EFFECT OF THE ROUGHNESS AND TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE OF THE BASE MATERIAL ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE COATING LAYER (NICKEL - ALUMINUM) SPRAYED THERMALLY BY FLAME
In this research, the thermal coating process was carried out using flame spraying
technique using a gas mixture of oxygen and acetylene for the purpose of obtaining a
surface layer of nickel-aluminum (metco450) coating on the surface of medium carbon
steel type (AISI 1050) which provide an increase in surface properties and compensation
of the base material when lost due to friction or wear.
The research was carried out in three successive stages. The first stage included the
preparation of the specimens and the design of the base surface of these specimens and
Preparation of powder coating and analysis of chemical components for base material
and powder coating. The second stage included the implementation of the coating process
of (nickel-aluminum) powder by using the flame spray. The coating process was carried
out in different ways for each model by changing the different spraying factors, which
included the surface roughness of the specimens and the surface temperature of the
specimens before the coating process. The third stage of the research included
mechanical testing procedures of the coating layer.
The tests showed that adhesion increases with increasing surface roughness of the
sample prior to coating and the best adhesion is obtained when the base surface of the
sample is heated to a temperature of (350 ºC) before the coating process. The resistance
of the coating layer to wear is increased with the roughness of the base material surface
of the sample due to the increased adhesion of the coating layer and the best resistance
to wear when heating the surface of the base material of the sample before coating to
temperature (350 ºC). The hardness of the coating layer is increased by increasing the
roughness of the surface of the base material of the sample before the coating process
and the best surface hardness of the coating layer when heating the surface of the base
material of the sample before the coating process to (350 ºC
The presentation is related to the plasma spraying that covers the principle of working, setup, advantages - Limitations along with the factors affecting the overall process.
Fabrication of aluminum foam from aluminum scrapIJERA Editor
In this study the optimum parameters affecting the preparation of aluminum foam from recycled aluminum were studied, these parameters are: temperature, CaCO3 to aluminum scrap wt. ratio as foaming agent, Al2O3 to aluminum scrap wt. ratio as thickening agent, and stirring time. The results show that, the optimum parameters are the temperature ranged from 800 to 850oC, CaCO3 to aluminum scrap wt. ratio was 5%, Al2O3 to aluminum scrap wt. ratio was 3% and stirring time was 45 second with stirring speed 1200 rpm. The produced foam apparent densities ranged from 0.40-0.60 g/cm3. The microstructure of aluminum foam was examined by using SEM, EDX and XRD, the results show that, the aluminum pores were uniformly distributed along the all matrices and the cell walls covered by thin oxide film.
Synthesis and Mechanical Characterization of Aluminum-Graphene Metal Matrix b...dbpublications
Composite materials are the go-to materials for a huge range of applications ranging from bio-medical to aerospace, owing to their superior properties than the monolithic metals. This paper presents the synthesis of Aluminum-Graphene composite material, with Aluminum being the matrix phase and the ‘Wonder Material’ Graphene being the reinforcing phase, through powder metallurgy technique.The composite material was prepared by varying the percentage composition (by weight) of Graphene – 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% with the hardness and wear properties being studied. Also included is the microstructure study and the discussion on the effect of closed-die forging on these samples with conclusions being drawn on forged and unforged composites.
Prediction of Weld Quality of A Tungsten Inertr Gas Welded Mild Steel Pipe Jo...IJERA Editor
The weld quality of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welded joint has been investigated to identify the most economical weld parameters that will bring about optimum properties. Response surface methodology has been used in the optimization of the tungsten inert gas weld of mild steel pipes. Response surface methodology, based on the central composite face centered design was generated for the purpose of optimization of the weld quality.All the process parameters have desirability of 1. Tensile strength response for this solution have a desirability of 0.910595 and the yield strength of 0.59. Result showed that minimizing current and voltage an average tensile strength of 535.452MPa and yield strength of up to 408.74MPa can be achieved, while keeping gas flow rate and electrode diameter within the range of test. It was also deduced that tensile elongation of the TIG weld is not influenced by the process parameters selected for the purpose of this study.
Gravity Sand Casting of Metallurgical Bonded Bimetallic Grinding Roll Made of...IJERA Editor
Bimetallic castings are widely used in the mining industries as construction material for crushers which have to perform high abrasive resistance at the outer side and excellent machinability at the inner side. To manufacture bimetallic casting goods cconsecutive centrifugal and gravity casting methods are commonly applied. Centrifugal and consecutive casting come up with geometrical constraints at the parting line of both materials. This research dealed with the manufacturing of tapered grinding roll by applying gravity casting method. The possibilities of casting the white cast iron outer ring in the preheated ductile cast iron of the inner ring were investigated. The inner ring was first heated up by casting liquid metal around the inner side, which prevented the inner ring from cracking due to rapid expansion during the casting process and to provide adequyate shrinkage of inner ring during solidification. After achieving the desired temperature of the inner ring, the liquid metal of white cast iron was then poured into the cavity to form the outer ring. The preheating temperature of the inner ring was mainly derived from the linear thermal expansion of both quasi isotrophic material and the diffusion at the parting line. This preheating temperature has to facilitate the formation of metallurgical bonding and avoid cracks due to the difference of shrinkage value between inner and outer ring. The preheating temperature was set up in the range of 500°C -1000 °C and the flushing time was fixed for 7 seconds. Studies on the microstructure of sample material have revealed a formation of metallurgical bonding at all of the preheating temperature. The width of the diffusion at the interface area varied between 291 µm at 500 oC preheating temperature, 301 µm at 625 oC, 834,8 µm at 750 °C, 909,1 µm at 875 °C and 1027,7 µm at 1000 °C. By preheating temperature of higher than 750°C fusion occured at the interface area between inner and outer material. This research concludes that the casting of bimetallic by applying gravity casting method can be done by preheating the inner ring to 625 oC, interface temperature of 1150 oC, flushing time of 7 seconds and pouring the white cast iron outer ring at the temperature of 1430 oC
In this work, effect of welding electrode, welding current and corrosion media on
corrosion behaviour of three kinds of stainless steel (AISI 304, AISI 316 and AISI 410)
was investigated. Welding was performed by manual metal arc welding process using
three types of welding electrode (E308L, E316L and E310). Corrosion behaviour of
the welded joints was examined in two chloride mediums (3.5%NaCl and 3.5%KCl).
The results showed that welding electrodes E316L and E310, which contain Mo and
Ni respectively, increase corrosion resistance in of the weldment. The increment in
heat input by increasing welding current caused reduction in corrosion resistance by
facilitating carbon diffusion and formation of chromium carbides in the weld area. It
was also found that corrosion rate of 3.5% NaCl was more aggressive than 3.5% KCl.
The presentation is related to the plasma spraying that covers the principle of working, setup, advantages - Limitations along with the factors affecting the overall process.
Fabrication of aluminum foam from aluminum scrapIJERA Editor
In this study the optimum parameters affecting the preparation of aluminum foam from recycled aluminum were studied, these parameters are: temperature, CaCO3 to aluminum scrap wt. ratio as foaming agent, Al2O3 to aluminum scrap wt. ratio as thickening agent, and stirring time. The results show that, the optimum parameters are the temperature ranged from 800 to 850oC, CaCO3 to aluminum scrap wt. ratio was 5%, Al2O3 to aluminum scrap wt. ratio was 3% and stirring time was 45 second with stirring speed 1200 rpm. The produced foam apparent densities ranged from 0.40-0.60 g/cm3. The microstructure of aluminum foam was examined by using SEM, EDX and XRD, the results show that, the aluminum pores were uniformly distributed along the all matrices and the cell walls covered by thin oxide film.
