Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) covers a very wide range of materials to simple
reinforcements of castings with low cost refractory wool, to complex continuous fires lay
An Investigative Review on Thermal Characterization of Hybrid Metal Matrix C...IJMER
This document summarizes research on the thermal characterization of hybrid metal matrix composites. It begins by introducing metal matrix composites and their increasing applications. It then discusses the need to characterize the thermophysical properties of composites, such as thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and coefficient of thermal expansion, as composites' behavior can be sensitive to temperature changes. Several techniques for measuring these thermal properties are described, including laser flash analysis and comparative methods. The document reviews some existing studies on thermal expansion and conductivity of hybrid composites and emphasizes the need for further research, particularly on aluminum-graphite-silicon carbide composites. Figures from previous studies depict the effect of graphite content on composites' coefficient of thermal expansion.
Effect of artificial aging temper t6 on tensile properties of aluminum alloy ...FreddyTaebenu
Penjelasan mengenai efek dari proses artificial aging untuk melihat perilaku dari properti material paduan aluminium pada pengujian uji tarik, ditujukan untuk teman-teman yang mengambil bidang atau konsentrasi serupa dalam ilmu material engineering guna untuk menghasilkan produk dengan kualitas terbaik
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the thermal and fire resistance properties of epoxy composites filled with different materials. E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites were fabricated with varying amounts of aluminum oxide, magnesium hydroxide, silicon carbide, and hematite powder using hand layup. Thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, time to ignition, and flame propagation rate were measured. Composites filled with aluminum oxide and magnesium hydroxide exhibited low thermal conductivity. Silicon carbide filled composites had a lower thermal expansion coefficient than other composites. Increasing amounts of aluminum oxide, magnesium hydroxide, and hematite powder increased ignition time and decreased flame propagation rate.
EFFECT OF THERMAL EXPOSURE ON THE MECHANICAL AND WEAR PROPERTIES OF AEROSPACE...Journal For Research
Aluminum alloys are becoming increasingly important available data were utilized to prepare maps that are intended to serve to design Al Alloys with desired combination especially in the automotive and aerospace industries aluminum alloys AA6061 T6 is subjected to several combinations of solution treatments to correlate their mechanical tensile properties to hardness and conductivity measurement Additional the AA6061 T6 alloys were thermally exposed to several temperature to simulate heat damage effects the thermal exposure was correlated to the tensile properties and hardness and conductivity measurement however these materials tend to have poor wear resistance during working conditions study was to evaluate the wear behavior of Al alloys with various parameter by using pin-on-disk machine the wear rate was decreased then after database were created to consolidate the information about microstructure mechanical properties and corrosion behavior for Al Alloys.
Effect of Quenching Media on Mechanical Properties for Medium Carbon SteelIJERA Editor
In this research work the mechanical properties of medium carbon steel has been studied . the Steel AISI 1039
quenched in different quenching media. These quenching media were cold water, water , oil and hot water.
Hardness , tensile , impact and wear tests have been carried out for specimens after quenching in different
media.
It was found that the tensile strength and hardness increased with increasing the heating temperature values of
heat treatment process. Also quenching in cold water has a great effect on tensile strength and hardness values .
where the heights value for tensile strength was (998.6N/mm²) and the hardness was (360.4 Hv) for steel which
quenching in cold water. The percentage of elongation decreased with increasing the temperature of heat
treatment process. also the lowest values of elongation was after quenching process in cold water.
However, the impact toughness and wear rate values were high for alloy after stress relief and lower after
quenching in different media. But the lowest values were recorded after quenching in cold water. It was found
that the absorbed energy and the wear rate for the alloy quenched in cold water were (23.6) J and
(2x10¯⁷gm/cm) respectively. While, for steels treated with the stress relief process were (62.02) J and
(7x10¯⁷gm/cm) respectively.
The behavior of hybrid reinforced concrete after heat resistanceIJERA Editor
This study is trying to provide the behavior of concrete when additional fibers are added under the effect of
evaluated temperatures. Three types of polypropylene fibers are used with different length respectively 3 mm, 6
mm and 12 mm and two types of steel fibers are used of length respectively of 3cm and 5 cm. Hybrid specimens
of concrete are prepared by using two different combinations: 0.5% steel fibers in combination with 0.2%
polypropylene fibers by the volume of concrete; and 0.25% of steel fibers in combination with 0.1%
polypropylene fibers by the volume of concrete. The specimens were subject to different temperatures. An
electric furnace was used to heat the specimens up to 200 0C, 400 0C and 600 0C. The mass loss and compressive
strength were determined by using twelve different mixtures.
EFFECT OF THE ROUGHNESS AND TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE OF THE BASE MATERIAL O...IAEME Publication
In this research, the thermal coating process was carried out using flame spraying
technique using a gas mixture of oxygen and acetylene for the purpose of obtaining a
surface layer of nickel-aluminum (metco450) coating on the surface of medium carbon
steel type (AISI 1050) which provide an increase in surface properties and compensation
of the base material when lost due to friction or wear.
The research was carried out in three successive stages. The first stage included the
preparation of the specimens and the design of the base surface of these specimens and
Preparation of powder coating and analysis of chemical components for base material
and powder coating. The second stage included the implementation of the coating process
of (nickel-aluminum) powder by using the flame spray. The coating process was carried
out in different ways for each model by changing the different spraying factors, which
included the surface roughness of the specimens and the surface temperature of the
specimens before the coating process. The third stage of the research included
mechanical testing procedures of the coating layer.
The tests showed that adhesion increases with increasing surface roughness of the
sample prior to coating and the best adhesion is obtained when the base surface of the
sample is heated to a temperature of (350 ºC) before the coating process. The resistance
of the coating layer to wear is increased with the roughness of the base material surface
of the sample due to the increased adhesion of the coating layer and the best resistance
to wear when heating the surface of the base material of the sample before coating to
temperature (350 ºC). The hardness of the coating layer is increased by increasing the
roughness of the surface of the base material of the sample before the coating process
and the best surface hardness of the coating layer when heating the surface of the base
material of the sample before the coating process to (350 ºC
An Investigative Review on Thermal Characterization of Hybrid Metal Matrix C...IJMER
This document summarizes research on the thermal characterization of hybrid metal matrix composites. It begins by introducing metal matrix composites and their increasing applications. It then discusses the need to characterize the thermophysical properties of composites, such as thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and coefficient of thermal expansion, as composites' behavior can be sensitive to temperature changes. Several techniques for measuring these thermal properties are described, including laser flash analysis and comparative methods. The document reviews some existing studies on thermal expansion and conductivity of hybrid composites and emphasizes the need for further research, particularly on aluminum-graphite-silicon carbide composites. Figures from previous studies depict the effect of graphite content on composites' coefficient of thermal expansion.
Effect of artificial aging temper t6 on tensile properties of aluminum alloy ...FreddyTaebenu
Penjelasan mengenai efek dari proses artificial aging untuk melihat perilaku dari properti material paduan aluminium pada pengujian uji tarik, ditujukan untuk teman-teman yang mengambil bidang atau konsentrasi serupa dalam ilmu material engineering guna untuk menghasilkan produk dengan kualitas terbaik
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the thermal and fire resistance properties of epoxy composites filled with different materials. E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites were fabricated with varying amounts of aluminum oxide, magnesium hydroxide, silicon carbide, and hematite powder using hand layup. Thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, time to ignition, and flame propagation rate were measured. Composites filled with aluminum oxide and magnesium hydroxide exhibited low thermal conductivity. Silicon carbide filled composites had a lower thermal expansion coefficient than other composites. Increasing amounts of aluminum oxide, magnesium hydroxide, and hematite powder increased ignition time and decreased flame propagation rate.
EFFECT OF THERMAL EXPOSURE ON THE MECHANICAL AND WEAR PROPERTIES OF AEROSPACE...Journal For Research
Aluminum alloys are becoming increasingly important available data were utilized to prepare maps that are intended to serve to design Al Alloys with desired combination especially in the automotive and aerospace industries aluminum alloys AA6061 T6 is subjected to several combinations of solution treatments to correlate their mechanical tensile properties to hardness and conductivity measurement Additional the AA6061 T6 alloys were thermally exposed to several temperature to simulate heat damage effects the thermal exposure was correlated to the tensile properties and hardness and conductivity measurement however these materials tend to have poor wear resistance during working conditions study was to evaluate the wear behavior of Al alloys with various parameter by using pin-on-disk machine the wear rate was decreased then after database were created to consolidate the information about microstructure mechanical properties and corrosion behavior for Al Alloys.
Effect of Quenching Media on Mechanical Properties for Medium Carbon SteelIJERA Editor
In this research work the mechanical properties of medium carbon steel has been studied . the Steel AISI 1039
quenched in different quenching media. These quenching media were cold water, water , oil and hot water.
Hardness , tensile , impact and wear tests have been carried out for specimens after quenching in different
media.
It was found that the tensile strength and hardness increased with increasing the heating temperature values of
heat treatment process. Also quenching in cold water has a great effect on tensile strength and hardness values .
where the heights value for tensile strength was (998.6N/mm²) and the hardness was (360.4 Hv) for steel which
quenching in cold water. The percentage of elongation decreased with increasing the temperature of heat
treatment process. also the lowest values of elongation was after quenching process in cold water.
However, the impact toughness and wear rate values were high for alloy after stress relief and lower after
quenching in different media. But the lowest values were recorded after quenching in cold water. It was found
that the absorbed energy and the wear rate for the alloy quenched in cold water were (23.6) J and
(2x10¯⁷gm/cm) respectively. While, for steels treated with the stress relief process were (62.02) J and
(7x10¯⁷gm/cm) respectively.
