The document summarizes the main components and functions of the nervous system. It describes the peripheral nervous system, which includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic system controls voluntary skeletal muscles while the autonomic system involuntarily controls cardiac, smooth muscles and glands. It also describes the central nervous system including the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem. The cerebrum controls higher functions while the cerebellum controls balance and motor coordination. The brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons and medulla that help regulate vital functions. The spinal cord carries signals between the brain and body and contains dorsal and ventral roots that receive and send signals
understanding spinal cord, its bransches, lesions, functions and anatomy.
hope to give you better knowledge of spinal cord by the end of it.
plese review ans comment for my future updates and corrections that iw ill be needing in this.
cerebrum, sulci and gyri of cerebrum, lobes of cerebrum, frontal lobe , parietal lobe, temporal lobe and occipital lobe, sulci and gyri presnet in each lobes, and the functional areas , of cerebrum, brodmann areas of cerebrum, borders and surfaces of cerebrum, insula,
understanding spinal cord, its bransches, lesions, functions and anatomy.
hope to give you better knowledge of spinal cord by the end of it.
plese review ans comment for my future updates and corrections that iw ill be needing in this.
cerebrum, sulci and gyri of cerebrum, lobes of cerebrum, frontal lobe , parietal lobe, temporal lobe and occipital lobe, sulci and gyri presnet in each lobes, and the functional areas , of cerebrum, brodmann areas of cerebrum, borders and surfaces of cerebrum, insula,
Cardiovascular System, Heart, Blood Vessel, ECG, Hypertension, Arrhythmia Audumbar Mali
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The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid. The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system (CNS). In humans, the spinal cord begins at the occipital bone, passing through the foramen magnum and entering the spinal canal at the beginning of the cervical vertebrae.
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The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid. The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system (CNS). In humans, the spinal cord begins at the occipital bone, passing through the foramen magnum and entering the spinal canal at the beginning of the cervical vertebrae.
special sense organs (anatomy and physiology) - a brief discussion Pallab Nath
brief discussion on special senses, Basic level class for technicians. topics discussed include eyes and vision, nose and sense of smell, tongue and sense of taste and ears and hearing
In humans and other higher animals, the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) collectively form the whole nervous system. The CNS, which serves as the body's control center, includes the spinal cord and the brain. The PNS, a nerve network, links the CNS to various bodily systems.
control system in humans, neurons, types of neurons, nerves, human nervous system, CNS, PNS, ANS, Brain, parts of brain, spinal cord, functions of spinal cord, reflex arc, PNS, ANS,
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1. Nervous –System: Classification
Dr Neeta Gupta
Associate Professor
Certified Practitioner of EFT & REBT
(London) & CBT (Scotland) T
DAV PG College
Dehradun
2.
3. .
Peripheral Nervous System
Sense
Organs
Sensory
Afferent
Motor Efferent
Autonomic Nervous System
(Involuntary/Visceral)
Somatic Nervous
System (Voluntary)
Effectors
Which Control Skeletal Muscles
Effectors
Which Control Cardiac, Smooth Muscles and Glands
Functions
During
Relaxation
Sympathetic
Nervous System
Functions during
an emergency
Fight/ Flight
Parasympathetic
Nervous System
4. Cranial nerves and spinal nerves are two types of
nerves of the peripheral nervous system. The key
difference between cranial and spinal nerves is that
the cranial nerves come from the brain while the
spinal nerves come from the spinal cord. Spinal
nerves are those that emerge directly from segments of
the spinal cord. Cranial nerve transfers information
between the brain and the other parts of the body.
Cranial nerves arise from the brain.
The nerves Conduct impulses toward
or away from the central nervous
mechanism. In humans
12 pairs of the cranial nerves,
are attached to the brain, and,
as a rule, 31 pairs of the spinal nerves, are attached to the
spinal cord.
5. The autonomic nervous system:
is also called the visceral nervous
system because it controls smooth
muscle, cardiac muscle, and
glands, which make up the viscera
of the body. ... These inputs elicit
reflex responses through the
efferent autonomic nerves.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Hypothalamus: is located in the floor of the third
ventricle and is the master control of the
autonomic system. It plays a role in controlling
behaviours such as hunger, thirst, sleep, and
sexual response. It also regulates body
temperature, blood pressure, emotions, and
secretion of hormones.
Thalamus: serves as a relay station for almost all
information that comes and goes to the cortex. It
plays a role in pain sensation, attention,
alertness and memory.
Limbic system: is the center of our emotions,
learning, and memory. Included in this system
are the cingulate gyri, hypothalamus, amygdala
(emotional reactions) and hippocampus
(memory). The septum is considered a part of the
limbic system, mediating the connection between
the cortex and subcortical limbic nuclei.
11. Cerebrum: is the largest part of the brain and is
composed of right and left hemispheres. It performs
higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and
hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions,
learning, and fine control of movement.
The cerebrum is divided into two halves: the right and
left hemispheres .They are joined by a bundle of
fibers called the corpus callosum that transmits
messages from one side to the other. Each
hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body. If
a stroke occurs on the right side of the brain, your left
arm or leg may be weak or paralyzed.
