Introduction to hypothesis, definitions, source, importance, features and types. Detailed description of types of Hypothesis with explanations.
Use of hypothesis in research and important points to notice while selecting types of hypothesis.
The document defines and describes different types of hypotheses. An hypothesis is a tentative explanation of the expected outcome of an investigation and serves to guide research. Hypotheses can be classified based on their derivation (inductive or deductive) or formulation (directional, non-directional, null). A null hypothesis states there is no association between variables, while the alternative hypothesis proposes an association. Directional hypotheses predict a positive or negative relationship. Well-formulated hypotheses are testable, clear, simple, and relevant.
Research Methodology
topic:- Hypothesis
subtopics:-
meaning and definition
utility of hypothesis
sources of hypothesis
testing of hypothesis
kinds of hypothesis
characteristics of hypothesis
formulation
remedies
This document discusses hypotheses, including:
1. A hypothesis is a prediction about possible outcomes of a study used to direct research. An example hypothesis predicts staff trained in change management will cope better with organizational changes.
2. Hypotheses should explain facts, direct relevant data collection, and prevent blind searches. They clarify research goals.
3. For a hypothesis to be good, it must be clear, testable, consistent with facts, and better than alternative hypotheses.
This document discusses different types of research hypotheses and how to formulate a hypothesis. It defines associative, causal, complex, directional, and non-directional hypotheses. A research hypothesis must be testable and specify the independent and dependent variables. The null hypothesis predicts results are due to chance, while the alternative hypothesis predicts something other than chance influenced results. A directional alternative hypothesis predicts the direction of an effect, while a non-directional hypothesis does not specify a direction. Formulating a good hypothesis is the starting point for research design and testing hypotheses is how results are analyzed.
This document discusses the formulation, testing, and importance of research hypotheses. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative assumption or predictive statement that can be tested scientifically. The key points covered include: how to properly formulate a hypothesis by ensuring it has conceptual clarity, is testable, and relates independent and dependent variables; the importance of hypotheses in providing direction for research and advancing knowledge; methods for testing hypotheses, including checking logical consistency and agreement with facts; and defining the process of rejecting or modifying a hypothesis based on testing results.
This document discusses different types of hypotheses used in research. It defines a hypothesis as a proposed explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested. The main types discussed are simple vs complex hypotheses, logical vs empirical hypotheses, directional vs non-directional hypotheses, associative vs causal hypotheses, and the null hypothesis vs the alternative hypothesis. It also discusses types of errors that can occur when testing hypotheses and concludes by emphasizing that hypotheses are provisional explanations that must be tested and can be replaced if not supported.
The document discusses hypothesis testing in research. It defines a hypothesis as a proposition that can be tested scientifically. The key points are:
- A hypothesis aims to explain a phenomenon and can be tested objectively. Common hypotheses compare two groups or variables.
- Statistical hypothesis testing involves a null hypothesis (H0) and alternative hypothesis (Ha). H0 is the initial assumption being tested, while Ha is what would be accepted if H0 is rejected.
- Type I errors incorrectly reject a true null hypothesis. Type II errors fail to reject a false null hypothesis. Hypothesis tests aim to control the probability of type I errors.
- The significance level is the probability of a type I error,
This document discusses the concept of a hypothesis. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the solution to a research problem or as conjectural statement about the relationship between two or more variables. The document outlines the importance of hypotheses in guiding focused inquiry and preventing blind research. It also describes characteristics of a good hypothesis, sources of hypotheses, different types of hypotheses including universal, existential, descriptive, explanatory, and null hypotheses. Finally, it discusses potential problems in formulating hypotheses and types of errors in testing hypotheses.
The document defines and describes different types of hypotheses. An hypothesis is a tentative explanation of the expected outcome of an investigation and serves to guide research. Hypotheses can be classified based on their derivation (inductive or deductive) or formulation (directional, non-directional, null). A null hypothesis states there is no association between variables, while the alternative hypothesis proposes an association. Directional hypotheses predict a positive or negative relationship. Well-formulated hypotheses are testable, clear, simple, and relevant.
Research Methodology
topic:- Hypothesis
subtopics:-
meaning and definition
utility of hypothesis
sources of hypothesis
testing of hypothesis
kinds of hypothesis
characteristics of hypothesis
formulation
remedies
This document discusses hypotheses, including:
1. A hypothesis is a prediction about possible outcomes of a study used to direct research. An example hypothesis predicts staff trained in change management will cope better with organizational changes.
2. Hypotheses should explain facts, direct relevant data collection, and prevent blind searches. They clarify research goals.
3. For a hypothesis to be good, it must be clear, testable, consistent with facts, and better than alternative hypotheses.
