The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. Most of the Earth's water (96.5%) is stored in oceans. A small fraction of water is present in the atmosphere, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and glaciers at any given time. The hydrologic cycle involves the processes of evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, streamflow, and runoff that redistribute water throughout the planet.
Get the complete soil picture—Hydraulic conductivity impacts almost every soil application: crop production, irrigation, drainage, hydrology in both urban and native lands, landfill performance, stormwater system design, aquifer recharge, runoff during flooding, soil erosion, climate models, and even soil health.
In this 20-minute webinar, METER research scientist, Leo Rivera discusses how to better understand water movement through soil. Discover:
- Saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity—What are they?
- Why you need to measure hydraulic conductivity
- Measurement methods for the lab and the field
- What hydraulic conductivity can tell you about the fate of water in your system.
Water is hydrosphere is made up of all the water on Earth. This includes all of the rivers, lakes, streams, oceans, groundwater, polar ice caps, glaciers and moisture in the air (like rain and snow). The hydrosphere is found on the surface of Earth, but also extends down several miles below, as well as several miles up into the atmosphere. So, there is a need for study of water as a scarce resource.
WHAT IS HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
SYSTEM APPROACH IN HYDROLOGY
HYDROLOGIC INPUT & OUTPUT
VARIATION IN HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
COMPONENTS
EVAPORATION
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
PRECIPITATION
INTERCEPTION
INFILTRATION
GROUND WATER
RUN-OFF
HUMAN IMPACT
EARTH SURFACE
CLIMATE CHANGE
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
MULTI PURPOSE PROJECTS
WATER WITHDRAWAL
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Hydrologic Cycle is also called as Water Cycle. It basically deals with transformation of water in different forms starting from gaseous stage (water vapor) to liquid state (water on earth's surface), and water inside soil as underground water.and again back to gaseous stage. The cycle has no starting or end.
Stream flow representing the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle is the most important basic data for hydrologic studies. Runoff is generated by rainstorms. Its occurrence and quantity are dependent on the characteristics of the rainfall event, i.e. intensity, duration and distribution. This module highlights about runoff components of the hydrological cycle.
Get the complete soil picture—Hydraulic conductivity impacts almost every soil application: crop production, irrigation, drainage, hydrology in both urban and native lands, landfill performance, stormwater system design, aquifer recharge, runoff during flooding, soil erosion, climate models, and even soil health.
In this 20-minute webinar, METER research scientist, Leo Rivera discusses how to better understand water movement through soil. Discover:
- Saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity—What are they?
- Why you need to measure hydraulic conductivity
- Measurement methods for the lab and the field
- What hydraulic conductivity can tell you about the fate of water in your system.
Water is hydrosphere is made up of all the water on Earth. This includes all of the rivers, lakes, streams, oceans, groundwater, polar ice caps, glaciers and moisture in the air (like rain and snow). The hydrosphere is found on the surface of Earth, but also extends down several miles below, as well as several miles up into the atmosphere. So, there is a need for study of water as a scarce resource.
WHAT IS HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
SYSTEM APPROACH IN HYDROLOGY
HYDROLOGIC INPUT & OUTPUT
VARIATION IN HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
COMPONENTS
EVAPORATION
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
PRECIPITATION
INTERCEPTION
INFILTRATION
GROUND WATER
RUN-OFF
HUMAN IMPACT
EARTH SURFACE
CLIMATE CHANGE
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
MULTI PURPOSE PROJECTS
WATER WITHDRAWAL
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Hydrologic Cycle is also called as Water Cycle. It basically deals with transformation of water in different forms starting from gaseous stage (water vapor) to liquid state (water on earth's surface), and water inside soil as underground water.and again back to gaseous stage. The cycle has no starting or end.
Stream flow representing the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle is the most important basic data for hydrologic studies. Runoff is generated by rainstorms. Its occurrence and quantity are dependent on the characteristics of the rainfall event, i.e. intensity, duration and distribution. This module highlights about runoff components of the hydrological cycle.