Synthesis and Mechanical Characterization of Aluminum-Graphene Metal Matrix b...dbpublications
Composite materials are the go-to materials for a huge range of applications ranging from bio-medical to aerospace, owing to their superior properties than the monolithic metals. This paper presents the synthesis of Aluminum-Graphene composite material, with Aluminum being the matrix phase and the ‘Wonder Material’ Graphene being the reinforcing phase, through powder metallurgy technique.The composite material was prepared by varying the percentage composition (by weight) of Graphene – 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% with the hardness and wear properties being studied. Also included is the microstructure study and the discussion on the effect of closed-die forging on these samples with conclusions being drawn on forged and unforged composites.
Prediction of Weld Quality of A Tungsten Inertr Gas Welded Mild Steel Pipe Jo...IJERA Editor
The weld quality of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welded joint has been investigated to identify the most economical weld parameters that will bring about optimum properties. Response surface methodology has been used in the optimization of the tungsten inert gas weld of mild steel pipes. Response surface methodology, based on the central composite face centered design was generated for the purpose of optimization of the weld quality.All the process parameters have desirability of 1. Tensile strength response for this solution have a desirability of 0.910595 and the yield strength of 0.59. Result showed that minimizing current and voltage an average tensile strength of 535.452MPa and yield strength of up to 408.74MPa can be achieved, while keeping gas flow rate and electrode diameter within the range of test. It was also deduced that tensile elongation of the TIG weld is not influenced by the process parameters selected for the purpose of this study.
Gravity Sand Casting of Metallurgical Bonded Bimetallic Grinding Roll Made of...IJERA Editor
Bimetallic castings are widely used in the mining industries as construction material for crushers which have to perform high abrasive resistance at the outer side and excellent machinability at the inner side. To manufacture bimetallic casting goods cconsecutive centrifugal and gravity casting methods are commonly applied. Centrifugal and consecutive casting come up with geometrical constraints at the parting line of both materials. This research dealed with the manufacturing of tapered grinding roll by applying gravity casting method. The possibilities of casting the white cast iron outer ring in the preheated ductile cast iron of the inner ring were investigated. The inner ring was first heated up by casting liquid metal around the inner side, which prevented the inner ring from cracking due to rapid expansion during the casting process and to provide adequyate shrinkage of inner ring during solidification. After achieving the desired temperature of the inner ring, the liquid metal of white cast iron was then poured into the cavity to form the outer ring. The preheating temperature of the inner ring was mainly derived from the linear thermal expansion of both quasi isotrophic material and the diffusion at the parting line. This preheating temperature has to facilitate the formation of metallurgical bonding and avoid cracks due to the difference of shrinkage value between inner and outer ring. The preheating temperature was set up in the range of 500°C -1000 °C and the flushing time was fixed for 7 seconds. Studies on the microstructure of sample material have revealed a formation of metallurgical bonding at all of the preheating temperature. The width of the diffusion at the interface area varied between 291 µm at 500 oC preheating temperature, 301 µm at 625 oC, 834,8 µm at 750 °C, 909,1 µm at 875 °C and 1027,7 µm at 1000 °C. By preheating temperature of higher than 750°C fusion occured at the interface area between inner and outer material. This research concludes that the casting of bimetallic by applying gravity casting method can be done by preheating the inner ring to 625 oC, interface temperature of 1150 oC, flushing time of 7 seconds and pouring the white cast iron outer ring at the temperature of 1430 oC
In this work, effect of welding electrode, welding current and corrosion media on
corrosion behaviour of three kinds of stainless steel (AISI 304, AISI 316 and AISI 410)
was investigated. Welding was performed by manual metal arc welding process using
three types of welding electrode (E308L, E316L and E310). Corrosion behaviour of
the welded joints was examined in two chloride mediums (3.5%NaCl and 3.5%KCl).
The results showed that welding electrodes E316L and E310, which contain Mo and
Ni respectively, increase corrosion resistance in of the weldment. The increment in
heat input by increasing welding current caused reduction in corrosion resistance by
facilitating carbon diffusion and formation of chromium carbides in the weld area. It
was also found that corrosion rate of 3.5% NaCl was more aggressive than 3.5% KCl.
Investigation of 316L Stainless Steel by Flame Hardening ProcessIJAEMSJORNAL
Austenitic stainless steel offer great imperviousness to general erosion because of the development of a detached surface film. They are broadly utilized as a part of the sustenance and concoction preparing ventures and in addition in biomaterial applications. In any case, they can experience the ill effects of setting erosion in chloride particle containing arrangements. All things considered, in the meantime they have discovered little use in mechanical building applications in view of their low hardness and poor wear resistance. In this examination work, to enhance the previously mentioned reasons, surface solidifying by Flame hardening procedure is done. It has for some time been an outstanding a warm treatment for enhancing the surface properties of austenitic stainless steel. The examples were fire solidified for 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 15 minutes separately. Wear test for every one of the examples were completed by stick on plate testing process. The outcomes were contrasted and an untreated specimen and finished up with metallographic tests like optical tiny tests and examining electron magnifying lens tests.
Effect of LVOF Sprayed Coating in Oxidation & Hot Corrosion Performance of Bo...IJRES Journal
Oxidation and hot corrosion is the major degradation mechanism of failure of boiler and gas turbine components. These failures occur because of the usage of wide range of fuels such as coal, oil at increased temperatures. To obviate these problems, in current investigation Al2O3+40%TiO2 powder has been deposited on Boiler Steel SA-192by LVOF (Low velocity oxy fuel process). The oxidation and hot corrosion performances of Al2O3+40%TiO2 coated as well as bare Boiler Steel SA-192 has been evaluated in air and with aggressive environment Na2SO4+60%V2O5 under cyclic conditions at an elevated temperatures of 8500C & 9500C. The kinetics of the corrosion is approximated by weight change measurements made after each cycle for total duration of 50 cycles. Each cycle consists of keeping the samples for 1 hour duration in Kanthol wire tube furnace at 8500C and 9500C followed by 20 minute cooling in ambient air. Weight change data has been taken after each cycle by digital electronic balance machine with an accuracy of 1 milligram. Graphs have been plotted between weight gains per surface area to number of cycles. Boiler Steel SA-192 has shown poor performance in oxidising and in hot corrosion environment it suffered intensive spallation in the form of removal of scales. To improve oxidation and hot corrosion resistance Al2O3+40%TiO2 coating has been successfully deposited on Boiler Steel SA-192 by Low velocity oxy fuel process using CERAJET spray nozzle (A proprietary item of MECPL, Jodhpur). Coating has shown approximately 90% & 92% improvement respectively in the oxidation and hot corrosion resistance of Boiler Steel SA-192have been observed .