This document discusses different types of research hypotheses and how to formulate a hypothesis. It defines associative, causal, complex, directional, and non-directional hypotheses. A research hypothesis must be testable and specify the independent and dependent variables. The null hypothesis predicts results are due to chance, while the alternative hypothesis predicts something other than chance influenced results. A directional alternative hypothesis predicts the direction of an effect, while a non-directional hypothesis does not specify a direction. Formulating a good hypothesis is the starting point for research design and testing hypotheses is how results are analyzed.
This document discusses the formulation, testing, and importance of research hypotheses. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative assumption or predictive statement that can be tested scientifically. The key points covered include: how to properly formulate a hypothesis by ensuring it has conceptual clarity, is testable, and relates independent and dependent variables; the importance of hypotheses in providing direction for research and advancing knowledge; methods for testing hypotheses, including checking logical consistency and agreement with facts; and defining the process of rejecting or modifying a hypothesis based on testing results.
This document discusses different types of hypotheses used in research. It defines a hypothesis as a proposed explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested. The main types discussed are simple vs complex hypotheses, logical vs empirical hypotheses, directional vs non-directional hypotheses, associative vs causal hypotheses, and the null hypothesis vs the alternative hypothesis. It also discusses types of errors that can occur when testing hypotheses and concludes by emphasizing that hypotheses are provisional explanations that must be tested and can be replaced if not supported.
The document discusses hypothesis testing in research. It defines a hypothesis as a proposition that can be tested scientifically. The key points are:
- A hypothesis aims to explain a phenomenon and can be tested objectively. Common hypotheses compare two groups or variables.
- Statistical hypothesis testing involves a null hypothesis (H0) and alternative hypothesis (Ha). H0 is the initial assumption being tested, while Ha is what would be accepted if H0 is rejected.
- Type I errors incorrectly reject a true null hypothesis. Type II errors fail to reject a false null hypothesis. Hypothesis tests aim to control the probability of type I errors.
- The significance level is the probability of a type I error,
This document discusses the concept of a hypothesis. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the solution to a research problem or as conjectural statement about the relationship between two or more variables. The document outlines the importance of hypotheses in guiding focused inquiry and preventing blind research. It also describes characteristics of a good hypothesis, sources of hypotheses, different types of hypotheses including universal, existential, descriptive, explanatory, and null hypotheses. Finally, it discusses potential problems in formulating hypotheses and types of errors in testing hypotheses.
This presentation discusses the following topics:
Meaning of Hypothesis
Sources of Hypothesis
Variables in hypotheses
Need for Hypothesis
Characteristics of Hypothesis
Functions of Hypothesis
Hypothesis vs. Theory
Variables in Hypothesis
Types of Hypothesis
Developing a Hypothesis
Parameters of Hypothesis
Checklist for Hypothesis
Examples
This document discusses hypotheses, which are tentative theories or educated guesses about the real world or a population. A hypothesis aims to explain facts and makes testable predictions about what may happen in certain circumstances. Research hypotheses are created by researchers to speculate about the outcome of an experiment. There are two main kinds of hypotheses: the null hypothesis, which expresses no difference or relationship, and the alternative hypothesis, which is accepted if the null is rejected. When testing a hypothesis, there is a chance of making Type I or Type II errors in rejecting or accepting the null hypothesis.
1. A hypothesis is a tentative assumption made to explain a phenomenon or guide an investigation. It can be a conjectural statement about the relationship between two or more variables that can be tested.
2. The main functions of a hypothesis are to provide focus for a study by specifying what aspects to investigate and what data to collect. Developing a hypothesis enhances objectivity.
3. For a hypothesis to be testable and useful for a study, it should be simple, specific, conceptually clear, capable of being verified, and related to existing knowledge. The outcome of testing a hypothesis may prove it right, partially right, or wrong.
Research involves systematically studying a topic to establish facts and reach new conclusions. A hypothesis is an educated guess about how things work that can be tested through research. It relates an independent variable to a dependent variable. The null hypothesis states there is no relationship between variables, while the alternative hypothesis suggests a potential outcome. Alternative hypotheses can be directional, specifying the expected relationship, or non-directional, without a specified direction. Hypotheses guide research by providing a framework for data collection and interpretation.
Introduction to Hypothesis
Definition of the hypothesis
Purpose of the hypothesis
Components of hypothesis
The functions of hypothesis
Characteristics of hypothesis
Types of hypothesis
1. A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested. It represents a relationship between two or more variables that can be measured.
2. There are different types of hypotheses, including simple, complex, directional, and null hypotheses. A good hypothesis is clear, testable, parsimonious, and related to existing theories.
3. Formulating a research hypothesis can be challenging due to a lack of theoretical knowledge or awareness of research techniques. Hypotheses must be stated in a way that allows for testing, such as using an if-then structure.