The behavior of hybrid reinforced concrete after heat resistanceIJERA Editor
This study is trying to provide the behavior of concrete when additional fibers are added under the effect of
evaluated temperatures. Three types of polypropylene fibers are used with different length respectively 3 mm, 6
mm and 12 mm and two types of steel fibers are used of length respectively of 3cm and 5 cm. Hybrid specimens
of concrete are prepared by using two different combinations: 0.5% steel fibers in combination with 0.2%
polypropylene fibers by the volume of concrete; and 0.25% of steel fibers in combination with 0.1%
polypropylene fibers by the volume of concrete. The specimens were subject to different temperatures. An
electric furnace was used to heat the specimens up to 200 0C, 400 0C and 600 0C. The mass loss and compressive
strength were determined by using twelve different mixtures.
EFFECT OF THE ROUGHNESS AND TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE OF THE BASE MATERIAL O...IAEME Publication
In this research, the thermal coating process was carried out using flame spraying
technique using a gas mixture of oxygen and acetylene for the purpose of obtaining a
surface layer of nickel-aluminum (metco450) coating on the surface of medium carbon
steel type (AISI 1050) which provide an increase in surface properties and compensation
of the base material when lost due to friction or wear.
The research was carried out in three successive stages. The first stage included the
preparation of the specimens and the design of the base surface of these specimens and
Preparation of powder coating and analysis of chemical components for base material
and powder coating. The second stage included the implementation of the coating process
of (nickel-aluminum) powder by using the flame spray. The coating process was carried
out in different ways for each model by changing the different spraying factors, which
included the surface roughness of the specimens and the surface temperature of the
specimens before the coating process. The third stage of the research included
mechanical testing procedures of the coating layer.
The tests showed that adhesion increases with increasing surface roughness of the
sample prior to coating and the best adhesion is obtained when the base surface of the
sample is heated to a temperature of (350 ºC) before the coating process. The resistance
of the coating layer to wear is increased with the roughness of the base material surface
of the sample due to the increased adhesion of the coating layer and the best resistance
to wear when heating the surface of the base material of the sample before coating to
temperature (350 ºC). The hardness of the coating layer is increased by increasing the
roughness of the surface of the base material of the sample before the coating process
and the best surface hardness of the coating layer when heating the surface of the base
material of the sample before the coating process to (350 ºC
Mechanical Properties Of Fibre Reinforced Concrete Subjected To Elevated Temp...IJARIDEA Journal
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical properties of fibre reinforced concrete subjected to elevated temperatures. Specifically, it examines how compressive strength is affected in both steel fibre and polypropylene fibre concrete at temperatures from 100°C to 800°C. The results show that compressive strength decreases with increasing temperature for both fibre types, but the optimum temperatures are 400°C for steel fibre and 300°C for polypropylene fibre concrete. Above these temperatures, strength degradation accelerates more quickly for steel fibres. Additionally, polypropylene fibres experience less weight loss at high temperatures since they melt and fill voids in the concrete.
Welding Studies on WB36 for Feed Water Pipingijceronline
To increase efficiency, reduce emissions, cost and to reduce weight of boiler per MW, the power manufacturing sectors are going towards the once through technology (super critical boiler) instead of sub- critical. Once through supercritical (OTSC) technology has become a focal point for effective utilization of coal-based thermal power generation sector in India. Another main advantage of moving towards OTSC technology is reducing the weight of the boiler per MW, which can be done by going for material capable of handling higher pressure and temperature than the conventional material. So, in order to keep pace with these technologies, research on newer materials for every boilers line, which can operate at both higher pressure and temperature, has been initiated. So, in this article, we have taken one such feed water system and headers, where WB 36 steel (15 MiCuMoNiNb5) can be used instead conventional standard carbon steel like A106 grade B or C, which are usually used. For super critical, ultra super critical power plants this conventional materials like A106 grade B or C, leads to very thick piping system. V&M has developed WB 36 steel (15 MiCuMoNiNb5) for high pressure piping of boiler feed water system. This heat-resistant, copperalloyed ferritic steel 15MiCuMoNiNb5 has been widely used in European nuclear and conventional power plants for decades for feed water system. This widespread application is due to the toughness and strength, caused by the precipitation of copper, that are exhibited even at elevated temperatures which other fine-grained structural steels have at room temperature. The aim of this project “Welding Studies on WB36 Steel for Feed Water Piping” was taken to understand the metallurgy and the behavior of the new materials under different manufacturing operations.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis of High Strength Concrete and Normal Strength...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative analysis of the structural behavior of high strength concrete (HSC) columns and normal strength concrete (NSC) columns when exposed to fire through an experimental study. Four reinforced concrete columns (three HSC columns and one NSC column) were subjected to concentric loading and exposed to heat in a laboratory furnace according to standard time-temperature curves. The HSC columns exhibited more spalling and faster loss of compressive strength when exposed to fire compared to the NSC column. Higher temperatures within the HSC columns also contributed to their decreased fire resistance relative to the NSC column. The results provide data on the differences in fire resistance between HSC and NSC columns and how loading levels and heating rates
IRJET- Analysis of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger MaterialsIRJET Journal
This document analyzes materials used for shell and tube heat exchangers. It discusses ceramic and metallic materials like copper alloys and stainless steel. Ceramic materials offer advantages like high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, and thermal conductivity. However, ceramics also have higher costs. Key factors in selecting heat exchanger materials include maximum operating temperatures, corrosion resistance, mechanical strength, and thermal efficiency. The document concludes that while ceramics increase heat transfer performance, stainless steel remains the most cost-effective conventional material. Material selection requires considering all relevant factors to provide long service life.
Mechanical property assessment of austempered and conventionally hardened aisiIAEME Publication
The document summarizes a study that assessed the mechanical properties of AISI 4340 steel that underwent austempering heat treatment versus conventional hardening. Specimens were subjected to tensile, torsion, hardness, impact, and microstructure tests in the as-bought, austempered, and conventionally hardened conditions. Austempering improved tensile, torsional, and impact strength compared to conventional hardening, though it showed a slight decrease in hardness. Lower bainitic and martensitic microstructures were observed after austempering and conventional hardening, respectively.
The document summarizes research on aluminum 7075 alloy composites reinforced with alumina nanoparticles. Microstructural analysis found that 1.0 wt% alumina nanoparticles provided the optimal properties. Specifically:
- 1.0 wt% alumina composites exhibited maximum hardness of 134 HV and lowest wear rate. Higher amounts resulted in decreased hardness and increased wear.
- SEM images showed alumina nanoparticles were well dispersed through the aluminum matrix. Some agglomeration was observed at higher nanoparticle fractions.
- XRD analysis confirmed the presence of aluminum and alumina phases. Peak broadening and shifts indicated refinement of aluminum grains with increased nanoparticles.
- AFM images showed increased surface roughness with higher nanoparticle content
This document provides an overview of various building materials and concepts related to building comfort. It discusses reinforced concrete, structural steel, timber, masonry, polymers and their material properties. It also covers factors that affect thermal comfort like temperature, humidity, air movement and quality. Light levels and their impact on comfort are addressed. Both active design using mechanical systems and passive design harnessing natural elements are described as approaches to meeting comfort requirements. Various appendices provide details of lab experiments and results related to testing the different materials.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Effect of Sintering Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Compositesijtsrd
Using Al, Al2O3 and SiC, different types of composites have been prepared in this experiment. Green compacts of Al composites were made at a compressing load of 1 ton and 2 ton respectively. These compacts were sintered at two different sintering temperatures of 400 °C and 450 °C in an oxygen free environment using muffle furnace for one hour followed by annealing process which took 12 hours. Sintered compacts were then sintered to micro structural examination and mechanical properties evaluation. Higher hardness has been attained for the composites containing 2.5 SiC. Attempts have been made to describe the influence of sintering temperature on the microstructure and properties of Al Al2O3 SiC composites. Samples are prepared of 100 Al, 97.5 Al 2.5 Al2O3, 92.5 Al 7.5 Al2O3, 95 Al 2.5 Al2O3 – 2.5 SiC, 92.5 Al 5 Al2O3 – 2.5 SiC, 95 Al – 5 Al2O3. The main objective of this experiment is to determine the factors that can increase hardness of Al composites. Mohd Quasim Khan ""Effect of Sintering Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Composites"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25073.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/25073/effect-of-sintering-temperature-on-mechanical-properties-of-aluminum-composites/mohd-quasim-khan
Influence of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Aisi1040 SteelIOSR Journals
This investigation is concerned to evaluate the influence of heat treatment on mechanical behavior of AISI1040 steel; it is one of the grades of medium carbon steel of American standard containing 0.40% carbon in its composition. Specimen of quenched/hardened AISI1040 steel was tempered at temperature (650,450&250℃) for 60, 90&120 minutes to modify desired properties. The mechanical behavior, particularly, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation were investigated using universal testing machine; while the hardness measurement was done on Rockwell hardness testing machine of heat treated specimens. Result shows that the ultimate tensile strength and the yield strength decrease while the elongation increases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time of different tempered specimen. The hardness of quenched/hardened specimen decreases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time. Furthermore, increasing temperature and lowering time produces approximately same result as decreasing temperature and increasing time.
Evaluation of Hardness of Bimetallic Weld joint between SA-508Gr3 and SS-304LIRJET Journal
This document evaluates the hardness of a bimetallic weld joint between carbon steel SA 508 Gr3 and stainless steel SS 304L. The study involved welding the two metals with and without a buttering layer between them. Hardness and impact tests found that buttering improved the mechanical properties of the weld joint. Specifically, the maximum hardness was 37.5 for joints with buttering and 27.5 for joints without buttering. The buttering layer was stainless steel SS 309L deposited on the SA 508 Gr3 surface before welding.
This document reviews various welding techniques. It begins by introducing welding as a process for joining materials like metals through melting and discusses some common welding techniques like shielded metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, gas metal arc welding, and flux-cored arc welding. The document then reviews literature on optimizing welding parameters and their effects on weld properties. Specifically, it looks at research optimizing parameters for gas metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding and submerged arc welding. The document describes the methodology for conducting experiments on gas metal arc welding and gas tungsten arc welding of austenitic stainless steel to analyze properties like hardness, strength and corrosion resistance under varied welding conditions.
