this is the representation of hydrogen fuel. In this presentation we showed how hydrogen is useful for future consumption of fuel. We know that in the future the non-renewable sources of energy will be extincted so we have to concentrate on conventional sources of energy like solar energy energy, nuclear energy, hydrogen fuel. Because hydrogen is highly combustible and produce large of energy so we consider to use hydrogen fuel in future aspect
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are zero emission and run on compressed hydrogen fed into a fuel cell "stack" that produces electricity to power the vehicle. A fuel cell can be used in combination with an electric motor to drive a vehicle – quietly, powerfully and cleanly.
A seminar presentation on hydrogen fuel cells and its application in vehicles. A topic that can be presented in BTech & MTech seminars. for more seminar presentations log on to www.mechieprojects.com
this is the report on Hydrogen Fuel cell. which is the future of vehicles & probably future of electric vehicles.
Hydrogen Fuel cell is the one part or type of fuel cell.
here is the working, advantages, disadvantages of fuel cell vehicles.
as well as there are list of popular fuel cell vehicles recently launched.
23-03-2020
a brief intro to the technology and working of hydrogen fuel cells.It also discusses the types of fuel cells available in the market and the economy of hydrogen fuel cells.It concludes by giving suitable examples of fuel cell vehicles and a short video animation to properly understand the topic
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are zero emission and run on compressed hydrogen fed into a fuel cell "stack" that produces electricity to power the vehicle. A fuel cell can be used in combination with an electric motor to drive a vehicle – quietly, powerfully and cleanly.
A seminar presentation on hydrogen fuel cells and its application in vehicles. A topic that can be presented in BTech & MTech seminars. for more seminar presentations log on to www.mechieprojects.com
this is the report on Hydrogen Fuel cell. which is the future of vehicles & probably future of electric vehicles.
Hydrogen Fuel cell is the one part or type of fuel cell.
here is the working, advantages, disadvantages of fuel cell vehicles.
as well as there are list of popular fuel cell vehicles recently launched.
23-03-2020
a brief intro to the technology and working of hydrogen fuel cells.It also discusses the types of fuel cells available in the market and the economy of hydrogen fuel cells.It concludes by giving suitable examples of fuel cell vehicles and a short video animation to properly understand the topic
This is a presentation given during our studies at the Moore School of Business of the University of South Carolina on hydrogen fuel cell technologies.
With fossil fuel stores reducing, increasing fuel prices, and growing environmental concerns the demand for sustainable fuels and low carbon footprints has grown appreciably. This presentation talks about the hydrogen fuel cell concept and the technology behind the concept.
It's a technology to generating the electricity by using fuel cell. It is being used now in automobiles, transport vehicles and others various fields. So it is a very effective technology for generating electricity. it has so many advantages and benefits.
This is a presentation given during our studies at the Moore School of Business of the University of South Carolina on hydrogen fuel cell technologies.
With fossil fuel stores reducing, increasing fuel prices, and growing environmental concerns the demand for sustainable fuels and low carbon footprints has grown appreciably. This presentation talks about the hydrogen fuel cell concept and the technology behind the concept.
It's a technology to generating the electricity by using fuel cell. It is being used now in automobiles, transport vehicles and others various fields. So it is a very effective technology for generating electricity. it has so many advantages and benefits.
As we all know, fossil fuels are going to be extinct in next few years. So to find a better alternative to this problem use of hydrogen can be implemented This project is about production of hydrogen as a fuel using platinum and titanium as cathode and anode respectively. This project was successfully completed with the help of running a small motor car using hydrogen as fuel.
A hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is a vehicle that uses Hydrogen as a source of fuel. Hydrogen vehicles include hydrogen-fueled space rockets, as well as automobiles and other transportation vehicles. The power plants of such vehicles convert the chemical energy of hydrogen to mechanical energy either by burning hydrogen in an internal combustion engine, or, more commonly, by reacting hydrogen with oxygen in a fuel cell to run electric motors. Widespread use of hydrogen for fueling transportation is a key element of a proposed hydrogen economy.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
1. HYDROGEN
A FUEL FOR TODAY AND TOMORROW
SHAILESH MISHRA
GAURAV PANDEY
MANISH TRIPATHI
MANISH KUMAR SINGH
DEEPAK KUMAR SINGH
MENTOR: DR. D.K. BHALLA
2. HISTORY
The first references to hydrogen fuel cells appeared in 1838. In a letter dated October
1838 but published in the December 1838 edition of The London and Edinburgh
Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, Welsh physicist and barrister
WILLIAM GROOVE wrote about the development of his first crude fuel cells. He used
a combination of sheet iron, copper and porcelain plates, and a solution of sulphate of
copper and dilute acid. In a letter to the same publication written in December 1838 but
published in June 1839, German physicist Christian Friedrich Schönbein discussed
the first crude fuel cell that he had invented. His letter discussed current generated
from hydrogen and oxygen dissolved in water. Grove later sketched his design, in
1842, in the same journal. The fuel cell he made used similar materials to
today's phosphoric-acid fuel cell
3. •What is Hydrogen?
• Element 1 on the Periodic Table - 1 proton, 1 electron
• Diatomic molecule (H2) - 2 protons, 2 electrons
• Highest energy content of common fuels on a WEIGHT basis
• Lowest energy content of common fuels on a VOLUME basis
• Elemental hydrogen is abundant on earth, but usually bound to carbon or
oxygen
• Abundant throughout the universe (stars are primarily hydrogen)
5. What is a hydrogen fuel cell?
•Hydrogen fuel cells (HFCs) are a type of
electrochemical cell.