This document provides an introduction to hypotheses, including definitions, characteristics, purposes, variables, sources, and types of hypotheses. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement made to explain certain facts or observations that can be tested. Hypotheses should be clear, specific, testable, limited in scope, and logically consistent. The sources of hypotheses include theories, observations, past experiences, and case studies. The document outlines different types of hypotheses and gives an example of a research hypothesis. It also describes common hypothesis tests like t-tests, z-tests, ANOVA, and chi-square tests and notes that good decisions come from effective research.
This document defines and discusses hypotheses. It begins by explaining that a hypothesis is an assumption or proposed explanation made on limited information to guide an investigation. The document then provides several definitions of a hypothesis from different authors. It outlines the key characteristics of a good hypothesis, including being clear, precise, testable, and relating to the research problem. The document also differentiates between different types of hypotheses, such as universal, existential, null, alternate, directional, and non-directional hypotheses. It concludes by discussing how research hypotheses are derived from existing theories or observations.
The document defines and discusses hypotheses in research contexts. It provides that a hypothesis is a formal, testable statement of the expected relationship between independent and dependent variables. The document outlines several definitions of a hypothesis provided by authors and discusses the key characteristics of a good hypothesis. It also differentiates between different types of hypotheses such as universal, existential, null, alternate, non-directional, directional, and research hypotheses. The purpose, components, and process of hypothesis making and testing are described.
This document discusses research hypotheses. It defines a research hypothesis as a statement created by researchers to speculate on the outcome of an experiment. The hypothesis is at the core of any experimental design and is the ultimate aim. Researchers use inductive and deductive reasoning on observations to form a testable and falsifiable hypothesis. There are different types of hypotheses, including null, non-directional, directional, and causal hypotheses. The precursor to a hypothesis is usually a research problem framed as a question.
Hypothesis types, formulation, and testingAneesa Ch
This document defines and describes different types of hypotheses used in quantitative research. It begins by defining a hypothesis as a prediction about the relationship between variables. There are two main types of hypotheses: the null hypothesis, which predicts no relationship, and the alternative hypothesis, which predicts a relationship. The alternative can be directional, specifying an expected direction of the relationship, or non-directional. For a hypothesis to be testable and useful for experimentation, it must be possible to prove it true or false and the results must be reproducible. The process of hypothesis testing involves stating the hypotheses, developing a test plan, analyzing data according to the plan, and rejecting or supporting the null hypothesis based on results.
Hypothesis is a hunch the researcher or research team has. Basically a hypothesis is nothing more or less than a hunch to solve your research problem.
A good hypothesis by adding predictions on the how or why. So use sentences that include variations. If one cannot assess the predictions by observation or by experience, the hypothesis classes as not yet useful, and must wait for others who might come afterward to make possible the needed observations. For example, a new technology or theory might make the necessary experiments feasible.
Increasing apple consumption in over-60s has no effect on frequency of doctor's visits.
Does social media use affect
teenagers' mental health?
Teenagers who spend more than 2 hours per day on
social media will report higher levels of anxiety and
depression than those who spend less time.
Teenagers' time spent on social media has no effect on reported levels of anxiety and depression.
Does exercise improve cognitive
function in older adults?
Older adults who engage in regular exercise will
perform better on cognitive tests than those who do
not exercise regularly.
Regular exercise has no effect on cognitive test performance in older adults.
The document discusses hypothesis, its meaning, purpose, characteristics, types and testing. Some key points:
- Hypothesis is a conjectural statement proposed for testing through research. It suggests a possible relationship between two or more variables.
- The purpose of a hypothesis is to guide research and provide a framework to organize conclusions. It helps define relevant and irrelevant facts.
- There are different types of hypotheses like simple, complex, null, research, directional, non-directional.
- A hypothesis must be testable, clear, precise and related to the research problem.
- Testing a hypothesis involves collecting data, evaluating the null hypothesis to accept or reject it based on results.
The document discusses the different types of hypotheses used in research, including directional and non-directional hypotheses, declarative hypotheses that state relationships between variables, null hypotheses that state no significant differences exist, question form hypotheses used to raise research questions, alternative hypotheses that anticipate differences between variables, and predication form hypotheses that state expected principles for action research studies.
This document defines and discusses hypotheses. It begins by explaining that a hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two variables. It then defines a hypothesis as a provisional statement showing a relationship between variables. The document outlines the main types of hypotheses as the null hypothesis, which predicts no relationship, and the alternative hypothesis, which predicts a relationship. It also lists the steps for formulating a hypothesis and characteristics of a good hypothesis such as conceptual clarity and verifiability. Finally, it discusses the functions of a hypothesis such as providing a basis for research and preventing blind searches.
The document defines a hypothesis as a conjectural statement or tentative explanation about the relationship between two or more variables that can be tested. Several authors contribute definitions stating that a hypothesis makes a specific, testable prediction and must be falsifiable. Key aspects of a hypothesis include identifying variables, having explanatory power, and being testable, quantifiable, and generalizable. The document also distinguishes between statistical hypotheses about population parameters, null hypotheses being tested, and critical regions for rejecting null hypotheses based on sample data.
