This document discusses hypothesis in research. It defines hypothesis and explains its importance in giving focus and direction to a study. It outlines the key characteristics of a good hypothesis, including that it should be testable, limited in scope, and consistent with known facts. The document also describes different ways to formulate hypotheses, including through background knowledge, deductive reasoning, and analogy. Finally, it identifies several types of hypotheses such as directional, non-directional, null, and alternative hypotheses.

1. HYPOTHESIS
Dr. Shiv Kumar
Assistant Professor
Department of Library &
Information Science
Dr. RML Avadh University, Ayodhya-

2. -:HYPOTHESIS :-
• Importance of Hypothesis
• Characteristics of Hypothesis
• Formulation of Hypothesis
• Forms of Hypothesis
• Types of Hypothesis

3. Importance of Hypothesis:-
• It gives focus and direction to the study and prevents
Random Empirical Warning i.e. blind research and
gathering irrelevant data.
• It sensitizes the investigator to the major aspects to
be considered i.e. Goals , Tools, Sample, Design etc
• It helps to understand the problem batter and hence
helps us to correct the different entries of the study
• In Research work ,a hypothesis is needed to clarify
the issues at stake and to crystallize the problem for
investigation.

4. •A Hypothesis serves as a powerful bacon that
lights the way for the Research Worker…

5. Characteristics of Hypothesis:-
1. Hypothesis means less than or less certain
than a thesis
2. Presumptive statement of a proposition …..
3. It is a tentative or working proposition …….
4. Hypothesis considered as a powerful tool
…….. to achieve dependable knowledge.
5. Hypothesis helps the researcher to relate
theory to observation and observation to
theory

6. Characteristics of Hypothesis:-
6. Hypothesis enables to locate and identify variables
involved and suggest Methodological Procedures.
7.It is recognizes more in studies which aim to make
prediction about some outcome.
8. It provides direction to the research
9. It provides rational statement
10.It facilitates the extension of knowledge in the
ResearchArea
11.It provides tentative explanation of facts and
phenomena which can be Tested and Validated.

7. Characteristics of Hypothesis:-
12.In experiment research hypothesis should be
mandatory .
13.Relationship among the variables.
14.Hypothesis follows “Deductive ” as well as
“Inductive ”reasoning .
15.Hypothesis also followsAnalogy .
16. Hypothesis should be clearly and precisely stated .
17. Hypothesis should be Tested
18.Hypothesis should state the expected relationship
between variables .

8. Characteristics of Hypothesis:-
19. Hypothesis should be limited in scope .
20.Hypothesis should be consistent with most known
fact.
21.Hypothesis selected should be amenable to testing
within a reasonable time.

9. Formulation of Hypothesis:-
• Hypotheses are guesses or tentative generalization,
but these guesses are not merely accidents.
Collection of factual information alone does not lead
to successful formulation of hypotheses.
• There are no precise rules for formulating
hypotheses and deductive consequences from them
that can be Empirically verified.
• There are certain necessary conditions that are
conducive of their formulation. Some of them are:-

10. 1) Richness of background knowledge:-
A researcher may deduce hypotheses
inductively after making observation of
behavior, noticing trends or probable
relationships. For Example-
Background knowledge is essential for
perceiving relationships among the
variables. Relevant to a particular
problem, various researchers may have
different hypotheses, but the soundness

11. of the hypotheses will depend upon the quantum
of knowledge that one possesses of the area of
investigation.
Hypotheses may be formulated correctly by
person who has rich experiences and academic
background, but they can never be formulated
by those who have poor background knowledge.

12. 2) Versatility of intellect:-
Hypotheses are also derived
through deductive reasoning from a
theory. Such hypotheses are called
“deductive hypotheses”. A researcher
may being a study by selecting one of
the theories in his own area of interest,
after selecting the particular theory,

13. the researcher proceeds to deduce a
hypothesis from this theory through
symbolic logic or mathematics. This is
possible only when the researcher has a
versatile intellect and can make use of
it for restructuring his experiences. The
essential criteria for formulating
hypothesis are creative imagination,
sound attitude and agile intellect.