The right hemisphere controls creativity, spatial
ability, artistic, and musical skills. The left hemisphere
is dominant in hand use and language in about 92% of
people.
12. The cerebral hemispheres have distinct
fissures, which divide the brain into lobes.
Each hemisphere has 4 lobes: frontal,
temporal, parietal, and occipital .
Frontal lobe
•Personality, behavior, emotions
•Judgment, planning, problem solving
•Speech: speaking and writing (Broca’s area)
•Body movement (motor strip)
•Intelligence, concentration, self awareness
Parietal lobe
•Interprets language, words
•Sense of touch, pain, temperature (sensory strip)
•Interprets signals from vision, hearing, motor,
sensory and memory
•Spatial and visual perception
14. Midbrain, also called mesencephalon, region of the
developing vertebrate brain that is composed of the tectum and tegmentum.
The midbrain serves important functions in motor movement, particularly
movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing. It is located
within the brainstem and between the two other developmental regions of
the brain, the forebrain and the hindbrain; compared with those regions, the
midbrain is relatively small.
The tectum (from Latin for “roof”) makes up the rear portion of the midbrain and is
formed by two paired rounded swellings, the superior and inferior colliculi.
The superior colliculus receives input from the retina and the visual cortex and
participates in a variety of visual reflexes, particularly the tracking of objects in the
visual field. The inferior colliculus receives both crossed and uncrossed auditory
fibres and projects upon the medial geniculate body, the auditory relay nucleus of
the thalamus.
15. The tegmentum is located in front of the
tectum. It consists of fibre tracts and three
regions distinguished by their colour—the
red nucleus, that is involved in the
coordination of sensorimotor information.
The periaqueductal gray, and
the substantia nigra.
A smaller number of fibres synapse on large
cells in caudal regions of the red nucleus;
those give rise to the crossed fibres of the
rubrospinal tract, which runs to the spinal
cord and is influenced by the motor cortex.
The substantia nigra is a large pigmented cluster
of neurons that consists of two parts, the pars
reticulata and the pars compacta.
16. Hindbrain:
Pons – The primary role of the pons is to
serve as a bridge between various parts
of the nervous system, including the
cerebellum and cerebrum.
Medulla – The primary role of the
medulla is regulating our involuntary life
sustaining functions such as breathing,
swallowing and heart rate.
Cerebellum
It has several functions. The most
important ones include balance, motoric
activities, walking, standing, and
coordination of voluntary movements. It
also coordinates muscular activity and
speech. It also coordinates eye
movements, thus heavily impacting our
vision.
17.
18.
19. Spinal Cord;
The spinal cord is a long, fragile tubelike structure that
begins at the end of the brain stem and continues down
almost to the bottom of the spine. The spinal cord
consists of bundles of nerve axons forming pathways
that carry incoming and outgoing messages between
the brain and the rest of the body. Like the brain, the
spinal cord is covered by three layers of tissue
(meninges). The spinal cord and meninges are
contained in the spinal canal, which runs through the
center of the spine.
.
20. In most adults, the spine is composed
of 33 individual back bones
(vertebrae). Just as the skull protects
the brain, vertebrae protect the
spinal cord. The vertebrae are
separated by disks made of cartilage,
which act as cushions, reducing the
forces on the spine generated by
movements such as walking and
jumping. The vertebrae and disks of
cartilage extend the length of the
spine and together form the vertebral
column, also called the spinal
column.
21. What is the dorsal & Ventral root of the spinal
cord?
Each spinal nerve has two roots, a dorsal or posterior
(meaning “toward the back”) one and a ventral or
anterior (meaning “toward the front”) one. The dorsal
root is sensory and the ventral root motor; the first
cervical nerve may lack the dorsal root. Oval swellings,
the spinal ganglia, characterize the dorsal roots.
What happens if the dorsal root is damaged?
If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve were severed it
would lead to numbness in certain areas of the body.
What happens if the ventral root is damaged?
If the ventral root of a spinal nerve was severely
damaged or cut, it would cut off the pathway of
motor information from the spinal cord to the
spinal nerve. Therefore, whatever effectors that spinal
nerve controlled would no longer work; it would be
paralyzed.
22. The Dorsal Horn: The neurons of the
dorsal horns receive sensory information
that enters the spinal cord via the dorsal
roots of the spinal nerves.
The dorsal horn functions as an intermediary
processing center for this information,
comprising a complex network of excitatory
and inhibitory interneurons as well as projection
neurons that transmit the processed somatosensory
information from the spinal cord to the brain.
The ventral horns contains the cell bodies of
motor neurons that send axons via the ventral
roots of the spinal nerves to terminate on striated
muscles. ... The lateral columns include axons that
travel from the cerebral cortex to contact spinal
motor neurons.
23. Mechanism of Simple Reflex
Spinal Reflexes are very simlpe and automatic behaviour that
occur without conscious, voluntary action of the brain.
When you are exposed to flame, receptor cells in your fingertips
respond to the flame, sending neural impulses racing along
sensory neurons, through a dorsal root and into the spinal cord.
Impulses travel to interneurons and go right back out of the
spinal cord (through ventral root) on motor neurons to your
arms and hand where muscles are stimulated to contract and
your hand jerks back from the flame. So this is the simple relex
impulse.