The behavior of hybrid reinforced concrete after heat resistanceIJERA Editor
This study is trying to provide the behavior of concrete when additional fibers are added under the effect of
evaluated temperatures. Three types of polypropylene fibers are used with different length respectively 3 mm, 6
mm and 12 mm and two types of steel fibers are used of length respectively of 3cm and 5 cm. Hybrid specimens
of concrete are prepared by using two different combinations: 0.5% steel fibers in combination with 0.2%
polypropylene fibers by the volume of concrete; and 0.25% of steel fibers in combination with 0.1%
polypropylene fibers by the volume of concrete. The specimens were subject to different temperatures. An
electric furnace was used to heat the specimens up to 200 0C, 400 0C and 600 0C. The mass loss and compressive
strength were determined by using twelve different mixtures.
Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Austempered, Normalized and As-Weld Ca...IJAEMSJORNAL
More often than not, welded joints experience failure such as fracture which jeopardize their reliability and ergonomics when put in perspective. Attempting a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of welded joint through heat treatment could ensure joints stability and reduce the costs associated with constant repairs and replacements. In this study, the effects of heat treatments (austempering and normalization) on the mechanical properties of weldments were examined. The locally recycled steel sample was sourced from the Delta Steel Company Aladja, Delta State and the spectro-analysis was carried out on it. The test samples were machined as per properties for tests, fractured locally and were welded using shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) with stainless steel electrode. They were then heat treated in electric furnaces. The mechanical properties (tensile strength, yield strength, hardness and impact toughness) were determined and the microstructure examined using scanning electron microscope. They were also examined physically using hand lens. The result indicated that the austempered samples improved significantly in terms of its tensile strength, yield strength, hardness and ductility. It was also found that the untreated sample produced the greatest impact toughness. The result of the physical examination also suggested that heat treatment using oil based quenchant have the potential to inhibit rust at weld joints.
Mechanical Properties Of Fibre Reinforced Concrete Subjected To Elevated Temp...IJARIDEA Journal
The impact of high temperature on the break property of solidified cements which are strengthened with steel and polypropylene filaments have been explored inside the extent of this review. Test comes about demonstrates that higher temperature brings about lessening quality in both the filaments however with a variety in the most extreme temperature. Steel fiber strengthened cement and polypropylene fiber fortified cement is a cementitious material fortified with a given substance of discrete strands. The better mechanical property makes these filaments critical in building development and has expanded use fundamentally in view of its vitality assimilation limit. The vitality required to haul out the strands from the broke cement is more than the vitality required to split the solid grid. Hence, the vitality ingestion limit is the primary material property profited by fiber fortifications. Be that as it may, this vitality retention property holds great just up to a specific temperature. This consider was examined the present work keeping in mind the end goal to evaluate the ideal temperature up to which the quality of the solid filaments would be most extreme.
Keywords— Compressive Strength, High Temperature, Steel Fibre, Polypropylene Fibre.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Thermal Expansivity Behavior and Determination of Density of Al 6061-Sic-Gr ...IJMER
Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) covers a very wide range of materials to simple
reinforcements of castings with low cost refractory wool, to complex continuous fires lay
Role of Coating in Improving High Temperature Oxidation of SteelIJERD Editor
Oxidation is the major degradation mechanism of failure for various components operating at high
temperature. Protective coatings are used to improve the oxidation resistance of such component. In the present
investigation, Al2O3 and Ni-20Cr coatings have been deposited on SAE431 boiler steel by Detonation Gun
Spraying Method. The oxidation performance of Al2O3 and Ni-20Cr coated as well as uncoated SAE-431 steel
has been evaluated in air under cyclic conditions at an elevated temperatures of 8000C. Al2O3 coating on
SAE431 boiler steel has shown approximately 26% improvement in the oxidation resistance of SAE431 steel
whereas Ni-20Cr coating on SAE431 boiler steel has indicated about 21% improvement in the oxidation
resistance as compared to the uncoated SAE431 boiler steel.
This paper is done essentially to study results of
Alumina (Al2O3
), Zirconia (ZrO2
) and Alumina-Zirconia
(Al2O3+40%ZrO2
) ceramic coatings by using plasma spray
process, with different coating thickness of 100μm, 150μm and
200μm are deposited on Al-7075T6 substrate. Coating
microstructure were characterized by using SEM. The coating
Micro hardness, Tribological behaviour and Surface Roughness
of the coated specimens were determined for Aluminium (Al-
7075T6) and Coated Al-7075T6. NiCrAl is used as a bond coat
for providing better coating adhesion. Dry sliding wear test were
performed for different sliding distance of 1000m, 2000m, and
3000m at a constant load of 10N by using a Pin-on-Disc. From
the above work the results were obtained it showed that,
Alumina-Zirconia (Al2O3+40%ZrO2
) coated specimens having
very good wear resistance property when compared to
Alumina (Al2O3
), Zirconia (ZrO2
) coating materials. These results
clearly demonstrate that the significant improvement in coating
performance can be achieved by proper thermal spray conditions
and proper mixing of coating powder composition.
MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION AND HOT EROSION BEHAVIOR OF CRC-NICR COATED ...IAEME Publication
Erosion behavior of the High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) deposited CrC - NiCr coating on stainless steel was evaluated. Th e solid particle erosion stu dy was conducted using an air jet erosion test rig at a velocity 60m/sec and impingement angle 60 ° , 75 ° and 90 ° , on HVOF spray coated steel at 600 ° C. Microstructure, chemical composition, phases present in the coating on the steel substrate was studied by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X - Ray Diffraction method. The Hardness is gradually increasing with increasing content of Cr 3 C 2 particles in all three samples. The erosion mechanism of coatings was also discussed and erosion rate is maximum at impingement angle 75 °
Investigation of 316L Stainless Steel by Flame Hardening ProcessIJAEMSJORNAL
Austenitic stainless steel offer great imperviousness to general erosion because of the development of a detached surface film. They are broadly utilized as a part of the sustenance and concoction preparing ventures and in addition in biomaterial applications. In any case, they can experience the ill effects of setting erosion in chloride particle containing arrangements. All things considered, in the meantime they have discovered little use in mechanical building applications in view of their low hardness and poor wear resistance. In this examination work, to enhance the previously mentioned reasons, surface solidifying by Flame hardening procedure is done. It has for some time been an outstanding a warm treatment for enhancing the surface properties of austenitic stainless steel. The examples were fire solidified for 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 15 minutes separately. Wear test for every one of the examples were completed by stick on plate testing process. The outcomes were contrasted and an untreated specimen and finished up with metallographic tests like optical tiny tests and examining electron magnifying lens tests.
Effect of LVOF Sprayed Coating in Oxidation & Hot Corrosion Performance of Bo...IJRES Journal
Oxidation and hot corrosion is the major degradation mechanism of failure of boiler and gas turbine components. These failures occur because of the usage of wide range of fuels such as coal, oil at increased temperatures. To obviate these problems, in current investigation Al2O3+40%TiO2 powder has been deposited on Boiler Steel SA-192by LVOF (Low velocity oxy fuel process). The oxidation and hot corrosion performances of Al2O3+40%TiO2 coated as well as bare Boiler Steel SA-192 has been evaluated in air and with aggressive environment Na2SO4+60%V2O5 under cyclic conditions at an elevated temperatures of 8500C & 9500C. The kinetics of the corrosion is approximated by weight change measurements made after each cycle for total duration of 50 cycles. Each cycle consists of keeping the samples for 1 hour duration in Kanthol wire tube furnace at 8500C and 9500C followed by 20 minute cooling in ambient air. Weight change data has been taken after each cycle by digital electronic balance machine with an accuracy of 1 milligram. Graphs have been plotted between weight gains per surface area to number of cycles. Boiler Steel SA-192 has shown poor performance in oxidising and in hot corrosion environment it suffered intensive spallation in the form of removal of scales. To improve oxidation and hot corrosion resistance Al2O3+40%TiO2 coating has been successfully deposited on Boiler Steel SA-192 by Low velocity oxy fuel process using CERAJET spray nozzle (A proprietary item of MECPL, Jodhpur). Coating has shown approximately 90% & 92% improvement respectively in the oxidation and hot corrosion resistance of Boiler Steel SA-192have been observed .
