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Unsafe Sex Behavior and HIV/AIDS
- 1. Dr Neeta Gupta AssociateProfessor Department of psychology Certified Practitioner of EFT & REBT (London) & CBT (Scotland) DAV PG College Dehradun Unsafe Sex Behaviour&HIV/AIDS
- 2. The term“unsafe sex”has been defined as sex between a susceptible person and a partner who has a sexually transmitted infection (STI), without taking measures to prevent infection. Sex can only be defined as “safe” or “unsafe” if something is known about the context in which it takes place and with whom. Having sex does not place a person at risk of contracting a disease unless that person’s partner has an infection, which they can transmit.
- 3. Reasons for high-riskbehavior People may have high-risk behavior because they: May not understand the concern about STIs and how they are transmitted. May not talk about safer sex practices with sex partners. Aren't prepared or don't understand how to use protective measures to prevent STIs. May not be aware of symptoms of STIs. May not seek medical care for STI symptoms. May not have access to treatment or be able to afford treatment. May use alcohol and drugs and have sex. Drugs and alcohol impair judgment and make unsafe sex more likely.
- 4. HIV (human immunodeficiencyvirus) is a virus that attacks cells that help the body fight infection, making a person more vulnerable to other infections and diseases. It is spread by contact with certain bodily fluids of a person with HIV, most commonly during unprotected sex (sex without a condom or HIV medicine to prevent or treat HIV), or through sharing injection drug equipment.
- 6. Untreated HIV affectsand kills CD4 cells, which are a type of immune cell called T cell. Over time, as HIV kills more CD4 cells, the body is more likely to get various types of conditions and cancers. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids that include: Blood, semen,vaginal and rectal fluids and breast milk. The virus isn’t transferred in air or water, or through casual contact.
- 7. Because HIV insertsitself into the DNA of cells, it’s a lifelong condition and currently there’s no drug that eliminates HIV from the body, although many scientists are working to find one. However, with medical care, including treatment called antiretroviral therapy, it’s possible to manage HIV and live with the virus for many years. If left untreated, HIV can lead to the disease AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).
- 8. Early symptoms ofHIV The first few weeks after someone contracts HIV is called the acute infection stage. During this time, the virus reproduces rapidly. The person’s immune system responds by producing HIV antibodies, which are proteins that take measures to respond against infection. During this stage, some people have no symptoms at first. However, many people experience symptoms in the first month or so after contracting the virus, but they often don’t realize HIV causes those symptoms. This is because symptoms of the acute stage can be very similar to those of the flu or other seasonal viruses, such as:
- 9. they may bemild to severe they may come and go they may last anywhere from a few days to several weeks Early symptoms of HIV can include: fever chills swollen lymph nodes general aches and pains skin rash sore throat headache nausea upset stomach Whether a person has symptoms or not, during this period their viral load is very high. The viral load is the amount of HIV found in the bloodstream.
- 10. HIV does NOTtransfer through: 1.skin-to-skin contact 2.hugging, shaking hands, or kissing air or water 3.sharing food or drinks, including drinking fountains 4.saliva, tears, or sweat (unless mixed with the blood of a person with HIV) 5.sharing a toilet, towels, or bedding 6.mosquitoes or other insects
- 11. How HIV canbe detected Antibody testing—to diagnose HIV infection. This test can miss very early HIV infection and should therefore be repeated if there is a high concern about HIV infection.
- 12. Viral load testing- determines the amount of virus present in a patient's bloodstream. It is used to decide when to start therapy and to monitor therapy and HIV progression. CD4 T-cell testing—to decide when to start therapy and to monitor therapy, HIV progression, and the status of the immune system. Genotypic resistance testing—to determine if a particular strain of HIV is resistant to the therapy you are on and if the therapy should be switched.
- 13. p24 protein testing- may be used to detect early HIV infection. It is now incorporated into most HIV screening tests as a combined antigen/antibody assay. HIV Western Blot - used to confirm HIV infection when an antibody screening test is positive. Multispot HIV-1/HIV-2 test - a rapid enzyme immunoassay used for the detection and differentiation of HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies.