PLEASE NOTE THIS IS PART-1
By Referring or said Learning This Presentation You Can Clear Your Basics Fundamental Doubts about Fluid Mechanics. In this Presentation You Will Learn about Fluid Pressure, Pressure at Point, Pascal's Law, Types Of Pressure and Pressure Measurements.
PLEASE NOTE THIS IS PART-1
By Referring or said Learning This Presentation You Can Clear Your Basics Fundamental Doubts about Fluid Mechanics. In this Presentation You Will Learn about Fluid Pressure, Pressure at Point, Pascal's Law, Types Of Pressure and Pressure Measurements.
In this presentation, academic scholar, John Slifko includes key research findings in cognitive science from Mark Johnson's book, "Moral Imagination: Implications of Cognitive Science for Ethics" to reveal how imagination has an essential role in ethical deliberation. By a ‘Moral Law theory’ Johnson shows how every aspect of morality is imaginative— our fundamental moral concepts, our understanding of situations, and our reasoning about those situations are all imaginatively structured and based on metaphor.
Paralyzed in a gymnastics accident four years ago, Brandon Beack was left paralysed from the chest down. In these amazing pictures watch him walking in the Ekso bionic walking suit and training hard to qualify for the 2016 Paralympic Games in Rio, Brazil.
It’s not a matter of if you will move your storage to the cloud. It’s a matter of how and when. Gartner predicts 50% of enterprises will be using a hybrid cloud by 2017. If you want to learn an AWS hybrid cloud, but are having trouble getting started, attend our webinar and learn how to build your own hybrid cloud with AWS, SoftNAS and existing equipment.
In this webinar and demo, we covered:
-Hybrid Cloud Architecture: Learn how SoftNAS can be installed both in Amazon EC2 and on-premises
-How To Build a Hybrid Cloud with AWS: Watch us create a hybrid cloud using existing equipment, AWS services and SoftNAS Cloud NAS
-Best Practices for Building A Hybrid Cloud: Tips and tricks from the SoftNAS team on how to get your hybrid cloud up and running in 30 minutes.
-How To Backup Your Data with Amazon EBS: Learn how to backup data using Amazon EBS Snapshots, SoftNAS Snapshots and SoftNAS SnapClones
The video associated with these slides is located here:
https://youtu.be/Mm13GO5m_Mc
Try a 30-day free trial of SoftNAS Cloud - http://www.softnas.com/tryaws
Visit http://www.softnas.com for more information
Hydrological Cycle give knowledge about how water evaporate transpiration and precipitate in atmosphere...It is also give ratios and percentage of water stored in different region how we can utilize it from this cycle, It is complete study of Water cycle travelling in earths surface and sub-surface.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
3. Ocean StorageOcean Storage
What percent ofWhat percent of
Earth’s water isEarth’s water is
stored in the oceans?stored in the oceans?
Wat er Source Wat er Vol ume
(cu. m i.)
Wat er Vol ume
(cu. k m)
% of T otal Wat er
Oceans 321,000,000 1,338,000,000 96.5%
Total global wat er 332,500,000 1,386,000,000 --
Gleick, P. H., 199 6: Water resources. In Encyclopedia of Climate and Weath er, ed. by S. H. Schneider, Oxfo rd
University Press, New York, vol. 2, pp.817-82 3.
4. Last glacial period:Last glacial period:
Sea level 400 ft lower than todaySea level 400 ft lower than today
Last inter-glacial period:Last inter-glacial period:
Sea level 18 ft higher than todaySea level 18 ft higher than today
3M years B.P.:3M years B.P.:
Sea level 165 ft higherSea level 165 ft higher
Does the volume ofDoes the volume of
the world’s oceansthe world’s oceans
ever change?ever change?
5. What two processes change liquidWhat two processes change liquid
water into vapor that can ascendwater into vapor that can ascend
into the atmosphere?into the atmosphere?
•EvaporationEvaporation
•TranspirationTranspiration
90%90%
10%10%What percent of the waterWhat percent of the water
in the atmosphere comesin the atmosphere comes
from evaporation?from evaporation?