•HFCs generate electricity by reduction
and oxidation reactions within the cell.
•They use three main components, a
fuel, an oxidant and an electrolyte.
•HFCs operate like batteries, although
they require external fuel.
•HFCs are a thermodynamically open
system.
•HFCs use hydrogen as a fuel, oxygen as
an oxidant, a proton exchange
membrane as an electrolyte, and emit
only water as waste.
6. How do they work?
•Fuel (H2) is first transported to
the anode of the cell
•Fuel undergoes the anode
reaction
•Anode reaction splits the fuel
into H+ (a proton) and e-
•Protons pass through the
electrolyte to the cathode
•Electrons can not pass through
the electrolyte, and must travel
through an external circuit which
creates a usable electric current
•Protons and electrons reach the
cathode, and undergo the
cathode reaction
8. Chemistry behind the technology
Oxidation
At the anode of the cell, a
catalyst (platinum powder)
is used to separate the
proton from the electron in
the hydrogen fuel.
Anode half-reaction:
2H2
4H+ + 4e-
Eo = 0.00V
Reduction
At the cathode of the cell, a
second catalyst (nickel) is used to
recombine the protons,
electrons, and oxygen atoms to
form water.
Cathode half- reaction:
4H+ + O2 + 4e- 2H2O
Eo = 0.68V
In electrochemistry, the Eo
cell value (energy) of a fuel cell is equal to the Eo of
the cathode half-reaction minus the Eo of the anode half-reaction. For a
hydrogen fuel cell, the two half reactions are shown above. So to calculate the
energy of one fuel cell, we need to subtract the anode energy from the
cathode energy. For a HFC, the Eo
cell = 0.68V – 0.00V which equals 0.68V
9. In this project
we will produce
electricity using
hydrogen fuel.
It helps to run
hydrogen
powered
bicycle
By wikipedia
10. Uses of hydrogen fuel cells
There are many different uses of fuel cells being utilized right now. Some of these
uses are…
•Power sources for vehicles such as cars, trucks, buses and even boats and submarines
•Power sources for spacecraft, remote weather stations and military technology
•Batteries for electronics such as laptops and smart phones
•Sources for uninterruptable power supplies.
11. Problems regarding hydrogen fuel cells
•Lack of hydrogen infrastructure
•Need for refueling stations
•Lack of consumer distribution system
•Cost of hydrogen fuel cells
•2009 Department of Energy estimated $61/kw
•Honda FCX Clarity costs about half a million dollars to make
•Carbon cost of producing hydrogen
•Problems with HFC cars
•Short range (~260 miles)
•Warm up time (~5 minutes)
12. Other Ways to Liberate Hydrogen From Water
• Steam Electrolysis
• Split water with heat, pressure, and electricity
• Thermochemical
• Split water with chemicals and heat
• Photoelectrochemical
• Split water using sunlight directly, or using chemicals
and heat
• Biological
• Split water using organisms
13. Bush Administration’s Hydrogen
Commitment
• 500 metric tons of carbon
saved each year by 2040
• Reduce demand for
oil by 11 million
barrels per day by
2040
• Child born in 2003 to
drive a hydrogen car at age 16
14. Why Hydrogen?
It’s abundant, clean, efficient, and can be derived
from diverse domestic resources.
HIGH EFFICIENCY
& RELIABILITY
ZERO/NEAR ZERO
EMISSIONS
Transportation
.
Distributed
Generation
Biomass
Hydro
Wind
Solar
Geothermal
Nuclear
Oil
Coal
Natural
Gas
With Carbon Sequestration
15. •Hydrogen Storage
• High-pressure storage tanks. Hydrogen
gas can be compressed and stored in
storage tanks at high pressure, but these
tanks must be very strong.
• Liquid hydrogen. Hydrogen can be stored
as a liquid. In this form, more hydrogen
can be stored per volume, but it must be
kept at very cold temperature (about -
253° C).
16. Fuel leak simulation
Hydrogen on left
Gasoline on right
Equivalent energy
release
•Hydrogen Safety
Hydrogen Gasoline
Three
Second
seconds
One minute
17. •Flexibility Of Use
Transportation
Desired range can be achieved with on-board hydrogen
storage (unlike Battery Electric Vehicle)
Can be used in internal combustion engines
Trains, automobiles, buses, and ships
Buildings
Combined heat, power, and fuel
Reliable energy services for critical applications
Grid independence
Industrial Sector
Already plays an important role as a chemical
Opportunities for additional revenue streams
18. •So– why hydrogen?
• Energy security
• Diverse domestic sources
• Flexibility of system
• Economic security
• International leadership in technical
• development and deployment
• Price stability
• Environmental security
• Potential to meet GHG targets
• Urban air quality improvements
• Reduction in air pollutants
19.
20. Why India Should Think About
Hydrogen
As estimation of use of crude oil state that the fossil
fuel will extinct till 2100 A.D.
At present , In a setback for the government’s
grand plan to cut down the current account deficit
(CAD), through containing the outflow of dollars and
saving around $8.47 billion on crude oil imports from
Iran, the Persian Gulf country has turned down India’s
request for accepting full rupee payment for oil
imports.
21. Conclusion
• Hydrogen fuel cells will dramatically
change our cars, homes and businesses
are powered and heated, and it both
positively and negatively change places
like the Middle East and third world
countries. They will also clean up the
world’s air.