Seminar ppt for hydrogen fuel cell vehicle or FCEV

1. SSM POLYTECHNIC
COLLEGE,TIRUR
DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
A
SEMINAR ON
“HYDROGEN FUEL CELL vehicles”
SUBMITTED TO:
R M A NAZEER
LECTURER IN MECHANICAL DEPT
SUBMITTED BY:
MAQBOOL P T
ROLL NO : 27
SEMESTER: 6

2. HYDROGEN FUEL
CELL VEHICLE

3. 1) Introduction
2) History
3) Hydrogen a Fuel
4) Hydrogen storage technologies
5) Principle of Fuel cell
6) Working Of Fuel Cell
7) Types Of Fuel Cell
8) Hydrogen Production
9) Advantages of Fuel cell
10) Issues of Fuel cell
11) Application
12) Hydrogen Fuel cell Today
13) Hydrogen Fuel cell in Future
CONTENTS

4. INTRODUCTION

5. VEHICL
E
MAXIMUM
RANGE
RECHARGI
NG
CENTRES
TIME TO
RECHAR
GE
IS IT ECO-
FRIENDLY
MAITENANC
E COST
EV
 Depend on the
cost of vehicle
 High cost
vehicle have
high range &
vice versa.
 By end of
2018,there were
20,000
recharging
centres in USA
 High cost
vehicle takes
less time &
low cost
vehicle takes
more time to
recharge.
 Electricity used in
charging,for every 1km
124g of CO2 is produced
 Cheap cost for
battery
recharging.
 Battery has to
replaced after
some years
which is very
costly.
FCEV
 Every vehicles
have same
volume tank
 Doesn't depend
on cost of
vehicle
 Only 45
recharging
centres were
there in USA by
the end 2018.
 But within 5 to 6
year this will
become almost
 Takes a
maximum of
5 minutes to
fill the tank,
 In manufacturing of fuel
,the total CO2 produced
is 120g for 1km.Which is
less 4g less than battery
electric.
 Very high cost
for Hydrogen
fueling.
 About 5000 to
7500Rupees for
a single fueling.
 Fuel cell
replacing is not

8.  0-80% within less than
20 minutes.

9. Like all-electric vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) use
electricity to power an electric motor. In contrast to other electric
vehicles, FCEVs produce electricity using a fuel cell powered by
hydrogen, rather than drawing electricity from only a battery. During the
vehicle design process, the vehicle manufacturer defines the power of
the vehicle by the size of the electric motor(s) that receives electric
power from the appropriately sized fuel cell and battery combination.
Although automakers could design an FCEV with plug-in capabilities to
charge the battery, most FCEVs today use the battery for recapturing
braking energy, providing extra power during short acceleration events,
and to smooth out the power delivered from the fuel cell with the option
to idle or turn off the fuel cell during low power needs
HYDROGEN FUEL CELL

11. HISTORY

12. HISTORY
First invented in 1839 by Welsh scientist
William Robert Grove, the fuel cell wasn't
commercially used until the 1960s. As part
of Project Gemini -- which took part from
1962-1966 -- NASA used fuel cells to
generate power for probes, satellites and
space capsules
In 1838 Christian Friedrich Schönbein observed
the fuel cell effect - the inverse electrolysis
process - shortly before William Grove
constructed his gaseous voltaic battery in 1839
based on Schönbein's ideas. Both men used
platinum electrodes and dilute sulfuric acid as a
proton (positive hydrogen ion) conducting
electrolyte not very different from materials
used today in modern PEM fuel cells.

13. HHYDROGEN AS A
FUEL

14. HYDROGEN AS A FUEL
• Hydrogen is the simplest form of all molecules. It is available in
the atmosphere as gas and in water as liquid.
• Hydrogen creates zero harmful emissions, which is one of
the most significant drawbacks of fossil fuels, and the heating
value of hydrogen is three times higher than that of petroleum.
• Hydrogen can be extracted
• from water, hydrocarbon fuel, hydrogen sulfide, and other
chemical elements.
• Hydrogen can be extracted from either non-renewable
or renewable energy sources.
• Hydrogen production from renewables is always
environmentally friendly, whereas the hydrogen produced from
non-renewables emits greenhouse gases.

