the increase in cement demand will be met by the use of supplementary cementing materials, as each
ton of Portland cement clinker production is associated with similar amount of CO2 emission, which is a major
source of global warming. Partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement with mineral admixtures like fly ash,
ground granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume, metakaolin, Rice husk Ash (RHA),etc with plasticizers
eliminates these drawbacks. The use of rice husk modifies the physical qualities of fresh cement paste as well as
microstructure of paste after hardening. By burning the rice husk under a uncontrolled temperature in the
atmosphere, a highly reactive RHA was obtained and the ash was utilized as a supplementary cementing
material. This paper presents the effects of using Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as a partial cement replacement
material in mortar mixes. This work is based on an experimental study of mortar made with replacement of
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with 10%, 20% 30% & 40% RHA. The properties investigated were the
compressive strength, setting time, consistency, workability and specific gravity. Finally, a cost analysis was
also done to compare the efficiency of rice husk ash sandcrete blocks. From the test results it can be concluded
that rice husk ash can be utilized in day today life of manufacturing building blocks which are more economical
and more eco-friendly than the cement concrete blocks which are produced now-a-days
The Influence of Partial Replacement of Some Selected Pozzolans on the Drying...Scientific Review SR
Concrete is prone to cracking and one of the major causes of cracking is drying shrinkage of the hardened concrete. This research work was carried out to study the influence of partial replacement of some selected pozzolans on the drying shrinkage of concrete. Four pozzolans used in this study, were made to replace cement at various percentages resulting in various concrete mixes. Setting time test was conducted for the various cement mixes using Vicat’s apparatus and drying shrinkage test was done for the concrete test specimens. The results of the setting time indicate that partial replacement of pozzolans with ordinary Portland cement increases both the initial and final setting time of cement as the percentage replacement increases. Similarly, drying shrinkage results show that concrete made with Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA) and Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA) at 12% replacement will have a stable and better shrinkage resistance than the control at both 56 days and 90 days. Meanwhile, the control concrete gives a better drying shrinkage at 28 days curing. In conclusion, the results show that pozzolanas [Bamboo Leaves Ash (BLA), Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA), Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) and Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA)] can successfully replace cement up to 12% without necessarily affecting the shrinkage ability of the produced concrete. It also shows that Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA), Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA) and Bamboo Leaves Ash (BLA) are more resistance to drying shrinkage than the control.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
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Bob Boule
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JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
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Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
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Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
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Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
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As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
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1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
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Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
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Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
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Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
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- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
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- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
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Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...
G012214045
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 2 Ver. I (Mar - Apr. 2015), PP 40-45
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12214045 www.iosrjournals.org 40 | Page
Effect of Guinea Corn Husk Ash as Partial Replacement for
Cement in Concrete
Ndububa, Emmanuel E.1
and Nurudeen Yakubu2
1
(Department of Civil Engineering, University of Abuja, Abuja. Nigeria.)
2
(Department of Civil Engineering, The Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi. Nigeria)
Abstract: This paper reports an investigation on Guinea Corn Husk Ash (GCHA) as partial replacement of
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in concrete. The percent replacement levels by weight were 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% and 25% in 1:2:4 concrete mix with 0.65 water - cement ratio. The chemical constituents of the GCHA
were SiO2 (78.19%), Al2O3 (1.36%), Fe2O3 (0.84%), CaO (3.34%), MgO (3.76%), K2O (7.67%), P2 O5 (2.95%)
and Na2O, TiO2, SrO, Cl, MnO, S03 in trace quantities. Since SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 have a combined
constituent percent in excess of 70% (i.e. 80.39%), GCHA meets the requirement of a pozzolana in accordance
the relevant standards. The GCHA concrete gave compressive strength in the range of 9.5 N/mm2
for 25% ash
and 26.3 N/mm2
for 5% ash at 28 days curing period. The 5% value was higher than that of plain concrete
which was 25.5N/mm2
. The trend shows that 10% GCHA should not be exceeded for a competitive value for
compressive strength. The density of GCHA-cement concrete slightly reduced with increase of GCHA, for
example it reduced by 2.27% for 25% ash at 28days curing. However it slightly increased at 5% replacement
level again. Further work on the Water Absorption Capacity, permeability and durability parameters of GCHA-
cement concrete is recommended.
Keywords: Cement, Guinea Corn Husk Ash, Pozzolana, Compressive strength
I. Introduction
The high cost of cement remains a big challenge to affordable housing for many. The Nigerian
government recently launched a Mortgage Refinance scheme to produce ten thousand houses for its citizens [1].