The behavior of hybrid reinforced concrete after heat resistanceIJERA Editor
This study is trying to provide the behavior of concrete when additional fibers are added under the effect of
evaluated temperatures. Three types of polypropylene fibers are used with different length respectively 3 mm, 6
mm and 12 mm and two types of steel fibers are used of length respectively of 3cm and 5 cm. Hybrid specimens
of concrete are prepared by using two different combinations: 0.5% steel fibers in combination with 0.2%
polypropylene fibers by the volume of concrete; and 0.25% of steel fibers in combination with 0.1%
polypropylene fibers by the volume of concrete. The specimens were subject to different temperatures. An
electric furnace was used to heat the specimens up to 200 0C, 400 0C and 600 0C. The mass loss and compressive
strength were determined by using twelve different mixtures.
Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Austempered, Normalized and As-Weld Ca...IJAEMSJORNAL
More often than not, welded joints experience failure such as fracture which jeopardize their reliability and ergonomics when put in perspective. Attempting a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of welded joint through heat treatment could ensure joints stability and reduce the costs associated with constant repairs and replacements. In this study, the effects of heat treatments (austempering and normalization) on the mechanical properties of weldments were examined. The locally recycled steel sample was sourced from the Delta Steel Company Aladja, Delta State and the spectro-analysis was carried out on it. The test samples were machined as per properties for tests, fractured locally and were welded using shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) with stainless steel electrode. They were then heat treated in electric furnaces. The mechanical properties (tensile strength, yield strength, hardness and impact toughness) were determined and the microstructure examined using scanning electron microscope. They were also examined physically using hand lens. The result indicated that the austempered samples improved significantly in terms of its tensile strength, yield strength, hardness and ductility. It was also found that the untreated sample produced the greatest impact toughness. The result of the physical examination also suggested that heat treatment using oil based quenchant have the potential to inhibit rust at weld joints.
Mechanical Properties Of Fibre Reinforced Concrete Subjected To Elevated Temp...IJARIDEA Journal
The impact of high temperature on the break property of solidified cements which are strengthened with steel and polypropylene filaments have been explored inside the extent of this review. Test comes about demonstrates that higher temperature brings about lessening quality in both the filaments however with a variety in the most extreme temperature. Steel fiber strengthened cement and polypropylene fiber fortified cement is a cementitious material fortified with a given substance of discrete strands. The better mechanical property makes these filaments critical in building development and has expanded use fundamentally in view of its vitality assimilation limit. The vitality required to haul out the strands from the broke cement is more than the vitality required to split the solid grid. Hence, the vitality ingestion limit is the primary material property profited by fiber fortifications. Be that as it may, this vitality retention property holds great just up to a specific temperature. This consider was examined the present work keeping in mind the end goal to evaluate the ideal temperature up to which the quality of the solid filaments would be most extreme.
Keywords— Compressive Strength, High Temperature, Steel Fibre, Polypropylene Fibre.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Thermal Expansivity Behavior and Determination of Density of Al 6061-Sic-Gr ...IJMER
Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) covers a very wide range of materials to simple
reinforcements of castings with low cost refractory wool, to complex continuous fires lay
Study of effects of heat treatment on the hardness and microstructure of weld...
Similar to EFFECT OF THE ROUGHNESS AND TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE OF THE BASE MATERIAL ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE COATING LAYER (NICKEL - ALUMINUM) SPRAYED THERMALLY BY FLAME
Role of Coating in Improving High Temperature Oxidation of SteelIJERD Editor
Oxidation is the major degradation mechanism of failure for various components operating at high
temperature. Protective coatings are used to improve the oxidation resistance of such component. In the present
investigation, Al2O3 and Ni-20Cr coatings have been deposited on SAE431 boiler steel by Detonation Gun
Spraying Method. The oxidation performance of Al2O3 and Ni-20Cr coated as well as uncoated SAE-431 steel
has been evaluated in air under cyclic conditions at an elevated temperatures of 8000C. Al2O3 coating on
SAE431 boiler steel has shown approximately 26% improvement in the oxidation resistance of SAE431 steel
whereas Ni-20Cr coating on SAE431 boiler steel has indicated about 21% improvement in the oxidation
resistance as compared to the uncoated SAE431 boiler steel.
This paper is done essentially to study results of
Alumina (Al2O3
), Zirconia (ZrO2
) and Alumina-Zirconia
(Al2O3+40%ZrO2
) ceramic coatings by using plasma spray
process, with different coating thickness of 100μm, 150μm and
200μm are deposited on Al-7075T6 substrate. Coating
microstructure were characterized by using SEM. The coating
Micro hardness, Tribological behaviour and Surface Roughness
of the coated specimens were determined for Aluminium (Al-
7075T6) and Coated Al-7075T6. NiCrAl is used as a bond coat
for providing better coating adhesion. Dry sliding wear test were
performed for different sliding distance of 1000m, 2000m, and
3000m at a constant load of 10N by using a Pin-on-Disc. From
the above work the results were obtained it showed that,
Alumina-Zirconia (Al2O3+40%ZrO2
) coated specimens having
very good wear resistance property when compared to
Alumina (Al2O3
), Zirconia (ZrO2
) coating materials. These results
clearly demonstrate that the significant improvement in coating
performance can be achieved by proper thermal spray conditions
and proper mixing of coating powder composition.
MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION AND HOT EROSION BEHAVIOR OF CRC-NICR COATED ...IAEME Publication
Erosion behavior of the High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) deposited CrC - NiCr coating on stainless steel was evaluated. Th e solid particle erosion stu dy was conducted using an air jet erosion test rig at a velocity 60m/sec and impingement angle 60 ° , 75 ° and 90 ° , on HVOF spray coated steel at 600 ° C. Microstructure, chemical composition, phases present in the coating on the steel substrate was studied by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X - Ray Diffraction method. The Hardness is gradually increasing with increasing content of Cr 3 C 2 particles in all three samples. The erosion mechanism of coatings was also discussed and erosion rate is maximum at impingement angle 75 °
Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Rheocat Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg AlloyDr. Manal Abdullatif
In this study, the effect of improved microstructure of Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg alloys by using semisolid process on hardness and dry sliding wear behaviour were investigated. The microstructures of conventional cast alloy were totally dendritic, while in rheocasting the dendrit-ic transfer to fine globular microstructures after using cooling slope casting. Tribological tests were carried out by using a pin-on-disc apparatus in dry sliding conditions. Wear tests were at low sliding speed 1ms-1 ,applied load at 50N and three different sliding distance (i.e., 1.8Km, 5.4Km and 9Km) respectively. An optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope were used to examine the micro-structure and to understand the wear mechanism on the worn surface of both samples. The results showed that, the wear resistance of rheocast alloy was improved and higher than that those produce by conventional casting. The volume loss of rheocast alloy show reduc-tion more than 18% at 1.8Km and 10% at 9Km compared to as-cast alloy. Moderate wear regimes were appeared in both alloys, accord-ing to the range of wear rate. The friction coefficient had increased due to increase in the contact point between pin and disc materials. The dominant wear mechanism for conventional and rheocasting alloys was adhesion wear and abrasive wear respectively.