This document discusses hypotheses in research. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Good hypotheses are conceptual, empirical, objective, specific, relevant, testable, consistent, simple, and verifiable. Hypotheses guide research by linking theory to practice and determining appropriate methods. Characteristics of strong hypotheses and different types (e.g. research, null, directional) are explained. The document also covers formulating hypotheses through background knowledge, intellectual versatility, analogy, and deductive reasoning from theories.
This document discusses hypotheses, which are statements predicting the relationship between two or more variables. Hypotheses allow theories to be tested, guide research design and data analysis, and provide context for study results. They are typically derived from prior research, theoretical frameworks, or a researcher's experiences. Constructing hypotheses brings focus and clarity to an investigation and can have outcomes of being right, partially right, or wrong based on data collection and analysis. Hypotheses are classified as simple, involving one independent and dependent variable, or complex, involving multiple variables. Guidelines for critiquing hypotheses include assessing clarity, direct ties to the research problem, inclusion of variables, and precision of research questions.
1) A hypothesis is a tentative statement proposed for testing through scientific investigation. It predicts the relationship between two or more variables.
2) Hypotheses guide research design and analysis by specifying the variables to be studied and their expected relationships.
3) The main types of hypotheses are simple, complex, directional, non-directional, null, and alternative. Hypotheses can also be classified as associative, causal, statistical, or research hypotheses.
This presentation discusses the following topics:
Meaning of Hypothesis
Sources of Hypothesis
Variables in hypotheses
Need for Hypothesis
Characteristics of Hypothesis
Functions of Hypothesis
Hypothesis vs. Theory
Variables in Hypothesis
Types of Hypothesis
Developing a Hypothesis
Parameters of Hypothesis
Checklist for Hypothesis
Examples
This document discusses hypotheses, which are tentative theories or educated guesses about the real world or a population. A hypothesis aims to explain facts and makes testable predictions about what may happen in certain circumstances. Research hypotheses are created by researchers to speculate about the outcome of an experiment. There are two main kinds of hypotheses: the null hypothesis, which expresses no difference or relationship, and the alternative hypothesis, which is accepted if the null is rejected. When testing a hypothesis, there is a chance of making Type I or Type II errors in rejecting or accepting the null hypothesis.
1. A hypothesis is a tentative assumption made to explain a phenomenon or guide an investigation. It can be a conjectural statement about the relationship between two or more variables that can be tested.
2. The main functions of a hypothesis are to provide focus for a study by specifying what aspects to investigate and what data to collect. Developing a hypothesis enhances objectivity.
3. For a hypothesis to be testable and useful for a study, it should be simple, specific, conceptually clear, capable of being verified, and related to existing knowledge. The outcome of testing a hypothesis may prove it right, partially right, or wrong.
Research involves systematically studying a topic to establish facts and reach new conclusions. A hypothesis is an educated guess about how things work that can be tested through research. It relates an independent variable to a dependent variable. The null hypothesis states there is no relationship between variables, while the alternative hypothesis suggests a potential outcome. Alternative hypotheses can be directional, specifying the expected relationship, or non-directional, without a specified direction. Hypotheses guide research by providing a framework for data collection and interpretation.
Introduction to Hypothesis
Definition of the hypothesis
Purpose of the hypothesis
Components of hypothesis
The functions of hypothesis
Characteristics of hypothesis
Types of hypothesis
1. A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested. It represents a relationship between two or more variables that can be measured.
2. There are different types of hypotheses, including simple, complex, directional, and null hypotheses. A good hypothesis is clear, testable, parsimonious, and related to existing theories.
3. Formulating a research hypothesis can be challenging due to a lack of theoretical knowledge or awareness of research techniques. Hypotheses must be stated in a way that allows for testing, such as using an if-then structure.
This document provides an introduction to hypotheses, including definitions, characteristics, purposes, variables, sources, and types of hypotheses. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement made to explain certain facts or observations that can be tested. Hypotheses should be clear, specific, testable, limited in scope, and logically consistent. The sources of hypotheses include theories, observations, past experiences, and case studies. The document outlines different types of hypotheses and gives an example of a research hypothesis. It also describes common hypothesis tests like t-tests, z-tests, ANOVA, and chi-square tests and notes that good decisions come from effective research.
This document defines and discusses hypotheses. It begins by explaining that a hypothesis is an assumption or proposed explanation made on limited information to guide an investigation. The document then provides several definitions of a hypothesis from different authors. It outlines the key characteristics of a good hypothesis, including being clear, precise, testable, and relating to the research problem. The document also differentiates between different types of hypotheses, such as universal, existential, null, alternate, directional, and non-directional hypotheses. It concludes by discussing how research hypotheses are derived from existing theories or observations.