A way out is replacing a proportion of cement in concrete with cheap and available pozzolanic materials from
agro wastes. The analysis of the Guinea Corn Husk Ash (GCHA) showed that a combination of its chemical
constituents qualified it as a pozzollana [2]. Pozzolanas are “siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material which
in themselves have little or no cementitous properties but in finely divided form and in the presence of moisture
they can react with calcium hydroxide (CaO) which is liberated during the hydration of OPC at ordinary
temperatures to form compounds possessing cementitous properties” [3]. Lea [4] further reported thus:
“Pozzolana have the characteristics of combining with the free lime liberated during the hydration process of
OPC to produce stable, insoluble calcium silicates thus reducing the process of mortar and concrete attacks from
sulphates, salts and chlorides. Pozzolana can be divided into two groups: natural Pozzolana such as volcanic ash
and diatomic and artificial Pozzolana such as calcite clay, pulverized fuel ash and ash from burnt agricultural
wastes such as rice husk, guinea corn husk and locust bean husk. The addition of Pozzolana in either a lime or
OPC based product has a number of advantages: the costs of Pozzolanas are usually low and certainly well
below that of lime or OPC. Also, Pozzolanas like fly ash, rice husk ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag
have been found to contribute to improvement of concrete performance (for example; high strength, high
durability and reduction of heat of hydration) as well as reduction of energy and carbon dioxide generated in the
production of cement [5]. Extensive work has been carried out on Rice Husk Ash (RHA) - cement composites:
In a paper presentation [6], it was shown that at w/c ratio of 0.30 and OPC replacement of 20%, RHA mortar
resulted in higher compressive strength compared to the control for both water cured and uncured cubes, and
improvements in durability properties. Equally, according to another report [7], at 20% RHA replacement level,
compressive strength and porosity of cement mortar showed better result over plain mortar.
According to a paper [8], the optimum RHA replacement level was 15% in concrete blocks.
However, 10% RHA replacement level was reported as the optimum strength for cement paste in another one
[9]. Also the presence of RHA and cement kiln dust in cement pastes improved the resistance of the mortar to
sulfuric acid attack [10].
In the case of Palm Kernel Shell Ash (PKSA) Concrete, it was reported that the compressive strength
did not exceed that of plain concrete. The results showed that 10% of the PKSA in replacement for cement was
22.8 N/mm² at 28 days [11].
Guinea corn is an important food crop produced in large quantity in the savannah belt of Nigeria and
West Africa. It ranks amongst the three major grain crops growing particularly in the northern states of Nigeria.
Guinea corn is mostly harvested and processed manually for food, leaving the large volume of residue
2. Effect of Guinea Corn Husk Ash as Partial Replacement for Cement in Concrete
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12214045 www.iosrjournals.org 41 | Page
constituting waste in the farm, most of which are flared off in preparation for subsequent farming season. Plates
1 and 2 at the end of the paper show in closer details the Guinea corn fruit at harvest, comprising the seed, husk
and straw. Plate 3 shows the mass harvest by the local people when separated from the straw.
The Guinea corn or sorghum residue like any other organic waste is heterogeneous varying in bulk
density, moisture content, particle size and distribution depending on the mode of handling. It is usually of low
bulk density with high moisture content of up to 40% when harvested from the farm in partially dried form. The
residue ranges from light brown to dark brown colour in the dry form. The particles have a high glossy/lustrums
spikelet, very discrete but less particulate in texture.
This paper presents an investigative study in determining the chemical composition of GCHA and the
compressive strength of concrete made from partial replacement of cement with GCHA at 5% to 25%
replacements. The cube samples were cured for 7, 14, 21 and 28days respectively before crushing. Preliminary
engineering properties like density and consistency were also determined.
II. Materials and Methods
All the materials used for experiment were procured from the immediate environment. The relevant
standards were used in the conducting the experiments.
2.1 Materials
The materials for this study included Sand, Cement, Guinea Corn Husk Ash (GCHA) and water.
Guinea Corn husk was obtained from Bullun village in Kafin Madaki, Ganjuwa Local Government Area of
Bauchi State, Nigeria. It constituted a large part of the post harvest wastes from guinea corn processing. They
are usually piled up in heaps after the guinea corn seed is extracted and later burnt or fed to livestock by the
locals.
The sand was obtained from Bayara River near Bauchi town. The OPC was procured from Ashaka
Cement Works in Gombe state of Nigeria. Samples of Guinea Corn Husk (GCH) collected were burnt up to
6000
C using a kiln fuelled by kerosene at the Industrial Design Programme of the Abubakar T/Balewa
University Bauchi. The ash was allowed to cool before grinding to a very fine texture and then allowed to pass
through 212 microns sieve.
2.2 Chemical Analysis of GCHA
The GCHA was analyzed to determine its suitability as a pozzolana. The chemical analysis was
conducted at the Lafarge Cement Plant in Ashaka, Gombe State, Nigeria. The Atomic Absorption Spectrometer
(AAS) was used for the analysis.
2.3 Workability Tests of the wet GCHA-Cement Concrete
The Compacting factor test was conducted in accordance with British Standard BS 1881: Part 103 [12].
Slump test was also conducted using the relevant cone for measurements. The tests were conducted in
accordance with British Standards [13].
2.4 Compressive Strength Test
The compressive strength test was conducted in accordance with British Standards [14]. The 1: 2: 4
mix ratio was adopted. The ratio was that of OPC (with levels of GCHA), fine aggregate and coarse aggregate.
The cubes were cast for replacement levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% and cured for 7 days, 14 days,
21 days and 28 days respectively. For each mix, 3 cubes were crushed to obtain the average strength. The
compressive strength is the ratio of the weight of cube and the cross sectional area.
