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Hypothesis
- 1. Dr Neeta Gupta AssociateProfessor Department of psychology Certified Practitioner of EFT & REBT (London) & CBT (Scotland) DAV PG College Dehradun Hypothesis
- 2. A hypothesis (pluralhypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.
- 3. A hypothesis isa suggested, testable proposition or answer to a problem. A hypothesis is a testable relationship between two or more than two variables. Hypothesis are always in declarative sentence form.
- 4. Hypothesis is anassumption that is made on the basis of some evidence. This is the initial point of any investigation that translates the research questions into a prediction. It includes components like variables, population and the relation between the variables. A research hypothesis is a hypothesis that is used to test the relationship between two or more variables.
- 5. On the basisof these explanations two points can be suggested about hypothesis 1.A hypothesis is a testable statement which displays the relationship between those variables which are measurable or potentially measureable 2.A hypothesis exhibits either a general or specific relationship between variables.
- 6. Characteristics of agood research hypothesis 1.Conceptually Clear 2. Testable 3.Parsimonious 4.It Should be Related to existing body of theory and fact. 5.It should be general in Scope.
- 7. Problems in formulatingin a Research Hypothesis : Goode and Hatt have pointed out following difficulties 1.The absence of knowledge of a theoretical framework. 2.Investigators, inabilities to utilize the knowledge of the Theoretical Framework. 3.Lack of Awareness of the important scientific research technique
- 8. Ways of statingHypothesis: 1.Russell’s General Implication If------------------------------then............................ Antecedent Consequent If Reward then performance will be improved 2.Simple Statement: Reward improves performance.
- 9. Sources of Hypothesis 1.Existing research 2. Expert opinion 3. Scientific Theory
- 10. Types of Hypothesis Thereare various forms of hypothesis and they are: Simple hypothesis Complex hypothesis Directional hypothesis Non-directional hypothesis Null hypothesis Associative and casual hypothesis
- 11. 1.Simple Hypothesis It showsa relationship between one dependent variable and a single independent variable. 2.Complex Hypothesis It shows the relationship between two or more dependent variables and two or more independent variables.
- 12. 3.Directional Hypothesis It showshow a researcher is intellectual and committed to a particular outcome. The relationship between the variables can also predict its nature. 4.Non-directional Hypothesis It is used when there is no theory involved. It is a statement that a relationship exists between two variables, without predicting the exact nature (direction) of the relationship.
- 13. 5.Null Hypothesis It providesthe statement which is contrary to the hypothesis. It’s a negative statement, and there is no relationship between independent and dependent variables. The symbol is denoted by “HO”.
- 14. 6.Alternative Hypothesis The formulationof H1 is a convention in scientific research.It is operational statement of research hypothesis.It functions as a alternate to Null Hypothesis.
- 15. 7.Associative and CausalHypothesis Associative hypothesis occurs when there is a change in one variable resulting in a change in the other variable. Whereas, causal hypothesis proposes a cause and effect interaction between two or more variables.
- 16. Research Hypothesis: Itis derived from the researcher’s theory about some aspects of behaviour is called a research hypothesis or is also known as a working hypothesis. These hypotheses are true to the extent that the theory from which thet were derived is adequate. According to Siegel & Castellan “the prediction derived from the theory under test.”
- 17. On the basisof generality hypothesis is divided into 2 types: 1.Universal Hypothesis: It is one in which the stated relationship holds good for all the levels or values of variables which are specified for all times at all places. For example: Reinforcement will improve the performance. 2. Existential Hypothesis: It is one which states that the relationship stated holds good for at least one particular case. For example: There will be at least one person whose performance will not improve with reinforcement.
- 18. Type-I and Type-IIError: a type I error is the rejection of a true null hypothesis (also known as a "false positive" finding or conclusion; example: "an innocent person is convicted"), while a type II error is the non-rejection of a false null hypothesis (also known as a "false negative" finding or conclusion; example: "a guilty person is not convicted")
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