14. 3) Analogy and other practices: -
Analogies also lead the researcher
to clues that he may find useful in the
findings solutions to problems.
formulation of hypotheses and for
The
researcher should use analogies with
caution as they are not fool proof tools
for findings solutions to problems.

15. Forms of Hypothesis:-
1) Directional Hypothesis: -
The hypotheses which stipulate the direction of
the expected differences or relationships are termed
as “Directional Hypotheses”.
For example, “there will be a positive
relationship between individual’s attitude towards
high caste Hindus and his socio-economic
status”.
“Adolescent boys with high IQ will exhibit low
anxiety than adolescent boys with low IQ”

16. 2) Non Directional Hypotheses:-
A research hypothesis which does not specify the
direction of expected differences or relationship is
a “Non-directional Hypothesis”.
For example:
“There will be difference in the adaptability of
fathers and mothers towards rearing of their
children”
or
“There is a difference in the anxiety level of
adolescent girls of high IQ and low IQ”

17. 3) Declarative hypothesis:-
When the researcher makes a
“positive statement” about the
outcomes of the study, the hypothesis
takes the Declarative form.
For Example, the hypothesis: “The
academic achievement of extroverts is
significantly higher than that of the
Introverts”:

18. 4) Null Hypothesis:
In the Null form, the researcher makes a
statement that no relationship exists.
“There is no significant
difference between the academic achievement of
high school athletes and that of non athletes,” is
an example of Null Hypothesis.
Since Null hypothesis can be tested
statistically, they are often termed as Statistical
Hypotheses.

19. 5) Question Hypothesis:-
In the question form hypothesis, a question is
asked as to what the outcome will be, instead of
stating what outcome is expected.
Suppose a researcher is interested in knowing whether
programmed instruction has any relationship to test anxiety of
children.
children
decrease
through
their test
“will teaching
programmed instruction
anxiety?”

20. ---:Types Of Hypothesis:---
• Simple Hypothesis
• Complex Hypothesis
• Working or Research Hypothesis
• Null hypothesis
• Alternative hypothesis
• Logical Hypothesis
• Statistical hypothesis

21. (1)Simple Hypothesis:
• A simple Hypothesis is a Hypothesis that
reflects or show a Relationship between
Independent and
Two Variables-
Dependent Variable.
For Example,
Higher the unemployment, higher
would be the rate of crime in society.

22. (2)Complex Hypothesis:
• AComplex Hypothesis is a Hypothesis that reflects
relationship …more than Two Variables.
For example,
• Higher the Poverty, higher the illiteracy in a society,
higher will be rate of crime( Three Variables- Two
Independent and One Dependent)

23. (3)Working or Research Hypothesis:
• A Hypothesis, that is accepted to put to rest
and work on in a research, is called a
“Working or Research Hypothesis”.
• It is a Hypothesis that assumed to be suitable
to explain certain facts and relationship of
phenomena. It is hoped that this Hypothesis
would generate a productive theory and is
accepted to put to test for investigation.
• It can be any Hypothesis that is processed for
work during the research.

24. (4)Alternative Hypothesis:
• If the Working Hypothesis is proved wrong or
Rejected, another Hypothesis (to replace the
Working Hypothesis) is formulated to be tested to
generate the desired result-this is known as
“Alternative hypothesis”.
• As the name mentions, it is an alternate assumption
(a relationship or an explanation)which is adopted
after the Working Hypothesis fails to generate
required theory. Alternative Hypothesis is denoted
by H1.

25. (5)Statistical Hypothesis:
• AHypothesis, that can be verified statistically,
is known as a Statistical Hypothesis.
• It can be any Hypothesis that has the quality of
being verified statistically. It means using
quantitative techniques, to generate statistical
data, can easily verified it. It can also be said
that the variable in a Statistical hypothesis can
be transformed into quantifiable sub-variable
to test it statistically.

26. (6)Logical Hypothesis
• A Hypothesis, that can be verified logically, is
known as a “Logical Hypothesis”.
• It is a Hypothesis expressing a relationship
whose inter-links can be joined on the basis of
logical explanation. It can be verified by
logical evidence. Being verified logically does
not necessarily mean that it cannot be verified
statistically. It may or may not be verified
statistically but it can be verified Logically.
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27. Thanks
and
Have a Nice Day
Date 22/01/2022