Finite Element Modeling for Effect of Fire on Steel Structure: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Fire performance of structural steel at elevated temperature includes the study of steel frame subjected to fire.
Also the effect of stress strain temperature on the fire performance of structural steel should be observed. The
behavior of a steel frame in a fire depends on many factors including the properties of the steel and the coating
material on it. The present paper shows reviews of various research works carried out by several researchers on
the effects of stress–strain relationships on the fire performance of steel frame exposed to uniformly increasing
temperature when steel is unprotected and protected with concrete using FEM.
Study on Processing and Mechanical Properties of nano SiCp reinforced AA7075theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
- The document experimentally investigates and optimizes welding parameters for TIG welding of 7005 aluminium alloy. TIG welding was used to weld 5mm thick 7005 aluminium alloy plates while varying the welding parameters.
- Welding current, gas flow rate, welding speed, and electrode gap were selected as input parameters to study their effect on the tensile strength and hardness of the welded joints, which were selected as output responses.
- An L9 orthogonal array based on Taguchi methods was used to design the welding experiments. The experiments analyzed the effect of parameters on tensile strength and hardness using signal-to-noise ratios. Welding current was found to have the greatest influence on tensile
The document discusses various physical properties of materials including volumetric and melting properties, thermal properties, mass diffusion, electrical properties, and electrochemical processes. It provides details on density, thermal expansion, specific heat, thermal conductivity, resistivity, conductivity, and how these properties are important in manufacturing processes such as machining, microelectronics fabrication, casting, and heat treating. Materials are selected based on their physical properties to achieve desired performance in applications.
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of medium carbon steel. Two grades of steel were tested, one with copper and one without. Samples underwent various heat treatments including annealing, normalizing, quenching, and tempering at different temperatures. Hardness, ultimate tensile strength, and ductility were then measured. Results showed that steel with copper had higher hardness and strength but lower ductility. Hardness and strength decreased with increasing tempering temperature, while ductility increased. The study provides data on the mechanical properties and microstructure of heat treated medium carbon steel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study of the Tribological behavior of as cast Al-4.2%Cu-Al2O3 compositeIOSR Journals
The research work is carried out on the study of tribological property of aluminium based metal matrix composite material, which is fabricated by using sol-gel technique. The composite material is prepared through liquid metallurgy method by using varying percentage of Alumina and aluminium and fixed percentage of copper 4.2%. Test sample billet is fabricated through casting method and has been examined the different mechanical behaviour such as Vickers Hardness Number, Ultimate Tensile Strength, 0.2% Proof Stress, etc.
From the study, it has been observed that with increase in the alumina content in matrix the ductility of composite show a contrary effect. The Pin-On-Disc test is used to evaluate the tribological property wear for composite material and it is observered that tendency of wear rate has improved. The weight losses of the specimen are measured and wear and friction characteristics are calculated with respect to time. Depth of wear track, sliding speed, bearing load friction coefficient and wear volume have been shown large sensitivity to the applied normal load and the testing time (or sliding distance). The XRD and SEM analysis are used to analyse the wear debris and track; and silent conclusion has been drawn
This document discusses the effects of time offset (TO) and carrier frequency offset (CFO) on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems and proposes interference cancellation techniques. It introduces the OFDM system model and how CFO causes loss of orthogonality between subcarriers, resulting in inter-carrier interference (ICI) that degrades performance. The paper proposes an ICI reduction scheme using self-cancellation and evaluates its performance compared to standard OFDM. It also discusses using space-time block coding (STBC) with OFDM to improve performance by reducing bit error rate (BER) under different signal-to-noise ratios. Simulation results show STBC effectively mitigates the effects of inter-
Evaluation and Accuracy Assessment of Static GPS Technique in Monitoring of ...IJMER
It is well known that, deformation monitoring systems are considered, nowadays, to be the
back bone factor for human safety as well as preserving the ultimate economy of his achievements. In
this context, there has been always an increasing demand for precise deformation measurements in
keeping up several engineering structures and historical monuments. Measuring and monitoring
monumental deformation is the sequence of operations that allows the finding of movements of points
or features in a specified coordinate system, during two different times for the same investigated
feature. The time interval sometimes is the main factor in measuring horizontal deformation, especially
in loading test of steel bridges. Hence, the present paper investigates the accuracy of the GPS in
monitoring of horizontal deformation with respect to the time of observation. So, a practical
simulation test was made to assess the accuracy of GPS with time in measuring horizontal
deformation. The obtained results indicated that, the used methods and techniques presented in the
current research paper have possessed a very good accuracy, reliability and applicability in
monitoring horizontal deformations efficiently. The accuracy of measuring horizontal deformation of
points on structure using relative static technique of GPS is from (0.1mm) to (1.8mm) for time interval
from 30 minute to 5 minute and has R.M.S.E (0.3mm)
Contra * Continuous Functions in Topological SpacesIJMER
This document discusses contra α* continuous functions between topological spaces. It begins by introducing α*-open sets and various related concepts like α*-continuity. It then defines a function from one topological space to another to be contra α*-continuous if the preimage of every open set is α*-closed in the domain space. Some properties of contra α*-continuous functions are established, including that every contra-continuous function is contra α*-continuous. Examples are given to show the concepts are independent. The discussion considers the relationships between contra α*-continuity and other variations of contra-continuity.
Mechanical Properties Of Fibre Reinforced Concrete Subjected To Elevated Temp...IJARIDEA Journal
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical properties of fibre reinforced concrete subjected to elevated temperatures. Specifically, it examines how compressive strength is affected in both steel fibre and polypropylene fibre concrete at temperatures from 100°C to 800°C. The results show that compressive strength decreases with increasing temperature for both fibre types, but the optimum temperatures are 400°C for steel fibre and 300°C for polypropylene fibre concrete. Above these temperatures, strength degradation accelerates more quickly for steel fibres. Additionally, polypropylene fibres experience less weight loss at high temperatures since they melt and fill voids in the concrete.
Welding Studies on WB36 for Feed Water Pipingijceronline
To increase efficiency, reduce emissions, cost and to reduce weight of boiler per MW, the power manufacturing sectors are going towards the once through technology (super critical boiler) instead of sub- critical. Once through supercritical (OTSC) technology has become a focal point for effective utilization of coal-based thermal power generation sector in India. Another main advantage of moving towards OTSC technology is reducing the weight of the boiler per MW, which can be done by going for material capable of handling higher pressure and temperature than the conventional material. So, in order to keep pace with these technologies, research on newer materials for every boilers line, which can operate at both higher pressure and temperature, has been initiated. So, in this article, we have taken one such feed water system and headers, where WB 36 steel (15 MiCuMoNiNb5) can be used instead conventional standard carbon steel like A106 grade B or C, which are usually used. For super critical, ultra super critical power plants this conventional materials like A106 grade B or C, leads to very thick piping system. V&M has developed WB 36 steel (15 MiCuMoNiNb5) for high pressure piping of boiler feed water system. This heat-resistant, copperalloyed ferritic steel 15MiCuMoNiNb5 has been widely used in European nuclear and conventional power plants for decades for feed water system. This widespread application is due to the toughness and strength, caused by the precipitation of copper, that are exhibited even at elevated temperatures which other fine-grained structural steels have at room temperature. The aim of this project “Welding Studies on WB36 Steel for Feed Water Piping” was taken to understand the metallurgy and the behavior of the new materials under different manufacturing operations.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis of High Strength Concrete and Normal Strength...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative analysis of the structural behavior of high strength concrete (HSC) columns and normal strength concrete (NSC) columns when exposed to fire through an experimental study. Four reinforced concrete columns (three HSC columns and one NSC column) were subjected to concentric loading and exposed to heat in a laboratory furnace according to standard time-temperature curves. The HSC columns exhibited more spalling and faster loss of compressive strength when exposed to fire compared to the NSC column. Higher temperatures within the HSC columns also contributed to their decreased fire resistance relative to the NSC column. The results provide data on the differences in fire resistance between HSC and NSC columns and how loading levels and heating rates
IRJET- Analysis of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger MaterialsIRJET Journal
This document analyzes materials used for shell and tube heat exchangers. It discusses ceramic and metallic materials like copper alloys and stainless steel. Ceramic materials offer advantages like high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, and thermal conductivity. However, ceramics also have higher costs. Key factors in selecting heat exchanger materials include maximum operating temperatures, corrosion resistance, mechanical strength, and thermal efficiency. The document concludes that while ceramics increase heat transfer performance, stainless steel remains the most cost-effective conventional material. Material selection requires considering all relevant factors to provide long service life.
Mechanical property assessment of austempered and conventionally hardened aisiIAEME Publication
The document summarizes a study that assessed the mechanical properties of AISI 4340 steel that underwent austempering heat treatment versus conventional hardening. Specimens were subjected to tensile, torsion, hardness, impact, and microstructure tests in the as-bought, austempered, and conventionally hardened conditions. Austempering improved tensile, torsional, and impact strength compared to conventional hardening, though it showed a slight decrease in hardness. Lower bainitic and martensitic microstructures were observed after austempering and conventional hardening, respectively.
The document summarizes research on aluminum 7075 alloy composites reinforced with alumina nanoparticles. Microstructural analysis found that 1.0 wt% alumina nanoparticles provided the optimal properties. Specifically:
- 1.0 wt% alumina composites exhibited maximum hardness of 134 HV and lowest wear rate. Higher amounts resulted in decreased hardness and increased wear.
- SEM images showed alumina nanoparticles were well dispersed through the aluminum matrix. Some agglomeration was observed at higher nanoparticle fractions.