The document defines and discusses hypotheses in research contexts. It provides that a hypothesis is a formal, testable statement of the expected relationship between independent and dependent variables. The document outlines several definitions of a hypothesis provided by authors and discusses the key characteristics of a good hypothesis. It also differentiates between different types of hypotheses such as universal, existential, null, alternate, non-directional, directional, and research hypotheses. The purpose, components, and process of hypothesis making and testing are described.
This document discusses research hypotheses. It defines a research hypothesis as a statement created by researchers to speculate on the outcome of an experiment. The hypothesis is at the core of any experimental design and is the ultimate aim. Researchers use inductive and deductive reasoning on observations to form a testable and falsifiable hypothesis. There are different types of hypotheses, including null, non-directional, directional, and causal hypotheses. The precursor to a hypothesis is usually a research problem framed as a question.
Hypothesis types, formulation, and testingAneesa Ch
This document defines and describes different types of hypotheses used in quantitative research. It begins by defining a hypothesis as a prediction about the relationship between variables. There are two main types of hypotheses: the null hypothesis, which predicts no relationship, and the alternative hypothesis, which predicts a relationship. The alternative can be directional, specifying an expected direction of the relationship, or non-directional. For a hypothesis to be testable and useful for experimentation, it must be possible to prove it true or false and the results must be reproducible. The process of hypothesis testing involves stating the hypotheses, developing a test plan, analyzing data according to the plan, and rejecting or supporting the null hypothesis based on results.
Hypothesis is a hunch the researcher or research team has. Basically a hypothesis is nothing more or less than a hunch to solve your research problem.
A good hypothesis by adding predictions on the how or why. So use sentences that include variations. If one cannot assess the predictions by observation or by experience, the hypothesis classes as not yet useful, and must wait for others who might come afterward to make possible the needed observations. For example, a new technology or theory might make the necessary experiments feasible.
Increasing apple consumption in over-60s has no effect on frequency of doctor's visits.
Does social media use affect
teenagers' mental health?
Teenagers who spend more than 2 hours per day on
social media will report higher levels of anxiety and
depression than those who spend less time.
Teenagers' time spent on social media has no effect on reported levels of anxiety and depression.
Does exercise improve cognitive
function in older adults?
Older adults who engage in regular exercise will
perform better on cognitive tests than those who do
not exercise regularly.
Regular exercise has no effect on cognitive test performance in older adults.
The document discusses hypothesis, its meaning, purpose, characteristics, types and testing. Some key points:
- Hypothesis is a conjectural statement proposed for testing through research. It suggests a possible relationship between two or more variables.
- The purpose of a hypothesis is to guide research and provide a framework to organize conclusions. It helps define relevant and irrelevant facts.
- There are different types of hypotheses like simple, complex, null, research, directional, non-directional.
- A hypothesis must be testable, clear, precise and related to the research problem.
- Testing a hypothesis involves collecting data, evaluating the null hypothesis to accept or reject it based on results.
The document discusses the different types of hypotheses used in research, including directional and non-directional hypotheses, declarative hypotheses that state relationships between variables, null hypotheses that state no significant differences exist, question form hypotheses used to raise research questions, alternative hypotheses that anticipate differences between variables, and predication form hypotheses that state expected principles for action research studies.
This document defines and discusses hypotheses. It begins by explaining that a hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two variables. It then defines a hypothesis as a provisional statement showing a relationship between variables. The document outlines the main types of hypotheses as the null hypothesis, which predicts no relationship, and the alternative hypothesis, which predicts a relationship. It also lists the steps for formulating a hypothesis and characteristics of a good hypothesis such as conceptual clarity and verifiability. Finally, it discusses the functions of a hypothesis such as providing a basis for research and preventing blind searches.
The document defines a hypothesis as a conjectural statement or tentative explanation about the relationship between two or more variables that can be tested. Several authors contribute definitions stating that a hypothesis makes a specific, testable prediction and must be falsifiable. Key aspects of a hypothesis include identifying variables, having explanatory power, and being testable, quantifiable, and generalizable. The document also distinguishes between statistical hypotheses about population parameters, null hypotheses being tested, and critical regions for rejecting null hypotheses based on sample data.
This document discusses hypotheses in research. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Good hypotheses are conceptual, empirical, objective, specific, relevant, testable, consistent, simple, and verifiable. Hypotheses guide research by linking theory to practice and determining appropriate methods. Characteristics of strong hypotheses and different types (e.g. research, null, directional) are explained. The document also covers formulating hypotheses through background knowledge, intellectual versatility, analogy, and deductive reasoning from theories.
This document discusses hypotheses, which are statements predicting the relationship between two or more variables. Hypotheses allow theories to be tested, guide research design and data analysis, and provide context for study results. They are typically derived from prior research, theoretical frameworks, or a researcher's experiences. Constructing hypotheses brings focus and clarity to an investigation and can have outcomes of being right, partially right, or wrong based on data collection and analysis. Hypotheses are classified as simple, involving one independent and dependent variable, or complex, involving multiple variables. Guidelines for critiquing hypotheses include assessing clarity, direct ties to the research problem, inclusion of variables, and precision of research questions.