6. EvaporationEvaporation
•The process by which liquid water is
transformed into a gaseous state
•Evaporation into a gas ceases when the gas
reaches saturation
7. EvaporationEvaporation
• Energy breaks bonds that hold moleculesEnergy breaks bonds that hold molecules
togethertogether
• Net evaporation occurs when the rate ofevaporation occurs when the rate of
evaporation exceeds the rate ofevaporation exceeds the rate of
condensationcondensation
• Removes heat from the environment:Removes heat from the environment:
Primary mechanism for surface-to-Primary mechanism for surface-to-
atmosphere water transportatmosphere water transport
9. Evaporation v.Evaporation v.
PrecipitationPrecipitation
• About equal on a global scaleAbout equal on a global scale
• Evaporation more prevalent over the oceans thanEvaporation more prevalent over the oceans than
precipitationprecipitation
• Over land, precipitation exceeds evaporationOver land, precipitation exceeds evaporation
• Most water evaporated from the oceans falls backMost water evaporated from the oceans falls back
into the ocean as precipitationinto the ocean as precipitation
• 10% of water evaporated from the ocean is10% of water evaporated from the ocean is
transported over land and falls as precipitationtransported over land and falls as precipitation
• Once evaporated, a water molecule spends ~ 10Once evaporated, a water molecule spends ~ 10
days airbornedays airborne
10. The process of water loss from plants through
stomata.
•passive process that depends on:
~humidity of the atmosphere
~the moisture content of the soil
•transports nutrients from the soil into the
roots and carries them to the various cells
of the plant
•keeps tissues from becoming overheated
(Stomata are small openings found on the underside of leaves that
are connected to vascular plant tissues.)
TranspirationTranspiration
11. TranspirationTranspiration
Accounts for ~ 10% of the moisture in the
atmosphere
Depends on:
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Insolation
• Precipitation
• Soil type and saturation
• Wind
• Land slope
12. What percent of the Earth’sWhat percent of the Earth’s
total volume of water istotal volume of water is
stored in the atmosphere?stored in the atmosphere?
• 0.001%0.001%
• Water vaporWater vapor
• CloudsClouds
(water vapor(water vapor
condensed oncondensed on
particulates)particulates)
13. Global distribution ofGlobal distribution of
atmospheric wateratmospheric water
WaterWater
SourceSource
Volume (cuVolume (cu
mi)mi)
Volume (cuVolume (cu
km)km)
% total% total
freshwaterfreshwater
% total% total
waterwater
Atmos-Atmos-
pherephere
3,0943,094 12,90012,900 0.04%0.04% 0.001%0.001%
TotalTotal
GlobalGlobal
FreshFresh
WaterWater
8,404,0008,404,000 35,030,00035,030,000 100%100% 2.5%2.5%
TotalTotal
GlobalGlobal
WaterWater
332,500,00332,500,00
00
1,386,000,001,386,000,00
00
---- 100%100%
14. PrecipitationPrecipitation
• The vapor that condenses and is acted onThe vapor that condenses and is acted on
by gravity and falls to Earth’s surface.by gravity and falls to Earth’s surface.
rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow, or hail
primary connection in the water cycle that
provides for the delivery of atmospheric
water to the Earth
15. Total precipitable waterTotal precipitable water
The total atmospheric water
vapor contained in a vertical
column of unit cross-sectional
area from the Earth’s surface
to the “top of the atmosphere”
Height to which water would
stand if completely
condensed and collected in
vessel of same dimensions
16. How many gallons of water fall
when 1 inch of rain falls on 1
acre of land?
About 27,154 gallons
(102,800 liters) of water.
On average, the 48 continental United States
receives enough precipitation in one year to
cover the land to a depth of 30 inches.