- XRD analysis confirmed the presence of aluminum and alumina phases. Peak broadening and shifts indicated refinement of aluminum grains with increased nanoparticles.
- AFM images showed increased surface roughness with higher nanoparticle content
This document provides an overview of various building materials and concepts related to building comfort. It discusses reinforced concrete, structural steel, timber, masonry, polymers and their material properties. It also covers factors that affect thermal comfort like temperature, humidity, air movement and quality. Light levels and their impact on comfort are addressed. Both active design using mechanical systems and passive design harnessing natural elements are described as approaches to meeting comfort requirements. Various appendices provide details of lab experiments and results related to testing the different materials.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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Effect of Sintering Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Compositesijtsrd
Using Al, Al2O3 and SiC, different types of composites have been prepared in this experiment. Green compacts of Al composites were made at a compressing load of 1 ton and 2 ton respectively. These compacts were sintered at two different sintering temperatures of 400 °C and 450 °C in an oxygen free environment using muffle furnace for one hour followed by annealing process which took 12 hours. Sintered compacts were then sintered to micro structural examination and mechanical properties evaluation. Higher hardness has been attained for the composites containing 2.5 SiC. Attempts have been made to describe the influence of sintering temperature on the microstructure and properties of Al Al2O3 SiC composites. Samples are prepared of 100 Al, 97.5 Al 2.5 Al2O3, 92.5 Al 7.5 Al2O3, 95 Al 2.5 Al2O3 – 2.5 SiC, 92.5 Al 5 Al2O3 – 2.5 SiC, 95 Al – 5 Al2O3. The main objective of this experiment is to determine the factors that can increase hardness of Al composites. Mohd Quasim Khan ""Effect of Sintering Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Composites"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25073.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/25073/effect-of-sintering-temperature-on-mechanical-properties-of-aluminum-composites/mohd-quasim-khan
Influence of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Aisi1040 SteelIOSR Journals
This investigation is concerned to evaluate the influence of heat treatment on mechanical behavior of AISI1040 steel; it is one of the grades of medium carbon steel of American standard containing 0.40% carbon in its composition. Specimen of quenched/hardened AISI1040 steel was tempered at temperature (650,450&250℃) for 60, 90&120 minutes to modify desired properties. The mechanical behavior, particularly, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation were investigated using universal testing machine; while the hardness measurement was done on Rockwell hardness testing machine of heat treated specimens. Result shows that the ultimate tensile strength and the yield strength decrease while the elongation increases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time of different tempered specimen. The hardness of quenched/hardened specimen decreases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time. Furthermore, increasing temperature and lowering time produces approximately same result as decreasing temperature and increasing time.
Evaluation of Hardness of Bimetallic Weld joint between SA-508Gr3 and SS-304LIRJET Journal
This document evaluates the hardness of a bimetallic weld joint between carbon steel SA 508 Gr3 and stainless steel SS 304L. The study involved welding the two metals with and without a buttering layer between them. Hardness and impact tests found that buttering improved the mechanical properties of the weld joint. Specifically, the maximum hardness was 37.5 for joints with buttering and 27.5 for joints without buttering. The buttering layer was stainless steel SS 309L deposited on the SA 508 Gr3 surface before welding.
This document reviews various welding techniques. It begins by introducing welding as a process for joining materials like metals through melting and discusses some common welding techniques like shielded metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, gas metal arc welding, and flux-cored arc welding. The document then reviews literature on optimizing welding parameters and their effects on weld properties. Specifically, it looks at research optimizing parameters for gas metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding and submerged arc welding. The document describes the methodology for conducting experiments on gas metal arc welding and gas tungsten arc welding of austenitic stainless steel to analyze properties like hardness, strength and corrosion resistance under varied welding conditions.
Finite Element Modeling for Effect of Fire on Steel Structure: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Fire performance of structural steel at elevated temperature includes the study of steel frame subjected to fire.
Also the effect of stress strain temperature on the fire performance of structural steel should be observed. The
behavior of a steel frame in a fire depends on many factors including the properties of the steel and the coating
material on it. The present paper shows reviews of various research works carried out by several researchers on
the effects of stress–strain relationships on the fire performance of steel frame exposed to uniformly increasing
temperature when steel is unprotected and protected with concrete using FEM.
Study on Processing and Mechanical Properties of nano SiCp reinforced AA7075theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
- The document experimentally investigates and optimizes welding parameters for TIG welding of 7005 aluminium alloy. TIG welding was used to weld 5mm thick 7005 aluminium alloy plates while varying the welding parameters.
- Welding current, gas flow rate, welding speed, and electrode gap were selected as input parameters to study their effect on the tensile strength and hardness of the welded joints, which were selected as output responses.
- An L9 orthogonal array based on Taguchi methods was used to design the welding experiments. The experiments analyzed the effect of parameters on tensile strength and hardness using signal-to-noise ratios. Welding current was found to have the greatest influence on tensile
The document discusses various physical properties of materials including volumetric and melting properties, thermal properties, mass diffusion, electrical properties, and electrochemical processes. It provides details on density, thermal expansion, specific heat, thermal conductivity, resistivity, conductivity, and how these properties are important in manufacturing processes such as machining, microelectronics fabrication, casting, and heat treating. Materials are selected based on their physical properties to achieve desired performance in applications.
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of medium carbon steel. Two grades of steel were tested, one with copper and one without. Samples underwent various heat treatments including annealing, normalizing, quenching, and tempering at different temperatures. Hardness, ultimate tensile strength, and ductility were then measured. Results showed that steel with copper had higher hardness and strength but lower ductility. Hardness and strength decreased with increasing tempering temperature, while ductility increased. The study provides data on the mechanical properties and microstructure of heat treated medium carbon steel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study of the Tribological behavior of as cast Al-4.2%Cu-Al2O3 compositeIOSR Journals
The research work is carried out on the study of tribological property of aluminium based metal matrix composite material, which is fabricated by using sol-gel technique. The composite material is prepared through liquid metallurgy method by using varying percentage of Alumina and aluminium and fixed percentage of copper 4.2%. Test sample billet is fabricated through casting method and has been examined the different mechanical behaviour such as Vickers Hardness Number, Ultimate Tensile Strength, 0.2% Proof Stress, etc.
From the study, it has been observed that with increase in the alumina content in matrix the ductility of composite show a contrary effect. The Pin-On-Disc test is used to evaluate the tribological property wear for composite material and it is observered that tendency of wear rate has improved. The weight losses of the specimen are measured and wear and friction characteristics are calculated with respect to time. Depth of wear track, sliding speed, bearing load friction coefficient and wear volume have been shown large sensitivity to the applied normal load and the testing time (or sliding distance). The XRD and SEM analysis are used to analyse the wear debris and track; and silent conclusion has been drawn
This document discusses the effects of time offset (TO) and carrier frequency offset (CFO) on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems and proposes interference cancellation techniques. It introduces the OFDM system model and how CFO causes loss of orthogonality between subcarriers, resulting in inter-carrier interference (ICI) that degrades performance. The paper proposes an ICI reduction scheme using self-cancellation and evaluates its performance compared to standard OFDM. It also discusses using space-time block coding (STBC) with OFDM to improve performance by reducing bit error rate (BER) under different signal-to-noise ratios. Simulation results show STBC effectively mitigates the effects of inter-
Evaluation and Accuracy Assessment of Static GPS Technique in Monitoring of ...IJMER
It is well known that, deformation monitoring systems are considered, nowadays, to be the
back bone factor for human safety as well as preserving the ultimate economy of his achievements. In
this context, there has been always an increasing demand for precise deformation measurements in
keeping up several engineering structures and historical monuments. Measuring and monitoring
monumental deformation is the sequence of operations that allows the finding of movements of points
or features in a specified coordinate system, during two different times for the same investigated
feature. The time interval sometimes is the main factor in measuring horizontal deformation, especially
in loading test of steel bridges. Hence, the present paper investigates the accuracy of the GPS in
monitoring of horizontal deformation with respect to the time of observation. So, a practical
simulation test was made to assess the accuracy of GPS with time in measuring horizontal
deformation. The obtained results indicated that, the used methods and techniques presented in the
current research paper have possessed a very good accuracy, reliability and applicability in
monitoring horizontal deformations efficiently. The accuracy of measuring horizontal deformation of
points on structure using relative static technique of GPS is from (0.1mm) to (1.8mm) for time interval
from 30 minute to 5 minute and has R.M.S.E (0.3mm)
Contra * Continuous Functions in Topological SpacesIJMER
This document discusses contra α* continuous functions between topological spaces. It begins by introducing α*-open sets and various related concepts like α*-continuity. It then defines a function from one topological space to another to be contra α*-continuous if the preimage of every open set is α*-closed in the domain space. Some properties of contra α*-continuous functions are established, including that every contra-continuous function is contra α*-continuous. Examples are given to show the concepts are independent. The discussion considers the relationships between contra α*-continuity and other variations of contra-continuity.
Experimental Investigation of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & Met...IJMER
The document summarizes an experimental investigation of a twin cylinder diesel engine using diesel and methanol fuels. Key findings include:
1) The engine was tested at zero load and full load conditions using 100% diesel and 100% methanol. Performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency were higher for methanol while specific fuel consumption was lower.
2) Exhaust emissions of particulate matter and SOx were significantly lower for methanol compared to diesel, reducing by 80-90% and 75-90% respectively. Nitrogen oxide emissions were also lower for methanol.
3) At full load, brake thermal efficiency was 62.8% for methanol compared to 34.7% for diesel, representing an increase of 32.1% when using
The document summarizes a study on the effect of additives on the electrical resistivity of pulp black liquor-sawdust blends. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to analyze the morphology and chemical structure of samples. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry techniques demonstrated that adding natural binders like wax and starch increases the electrical resistivity of the blends by filling pores in the black liquor and retarding the movement of electric charges. The addition of wax or starch decreases the conductivity of black liquor composite samples and makes them more insulating.