2.5 Density Test
This was carried out before crushing of the cubes. At the end of each curing period, the mortar cubes
were weighed using an electric weighing machine balance. Density is calculated as mass of mortar cube (kg)
divided by volume of mortar cube (m3
) and expressed in kg/m3
.
III. Results and Discussion
3.1 Chemical Analysis
The result of the chemical analysis showing the chemical composition of GCHA is presented in Table 1
and Fig. 1. The total combined content of silica, alumina and ferric oxides was 80.374%. ASTM C618 [15]
specifies that any pozzolana that will be used as a cement blender in concrete requires a minimum 70% of
combined silica, alumina and ferric oxides. Hence GCHA is very suitable as a pozzolana. Also the very low SO3
content of 0.494% is far from the maximum acceptable content of 5% specified in the same ASTM C618. The
SiO2 percent composition of 78.126 is higher than all the values derived from pozzolanas earlier reviewed in a
3. Effect of Guinea Corn Husk Ash as Partial Replacement for Cement in Concrete
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12214045 www.iosrjournals.org 42 | Page
Report [16]. These were Acha Husk Ash (AHA), Bambara Groundnut Husk Ash (BGHA), Bone Powder Ash
(BPA), Groundnut Husk Ash (GHA), Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Wood Ash (WA). Also the CaO percent of
3.338 was higher than 0.84, 1.70 and 1.36 obtained from Acha Husk Ash (AHA), Groundnut Husk Ash (GHA)
and Rice Husk Ash (RHA) respectively. These are all grown within the same environment. This quality has the
potential of giving up GCHA as a better pozollana for concrete. It however exhibited that quality optimally at
5% replacement.
3.2 Workability
The result of the Compacting factor test is shown in Table 2 and Fig. 2. The values increased with the
increase of the proportion of the GCHA content and peaking at 15% content. This further confirmed the GCHA
as possessing pozzolana property. The Compacting factor values can be categorized as low (0.85) and medium
(0.92) in accordance with European Standard [17].
The Slump test results are also in Table 2 and Fig. 2.The slump values increased with increase in
GCHA proportions except at the 5% replacement. All the values fall within the medium range of slump (35mm
– 75mm) in accordance with BS 1881 [18]. According to ENV 206 [19], only the 5% replacement was in the S1
classification (10mm – 40mm) while the remaining were in the S2 classification (50mm – 90mm).
3.4 Compressive strength of the GCHA-cement Concrete
The results of the compressive strength test is shown in Table 3 and presented graphically in Fig. 3.
The compressive strength decreased as percentage ash increased, however the 5% GCHA replacement concrete
presented an exception. The strength value increased over the plain concrete before decreasing at the other
higher replacement levels. It is apparent that a 5% replacement level will produce the optimum strength.
However the trend of the compressive strength shows that replacing cement with more than 10% GCHA will not
give required strength for strong concrete that is capable of bearing heavy load. Reports on Corn Cob Ash
(CCA) Cement Concrete [20] on the effect of admixtures, showed that compressive strength improved by 9.99%
with accelerator, by 29.1% with plasticizer and by 14.2% with water reducer and retarder.
3.5. Density of the GCHA-cement Concrete
The results of the density test are shown in Table 4 and Fig. 4. The densities slightly decreased as ash
percentage increased especially at 21days and 28days curing periods. However 5% GCHA presented higher
density over plain concrete, thereby once more signifying the optimum strength derivable at that replacement
level. Specific gravity of GCHA was 1.76
IV. Conclusion
Guinea corn husk was burnt up to 6000
C using a kiln. The ash was allowed to cool, then grinded and
sieved. The chemical analysis of the ash gave favourable result for use as pozzolana.
The GCHA was used to replace cement at 5% - 25% levels. The consistency of the wet mixes fell
within the low and medium classifications. The Compressive strengths declined with increase in GCHA levels
except for the 5% level that presented a marked increase, thereby suggesting that the best mix for strength is that
of 5% level. The density values showed similar trend though with far lower drop at values beyond the 15%
level. It can conveniently be concluded that the GCHA is a good pozzolana for concrete and at 5% - 10%
optimum replacement levels can produce very strong concrete. Admixtures may be added to improve
performance and further work on parameters like setting times, water absorption capacity, permeability,
durability on concrete and mortars made from GCHA replacements is suggested.
Table 1:Chemical Composition of GCHA
Constituent % by weight
SiO2 78.192
Al2O3 1.345
Fe2O3 0.837
CaO 3.338
MgO 3.757
SO3 0.494
K2O 7.674
Na2O 0.249
P2O5 2.946
Mn2O3 0.081
TiO2 0.180
Cl 0.061
Cr2O3 0.000
SrO 0.020
5. Effect of Guinea Corn Husk Ash as Partial Replacement for Cement in Concrete
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12214045 www.iosrjournals.org 44 | Page
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Appendix
Plate 1: A bunch of harvested Guinea corn
Plate 1: Guinea corn fruit showing the seed (white) and husk (brown)
Plate 2: Guinea corn separated from the Husk and Straw (around the corn)