The document discusses various approaches and methods used in life-span development psychology. It describes 7 perspectives: psychodynamic, behavioral, social-cognitive, cognitive, information processing, humanistic, and sociocultural. For each perspective, influential theorists are mentioned like Freud, Erikson, Bandura, Piaget, and Vygotsky. It also outlines common methods used like naturalistic observation, case studies, surveys, and experiments.
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It has the same goals as other sciences; to describe, explain, predict and control behaviour. Utilizes critical thinking. Theories are based on empirical data. Research is conducted in a systematic and scientific manner
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It has the same goals as other sciences; to describe, explain, predict and control behaviour. Utilizes critical thinking. Theories are based on empirical data. Research is conducted in a systematic and scientific manner
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The City Explores Its BehaviorPsychologyPsychology i.docxmehek4
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The City Explores Its Behavior
Psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior.
It is focused on the individual.
Attempts to investigate the causes of behavior using non-random and objective procedures for observation, measurement and analysis, backed-up by theoretical interpretations, generalizations, explanations and predictions.
Psychological perspectives can be applied to the study of the urban environment.
The Happy City Experiment
Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive psychology revolves around the notion that if we want to know what makes people tick then the way to do it is to figure out what processes are actually going on in their minds.
The cognitive perspective is concerned with âmentalâ functions such as memory, perception, attention etc.
Humans undergo stages of development. This includes thought, judgment, and knowledge.
Piagetâs stages of (child) development, Maslowâs hierarchy of needs, and Kolbergâs stages of moral development.
Behaviorism
The concept of free will is simply an illusion.
All human action is the direct result of conditioning.
Actions that are followed by good consequences are reinforced and therefore those behaviors are more likely to occur again in the future.
Behaviors that result in negative consequences, on the other hand, become less likely to occur again.
Psychoanalysis
It is both a theory and a therapy.
People have little free will to make choices in life. Instead, our behavior is determined by the unconscious mind and childhood experiences.
The human mind is like an iceberg, with only a small amount of it being visible, that is our observable behavior, but it is the unconscious, submerged mind that has the most, underlying influence on our behavior.
Humanism
A psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of the whole person.
The humanistic perspective centers on the view that each person is unique and individual, and has the free will to change at any time in his or her lives.
The humanistic perspective suggests that we are each responsible for our own happiness and well-being as humans.
We have the innate capacity for self-actualization, which is our unique desire to achieve our highest potential as people.
Heuristics
Heuristics are commonly defined as cognitive shortcuts or rules of thumb that simplify decisions.
Represent a process of substituting a difficult question with an easier one.
Can lead to cognitive bias.
A cognitive bias is a non-random error in thinking, in the sense that a judgment deviates from what would be considered desirable from the perspective of accepted norms or correct in terms of formal logic.
For example, confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, focus on and remember information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions.
Social Psychology
Social psychology is about understanding individual behavior in a social context.
It is concerned with the factors that lead us to behave in a given way in th ...
Child Psychology Essay
Essay on Educational Psychology
Psychology Experiment Essay examples
Essay about Definition of Psychology
Ethics in Psychology Essay
Essay on The History of Psychology
Essay on my interest in psychology
Industrial Psychology Essay
Essay on Psychologists
The City Explores Its BehaviorPsychologyPsychology i.docxmehek4
Â
The City Explores Its Behavior
Psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior.
It is focused on the individual.
Attempts to investigate the causes of behavior using non-random and objective procedures for observation, measurement and analysis, backed-up by theoretical interpretations, generalizations, explanations and predictions.
Psychological perspectives can be applied to the study of the urban environment.
The Happy City Experiment
Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive psychology revolves around the notion that if we want to know what makes people tick then the way to do it is to figure out what processes are actually going on in their minds.
The cognitive perspective is concerned with âmentalâ functions such as memory, perception, attention etc.
Humans undergo stages of development. This includes thought, judgment, and knowledge.
Piagetâs stages of (child) development, Maslowâs hierarchy of needs, and Kolbergâs stages of moral development.
Behaviorism
The concept of free will is simply an illusion.
All human action is the direct result of conditioning.
Actions that are followed by good consequences are reinforced and therefore those behaviors are more likely to occur again in the future.
Behaviors that result in negative consequences, on the other hand, become less likely to occur again.
Psychoanalysis
It is both a theory and a therapy.
People have little free will to make choices in life. Instead, our behavior is determined by the unconscious mind and childhood experiences.
The human mind is like an iceberg, with only a small amount of it being visible, that is our observable behavior, but it is the unconscious, submerged mind that has the most, underlying influence on our behavior.
Humanism
A psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of the whole person.
The humanistic perspective centers on the view that each person is unique and individual, and has the free will to change at any time in his or her lives.
The humanistic perspective suggests that we are each responsible for our own happiness and well-being as humans.
We have the innate capacity for self-actualization, which is our unique desire to achieve our highest potential as people.
Heuristics
Heuristics are commonly defined as cognitive shortcuts or rules of thumb that simplify decisions.
Represent a process of substituting a difficult question with an easier one.
Can lead to cognitive bias.
A cognitive bias is a non-random error in thinking, in the sense that a judgment deviates from what would be considered desirable from the perspective of accepted norms or correct in terms of formal logic.
For example, confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, focus on and remember information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions.
Social Psychology
Social psychology is about understanding individual behavior in a social context.
It is concerned with the factors that lead us to behave in a given way in th ...
