Water vapor is the most important gas in the atmosphere and is the source of all condensation and precipitation. The water cycle begins with evaporation and includes condensation, precipitation, and water running off or sinking into the ground. Clouds are classified based on their height and form, with cirrus, cumulus and stratus being the main cloud types located in the high, middle and low levels of the atmosphere respectively. For precipitation to form, cloud droplets must grow substantially through processes like collision-coalescence in warm clouds and the Bergeron process in cold clouds. The type of precipitation reaching the surface depends on the temperature profile in the lower atmosphere.
Earth's energy budget refers to the tracking of how much energy is flowing into and out of the Earth's climate, where the energy is going, and if the energy coming in balances with the energy going out. The Earth receives energy from the Sun, and it also reflects and radiates energy back into space. All of the energy that warms the atmosphere, oceans and land must be radiated back into space in order to maintain our current climate. If the amount of energy radiating back into space is decreased by even a very small amount, it can lead to warming. It is believed that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has a 'greenhouse effect' of reducing the amount of energy radiated into space.
Earth's energy budget refers to the tracking of how much energy is flowing into and out of the Earth's climate, where the energy is going, and if the energy coming in balances with the energy going out. The Earth receives energy from the Sun, and it also reflects and radiates energy back into space. All of the energy that warms the atmosphere, oceans and land must be radiated back into space in order to maintain our current climate. If the amount of energy radiating back into space is decreased by even a very small amount, it can lead to warming. It is believed that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has a 'greenhouse effect' of reducing the amount of energy radiated into space.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER - 2.3 WEATHER PROCESS...George Dumitrache
A comprehensive presentation of subchapter 2.3 Weather Processes and Phenomena, from the second chapter of Physical Geography, AS Cambridge, Atmosphere and Weather.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
3. Precipitation is any form of water that falls from a cloud. When it comes to understanding atmospheric processes, water vapor is the most important gas in the atmosphere.
6. Solid to Liquid • The process of changing state, such as melting ice, requires that energy be transferred in the form of heat. • Latent heat is the energy absorbed or released during a change in state. Liquid to Gas • Evaporation is the process of changing a liquid to a gas. • Condensation is the process where a gas, like water vapor, changes to a liquid, like water. Water’s Changes of State
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11. Solid to Gas • Sublimation is the conversion of a solid directly to a gas without passing through the liquid state. • Deposition is the conversion of a vapor directly to a solid.
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14. 18.1 Water in the Atmosphere Humidity is a general term for the amount of water vapor in air. • Air is saturated when it contains the maximum quantity of water vapor that it can hold at any given temperature and pressure. • When saturated, warm air contains more water vapor than cold saturated air. Saturation Humidity
15. 18.1 Water in the Atmosphere • Relative humidity is a ratio of the air’s actual water-vapor content compared with the amount of water vapor air can hold at that temperature and pressure. • To summarize, when the water-vapor content of air remains constant, lowering air temperature causes an increase in relative humidity, and raising air temperature causes a decrease in relative humidity. Relative Humidity Humidity
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17. • Dew point is the temperature to which a parcel of air would need to be cooled to reach saturation. Dew Point • A hygrometer is an instrument to measure relative humidity. Measuring Humidity • A psychrometer is a hygrometer with dry- and wet-bulb thermometers. Evaporation of water from the wet bulb makes air temperature appear lower than the dry bulb’s measurement. The two temperatures are compared to determine the relative humidity.
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20. • When air is allowed to expand, it cools, and when it is compressed, it warms. Adiabatic Temperature Changes • Dry adiabatic rate is the rate of cooling or heating that applies only to unsaturated air. Expansion and Cooling • Wet adiabatic rate is the rate of adiabatic temperature change in saturated air.