1) A hypothesis is a tentative statement proposed for testing through scientific investigation. It predicts the relationship between two or more variables.
2) Hypotheses guide research design and analysis by specifying the variables to be studied and their expected relationships.
3) The main types of hypotheses are simple, complex, directional, non-directional, null, and alternative. Hypotheses can also be classified as associative, causal, statistical, or research hypotheses.
This document discusses research hypotheses. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative, testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables. A hypothesis helps translate research problems into clear predictions about expected outcomes. Hypotheses are derived from literature reviews and conceptual frameworks. The main types discussed are research hypotheses, null hypotheses, and testable hypotheses. Research hypotheses make predictions, while null hypotheses predict no relationship. Testable hypotheses involve measurable variables. Variables are also discussed, including independent, dependent, extraneous, and demographic variables. Assumptions and limitations of research are briefly covered.
This document discusses different types of hypotheses used in business research. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative assumption or prediction about the relationship between two or more variables that guides a research study. The document then describes eight types of hypotheses: simple, complex, directional, non-directional, causal, associative, null, and alternative. For each type, an example is provided to illustrate the nature of the relationship predicted between independent and dependent variables.
This document discusses key concepts related to research including definitions, types, variables, hypothesis, research design, sampling techniques, and literature review. Some key points:
- Research is defined as a systematic, exhaustive, and methodical process of investigation aimed at discovery and interpretation of facts.
- The main types of research are basic, applied, quantitative, qualitative, descriptive, experimental, and historical.
- Variables can be independent, dependent, or intervening. Hypotheses can be simple or complex, null or alternative, directional or non-directional, associative or causal.
- Research design may be experimental, quasi-experimental, or non-experimental. Sampling can use probability or non
The scientific method involves systematically acquiring knowledge about behaviors and phenomena through research. It involves formulating explanations, developing testable hypotheses, carrying out studies, analyzing data, and communicating findings. Theories provide broad explanations for phenomena and are based on previous research. Variables are components studied in research and must be operationally defined. Hypotheses make precise, testable predictions about outcomes. Research methods include archival research, naturalistic observation, surveys, case studies, and experimental and correlational research. Experiments investigate causal relationships by manipulating variables, while correlations examine variable relationships. Research must consider ethics, diversity, and avoid biases to produce valid results.
The document discusses different types of hypotheses used in research studies, including simple, complex, empirical, null, alternative, statistical, directional, non-directional, causal, and associative hypotheses. It defines each type of hypothesis and provides examples. The document also covers the functions, characteristics, and contributions of hypotheses in structuring research problems and guiding the research process.
Research Methodology all about Hypothesis.pptxDrHafizKosar
A hypothesis is an assumption that is made based on some evidence. This is the initial point of any investigation that translates the research questions into predictions. It includes components like variables, population and the relation between the variables. A research hypothesis is a hypothesis that is used to test the relationship between two or more variables.
Characteristics of Hypothesis
Following are the characteristics of the hypothesis:
• The hypothesis should be clear and precise to consider it to be reliable.
• If the hypothesis is a relational hypothesis, then it should be stating the relationship between variables.
• The hypothesis must be specific and should have scope for conducting more tests.
• The way of explanation of the hypothesis must be very simple and it should also be understood that the simplicity of the hypothesis is not related to its significance.
Sources of Hypothesis
Following are the sources of hypothesis:
• The resemblance between the phenomenon.
• Observations from past studies, present-day experiences and from the competitors.
• Scientific theories.
• General patterns that influence the thinking process of people.
Types of Hypotheses
There are six forms of hypothesis and they are:
• Simple hypothesis
• Complex hypothesis
• Directional hypothesis
• Non-directional hypothesis
• Null hypothesis
• Associative and casual hypothesis
How will Hypothesis help in the Scientific Method?
Researchers use hypotheses to put down their thoughts directing how the experiment would take place. Following are the steps that are involved in the scientific method:
• Formation of question
• Doing background research
• Creation of hypothesis
• Designing an experiment
• CDIFFERENCE BETWEEN RESEARCH QUESTION AND HYPOTHESIS
1.A research question and a hypothesis are both key of the research process,
but they serve different, purposes and have, distinct characteristics.
2.A research question is, a broad inquiry that defines the main focus, of a research study. It is an interrogative statement, that identifies the specific, aspect or problem that the, researcher intends to investigate.
3. Research questions are usually open-ended, and seek to explore, describe, or understand a phenomenon. They are formulated to guide the research process, and provide a clear direction for inquiry.