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasnât one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
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What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
1. Dr Neeta Gupta
Associate Professor
Department of psychology
Certified Practitioner of EFT &
REBT (London) & CBT
(Scotland)
DAV PG College
Dehradun
Approaches & Methods of
Life-Span Development
2. Developmental psychologists use various
perspectives for studying Life Span
Development:
1.Psychodynamic perspective
2.Behaviouristic Perspective
3.Social-Learning Perspective
4.Cognitive Perspective
5.Information-Processing Perspective
6.Humanistic Perspective
7.Socio-Cultural Perspective
3. 1.The Psychodynamic Perspective:
Advocates of this theory believe that much behaviour
is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts
of which a person has little awareness or control. The
inner forces, which may stem from childhood,
influence behaviour throughout life.
4. Freud and Ericson are two key
psychodynamic theory whose theory
remain influential today. The
psychodynamic perspective is most closely
associated with Sigmund Freud.
Freudâs psychoanalytic theory suggests
that unconscious forces act to determine
personality and behaviour. To Freud, the
unconscious is a part of the personality
about which a person is unaware.
5. He Describes development and behaviour as a result
of the interplay of inner drives, memories and
conflicts we are unaware of and can not control.
These inner forces influence our behaviour
throughout our lives.
Freud suggested that the unconscious is responsible
for a good part of our everyday behavior
6. Eriksonâs Psychosocial
Theory.
It emphasizes our social
interaction with other people. In
Eriksonâs view, society and
culture both challenge and
shape us. Psychosocial
development encompasses
changes in our interactions with
and understandings of one
another as well as in our
knowledge and understanding of
us as members of society.
7. 2.The Behavioral Perspective: Focusing on
Observable Behavior. Behaviorists examine only
behaviour that can be observed and beleive
that all behaviour is influenced by the physical
and social environment.
Watson beleived he
could control the
childâs destiny by
controlling an
infantâs physical and
social environment.
9. Operant conditioning is a form of learning
in which a voluntary response is
strengthened or weakened by its
association with positive or negative
consequences.
11. It differs from classical conditioning in that the
response being conditioned is voluntary and
purposeful rather than automatic (such as
salivating). Principles of operant conditioning
are used in behavior
12. 3.Social-cognitive learning theory focuses on learning by observing the
behavior of another person, called a model. Albert Bandura has
explained significant amount of learning is by social-cognitive learning
theory.
Operant conditioning makes learning a matter of trial and error, social-
cognitive learning theory makes learning a product of observation.
Social-cognitive learning theory holds that when we see the behavior of
a model being rewarded, we are likely to imitate that behavior.
13. In contrast with Behavioural perspective
Bandura viwed individual as active in their
development rather than passively molded
by their physical and social environment.
14. 4.The Cognitive Perspective: Examining the Roots of
Understanding. The cognitive perspective emphasizes how
people internally represent and think about the world. By
using this perspective, developmental researchers hope to
understand how children and adults process information
and how their ways of thinking and understanding affect
their behavior.
15. Piaget suggests that the growth in childrenâs understanding of the world
can be explained by two basic principles: assimilation and
accommodation. Assimilation is the process in which people understand
a new experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive
development and existing ways of thinking. In contrast, accommodation
refers to changes in existing ways of thinking in response to encounters
with new stimuli or events.
16. 5.Information Processing Approaches:
A perspective that uses a computer analogy to
describe how the mind receives information and
manipulates, stores, recalls and uses it to solve
problems.
17. 6.The Humanistic Perspective: The humanistic perspective
contends that people have a natural capacity to make
decisions about their lives and to control their behaviour.
The humanistic perspective emphasizes free will, the ability
of humans to make choices and come to decisions about
their lives instead of relying on societal standards. Carl
Rogers, suggests that people need positive regard, which
results from an underlying wish to be loved and respected.
18. 7.Vygotskyâs Sociocultural Theory. Vygotskyâs sociocultural
theory emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a
result of social interactions between members of a culture.
Sociocultural theory emphasizes that development is a
reciprocal transaction between the people in a childâs
environment and the child. Vygotsky believed that people
and settings influence the child, who in turn influences the
people and settings.
19. Methods: Developmental psychologists
use many methods in order to better
understand how individuals change
mentally and physically over time.
These methods include
1.Naturalistic observations,
2.Case studies,
3.Surveys, and
4.Experiments, among others.
20. 1.Naturalistic observation is a research method in which
people or other subjects are observed in
their natural setting. Psychologists and other social
scientists use naturalistic observation to study specific
social or cultural settings that couldn't be investigated in
other ways, such as prisons, bars, and hospitals.
21. 2. Case study: developmental psychologists
collect a great deal of information from
one individual in order to better
understand physical and psychological
changes over the lifespan. This particular
approach is an excellent way to better
understand individuals, who are
exceptional in some way, but it is especially
prone to researcher bias in interpretation,
and it is difficult to generalize conclusions
to the larger population.
22. 3.A survey is a research method used for
collecting data from a predefined group of
respondents to gain information and insights
into various topics of interest. They can have
multiple purposes, and researchers can conduct
it in many ways depending on the methodology
chosen and the studyâs goal.
24. As such, experimental research allows
developmental psychologists to make
causal statements about certain variables
that are important for the developmental
process. Because experimental research
must occur in a controlled environment,
researchers must be cautious about
whether behaviours observed in the
laboratory translate to an individualâs
natural environment.