Robust and Radial Image Comparison Using Reverse Image Search IJMER
This paper proposed a robust, radial and effective content-based image retrieval (CBIR)
or query by image content (QBIC) or content based visual information retrieval (CBVIR) approach,
which is based on colour, texture and shape features. Due to the enormous increase in image
database sizes, as well as its vast deployment in various applications, the need for CBIR development
arose. In this proposed approach, image attributes like image name, keywords and meta data are not
used to compute image similarity and image retrieval. So, concept based image retrieval is not used.
If an image is given as an input query and the output is based on the input image query, it is called as
reverse image search. So, images can be searched based on their contents (pixels) but not by their
keywords. It is difficult to measure image content similarity due to visual changes caused by varying
viewpoint and environment. In this paper, a simple and efficient method to effectively measure the
content similarity from image measurements is proposed. The proposed approach is based on the
three well-known algorithms: colour histogram, texture and moment invariants. It ensures that the
proposed image retrieval approach produces results which are highly relevant to the content of an
image query, by taking into account the three distinct features of the image and similarity metrics
based on Euclidean measure. Colour histogram is used to extract the colour features of an image.
Gabor filter is used to extract the texture features and the moment invariant is used to extract the
shape features of an image. It also uses fuzzy similarity measures.
An Hybrid Learning Approach using Particle Intelligence Dynamics and Bacteri...IJMER
The foraging behavior of E. Coli is used for optimization problems. This paper is based on a
hybrid method that combines particle swarm optimization and bacterial foraging (BF) algorithm for
solution of optimization results. We applied this proposed algorithm on different closed loop transfer
functions and the performance of the system using time response for the optimum value of PID
parameters is studied with incorporating PSO method on mutation, crossover, step sizes, and chemotactic
of the bacteria during the foraging. The bacterial foraging particle swarm optimization (BFPSO)
algorithm is applied to tune the PID controller of type 2, 3 and 4 systems with consideration of minimum
peak overshoot and steady state error objective function. The performance of the time response is
evaluated for the designed PID controller as the integral of time weighted squared error. The results
illustrate that the proposed approach is more efficient and provides better results as compared to the
conventional PSO algorithm.
Load balancing in Content Delivery Networks in Novel Distributed EquilibriumIJMER
In today’s world’s to provide service to netizen’s with good availability of data, content
delivery networks (CDNs) must balance requests between servers while assigning clients to closet
servers. In this paper, we describe a new CDN design that associates artificial load-aware coordinates
with clients and data servers and uses them to direct content requests to cached data. This approach
helps achieve good accuracy and service when request workloads and resource availability in the CDN
are dynamic. A deployment and evaluation of our system on Planet Lab demonstrates how it achieves low
request times with high cache hit ratios when compared to other CDN approaches.
This document summarizes a technique called mixed single frequency delay line filtering that is proposed to optimize computational complexity and processing delay for multichannel audio crosstalk cancellation. The technique combines mixed filtering and single frequency delay line filtering. Mixed filtering allows all filtering operations to be performed in a single equation in the frequency domain, reducing computations. Single frequency delay line filtering partitions long filter impulse responses into shorter partitions that are filtered using overlap-save, reducing delay. The proposed technique partitions impulse responses and applies mixed filtering to further reduce computations over existing methods. It is shown to provide less computational complexity and delay than overlap-save filtering while maintaining performance for long impulse responses.
Fuzzy Rule Based Model for Optimal Reservoir ReleasesIJMER
The aim of this paper is to develop a Fuzzy Rule Based(FRB) model for obtaining the
optimal reservoir releases. The area considered for the study is ukai reservoir project. The data
considered are for the months of July, August, September and October for the years 2007 and 2011.
The inputs considered are inflow (MCM), Storage (MCM), Demand (MCM) and the Release (MCM) is
considered as output. Fuzzy logic, analysis is based on designing of if and then rules. Fuzzy logic
model can handle with various kinds of data regulations implication and defuzzification. The steps
involved in the development of the model include the construction of membership functions, creating
the Fuzzy rules, implication and deffuzification. The results obtained shows that the releases obtained
from the FRB model are satisfying the demand completely in all the four months, i.e. July, August,
September and October for the year 2007 and the same is observed for the year 2011. Also, a
significant amount of water is being saved, when the actual releases are compared with the releases
obtained from the FRB model.
The Efficiency of Meteorological Drought Indices for Drought Monitoring and E...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Earthquake Resistant Design of Low-Rise Open Ground Storey Framed BuildingIJMER
This document discusses the earthquake resistant design of low-rise buildings with open ground stories (OGS). It aims to study the effect of infill wall stiffness and support conditions on the seismic behavior of OGS buildings. A 4-story reinforced concrete building located in seismic zone 5 of India is modeled with and without considering infill walls. Both linear and nonlinear analyses are performed. The results show that considering infill wall stiffness reduces seismic demands on ground story columns and beams compared to models without infills. A force amplification factor of 2.5 applied to the ground story in current standards is found to be too conservative for low-rise OGS buildings. Support conditions also influence the building response, with fixed supports resulting in greater period shifts
AC-DC-AC-DC Converter Using Silicon Carbide Schottky DiodeIJMER
This document discusses the advantages of silicon carbide (SiC) diodes compared to silicon diodes for use in power electronic applications. SiC diodes have several benefits including lower leakage current even at high temperatures, faster switching speeds, and negligible reverse recovery current. The document provides details on the crystal structure of SiC and compares static and dynamic characteristics of SiC and silicon diodes. It also presents simulation results of an AC-DC-DC converter using a SiC diode that demonstrate lower power losses compared to using a silicon diode. In conclusion, the SiC diode enables more efficient power conversion due to its material properties and performance advantages over silicon diodes.
Lossy Transmission Lines Terminated by Parallel Connected RC-Loads and in Ser...IJMER
This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
The document presents an analysis of lossy transmission lines terminated by nonlinear parallel connected GC loads and series connected L-load. It formulates the boundary conditions for the system based on Kirchhoff's law and reduces the mixed problem for the hyperbolic system of equations to an initial value problem for a neutral system on the boundary. The analysis shows that only oscillating solutions are characteristic for this configuration and the nonlinearities that arise are also examined.
Prediction of groundwater quality in Selected Locations in Imo StateIJMER
The prediction of groundwater quality in selected locations was carried out in Owerri-West
L.G.A. of Imo State. The Physical, chemical and biological parameters of groundwater samples from
Nekede (Ward A), Ihiagwa (Ward B), Eziobodo (Ward C), Obinze (Ward D) and Avu (Ward E) were
analysed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). A total of three replicates of fifteen
different borehole water samples were collected based on distances from closest potential sources of
contamination. All parameters were detected up to 61m from pollution source and most of them
increased in concentration during the periods, pointing to infiltrations from storm water. The results
for Iron, pH and TVC decreased as distance increases while for nitrate and BOD increased as distance
increases. Results also showed that most of the boreholes were polluted and not suitable for human
consumption without adequate treatment, Regular monitoring of groundwater quality, abolishment of
unhealthy waste disposal practices and introduction of modern techniques are recommended.
A Review of Issues in Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing and Product Re...IJMER
Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing and Product Recovery (ECMPRO) has become an
obligation to the environment and to the society itself, enforced primarily by governmental regulations
and customer perspective on environmental issues. This is mainly driven by the escalating deterioration
of the environment, e.g. diminishing raw material resources, over owing waste sites and increasing
levels of pollution. ECMPRO involves integrating environmental thinking into new product development
including design, material selection, manufacturing processes and delivery of the product to the
consumers, plus the end-of-life management of the product after its useful life. ECMPRO related issues
have found a large following in industry and academia who aim to find solutions to the problems that
arise in this newly emerged research area. Problems are widespread including the ones related to life cycle of products, disassembly, material recovery, and emanufacturing and pollution prevention.
Computer-Aided Optimal Design and Finite Element Analysis of a Plain Milling ...IJMER
The document discusses the computer-aided optimal design and finite element analysis of a plain milling cutter. It describes modeling a plain milling cutter using CATIA software and analyzing it using ANSYS to determine stresses and deformations. The analysis is done at different cutting speeds to calculate stresses and compare them to theoretical values. The results show the model values are close to the theoretical stress values for the plain milling cutter.
The document discusses using modal analysis and frequency response functions (FRF) to analyze the state of wall elements. Modal analysis involves exciting wall elements and measuring their response over time. The FRF relates the input excitation signal to the output response signal and can reveal differences between intact and damaged wall elements. The author uses software to perform experimental modal analysis on various wall materials like bricks. Frequency response functions are obtained and displayed for intact and damaged bricks in different directions. The results show differences in the FRFs that could help diagnose the state of wall elements nondestructively.
This document summarizes an article about medical malpractice in India. It discusses 25 problems patients face in hospitals and aims to find solutions to reduce malpractice. Medical malpractice occurs when a medical professional's treatment departs from the standard of care and harms a patient. Some common types of malpractice discussed include misdiagnosis, failure to diagnose, unnecessary treatment, and prescribing unnecessary tests or drugs. The document outlines the elements required for a medical malpractice claim under Indian law, including that a duty was owed, the duty was breached, the breach caused injury, and damages resulted. It also discusses provisions in the Indian Penal Code and Consumer Protection Act relevant to medical malpractice cases.