6 On the other hand, a hypothesis is a testable statement or prediction, that proposes a relationship, or difference between variables. It is based on existing theories, prior research, or observations, and represents an educated guess about the outcome, of the study.
7.Hypotheses are typically, formulated in a specific, and often directional manner. They aim to provide a tentative explanation or answer to the research question
8 A research hypothesis is a, statement that proposes, a relationship or difference, between variables. It serves as the basis for designing and conducting research studies to test its validity.
For a detailed explanation Watch the Youtube video:
https://youtu.be/6g4tD162yhI
Hypothesis, Characteristics of a good hypothesis, contribution to research study, Types of hypothesis, Source, level of significance, two-tailed one-tailed test, types of errors
Hypotheses Presentation (2).pptx What is hypothesisSnehaMaryLakra
This document defines different types of hypotheses and explains their functions in research. It states that a hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. The main types discussed are: simple hypotheses examine two variables; complex hypotheses examine multiple variables; null hypotheses assume no relationship until disproven; alternative hypotheses attempt to disprove the null; empirical hypotheses are tested through experimentation; logical hypotheses have limited evidence; and statistical hypotheses examine samples rather than entire populations. In summarizing, hypotheses help clarify research problems, predict outcomes, guide study design and data collection, and facilitate interpreting results.
The document discusses variables, attributes, and hypotheses. It defines a variable as something that can have multiple values, while an attribute is a specific value of a variable. There are different types of variables like explanatory, extraneous, dependent, and independent. A hypothesis relates an independent variable to a dependent variable through a predictive statement. Hypotheses must be testable, specific, and consistent. They can be descriptive, relational, or causal. A null hypothesis states there is no relationship between variables, while an alternative hypothesis describes the predicted relationship. Hypotheses give direction to studies by determining needed data, sources, appropriate research type, and analysis technique.
This document defines hypothesis and discusses its functions and characteristics. It begins by defining a hypothesis as an intelligent guess or prediction that gives direction to a researcher to answer a research question. It then explains that a hypothesis formally states the expected relationship between two or more variables. The document outlines several key contributions and functions of hypotheses, including providing clarity to research problems and objectives, directing the research study process, and facilitating data collection and analysis. It describes different types of hypotheses, such as null/alternative hypotheses, directional/non-directional, simple/complex, and causal/associative hypotheses. Finally, it discusses advantages and disadvantages of stating hypotheses and emphasizes the importance of hypotheses in providing relationships between variables and objectivity to research.
1. A hypothesis is a prediction or statement about the relationship between variables that is tested through research. It provides direction for a study and helps draw logical conclusions.
2. There are different types of hypotheses, including null hypotheses (no relationship between variables), alternative hypotheses (relationship exists), simple vs complex (number of variables), and directional vs non-directional (predicts direction of impact).
3. Developing a good hypothesis involves reviewing literature, discussing with experts, using intuition, and considering previous studies. The hypothesis guides the research process by helping select relevant facts and outcomes to examine.
This document defines variables and types of hypotheses in research. It explains that a variable is anything that varies, like qualities or behaviors, and can be measured. There are independent variables, which the researcher manipulates, and dependent variables, which are measured. Hypotheses make predictions about the relationship between variables. There are simple, complex, empirical, null, and alternative hypotheses. A causal hypothesis predicts cause and effect, while an associative hypothesis reflects natural relationships between non-manipulated variables.
This document defines variables and types of hypotheses used in research. It explains that a variable is anything that can vary, like qualities or behaviors, and are measurable. There are two main types of variables: independent variables, which are manipulated by the researcher, and dependent variables, which are measured and change in response to the independent variable. The document then describes seven different types of hypotheses used in research: simple, complex, empirical, null, alternative, causal, and associative hypotheses. It provides an example of each type of hypothesis to illustrate how they are used.
The document discusses the research process and defines key concepts in research methodology, including:
- Establishing clear research objectives and hypotheses to guide the study
- Defining variables, with the dependent variable changing in relation to the independent variable(s)
- Stating hypotheses as predictive statements relating variables, which can be tested and proven right or wrong
- Different types of hypotheses including descriptive, relational, causal, null, and alternative hypotheses
Hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables that is tested for reliability and validity. There are several types of hypotheses including null, alternative, descriptive, relational, non-directional, causal, statistical, and complex hypotheses. Hypotheses should be clear, testable, specific, consistent with known facts, and explain the phenomenon under investigation. Common sources of hypotheses include observation, analogies, intuitions, previous study findings, and theories.
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2. Topics to be covered:
• Meaning and definitions
• Importance
• Sources
• Features
• Types
• Conclusion
3. Meaning and Definition of Hypothesis:
• Hypothesis is a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence/
knowledge as starting point for further investigation. It is a tentative statement or provisional
assumption about a particular phenomenon, the reality of which is not known to the researcher
and so he furthers studies it in detail and conducts tests to prove or disprove it.