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23. Cloud Formation Four mechanisms that can cause air to rise are orographic lifting, frontal wedging, convergence, and localized convective lifting. • Orographic lifting occurs when mountains act as barriers to the flow of air, forcing the air to ascend. Orographic Lifting • The air cools adiabatically; clouds and precipitation may result. Processes That Lift Air
24. Cloud Formation • A front is the boundary between two adjoining air masses having contrasting characteristics. Frontal Wedging Processes That Lift Air
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26. Cloud Formation • Convergence is when air flows together and rises. Convergence • Localized convective lifting occurs where unequal surface heating causes pockets of air to rise because of their buoyancy. Localized Convective Lifting Processes That Lift Air
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28. Cloud Formation • Stable air tends to remain in its original position, while unstable air tends to rise . Density Differences • Air stability is determined by measuring the temperature of the atmosphere at various heights. Stability Measurements • The rate of change of air temperature with height is called the environmental lapse rate. Stability
29. Cloud Formation • A temperature inversion occurs in a layer of limited depth in the atmosphere where the temperature increases rather than decreases with height . Degrees of Stability • When stable air is forced above the Earth’s surface, the clouds that form are widespread and have little vertical thickness compared to their horizontal dimension. Stability and Daily Weather Stability
30. Cloud Formation For any form of condensation to occur, the air must be saturated. • Generally, there must be a surface for water vapor to condense on. Types of Surfaces • Condensation nuclei are tiny bits of particulate matter that serve as surfaces on which water vapor condenses when condensation occurs in the air. Condensation
31. 18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation Clouds are classified on the basis of their form and height. • Cirrus ( cirrus = curl of hair) are clouds that are high, white, and thin. • Cumulus ( cumulus = a pile) are clouds that consist of rounded individual cloud masses. • Stratus ( stratus = a layer) are clouds best described as sheets or layers that cover much or all of the sky. Types of Clouds
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33. Cloud Types and Precipitation High Clouds • Cirrus clouds are high, white, and thin. • Cirrostratus clouds are flat layers of clouds. • Cirrocumulus clouds consist of fluffy masses. Middle Clouds • Altostratus clouds create a uniform white to gray sheet covering the sky with the sun or moon visible as a bright spot. • Altocumulus clouds are composed of rounded masses that differ from cirrocumulus clouds in that altocumulus clouds are larger and denser. Types of Clouds
34. Cloud Types and Precipitation Low Clouds • Stratus clouds are best described as sheets or layers that cover much or all of the sky. • Nimbostratus clouds are the main precipitation makers. • Stratocumulus clouds have a scalloped bottom that appears as long parallel rolls or broken rounded patches. Types of Clouds
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52. 18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation Clouds of Vertical Development • Some clouds do not fit into any one of the three height categories mentioned. Such clouds have their bases in the low height range but often extend upward into the middle or high altitudes. Types of Clouds
53. 18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation Fog is defined as a cloud with its base at or very near the ground. • As the air cools, it becomes denser and drains into low areas such as river valleys, where thick fog accumulations may occur. Fog Caused by Cooling • When cool air moves over warm water, enough moisture may evaporate from the water surface to produce saturation. Fog Caused by Evaporation Fog
54. Cloud Types and Precipitation For precipitation to form, cloud droplets must grow in volume by roughly one million times. • The Bergeron process is a theory that relates the formation of precipitation to supercooled clouds, freezing nuclei, and the different saturation levels of ice and liquid water. Cold Cloud Precipitation How Precipitation Forms
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56. Cloud Types and Precipitation Cold Cloud Precipitation • Supercooled water is the condition of water droplets that remain in the liquid state at temperatures well below 0 o C. • Supersaturated air is the condition of air that is more concentrated than is normally possible under given temperature and pressure conditions. How Precipitation Forms
57. Cloud Types and Precipitation Warm Cloud Precipitation • The collision-coalescence process is a theory of raindrop formation in warm clouds (above 0 o C) in which large cloud droplets collide and join together with smaller droplets to form a raindrop. How Precipitation Forms
58. Cloud Types and Precipitation The type of precipitation that reaches Earth’s surface depends on the temperature profile in the lower few kilometers of the atmosphere. • In meteorology, the term rain means drops of water that fall from a cloud and have a diameter of at least 0.5 mm. Rain and Snow • At very low temperatures (when the moisture content of air is low) light fluffy snow made up of individual six-sided ice crystals forms. Forms of Precipitation
59. Cloud Types and Precipitation • Sleet is the fall of clear-to-translucent ice. Rain and Snow • Hail is produced in cumulonimbus clouds. • Hailstones begin as small ice pellets that grow by collecting supercooled water droplets as they fall through a cloud. Forms of Precipitation