CFD Analysis and Fabrication of Aluminium Cenosphere CompositesIJMER
Metal matrix composites are engineered materials with a combination of two or more
dissimilar materials, to obtain enhanced properties. Aluminium alloys reinforced with ceramic
particles exhibit superior mechanical properties when compared to unreinforced aluminium alloys and
hence are candidate for engineering applications. In the present investigation aluminium alloy is used
as the matrix and cenosphere as the reinforcing material. The hybrid metal matrix composite is
produced using conventional foundry techniques by casting route. The cenosphere is to be added in
2%, 4% and 6% by volume and also with the influence of the particle size of cenosphere, to the molten
metal with Magnesium, which is the main parameter for the wet ability of cenosphere and aluminium
alloy. The hybrid composite is to be tested for hardness, density, mechanical properties and impact
strength. The density decreases with increase in cenosphere content. The impact strength increases
with increase in cenosphere content. The resistances to dry wear and slurry erosive wear increases
with increase in cenosphere content and hence this material can be used as bearing material. This
composite material being less dense than aluminium can therefore be used in place of conventional
aluminium alloys in aircraft components
Experimental evaluations and performance of the aluminum silicon carbide par...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes an experimental study on aluminum-silicon carbide particle metal matrix composites. Ring-shaped composites were fabricated using solid-state processing with varying sintering temperatures and times. The composites were subjected to thermal shock at +800C and -800C, and their radial crushing strength was tested. Micrographs of the fractured surfaces were analyzed. Thermal shock from sub-ambient temperatures was found to be more damaging than from elevated temperatures. Failure from elevated temperatures was dominated by cavity formation at interfaces, while sub-ambient temperatures caused more interfacial and matrix damage. The study evaluated the effect of reinforcement particles on the mechanical properties of the composites.
Experimental evaluations and performance of the aluminum silicon carbide par...IAEME Publication
Stresses induced due to thermal mismatch between the metal matrix and the ceramic reinforcement in metal matrix composite may impart plastic deformation to the matrix there by
resulting in a reduction of the residual stresses. Thermal mismatch strains also may quite often crack
the matrix resulting in a relaxation of the residual stresses. The interface in MMCs is a porous, noncrystalline portion in comparison with the matrix or the reinforcement (metal matrix and ceramic reinforcement in this case).
ThermophysicalProperties of Cellular Aluminium andCeramic Particulate / Alumi...IJERA Editor
In this paper, the thermophysical properties of cellular Al and Ceramic Particulate / Al Composites were
explored. Thermophysical properties are defined as material properties that vary with temperature without
altering the material's chemical identity including thermal conductivity (TC), coefficient of thermal expansion
(CTE), energy absorption, porosity and relative density. The significance of cellular Al and AMMCs reinforced
by ceramic particles lies in their propertieswhich are difficult to be available combined in other engineering
materials. New cellular AMMCs that meet the needs of the required engineering applications could be
synthesized by selection an appropriate reinforcements. Different kinds of ceramic particles such as oxides,
carbides, nitrides, as well as carbon nanotubes can be utilized as reinforcements for manufacturing of cellular
AMMCs. Thermophysicalproperties of cellular AMMCs consisting of Al as continuous matrix phase and
ceramic particles as reinforcements are directly influenced by type, size, and geometry of dispersions, also the
RVR. In addition, the constituents of ceramic particulate / aluminium composites characterized by different heat
transfer mechanisms, wherethe TC mechanism in metals is attributed to free electrons, while phonons are
primarily responsible for TC in nonmetallic materials, as well as an interfacial thermal barrier resistance
influence effectively on heat transfer inside the composite and thus the thermophysical properties. In this paper,
based on the literature review, thermophysical properties of cellular Al and AMMCs reinforced by ceramic
particles were discussed.
literature review on cte and DMA of composite material .pptxMMuslimRehman
The document discusses the thermal expansion properties of various materials including carbon fiber, glass fiber, aluminum alloys, and epoxy resins. It provides data on the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) for these materials, noting that carbon fiber and glass fiber have lower CTE values than aluminum alloys and epoxy resins. The CTE of composite materials depends on the volume fraction and properties of the fibers and matrix materials. Methods for measuring CTE include dilatometry and strain gauge tests. Thermal stresses in bonded joints are also discussed.
THE INFLUENCE OF SHAPE AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF METAL PARTICLES ON THE THE...IAEME Publication
In this paper, the effect of shape and spatial distribution of metal particles on the thermal conductivity of nickel-silicone composites is investigated to find out the optimum shape and spatial distribution of metal particles in polymer composites. Various finite element models with different particles shapes and arrangements are constructed to predict composite thermal conductivity.
REVIEW ON EFFECT OF VARIOUS REINFORCEMENTS ON THE THERMAL PROPERTIES OF LM-25...IAEME Publication
For thermal management in applications like automobiles, aviation, marine etc. we need materials with high thermal conductivity, low coefficient of thermal expansion and at the same time the materials should have high strength, high corrosion resistance and low density. Aluminum alloys are excellent choices as the alloys possess all these properties. In order to improve the properties of the alloys further to make them more suitable for the applications, alloys are reinforced with different materials. This review focuses on influence on thermal properties of LM25 and some common light metal alloys reinforced with different materials, effect of heat and solution treatments on LM25/SiC MMC, effect of aging treatment on thermal fatigue of LM-25 alloy and the most common synthesis technique used
THE EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT PARAMETERS AND GRAIN REFINEMENT ON MICROSTRUCTUR...dbpublications
This document summarizes a study on the effect of heat treatment parameters and grain refinement on the microstructure and mechanical properties of A357 alloy. The study investigated the microstructure and properties of A357 alloy in the as-cast condition and after heat treatment, which involved solutionizing at 500°C for 5 hours followed by quenching and aging at 170°C for 3 hours. Grain refinement using 0.1% grain refiner and modification using 0.1% modifier were also investigated, both with and without heat treatment. Heat treatment and grain refinement/modification led to spheroidized silicon particles and improved mechanical properties like hardness and tensile strength compared to the as-cast alloy due to the finer microstructure.
This document provides a review of the mechanical and tribological properties of stir cast aluminum matrix composites. It discusses how the stir casting process can incorporate particulate reinforcements like alumina, silicon carbide, and graphite into molten aluminum in a cheap and effective way. The document outlines that additions of alumina and silicon carbide have been shown to increase the mechanical properties and wear resistance of aluminum composites. It also reviews how modified stir casting techniques and use of hybrid reinforcements can further improve the distribution of particles and mechanical behavior of these materials.
Analysis of Al 6061-TiO2 -CNT Metal Matrix Composites Produced by Stir Castin...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Aluminium Hybrid Composites are the new groupof
metal matrix composites (MMCs) due to their attractive
properties like high ductility, high conductivity, light weight
and high strength to weight ratio and is a response to the
dynamic ever-increasing demand of these super material in
the field of aircrafts and marines. Carbon Nanotube (CNTs)
are also known for their high strength and stiffness and their
low density which when combined together makes CNTs an
ideal reinforcement. This work briefly reviews the research
revelation of an Aluminium (Al-6061) based hybrid metal
matrix composite reinforced with CNTs and TiO2. The
Hybrid Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites (AMMCs) is
prepared with various CNTs weight percentages (0, 0.5, 1 and
1.5 wt. %) and keeping TiO2 weight percentage fixed to
1%.Stir Casting (SC) is focused in general to successfully
fabricate the MMCs. The discussion of this work revolves
around tensile test, hardness test, and Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM) of the MMC. The mechanical properties
of the fabricated MMCs materials like tensile strength,
hardness and impact strength is found by using these
experimental methods. It has been observed that the tensile
strength of the MMCs increases in the presence of TiO2 and
CNTs and increases even more with the increase in the weight
fraction of CNTs. Same results have been obtained for
hardness and impact strength where there is an increase in
them in the presence of TiO2 and CNT and their value
increases even further with increase in weight fraction of
CNTs.
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producing MMCs and to obtain homogeneous dispersion of reinforced material. To achieve this objective stir
casting technique has been adopted. Aluminium Alloy (LM6) and SiC, Fly Ash has been chosen as matrix and
reinforcing material respectively. Experiment has been conducted by varying weight fraction of Fly Ash ( 5%
and 15%) while keeping SiC constant(5%). The result shown that the increase in addition of Fly Ash increases
the Tensile Strength, Impact Strength, Wear Resistance of the specimen and decreases the percentage of
Elongation
This document summarizes an investigation into the wear loss of an aluminum silicon carbide mica hybrid metal matrix composite. Three composite compositions were tested with 4% silicon carbide and varying amounts (1%, 2%, 3%) of mica reinforcement. A drum-type wear test apparatus was used to determine the wear loss under different loads. The results showed that wear loss decreased linearly as the percentage of mica reinforcement increased. The composite showed improved wear resistance compared to aluminum alloys due to the hard silicon carbide and mica reinforcements.
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The document discusses a study on developing aluminium-magnesium-silicon alloy composites reinforced with silicon carbide (SiC) particles. Specifically:
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- Composites with 10% SiC showed the maximum tensile and yield strength. Extrusion improved particle distribution and reduced pores/improved bonding.
- Yield and tensile strengths decreased with higher SiC content while hardness increased with more SiC particles.
Significance and Need of Computational Analysis and Finite Element Modelling ...ijceronline
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The study used an experimental design approach to formulate an optimized ceramifiable EVA/PDMS composite coating for electric cable insulation. The design of experiments approach was used to determine the ideal amounts of inorganic fillers - calcium carbonate, aluminium hydroxide, muscovite mica, and calcined kaolinite - and their interactions within the polymer composite. It was found that a blend of 59% EVA/PDMS polymer with 11% calcium carbonate, 10% aluminium hydroxide, 11% muscovite mica, and 9% calcined kaolinite provided good polymer and ceramic properties for use as an electric cable insulation coating.