- 14. What is themost accurate test for HIV? The most accurate and reliable routinely used diagnostic HIV test is a laboratory test that can detect both HIV antibodies and p24 antigen. They are called combination or combo tests because they detect both substances. They are “fourth-generation” tests, with more advanced technology than the earlier generations
- 15. What’s the HIVwindow period? The time between exposure to HIV and when it becomes detectable in the blood is called the HIV window period. Most people develop detectable HIV antibodies within 23 to 90 days after transmission. If a person takes an HIV test during the window period, it’s likely they’ll receive a negative result. However, they can still transmit the virus to others during this time.
- 16. Someone who testsnegative during the window might benefit from post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). This is medication taken after an exposure to prevent getting HIV. PEP needs to be taken as soon as possible after the exposure; it should be taken no later than 72 hours after exposure but ideally before then.
- 17. What is AIDS? AIDSis a disease that can develop in people with HIV. It’s the most advanced stage of HIV. But just because a person has HIV doesn’t mean AIDS will develop. HIV kills CD4 cells. Healthy adults generally have a CD4 count of 500 to 1,600 per cubic millimeter. A person with HIV whose CD4 count falls below 200 per cubic millimeter will be diagnosed with AIDS. A person can also be diagnosed with AIDS if they have HIV and develop an opportunistic infection or cancer that’s rare in people who don’t have HIV.
- 18. Untreated, HIV canprogress to AIDS within a decade. There’s currently no cure for AIDS, and without treatment, life expectancy after diagnosis is about 3 yearsTrusted Source. This may be shorter if the person develops a severe opportunistic illness. However, treatment with antiretroviral drugs can prevent AIDS from developing. If AIDS does develop, it means that the immune system is severely compromised, that is, weakened to the point where it can no longer successfully respond against most diseases and
- 19. That makes theperson living with AIDS vulnerable to a wide range of illnesses, including: 1.Pneumonia, 2.tuberculosis, 3.oral thrush, a fungal condition in the mouth or throatcytomegalovirus (CMV), 4.a type of herpes virus cryptococcal meningitis, 5.a fungal condition in the brain toxoplasmosis, a brain condition caused by a parasite 6.cryptosporidiosis, a condition caused by an intestinal parasite cancer, including Kaposi sarcoma (KS) and lymphoma.
- 20. What are thesymptoms of AIDS? AIDS refers to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. With this condition, the immune system is weakened due to HIV that’s typically gone untreated for many years. If HIV is found and treated early with antiretroviral therapy, a person will usually not develop AIDS. People with HIV may develop AIDS if their HIV is not diagnosed until late or if they know they have HIV but don’t consistently take their antiretroviral therapy. They may also develop AIDS if they have a type of HIV that’s resistant to (doesn’t respond to) the antiretroviral treatment. Without proper and consistent treatment, people living with HIV can develop AIDS sooner. By that time, the immune system is quite damaged and has a harder time generating a response to infection and disease.
- 21. With the useof antiretroviral therapy, a person can maintain a chronic HIV diagnosis without developing AIDS for decades. Symptoms of AIDS can include: Recurrent fever chronic swollen lymph glands, especially of the armpits, neck, and groin chronic fatigue night sweats dark splotches under the skin or inside the mouth, nose, or eyelids
- 22. sores, spots, orlesions of the mouth and tongue, genitals, or anus bumps, lesions, or rashes of the skin recurrent or chronic diarrhea rapid weight loss neurologic problems such as trouble concentrating, memory loss, and confusion anxiety and depression
- 23. Causes of AIDS AIDSis caused by HIV. A person can’t get AIDS if they haven’t contracted HIV. Healthy individuals have a CD4 count of 500 to 1,500 per cubic millimeter. Without treatment, HIV continues to multiply and destroy CD4 cells. If a person’s CD4 count falls below 200, they have AIDS. Also, if someone with HIV develops an opportunistic infection associated with HIV, they can still be diagnosed with AIDS, even if their CD4 count is above 200.
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