Study of sliding wear rate of hot rolled steel specimen subjected to Zirconia...IJERA Editor
Wear is nothing but loss of material by usage. In a mechanical industry mechanical components will operate
under severe load, temperature and high speeds. Under such a type of situation, when metal to metal contact take
place the surfaces that comes in contact is subjected to wear. These should be considered as a serious affair in an
industry because if the process of wear continues it can reduce service life of the component and also to the
entire mechanical system to which the component has been used. In the light of the above the present work
mainly deals with the study of wear behavior of hot rolled steel with and without zirconia coating on the contact
surface and the effect of zirconia coating with varying thickness.
Evaluation Performance ofan Annular Composite Fin by UsingMATLAB ProgrammingIJERA Editor
The aim of this project is analysis the efficiency ratio in an annular fin by the variation of heat transfer coefficient for any surface condition by using MATLAB software to calculate the base fin efficiency and the coated fin efficiency by the variation of heat transfer coefficient, radius ratio and base fin thickness of an annular fin and compare the coating fin efficiency to base fin efficiency. If the heat transfer coefficient is 50W/m2K the increase efficiency ratio is 10.46 – 28.02% for zinc coating fin from the literature but the MATLAB result is 9.3 - 25.54% , the gain efficiency ratio at thicker base fin (d=0.001m) is 11.72%, at the thinner base fin (d=0.0002m) is 33.57% from the literature but the MATLAB result is 7.45% (d=0.001m) and 32.14% (d=0.0002m) for zinc coating fin and the gain efficiency ratio at thicker base fin (d=0.001m) is 11.92%, at the thinner base fin (d=0.0002m) is 33.61% from the literature but the MATLAB result is 7.51% (d=0.001m) and 32.16% (d=0.0002m) for zinc alloy coating fin.
Experimental Investigations on Tribiological Properties of 6061-T6 Al Alloy b...IJAEMSJORNAL
Microstructure and tribological properties of Al-TiB2 nano surface composite fabricated by Friction Stir Processing (FSP) were evaluated. To vary the percentage of TiB2 three different slot thickness viz. 1mm, 1.5 mm and 2mm were considered. Microstructural evaluations showed a nearly uniform distribution of TiB2 in the aluminium matrix after FSP with the addition of composite powder. Microhardness test results shoes FSW of Al6061-T6 alloy with 2mm groove width has more hardness. tribological properties were evaluated at two different sliding velocities 0.314m/s and 0.48m/s and results shows that at lower loads there is no much difference in wear rate of surface composite made with different slot sizes but with increase in load and sliding velocity wear rate was increased , however, larger slot Al6061-TiB2 Surface composites show better wear resistance.
Investigation on corrosion behaviour of mild steel using al, zn, ni cr coatin...IJLT EMAS
Mild steel is the base material most commonly and
widely used in ship and pipe building material. The purpose of
this project is to analyse the different coating material like
aluminium, zinc and Nichrome using thermal spray process and
to select the suitable coating material for mild steel which resists
corrosion better. The main aim of this research is to analyse the
corrosion of coated mild steel in its first stages, in order to
determine its corrosion rate and to select the suitable coating
material for corrosion resistance of mild steel.
The desired to reach higher efficiencies, lower specific fuel consumption and reduced emission in modern engines has becomes the primary focus of engine researches and manufactures over the past three decades. Ceramic coating is a solution to such problem as they provide good thermal barrier properties for designers. In the design of adiabatic engines, reducing in cylinder heat rejection requires very special thermal barrier coatings on the engine combustion chamber. Partial Thermal barrier coatings (TBC) on the top surface of the piston is considered as a solution for reduction of unburned Hydrocarbon (HC) emission produce by incomplete combustion with respect to crevice volume when engines start. The TBC on the top piston surface decreases the thermal conductivity and increases the unburned charged oxidation, so that the metallic substrates will be exposed to lower peak temperature thereby reducing the thermal stress in engines components. Also thermal barrier coatings on other elements of combustion chamber of internal combustion engine offer advantages including fuel efficiency, multi fuel capacity and high power density. Therefore, thermal barrier coating (TBC) technology is successfully applied to the internal combustion engines, in particular to the combustion chamber.
Deposition of Antimony Trioxide on the Composite Surface to Increase Its Fla...Ali I. Al-Mosawi
In the present work, the preparation method of antimony trioxide and its thermal properties
were extracted, as well as identified the manufacturing method to form an insulation layer
from this oxide as a thickness of the covering layer (2 mm), deposited on the composite material consisting of unsaturated polyester resin and glass fiber which acts as a paste and take for the material to the insulation and flame retardant oxide. Thermal erosion test was performed to assess the functioning of the antimony oxide efficiency to flame retardants. The
result obtained from erosion test done at (2000 °C) is an evidence that the antimony trioxide has an efficiency of as a flame retardant material at elevated temperatures.
Fabrication and characterisation of in situ al-tic compositeIAEME Publication
Similar to EFFECT OF THE ROUGHNESS AND TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE OF THE BASE MATERIAL ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE COATING LAYER (NICKEL - ALUMINUM) SPRAYED THERMALLY BY FLAME (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
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Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
EFFECT OF THE ROUGHNESS AND TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE OF THE BASE MATERIAL ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE COATING LAYER (NICKEL - ALUMINUM) SPRAYED THERMALLY BY FLAME
2. Ammar Razzaq Hasan, Al-Hadrayi Ziadoon M.R and Ibrahim Joodi Hadi
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 392 editor@iaeme.com
Key words: flame spraying, coating (nickel- aluminum), adhesion, wear resistance,
hardness
Cite this Article Ammar Razzaq Hasan, Al-Hadrayi Ziadoon M.R and Ibrahim Joodi Hadi,
Effect of the Roughness And Temperature of the Surface of the Base Material on the
Mechanical Properties of the Coating Layer (Nickel - Aluminum) Sprayed Thermally by
Flame, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(11), 2018, pp.
391–404.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=9&IType=11
1. INTRODUCTION
The definition of thermal spraying according to the ASM is the set of processes that lead to the
mineral or non-metallic coating material deposited in a molten or semi-molten state on the surface
layer of metals or alloys to form the coating or coating layer [1]. The method of thermal spraying
by flame is one of the oldest types of thermal spraying and the most common in the world because
of its simplicity and low cost [2]. The thermal spraying by flame uses compressed air or oxygen
mixed with a fuel type (ethylene, propylene, propane or hydrogen) to melt and accelerate molten
particles [3]. Inert gas such as arcon or nitrogen can be used to emit molten particles if oxidation
of the sprayed particles is undesirable [4]. This is due to the relatively low velocity of molten
particles (50 m / sec) and relatively low temperatures (approximately 3000 ºC). Coating can be
improved by processes called spray and fusion. After spraying, the combustion process is used
to increase the temperature of the base material to a degree close to that of the previous melting
powder [5]. The result is a very high density coating and high adhesion due to metallurgical
bonding between the base material and the coating layer. A wide range of materials can be
thermally sprayed in various applications ranging from thermal machine technology (gas turbine)
to electrical industries [6].