Study and Analysis on Mechanical and Wear Behavior of SiC Filled Epoxy Compositepaperpublications3
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Experimental Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloy LM-4 by Vari...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes the effects of varying copper content on the mechanical properties of aluminum alloy LM-4. Five aluminum alloy samples were produced with copper content ranging from 5% to 11% using die casting. Tensile testing showed that ultimate tensile strength increased with increasing copper content, with the highest strength achieved in the 11% copper alloy. Microstructural analysis found that copper improves strength through precipitation strengthening during heat treatment.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
IRJET- Fabrication and Characterization of Hybrid Aluminium Metal Matrix Comp...IRJET Journal
This document describes the fabrication and characterization of a hybrid aluminum metal matrix composite. The composite was created using AA6063 aluminum alloy reinforced with silicon carbide, magnesium, and fly ash particles using stir casting. The goal was to improve the wear rate, tensile strength, compressive strength, and hardness of the composite compared to the unreinforced alloy. Tests were conducted on the composite to evaluate these properties, including ultimate tensile strength testing, wear testing, compressive strength testing, hardness testing, and microstructure analysis. Taguchi's design of experiments method was used to determine the optimum processing parameters to minimize wear rate. The composite showed improved properties over the aluminum alloy alone.
Similar to Thermal Expansivity Behavior and Determination of Density of Al 6061-Sic-Gr Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites (20)
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surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
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in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
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Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
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developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
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Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
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synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
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In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
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bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
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farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
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work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
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On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
This document introduces and studies the concept of δˆ s-locally closed sets in ideal topological spaces. Some key points:
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dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
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Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
This document discusses natural language ambiguity and its effect on machine learning. It begins by introducing different types of ambiguity that exist in natural languages, including lexical, syntactic, semantic, discourse, and pragmatic ambiguities. It then examines how these ambiguities present challenges for computational linguistics and machine translation systems. Specifically, it notes that ambiguity is a major problem for computers in processing human language as they lack the world knowledge and context that humans use to resolve ambiguities. The document concludes by outlining the typical process of machine translation and how ambiguities can interfere with tasks like analysis, transfer, and generation of text in the target language.
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
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perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
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Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
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Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
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Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
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Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
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Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
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Thermal Expansivity Behavior and Determination of Density of Al 6061-Sic-Gr Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.8| Aug. 2014 | 8|
Thermal Expansivity Behavior and Determination of Density of Al 6061-Sic-Gr Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites S A Mohan Krishna1, Dr. T N Shridhar2, Dr. L Krishnamurthy3 1Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering, Mysore, India,
2, 3 Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, The National Institute of Engineering, Mysore-570 008, India
I. Introduction
A composite material is a macroscopic combination of two or more distinct materials having a recognizable interface between them. Composites are used not only for their structural properties, but also for electrical, thermal, tribological and environmental applications [1]. The applications of these materials are absolutely appreciative and applicable in almost all areas of mechanical engineering. Aluminium Silicon alloys in particular finds extensive and increased applications in industries due to their properties viz., high fluidity, low melting point, high strength, corrosion resistance, good casting characteristics and lower coefficient of thermal expansion [2]. Thermal Analysis of Metal Matrix Composites is required to clearly examine the thermal properties viz., Thermal Conductivity, Temperature Difference, Thermal Capacity or Heat Difference, Coefficient of Thermal Expansion and Rate of Heat Transfer. Thermal Analysis is also often used as a term for the study of Heat Transfer to measure Heat capacity and Thermal Conductivity. The behaviour of composite materials is often sensitive to changes in temperature. This is mainly because, the response of the matrix to an applied load is temperature dependent and changes in temperature can cause internal stresses to be set up as a result of differential thermal contraction and expansion of the constituents. Thermal analysis of hybrid composites is a pragmatic approach to clearly study its thermal characteristics. Most of the thermal studies are mainly concerned with Aluminium matrix composites but minimum information is available on hybrid composites [3].
II. Literature Review
Aluminium Matrix Composites (AMC) consists of Aluminium or its alloys as the continuous matrix and a reinforcement that can be particle, short fiber or whisker or continuous fiber. Research and development activities of the last decade have resulted in the evolution of a class of MMCs termed as Discontinuously Reinforced Aluminium (DRA) composites. Particle or discontinuously reinforced Aluminium Matrix
Abstract: Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) covers a very wide range of materials to simple reinforcements of castings with low cost refractory wool, to complex continuous fires lay-ups in foreign alloys. In particular, many of the considerations arising due to fabrication, processing and service performance of composites are related of processes that take place in the interfacial region between matrix and reinforcement. The thermal characterization of hybrid metal matrix composites is increasingly important in a wide range of applications. In the present scenario, research work is accomplished on hybrid composites based on thermal expansion as limited research has been carried out on hybrid composite based on thermal properties. The coefficient of thermal expansion is one of the most important properties of MMCs. Since nearly all Metal Matrix Composites are used in various temperature ranges, measurement of CTE as a function of temperature is necessary in order to know the behaviour of the material. In this research paper, the thermal expansion behaviour of Al- SiC-Gr composites is investigated and its response are studied between 50°C to 350°C using Horizontal Platinum Dilatometer. The assessment of thermal parameters of composites will benefit to analyze heat capacity, variation in the intensity of heat, heat diffusion and heat release rate. The density of the composites is also determined using water displacement method. The theoretical and experimental values are determined to check the porosity of composites. Using Rule of Mixtures, the theoretical density is determined and the same is compared with the experimental value, which help to understand the distribution of reinforcements.
Key words: Thermal Characterization, Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, Hybrid Composites, Temperature and Dilatometer.
2. Thermal Expansivity Behavior And Determination Of Density Of Al 6061-Sic-Gr Hybrid ..
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.8| Aug. 2014 | 9|
Composites have become very important because they are economical when compared to continuous fiber reinforced composites and they have relatively good isotropic properties compared to fiber-reinforced composites. These materials have caught the attention of producers and researchers all over the world because of their outstanding properties such as high-strength-to-weight ratio, improved wear and elevated temperature resistance and low density. In addition these materials are comparatively easier to manufacture than the continuously reinforced composites and have a great potential to be available at low cost [4]. These AMCs, which are high performance materials, have also attracted considerable attention from automotive industries and component suppliers. Though initially aimed only at aerospace and defence products, AMCs have progressively moved into higher volume applications. These materials employ a metallic matrix such as Aluminium to which is added reinforcement materials such as Alumina (Al2O3) or Silicon Carbide. The net result is a composite material with enhanced mechanical properties particularly with regard to density and stiffness and other mechanical properties [5]. S Cem Okumus, Sardar Aslam et al [6] in their paper have studied on Thermal Expansion and Thermal Conductivity behaviour of Al/Si/SiC hybrid composites clearly highlights that Aluminium-Silicon based hybrid composites reinforced with silicon carbide and graphite particles were prepared by liquid phase particle mixing and squeeze casting. The thermal expansion and thermal conductivity behaviour of hybrid composites with various graphite contents (5.0; 7.5; 10 wt.%) and different silicon carbide particle sizes (45 μm and 53 μm) were investigated. Results indicated that increasing the graphite content improved the dimensional stability, and there was no obvious variation between the thermal expansion behaviour of the 45 μm and the 53 μm silicon carbide reinforced composites. R Arpon, E Louis et al [7] have analyzed that thermal expansion behaviour of Aluminium/SiC composites with bimodal particle distributions where it summarizes that The thermal response and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of Aluminium matrix composites having high volume fractions of SiC particulate have been investigated. The composites were produced by infiltrating liquid Aluminium into preforms made either from a single particle size, or by mixing and packing SiC particulate of two largely different average diameters (170 and 16 μm, respectively). The experimental results for composites with a single particle size indicate that the hysteresis in the thermal strain response curves is proportional to the square root of the particle surface area per unit volume of metal matrix, in agreement with current theories. Instead, no simple relationship is found between the hysteresis and any of the system parameters for composites with bimodal particle distributions. On the other hand, the overall CTE is shown to be mainly determined by the composite compactness or total particle volume fraction; neither the particle average size nor the particle size distribution seems to affect the overall CTE. This result is in full agreement with published numerical results obtained from finite element analyses of the effective CTE of Aluminium matrix composites. The results also indicate that the CTE varies with particle volume fraction at a pace higher than predicted by theory. R A Saravanan, J Narciso et al [8] have investigated on thermal expansion behaviour of particulate metal matrix composites explains that Aluminium-matrix composites containing thermally oxidized SiC particles of controlled diameter ranging from 3 to 40 μm have been produced successfully by vacuum assisted high-pressure infiltration. Their thermal-expansion coefficients (CTEs) were measured between 25°C and 500°C with a high-precision thermal mechanical analyzer (TMA), and compared with the predictions of various theoretical models. The thermal-expansion behavior of the three-phase Al/SiC/SiO2 composite shows no significant deviation from the predictions of elastic analysis, since the measured CTEs lie within the elastic bounds derived by Schapery's analysis. The effect of particle size is quite evident in the pressure-infiltrated composites: the larger the particles, the greater the thermal expansion of the composite. The observed behavior of these composites is discussed in terms of particle size, silica layer formed during oxidation, and thermal stresses developed as a result of the CTE mismatch between the reinforcement and the matrix. Tran Nam, Requena et al. [9] have studied on effect of thermal cycling on the expansion behaviour of Al/SiC composites is carried out where the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and accumulated plastic strain of the pure aluminium matrix composite containing 50% SiC particles during thermal cycling (within temperature range 298–573 K) were investigated. The composite was produced by infiltrating liquid aluminum into a preform made by SiC particles with an average diameter of 14 microns. Experiment results indicated that the relationship between the CTE of Al/SiC and temperature is nonlinear; CTE could reach a maximum value at about 530 K. The theoretical accumulated plastic strain of Al/SiC composites during thermal cycling has also been calculated and compared with the experimental results.