• Bailey- A hypothesis is a preposition in testable form and predicts a particular relationship
between two or more variables. If a researcher thinks that a relationship exists, he should first
state it as a hypothesis and then test the hypothesis in the field.
• Black and Champion- A tentative statement, the validity of which is not known.
• Goode and Hatt- A preposition which can be put to a test to determine its validity.
4. Importance:
• Prevents blind research.
• Brings clarity, precision and focus in research process.
• Facilitation of aspects which has to be further investigated.
• Enhances objectivity.
• Provides temporary theory which after verification, becomes a well accepted theory.
• Provides direction to the research by defining variables.
Sources:
• General culture
• Scientific theory
• Analogies
• Personal experience
• Observation
• Findings from other studies
5. Characteristics:
• Conceptual clarity
• Verifiable
• Specificity
• Testability
• Objectivity
• Simplicity
• Consistency
• Relational
• Raises relatable questions
Example of hypothesis in socio-legal research_x0002_
If the topic of research is – Discrimination against women in rural society.
Hypothesis can be- Higher the illiteracy in society, higher will be the discrimination against women.
6. Types of Hypothesis
• Simple
• Complex
• Casual
• Empirical
• Descriptive
• Relational
• Null
• Statistical
• Common sense
• No Difference
• Logical
• Alternate
• Declarative
• Directional
• Non Directional
• Analytical
• Associate
• Working
• Testable
7. EXPLANATION
• Descriptive hypothesis describes the characteristics of the variables (situation, character, event, person etc.).
E.g. the rate of unemployment in arts graduate is higher than commerce graduate. Relational hypothesis
describes the relationship between two variables. E.g. family on higher income(V1)spend more on recreation
(V2).
• Working hypothesis is modified at each stage by the researcher as the hypothesis formed at the initial stage
may not be specific and they may vary.
• Null hypothesis is a hypothesis that expresses no relationship between variables. The hypothesis is denied by
the materials available. It is denoted by H0. E.g. skin problems are not caused by chemical X in the beauty
products.
• Statistical hypothesis is a hypothesis which can be numerically measured through ratio, bar graph, pie chart
etc. e.g. statement about statistical population.
• Common sense hypothesis is a hypothesis based on empirical uniformities, seen through day to day
observations. E.g. social background of workers.
• Hypothesis of no difference is a hypothesis where there is no difference between two groups, situations,
phenomena. E.g. girls and boys performed equally well in test.
• Associate hypothesis predicts an associative relationship between independent an dependent variables that
occurs or exists in natural settings without manipulation. When there is change in any one of the variables,
changes also occur in the other variable. E.g. the lower the blood sugar level, the lesser is the risk of infection
among diabetic patients.
8. CONTD.
• Alternate hypothesis is a hypothesis which rejects null hypothesis. It provides alternate assumption or
relationship
• or an explanation. It is denoted by H1. E.g. skin problems are caused by chemical X in the beauty products.
• Declarative hypothesis is a hypothesis which declares relationship between two variables. E.g. skin problems are
• caused by chemical X and not chemical Y in skin products.
• Directional hypothesis is a hypothesis which states the direction of differences or association between two
variables. E.g. 1. drug A is not effective than drug B : Directional Null hypothesis. 2. Drug A is more effective
than drug B: Directional Alternate hypothesis.
• Non directional hypothesis states only the difference or association and does not give the direction. E.g.1. There
is no difference between effectiveness of drug A and drug B : Non directional null hypothesis. 2. There is
difference between the effectiveness of drug A and drug B : Non directional alternate hypothesis.
• Analytical hypothesis states the relationship between analytical variables. It specifies the relationship between
changes in one variable in relation to changes in the other variable. E.g. Deforestation leads to ecological
imbalance.
• Simple hypothesis establishes the relationship between two variable. E.g. higher rate of unemployment leads
tocrime.
• Complex hypothesis establishes relationship between more than two variables. E.g. smoking leads to
cancer,tension, chest infections etc.
• Casual hypothesis establishes cause and effect relation between two variables. E.g. smoking causes cancer.
9. CONTD.
• Empirical hypothesis is the use of working hypothesis that can be tested using observation and experiment. E.g.
roses watered with liquid vitamin B grows faster than roses watered with liquid vitamin E.
• Logical hypothesis is a hypothesis which can be verified logically. J.S Mill has given four canons of this
hypothesis-Agreement, Disagreement, difference and Residue. E.g. if it is raining, the ground will be wet.
• In Testable hypothesis, the variables are testable or measurable. E.g. increase I patient’s body temperature
• causes increase in patients' pulse rate.
10. CONCLUSION
In a nutshell, once the researcher identifies the problem, he formulate it into a research problem. After
brainstorming, he comes to a tentative conclusion, known as hypothesis on the basis of which research is
carried out to check its correctness.
Any Queries?
Thank You.