2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
In view of what it represents the thermal spraying by flame of the possibility of obtaining high
performance engineering surfaces in a wide range of industrial applications operations, the
research aims to:
1) Determine the relationship between the surface roughness of the base material and the
mechanical properties of the coating layer by conducting hardness, wear, adhesion and roughness
tests for the coating layer.
2) Determine the relationship between the surface temperature of the base material and the
mechanical properties of the coating layer by conducting hardness tests, wear, adhesion and
roughness of the coating layer.
3) Reduce the losses caused by the failure of the engineering surfaces due to the various types
of wear and tear that are exposed to the surfaces of machines with friction or sliding or frequency
movements made of Medium carbon steel by spraying with a coating of nickel-aluminum instead
of replacing the part.
3. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
3.1 Materials used
The materials used include:
3.1.1. Medium carbon steel (the base material)
A medium carbon steel rod (AISI-1050) was used and cut to obtain the required samples in
cylindrical form (mm10 * mm20) and (mm20 * mm10). The component analysis of these samples
3. Effect of the Roughness And Temperature of the Surface of the Base Material on the Mechanical
Properties of the Coating Layer (Nickel - Aluminum) Sprayed Thermally by Flame
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 393 editor@iaeme.com
was carried out in the Materials Engineering Department by Metal analysis device (Portable
metals Analyses), Manufactured by ARUN Technology; the results appeared as shown in Table
(1).
Table 1 Chemical Analysis of Medium Carbon Steel Type (AISI-1050)
Co%Al%Mn%Si%C%Fe%elements
0.181<0.0200.3080.8110.51097.2Percentage of elements%
V%Ti%Ni%Mo%Cu%Cr%elements
0.116<0.0200.128<0.3770.320<0.030Percentage of elements%
3.1.2. Powder coating used
The use of powder coating of (Ni- Al) type (Metco 450) works to generate chemical reactions
areas deliberately to enhance the strength of adhesion, heating to a temperature When (1400 ºC)
will happen reaction between nickel and aluminum leads to the generation of high temperatures
of up to about (3180 ºC) temperature is sufficient to bring about the fusion of the base areas, and
be a coating material in the form of the aluminum powder is coated with nickel metal. Table (2)
represents the chemical analysis of the powder coating using X-ray machine (X-Ray) type (Twin-
X) manufactured by the company (Oxford Instruments).
Table 2 Chemical analysis of powder coating (nickel - aluminum)
Percentage of elements%Elements of powder coating( Al-Ni)
93 %Ni
7 %Al
Table (3) presents the most important characteristics of the powder coating used.
Table 3 the characteristics of the powder coating
powder coating color Melting point Particle size
(nickel - aluminum) gray 1350 ºC 50 µm
3.2 Stages of the implementation of the practical part
The implementation of the practical side in three successive stages:
3.2.1 The first stage
Samples Preparation Stage
For the purpose of preparing the samples and preparing their surfaces for thermal spraying
using flame, the following is followed:
1- Cutting the steel rod into cylindrical shape and dimensions (20mm*10mm) through
cutting and cutting operations with electric saw.
2- Manufacture hardness samples with cylindrical shape and dimensions (10mm*20mm).
3- Making an internal screw tooth in one side of the sample for the purpose of fixing the
sample in the sample load axis.
4- Smoothing the outer surface of sample (1) by continuous sanding paper (600, 400, 300,
220 and 120).
5- Increase the roughness of the external surface of the sample (2) by running the sample
on the lathe using sandpaper in successive degrees (100, 80, 60, and 40).
4. Ammar Razzaq Hasan, Al-Hadrayi Ziadoon M.R and Ibrahim Joodi Hadi
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 394 editor@iaeme.com
6- Increase the roughness of the external surface of the sample (3) by running the sample on
the lathe using sandpaper (40).
Measure the surface roughness of all samples prior to the coating process to be taken as a
variable using the roughness device. Three readings were taken for different areas of the sample
surface where the roughness was calculated as shown in Table (4).
Table 4 the roughness of the samples before coating
Sample number 1 2 3
Surface roughness as measured by (Ra) 0.95 µm 2.65 µm 5.45 µm
3.2.2 The second stage
Coating Operation Stage
The Flam Spray System is designed and implemented in the welding laboratory of the
material engineering department using a spray gun. The heat flame is produced by burning
oxygen gas and acetylene, which carries the molten powder in the gas mixture stream and attaches
to the surface to be coated by the high temperature of the flame which may Up to (3000 ºC).
It is necessary to control the pressure of the gases to obtain the flame equal to the speed of
the powder rush. The oxygen pressure should be adjusted according to the spray gun used no
more than (4 bar) and the acetylene pressure not more than (0.7 bar) before spraying, see Figure
(1).
Figure 1 Spray gun type (Rototec80)
3.2.2.1. Coating the first group samples
The samples of the first group included three samples with different rough surfaces. The samples
were tested according to the three methods mentioned above, as shown in Table (4) and the
powders were dried in a drying oven to (250 ºC) for (20 minutes).
Where the coating process was carried out according to the following sequence:
1. Install the sample on the axis that is associated with the lathe sample.
2. Install the spray gun on the arm directed to the sample and vertically.
3. Cleaning the outside of the sample with a chemical cleaner (Trichloroethylene
(C2HCI3)), while avoiding touching the sample after cleaning to prevent contamination with oils
and impurities.
4. Rotate the sample at a slow and steady speed during the spraying process.
5. Effect of the Roughness And Temperature of the Surface of the Base Material on the Mechanical
Properties of the Coating Layer (Nickel - Aluminum) Sprayed Thermally by Flame
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 395 editor@iaeme.com
5. The oxygen pressure was set at (3 bar) and the acetylene was pressed on (0.5 bar) of the
bottles. The gases were then controlled by the valves in the pistol. The acetylene gas was first
opened to ignite the flame and then the oxygen gas was opened.
6. The sample is heated by an oxyacetylene torch to a temperature of (350 ºC) where the
temperature is monitored by an infrared thermometer.
7. Conducting a spraying process (nickel-aluminum) from a distance of (250) mm (distance
between the spray gun hole and sample surface), It weighed 1.5 g of powder for the cylindrical
portion and 0.75 g of base
8. The thickness of the paint bond obtained is up to (0.25) mm.
And Figure (2) represents a coated sample.
Figure 2 coated sample.
3.2.2.2. Coating the second group samples
The samples of the second group included three samples with equal surfaces of surface roughness;
the sample surface was roughened by the method of roughing the sample (2). The coating process
was carried out in the same sequence as the first group samples, except for the process of changing
the surface temperature of the sample before spraying the nickel-aluminum coating. Table (5)
shows the temperature variables of the sample surface for each sample of the second group.
Table (5) the Surface temperature of the samples before coating
Sample number 1 2 3
Surface temperature of sample before coating 150 ºC 350 ºC 550 ºC
3.2.3 The third stage
Tests stage are:
3.2.3.1. Adhesion test
The adhesion of the coating layer was tested by using the tensile test device type (Microcomputer
Controlled Electronic Universal Testing Machine (WDW-50E)) was manufactured by (Time
Group Inc.) according to (ASTM A370), where adhesion samples were installed in the screw of
the tensile device.
The test was carried out according to the following steps:
1. Preparation of uncoated samples with equal number of coated samples with dimensions
(20mm*10mm).