N Chawla, X Deng et al [10] comprehensively describes thermal expansion behaviour of Aluminium matrix composites with densely packed SiC particles where the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of Al- based metal matrix composites containing 70 vol.% SiC particles (Al/SiC) has been measured based on the length change from room temperature to 500°C. In the research work, the instantaneous CTE of Al/SiC was studied by thermo-elastic models and micromechanical simulation using finite element analysis in order to explain abnormalities observed experimentally. The CTE was predicted according to analytical thermo-elastic
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models of Kerner, Schapery and Turner. The CTE was modeled for heating and cooling cycles from the temperature range 200C to 5000C considering the effects of microscopic voids and phase connectivity. The finite element analysis is based on a two-dimensional unit cell model comparing between generalized plane strain and plane stress formulations. The thermal expansion behaviour is strongly influenced by the presence of voids and confirms qualitatively that they cause the experimentally observed decrease of the CTE above 2500C. The literature review presented extensively will refer to the work carried out on composite materials pertaining to mechanical, tribological and thermal properties. In the present scenario, work is accomplished on hybrid composites based on mechanical properties but limited research has been carried out on hybrid composite concerned with thermal properties and characterization. Thermal studies on composite materials are getting greater importance in the present scenario. Thermal analysis will help to understand the properties of materials as they change with temperature. It is often used as a term for the study of heat transfer through structures. Metal Matrix Composites can be customized to provide good CTE matching for thermal management and thermal conductivity applications. It is essential to evaluate new materials for the thermal stability and to measure properties including CTE and thermal conductivity for specialty products [6].
III. Experimental Procedure
In the research work, the coefficient of thermal expansion is determined using Linesis 75 Platinum Horizontal Dilatometer. Fig 3.1 shows a typical Platinum Horizontal Dilatometer. Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in volume in response to change in temperature. The degree of expansion to the change in temperature is called the material’s coefficient of thermal expansion and generally varies with temperature. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion is one of the most important properties of MMCs. Since nearly all Metal Matrix Composites are used in various temperature ranges, measurement of CTE as a function of temperature is necessary in order to know the behaviour of the material. Several different systems for measurement of CTE can be used depending on the temperature conditions. One of the most common systems used is a dilatometer. A dilatometer measures the length or the volume changes of the sample, when the sample follows a temperature program and submits a small force. In a push rod dilatometer, the change in length of the sample is detected by an inductive displacement transducer. Calibration and corrections of measurements are done by using various standards and comparison with materials of known expansion. The measurement of the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) can be carried out in the temperature range from approximately – 150°C to 1500°C. Linesis 75 Platinum Horizontal Dilatometer comprises of Thyristor controlled unit, Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT), automatic pressure control unit, variety of sample holders and RCS (Rate Controlled Sintering) software. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) can be controlled by two parameters simultaneously namely wall thickness and volume fraction comprehensively. The CTE values have a stronger dependence on particle volume fraction than the wall thickness in the range of temperatures explored. The thermal expansion results with the variation of temperature for the composites and the matrix are shown for different percentage composition. It is obvious that the CTE of the composites and matrix increases with increase in temperature. The pushrod dilatometer method for measuring thermal expansion is experimentally simple, reliable and easy to automate. In this method, the relative expansion of the specimen is transmitted referring to cooled or heated zone to a measuring device (an extensometer) by means of tubes and/or rods of a stable reference material. In this technique, the specimen is placed at the end of a tube and a smaller rod is placed in the tube in contact with the specimen. An extensometer has the capability to detect the difference in expansion between the specimen and an equal length of the tube. The most widely used extensometer is the LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer).
Fig 3.1- Linesis 75 Platinum Horizontal Dilatometer
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IV. Results & Discussion
For the determination of CTE, the size of the cylindrical sample is diameter 5 mm and length 10 mm. 5 samples are considered with different percentage compositions. Al 6061 is the base alloy and reinforcements SiC and Gr with different percentage compositions 1.25%, 2.5%, 3.75% and 5% are selected. All the specimens were tested from room temperature to 360°C. This temperature range was selected so as to include the entire usable range of the composites, without the formation of liquid phase in the matrix. The data were obtained in the form of per cent linear change versus temperature. Standard data analysis software was used to evaluate the CTE of the composites tested and was determined at intervals of 20 °C. Rate Controlled Sintering (RCS) is an asset for standard dilatometer software. During measurement using dilatometer, the change in length of the sample for the required temperature range is considered. The purpose of RCS is to determine the optimal sinter process, especially the optimal temperature-time profile. Some of the salient parameters considered during the determination of CTE are sample length, relative density of the samples and sintering temperature. The melting point of Aluminium is 560°C. But during the testing process, it was limited to 360 °C, as there is greater possibility of reaching molten condition. The evaluation of CTE of hybrid metal matrix composites is relatively difficult to predict because several factors namely volume fraction, morphology and distribution of the reinforcements, matrix plasticity, interfacial bondage, and the internal structure of the composites, may influence the results. During the evaluation of CTE, thermal strain can be attributed to thermal stress and higher thermal stress can lead to the generation of strain between the heating and cooling cycles [6]. The thermal expansion behavior of Al alloy reinforced with Silicon Carbide and Graphite were measured at prominent temperatures varying from 20°C to 350°C. The CTE of the hybrid composites are lower than the conventional Al-SiC composites with the same volume fraction of SiC. The thermal expansion behaviour of the hybrid composites depends on the intrinsic thermal expansion properties of SiC and double interpenetrating structure [11].
Fig 4.1: Variation of CTE v/s Temperature for different compositions of MMC Fig 4.1 shows the variation of CTE and temperature for different compositions of hybrid MMC. It is noticed that, the CTE of the hybrid composites with different percentage compositions increases with the increase in temperature. There is consistency in the increase of CTE for different temperatures recorded at regular intervals. During the testing of different samples, the elongation was observed to be low, as such the increase in the values of CTE of the mentioned compositions of hybrid MMCs were in endurable limits ranging from 15 ×10-6/°C to 26 ×10-6/ °C. Al 6061 + 3.75% SiC + 3.75% Gr exhibited the maximum value of CTE, whereas Al 6061 + 1.25%SiC + 1.25% Gr exhibited lower magnitude of CTE and Al 6061 exhibited normal value of CTE.
The percentage volume fraction of SiC estimated was low, facilitating CTE to increase drastically and exhibits the expected trend. The hybrid composites have lower volume fractions of SiC than conventional Al- SiC composites with the same CTEs [11]. The decrease in the maximum temperature for CTE values for
0.00E+00
5.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.50E-05
2.00E-05
2.50E-05
3.00E-05
50
100
150
200
250
300
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (Per Centigrade)
Temperature (DegreeCentigrade)
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion v/s Temperature
Al 6061
Al 6061 + 1.25% SiC + 1.25% Gr
Al 6061 +2.5% SiC + 2.5% Gr
Al 6061 + 3.75% SiC + 3.75% Gr
Al 6061 + 5% SiC + 5% Gr
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graphite reinforced composites is considered as a result of relaxation of the compressive stress in the matrix. The reduction in CTE values can be attributed to the lower CTE value of graphite compared to Al-Si matrix alloy and SiC reinforcement and the ability of the reinforcements to effectively constraint the expansion of the matrix. The thermal strain of all hybrid composites increases as the amount of graphite is increased, indicating that introducing a high amount of graphite to Al-Si based composites may not be beneficial to attain dimensional stability [12]. It was examined that the thermal response and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of Aluminium matrix composites have high volume fractions of SiC particulate. In Al-SiC composites, the thermal expansion behavior will be influenced by the thermal expansion of Aluminium and the tightened restriction of SiC particles. The CTE of the particle reinforced MMCs is usually affected by a variety of factors namely interfacial reactions, plasticity due to CTE mismatch between particle and matrix during heating or cooling processes and residual stresses [13]. Determination of Density for The Hybrid MMC Density of MMC material can be determined using the relationship between volume and mass. A special technique for the determination of the density where pores are taken into account is the determination by using water displacement (Archimedian density). Table 4.1 shows the determination of density for different compositions This method allows the determination of the density in air compared to its displacement in water or other liquid of known density. Depending upon the nature of the specimen (e.g., open or closed cell), the resultant value may deviate from the true mass. A clean specimen is weighed accurately in air using a laboratory balance. The same specimen is weighed while suspended in water or other liquid of such density that the specimen will sink. Deducting the mass of the suspension wire from the weight in liquid, the volume of the specimen is calculated from the effect of displacement by a liquid of known density (Archimedean principle). This allows the determination of density of specimens with irregular shapes, uneven surfaces, or porosity. Caution must be exercised to assure that no air is trapped within the specimen. Placing the specimen in a vacuum while submerged in the displacement liquid will usually avoid error. Table 4.1: Determination of density for different compositions
Sl.No.
Material Identification
Density (g/cc)
1
Al-6061
2.7
2
Al-6061 with 1.25% SiC + 1.25% Graphite
2.69
3
Al-6061 with 2.5% SiC + 2.5% Graphite
2.689
4
Al-6061 with 3.75% SiC + 3.75% Graphite
2.681
5
Al-6061 with 5% SiC + 5% Graphite
2.678
Using Rule of Mixtures, the density of the composites was calculated and the values were compared with experimental. The variation was very marginal and proved to have negligible porosity.
V. Conclusions
The following conclusions are drawn based on the results obtained: 1. It is noticed that, the CTE of the hybrid composites with different percentage compositions increases with the increase in temperature. There is consistency in the increase of CTE for different temperatures recorded at regular intervals. 2. During the testing of different samples, the elongation was observed to be low, as such the increase in the values of CTE of all compositions were in endurable limits. 3. The percentage volume fraction of SiC estimated was low, facilitating CTE to increase drastically and exhibits the expected trend. 4. The hybrid composites have lower volume fractions of SiC than conventional Al-SiC composites with the same CTEs. 5. In Al-SiC composites, the thermal expansion behavior will be influenced by Aluminium and the tightened restriction of SiC particles. 6. Al 6061 + 3.75% SiC + 3.75% Gr exhibited the maximum value of CTE, whereas Al 6061 + 1.25%SiC+ 1.25% Gr exhibited lower magnitude of CTE and Al 6061 exhibited normal value of CTE. 7. The theoretical and experimental values of density of composites were compared and it proved to have negligible porosity.
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