17. Meteorological factors
affecting surface (over soil)
runoff- Type of precipitation
- Rainfall intensity
- Rainfall amount
- Rainfall duration
- Distribution of rainfall over the drainage
basin
- Direction of storm movement
- Precipitation that occurred earlier and
resulting soil moisture
- Meteorological conditions that affect
evapotranspiration
18. Physical characteristicsPhysical characteristics
affecting surface runoffaffecting surface runoff
- Land use
- Vegetation
- Soil type
- Drainage area
- Basin shape
- Elevation
- Topography, especially the
slope of the land
- Drainage network patterns
- Ponds, lakes, reservoirs,
sinks, etc. in the basin,
which prevent or delay
runoff from continuing
downstream
19. Human factors affectingHuman factors affecting
surface runoffsurface runoff
• Urbanization -- more impervious surfacesUrbanization -- more impervious surfaces
reduce infiltration and accelerate waterreduce infiltration and accelerate water
motionmotion
• Removal of vegetation and soil -- surfaceRemoval of vegetation and soil -- surface
grading, artificial drainage networksgrading, artificial drainage networks
increases volume of runoff and shortensincreases volume of runoff and shortens
runoff time to streams from rainfall andrunoff time to streams from rainfall and
snowmeltsnowmelt
20. Most runoff…
• Drains to a creek
• To a stream
• To a river
• To an ocean
• Rarely runoff drains to a closed lake.
We have some closed lakes around here.
Name some???
• May be diverted for human uses
21. Streamflow…Streamflow…
Makes up a MINISCULE amount of Earth’s water
Water sourceWater source Water VolumeWater Volume
(cu mi)(cu mi)
% of total% of total
freshwaterfreshwater
% of total% of total
waterwater
StreamflowStreamflow 509509 0.006%0.006% 0.0002%0.0002%
Total GlobalTotal Global
FreshwaterFreshwater
8,404,0008,404,000 2.5%2.5% ----
Total GlobalTotal Global
WaterWater
332,500,000332,500,000 ---- ----
22. Lakes & SwampsLakes & Swamps
• Freshwater makes up ~3% of all water onFreshwater makes up ~3% of all water on
Earth and lakes and swamps account forEarth and lakes and swamps account for
a mere 0.29% of that!a mere 0.29% of that!
• 20% of all freshwater is in Lake Baikal in20% of all freshwater is in Lake Baikal in
Siberia (638 km long, 80 km wide, 1,620Siberia (638 km long, 80 km wide, 1,620
m deep)m deep)
• Another 20% is in the Great LakesAnother 20% is in the Great Lakes
23. Groundwater begins asGroundwater begins as
INFILTRATIONINFILTRATION
Precipitation falls
and infiltrates into
the subsurface soil
and rock
•Can remain in shallow soil layerCan remain in shallow soil layer
•Might seep into a stream bankMight seep into a stream bank
•May infiltrate deeper, recharging anMay infiltrate deeper, recharging an
aquiferaquifer
•May travel long distancesMay travel long distances
24. Factors affectingFactors affecting
infiltrationinfiltration• Precipitation (greatest factor)Precipitation (greatest factor)
• Magnitude, intensity, durationMagnitude, intensity, duration
• Characteristics (rain, snow)Characteristics (rain, snow)
• Soil CharacteristicsSoil Characteristics
• Clay absorbs less water at a slower rate than sandClay absorbs less water at a slower rate than sand
• Soil SaturationSoil Saturation
• Higher saturation leads to more runoff insteadHigher saturation leads to more runoff instead
• Land CoverLand Cover
• Slope of the LandSlope of the Land
• Hills enhance runoff velocityHills enhance runoff velocity
• EvapotranspirationEvapotranspiration
• Plants use soil moisture to grow and transpirePlants use soil moisture to grow and transpire
25. How much ground water?How much ground water?
• Ground water occurs
only close to the
surface (a few miles
down)
• Density of soil/rock
increases with
depth
• The weight of the
rocks above
condense the rocks
below and squeeze
out the open pore
26. Frozen freshwater stored inFrozen freshwater stored in
glaciers, ice fields, and snowfieldsglaciers, ice fields, and snowfields
• Glacial ice covers 11% of allGlacial ice covers 11% of all
landland
• Represents a large % of allRepresents a large % of all
freshwaterfreshwater
• Mountain snowfields areMountain snowfields are
“reservoirs” for many water-“reservoirs” for many water-
supply systemssupply systems
• 75% in Western States75% in Western States
• ““Rain-on-snow” eventsRain-on-snow” events
contribute to high runoffcontribute to high runoff
velocitiesvelocities
• ““New” Operational SnowmeltNew” Operational Snowmelt
ForecastsForecasts
How muchHow much
of allof all
freshwater?freshwater?