2. Conduct chemical cleaning by using (Trichloroethylene (C2HCI3)) for both coated and
uncoated samples to remove oils and other contaminants that hinder the adhesion of both.
6. Ammar Razzaq Hasan, Al-Hadrayi Ziadoon M.R and Ibrahim Joodi Hadi
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 396 editor@iaeme.com
3. Epoxy adhesive (REP-15-0104) was used to paste the two samples together (coated and
uncoated). A layer of epoxy is placed on the surface of the coated sample. The coated and
uncoated samples are then pressed together for approximately (1 hour) and then dried for (18
hours) at (40 ºC), as shown in Figure (3).
Figure 3 shows how to install adhesion samples in tensile jaws device.
4. A vertical load of each sample was applied at a tensile rate (1 mm / min) and until the
sample failed, the highest load was recorded.
5. The value of adhesion resistance or cohesion resistance of the coating layer shall be
calculated as follows:
6. Two readings were obtained for each sample and their rate was calculated. The value
obtained from the test represents the resistance of the weakest part of the system, either in the
coating layer itself or at the boundary between the coating layer and the sample surface. The
reading value is the adhesion resistance if the failure is in the boundary area between the coating
layer and the sample surface while the resistance is the cohesion if the failure occurs within the
coating layer itself.
7. The optical microscope was used to determine the location of the failure.
3.2.3.2. Wear Test
The (pin-on-disk) adhesion wear device was used to test the wear of the coated samples as shown
in Figure (4).
Figure 4 (pin-on-disk) wear device
7. Effect of the Roughness And Temperature of the Surface of the Base Material on the Mechanical
Properties of the Coating Layer (Nickel - Aluminum) Sprayed Thermally by Flame
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 397 editor@iaeme.com
The rate of wear is calculated by calculating the difference in the weight of the coated sample
before and after the test by applying the following law:
W.R = ∆W/S.D 1
Where:
W.R: Weighted averages wear sliding (gm / mm)
W: Weight change is calculated from the following relationship
∆W=W1-W2 2
Where
W1: Sample weight before test (gm)
W2 Sample weight after test (gm)
S.D =S*t 3
Where:
S.D: represents the slip distance calculated from the following law:
S: Sliding speed (cm / min)
t: Sliding Time (min)
The calculated sliding speed by measuring the small diameter roller (D1) and the large
diameter roller (D2) and the radius of rotation of the sample (r) adhesion wear device user.
Where:
D1=66 mm
D2=226mm
r=70 mm
N motor=950 r.p.m.
While the reduction of the rollers ratio is calculated (the velocity) ratio of (i) through the
following law:
i=D2/D1=226/66=3.424
N1= N motor= 950 r.p.m.
Where:
N1: The rotational speed of the small reel
N2: Rotational speed of the large reel (speed of disc)
And always (N1> N2)
3.424=950/N2
N2=277.4 r.p.m.
The linear velocity of the disc which is the same as the sliding speed (S).
S=(2πN2/60)*r 4
S=(2π*277.4/60)*0.07=2 m/s=12000cm/min
The disc is made of Tool Steel and its hardness (385 HV).
Two readings were obtained for each sample and its rate was calculated.
3.2.3.2. Hardness test
The test was performed using a Brinell hardness device (hardness tester), the use of samples in
the shape of a cylindrical disc with dimensions (10mm*20mm).
8. Ammar Razzaq Hasan, Al-Hadrayi Ziadoon M.R and Ibrahim Joodi Hadi
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 398 editor@iaeme.com
The test was carried out as follows:
1. The sample is placed at a distance of 15mm between the test ball and the pressure plate.
2. Place the sample in the test place.
3. The test tool is lowered by turning the wheel manually.
4. The test force is quietly released (9.8 KN) by slowly turning the wheel,
5. As the period of increasing the force to the maximum value should take at least five
seconds.
6. Installation of pregnancy for (15s-10s) and then load is lifted.
7. The sample is then raised and the trace diameter is determined on the surface of the
coating layer using a microscope,
8. After testing and measuring the trace diameter, as shown in Figure (5), the following law
is used to calculate the hardness:
HB = 0.102F/0.5πD[D-(D2-d2)]0.5
5
Three readings were obtained for each sample and its rate was calculated.
Figure 5 measuring the trace diameter
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Results of adhesion tests of coating layer and discussion
These include the results of adhesion tests for all samples that were coated according to the
different variables.
4.1.1 The results of the surface roughness effect of the sample prior to coating on the adhesion
of coating layer
Table (6) shows the amount of adhesion of coating layer for each sample of the first group
samples, which were coated with varying degrees of the surface roughness of the samples before
coating.
Table 6 change of adhesion with the degree of roughness of the sample surface before coating
Sample number 1 2 3
Surface roughness as measured by (Ra) 0.95 µm 2.65 µm 5.45 µm
Adhesive of coating layer 5.25 MPa 7.85 MPa 11.35 MPa
Figure (6) shows the relationship between the surface roughness of the sample before coating
and the amount of adhesion of coating layer. Where there is an increase in adhesion of the coating
layer with increased surface roughness of the sample prior to coating due to increased mechanical
9. Effect of the Roughness And Temperature of the Surface of the Base Material on the Mechanical
Properties of the Coating Layer (Nickel - Aluminum) Sprayed Thermally by Flame
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 399 editor@iaeme.com
bonding between the coating and the sample surface resulting from mechanical interlock between
the coating and the sample surface protrusions.
Figure 6 the relationship between the adhesive of coating layer and degree of the roughness of the
sample surface before coating
4.1.2 The results of the surface temperature of the sample effect of the sample prior to coating
on the adhesion of coating layer
Table (7) shows the amount of adhesion of coating layer for each sample of the second group
samples, which were coated with varying the surface temperatures of the samples before coating.
Table 7 change of adhesion with the surface temperature of the sample before coating
Sample number 1 2 3
Surface temperature of sample before coating 150 ºC 350 ºC 550 ºC
Adhesive of coating layer 6.35 MPa 7.95 MPa 7.55 MPa
Figure (7) shows the relationship between the sample surface temperature before coating and
the amount of adhesion of coating layer, the curve shows that the best adhesion of the coating
layer is obtained when the sample surface is heated to a temperature of (350 ºC), The surface
heating of the surface prior to the coating process helps these grades to increase the penetration
of the coating layer inside the protrusions of the sample surface, While heating to less than (350
ºC) reduces this penetration. Heating to more than (350 ºC) leads to oxidation of the surface of
the sample before spraying the coating layer, which leads to the formation of membranes of metal
oxide on the surface of the sample, which reduces the adhesion coating layer.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Adhesiveofcoatinglayer
MPa
Surface roughness as measured by (Ra)
µm
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Adhesiveofcoatinglayer
MPa
Surface temperature of sample before coating
ºC
10. Ammar Razzaq Hasan, Al-Hadrayi Ziadoon M.R and Ibrahim Joodi Hadi
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 400 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 7 the relationship between the adhesive of coating layer and Surface temperature of the sample
surface before coating
4.2 Results of wear tests of coating layer and discussion
These include the results of wear tests for all samples that were coated according to different
variables.
4.2.1 The results of the surface roughness effect of the sample prior to coating on the rate of
wear of coating layer
Table (8) shows the rate of wear of coating layer for each sample of the first group samples,
which were coated with varying degrees of the surface roughness of the samples before coating.
The wear of each sample of the first group was tested at a time of wear (20 minutes) and a
vertical force of (5 N).
Table 8 change of rate of wear with the degree of roughness of the sample surface before coating
Sample number 1 2 3
Surface roughness as measured by (Ra) 0.95 µm 2.65 µm 5.45 µm
Rate of wear
55*10-9
(gm/min)
40*10-9
(gm/min)
25*10-9
(gm/min)
Figure (8) shows the relationship between the surface roughness of the sample before coating
and the Rate of wear of coating layer. As a result of increasing the overlap of the particles of the
coating layer with the surface of the sample composed of roots working on the installation of the
coating layer, where with increased surface roughness of the sample before coating increases
adhesion and reduce the rate of wear.
Figure 8 the relationship between the rate of wear and degree of the roughness of the sample surface
before coating
4.2.2 The results of the surface temperature of the sample effect of the sample prior to coating
on the rate of wear of coating layer
Table (9) shows the rate of wear of coating layer for each sample of the second group samples,
which were coated with varying surface temperatures of the samples before coating.
The wear of each sample of the first group was tested at a time of wear (20 minutes) and a
vertical force of (5 N).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Rateofwear
(*10-9)(gm/min)
Surface roughness as measured by (Ra)
µm
11. Effect of the Roughness And Temperature of the Surface of the Base Material on the Mechanical
Properties of the Coating Layer (Nickel - Aluminum) Sprayed Thermally by Flame
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 401 editor@iaeme.com
Table (9) change of rate of wear with the surface temperature of the sample before coating
Sample number 1 2 3
Surface temperature of sample before coating 150 ºC 350 ºC 550 ºC
Rate of wear
9-
40*10
(gm/min)
9-
35*10
(gm/min)
9-
60*10
(gm/min)
Figure (9) shows the relationship between the sample surface temperature before coating and
the rate of wear of coating layer, The curve shows that the lowest wear rate is obtained when the
sample is heated before coating to a temperature of (350 ºC), It is noted that the low surface
temperature of (350 ºC) gives a weak bond and high wear rate because the coating layer particles
cannot impregnate the surface of the sample, which reduces adhesion strength and increases the
rate of wear, A higher surface temperature of more than (350 ºC) leads to oxidation of the surface
of the sample before spraying the coating layer, which gives a high wear rate due to the formation
of metal oxide membranes on the sample surface preventing adhesion between the sample surface
and the coating layer particles.
Figure 9 the relationship between the rate of wear and surface temperature of sample before coating
4.3 Results of hardness tests of coating layer and discussion
These include the results of hardness tests for all samples that were coated according to the
different variables.
4.3.1 The results of the surface roughness effect of the sample prior to coating on the hardness
of coating layer
Table (10) shows the hardness of coating layer for each sample of the first group samples,
which were coated with varying degrees of the surface roughness of the samples before coating.
Table 10 change of hardness with the degree of roughness of the sample surface before coating
Sample number 1 2 3
Surface roughness as measured by (Ra) 0.95 µm 2.65 µm 5.45 µm
Hardness of coating layer 7*10-3
HB 7.025*10-3
HB 8.055*10-3
HB
Figure (10) shows the relationship between the surface roughness of the sample before
coating and the hardness of coating layer. Where there is an increase in hardness of the coating
layer with increased surface roughness of the sample prior to coating due to increased mechanical
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Rateofwear
(*10-9)(gm/min)
Surface temperature of sample before coating
ºC
12. Ammar Razzaq Hasan, Al-Hadrayi Ziadoon M.R and Ibrahim Joodi Hadi
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 402 editor@iaeme.com
interlock between the coating and the sample surface protrusions and the coating layer takes extra
hardness from the coated sample.
Figure 10 the relationship between the hardness and degree of the roughness of the sample surface
before coating
4.3.2 The results of the surface temperature of the sample effect of the sample prior to coating
on the hardness of coating layer
Table (11) shows the hardness of coating layer for each sample of the second group samples,
which were coated with varying surface temperatures of the samples before coating.
Table 11 change of rate of wear with the surface temperature of the sample before coating
Sample number 1 2 3
Surface temperature of sample before
coating
150 ºC 350 ºC 550 ºC
Hardness of coating layer
6.775*10-3
HB
7.035*10-3
HB
5.525*10-3
HB
Figure (11) shows the relationship between the sample surface temperature before coating
and the hardness of coating layer, The curve shows that the greatest hardness is obtained when
the sample is heated before coating to a temperature of (350 ºC), It is noted that the low surface
temperature of (350 ºC) gives a weak bond and low hardness because the coating layer particles
cannot impregnate the surface of the sample, which reduces adhesion strength and reduces the
hardness while the surface temperature higher than (350 ºC) causes oxidation of the surface of
the sample before spraying the coating layer, giving little hardness due to the formation of
metallic oxide membranes on the surface of the sample with less hardness as well as reducing the
overlap between the coating layer and the sample surface.
6.8
7
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8
8.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Hardnessofcoatinglayer
(*10-3)HB
Surface roughness as measured by (Ra)
µm
13. Effect of the Roughness And Temperature of the Surface of the Base Material on the Mechanical
Properties of the Coating Layer (Nickel - Aluminum) Sprayed Thermally by Flame
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 403 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 11 the relationship between the hardness and surface temperature of sample before coating
5. CONCLUSION
1. Increase adhesion of coating layer with increased roughness of the sample surface before
coating, it was observed that increasing the roughness of the sample surface prior to coating from
(0.95 µm) to (5.45 µm) increased the adhesion of the coating layer from (5.25 MPa) to (11.35
MPa) by about (100%) approximately due to increased mechanical bonding between the coating
layer and the sample surface.
2. The best adhesion of the coating layer is obtained when the sample surface is heated
before coating to a temperature of (350 ºC), while heating to less than (350 ºC) or more than (350
ºC) reduces the adhesion of coating layer.
3. Increase the wear resistance of the coating layer with increased surface roughness of the
sample before coating, It was observed that increasing the surface roughness of the sample prior
to coating from (0.95 μm) to (5.45 μm) reduces the rate of wear of the coating layer from (55*10-
9 (gm/min)) to (25*10-9 (gm/min)) by about more than half due to increasing the overlap of the
particles of the coating layer with the surface of the sample composed of roots working on the
installation.
4. The lowest wear rate is obtained when the sample is heated before coating to a
temperature of (350 ºC), It is noted that the low surface temperature of (350 ºC) or higher surface
temperature of more than (350 ºC) leads to gives a high rate of wear.
5. increase in hardness of the coating layer with increased surface roughness of the sample
prior to coating from (0.95 µm) to (5.45 µm) increased the hardness of the coating layer from
(7*10-3 HB) to (8.055*10-3 HB) due to increased mechanical interlock between the coating and
the sample surface protrusions and the coating layer takes extra hardness from the coated sample.
6. The greatest hardness is obtained when the sample is heated before coating to a
temperature of (350 ºC), It is noted that the low surface temperature of (350 ºC) or higher surface
temperature of more than (350 ºC) leads to gives a low hardness.
0
2
4
6
8
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Hardnessofcoatinglayer
)HB3-10(*
Surface temperature of sample before coating
ºC
14. Ammar Razzaq Hasan, Al-Hadrayi Ziadoon M.R and Ibrahim Joodi Hadi
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 404 editor@iaeme.com
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