15. HYDROGEN STORAGE
TECHNOLOGIES:
In the development of fuel cell vehicles, hydrogen storage is “the biggest remaining
research problem”
“Hydrogen’s low energy-density makes it difficult to store enough on board a vehicle
to achieve sufficient vehicle range without the storage container being too large or
too heavy.”
Existing and proposed technologies for hydrogen storage include .
(1) Pressurized Tank Storage:
Pressurized tanks of adequate strength, including impact resistance for safety in
collisions, have been made of carbon-fiber wrapped cylinders. Compressed gas
storage in such tanks has been demonstrated at a pressure of 34 MPa (5,000 psi) with
a mass of 32.5 kg and volume of 186 L, sufficient for a 500-km range.
(2) Hydrogen Uptake in Metal-Based Compounds:
Metal hydridation can be used to store hydrogen above room temperature and
below 3 or 4 MPa. However, the metals introduce too much additional weight for
most vehicle uses. They are also expensive .

16. (3) Cryoadsorption Hydrogen Storage:
While having potential weight and volume advantages, cryoadsorption with
activated carbon as adsorbant requires liquid nitrogen temperatures and 2 MPa (300
psi) to hold the physically adsorbed hydrogen. It does not appear to be suitable for
vehicle use.
(4) Carbon Nanotube and Related Storage Technologies:
The status of hydrogen storage in advanced carbon materials is still unclear. In this
subsection, we review briefly the status of carbon nanotube storage, both
singlewalled and double-walled, and graphite nanofiber stack storage. Other carbon-
based storage technologies that have been proposed include alkali-doped graphite,
fullerenes, and activated carbon.

17. WHAT IS A FUEL CELL
• A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that combines
hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity , with water
and heat as its by-product.
• Overall reaction :
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
Hydrogen(Fuel)+Oxygen Water

18. WHY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY IS
IMPORTANT ?
• Since conversion of the fuel to energy takes place via an
electrochemical process, not combustion.
• It is a clean, queit and highly efficient process- two to three
times more efficient than fuel burning.

19. WORKING OF FUEL CELL
•It operates similar to battery, but it does
not run down nor does it require
recharging.
•As long as fuel is supplied , a Fuel Cell will
produce both energy and heat.

20. • A Fuel Cell consists of two catalyst coated electrodes surrounding
an electrolyte.
• One electrode is an anode and the other is a cathode.
• The process begins when Hydrogen molecules enter the anode.
• The catalyst coating separates hydrogen’s negatively charged
electrons from positively charged protons

21. • The electrolyte allows the protons to pass through
to the cathode, but not the electrons.
• Instead the electrons are directed through an
external circuit which creates electrical current.
• While the electrons pass through the external
circuit , oxygen molecules pass through the
cathode.
• There the oxygen and the protons combine with the
electrons after they have passed through the
external circuit.
• When the oxygen and the protons combine with the
electrons it produces water and heat.

23. Fuel Cell Type Electrolyte Anode Gas Cathode Gas Temp
°C
Efficiency
%
Proton Ex
Membrane(PEM)
Solid polymer
Membrane
Hydrogen Pure or Atm
Oxygen
175 35-60
Alkaline
(AFC)
Potassium
Hydroxide
Hydrogen Pure Oxygen <85 50-70
Direct Methanol
(DMFC)
Solid polymer
membrane
Methanol solln in
water
Atm Oxygen 75 35-40
Phosphoric Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphorus Hydrogen Atm Oxygen 210 35-50
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Alkali Carbonate Hydrogen/Metha
ne
Atm Oxygen 650 40-55
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Ceramic Oxides Hydrogen/Metha
ne
Atm Oxygem 800-1000 45-60
TYPES OF FUEL CELL

24. PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE
• This is the leading cell type for
passenger car application.
• Uses a polymer membrane as the
electrolyte.
• Operates at a relatively low
temperature about 175 °C.
• Sensitive to Fuel impurities

25. PHOSPHORIC ACID:
• This is the most commercially
developed fuel cell.
• It generates electricity at more
than 40% efficiency.
• Uses liquid phosphoric acid as the
electrolyte and operates at about
450 °F.
• One main advantage is that it can
use impure hydrogen as fuel.

26. SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL
• Uses a hard, non porous ceramic
compound as the electrolyte.
• Can reach 60% power generating
efficiency.
• Operates at extremely high
temperature 1800 degrees.
• Used mainly for large , high powered
applications such as industrial.
• generating stations,mainly because it
requires such temperature.

27. ALKALINE FUEL CELL
• Used mainly by military and space programs.
• Can reach 70% power generating efficiency, but
considered to costly for transportation applications.
• Used on the Appollo spacecraft to provide electricity and
drinking water
• Uses a solution of potassium hydroxide in water as the
electrolyte and operstes at 70-160 degrees
• Can use a variety of non-precious metals as catalyst at
the anode and cathode.

28. REGENERATIVE FUEL CELL
• Currently researched by NASA.
• This type of fuel cell involves a closed loop form of power generation.
• Uses solar energy to seperate water into hydrogen and oxygen.
• Hydrogen and Oxygen are fed into the fuel cell generating electricity ,
heat and water.
• The water by product is then recirculated back to the solar-powered
electrolyserbeginning the process again.

29. HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
• The biggest challenge regarding hydrogen production is the cost.
• There are three general catagories of Hydrogen production,
Thermal Processes
Electrolyte Processes
Photolytic Processes

32. ADVANTAGES Of Hydrogen Fuel Cell
1) Efficiency
Fuel cells combine many of the advantages of both internal combustion engines
(ICE) and batteries. Thanks to the direct conversion of chemical energy into
electrical energy, fuel cells are 2‐3 times as efficient as ICEs for vehicle propulsion.
2) Reduced Emissions
Because fuel cells are electrochemical systems and do not rely on combustion,
they are the cleanest fuel‐consuming energy technology, with near‐zero
smog‐causing emissions. They produce benefits in all applications: power
generation, industrial equipment, transportation, military power and consumer
electronics
3) Reliability, low maintenance and quietness
• Fuel cells can help provide stability and continuity to the electric grid so highly
reliable.

33. • Fuel cells provide high quality power without any risk of power outage.So high
reliability.
• Fuel cells systems have practically no rotating or even moving parts.So low
maintenance and no sound.
(4) Sustainability
Fuel cells are powered by hydrogen, the most abundant element in the Universe.
Hydrogen can be produced from a variety of sources including fossil fuels, natural
gas, methanol, and various renewable energy sources: wind, photovoltaic,
geothermic, waves, etc.
(5) Compactness
Fuel cells offer higher energy density and higher storage capacity compared to
batteries, and thus good compactness, which is an interesting feature especially
for portable applications.

34. Issues Of Hydrogen Fuel Cell
There are three main barriers remaining to widespread adoption of the fuel cell
technology:
• Cost
• Durability
• Lack of Hydrogen infrastructure

35. APPLICATIONS
1)Transportation Automotive applications (50‐250 kW):
Light duty vehicle
Buses
2)Niche transport applications (1‐10 kW)
Small mobile fuel cell systems are designed to produce 1 to 10 kW of electrical power
with low to zero emissions. This application is not as demanding as passenger cars or
buses. The possible applications are very diverse and include utility vehicle,material
handling vehicle,fork lifts.bicylces,motorbikes, wheelchairs etc
3) Portable applications (0.1‐100 W):
Fuel cells have a higher energy density than batteries, i.e. they provide more energy
per unit of weight, up to 5 times more. This allows longer run time before refuelling.
Portable fuel cell systems including the fuel storage container can be designed
smaller and lighter than a battery of equivalent power.

36. • 4)Wireless applications (0.1‐1 kW)
Portable soldier power
Wireless tools

37. HYDROGEN FUEL
CELL TODAY

38. CARS
Hyundai Nexa(2018)
Toyota Mirai(2020) BMW X5 (2022)
Maxus EUNIQ 7 Minivan(2020) Honda Clarity (2021) Hyundai Tucson(2017)

39. BUSES &TRUCKS
Hyundai Xcient(2020) Toyota Sora(2018)

40. TRAIN
Coradia iLint(2018) Railpower GG20B(2009)

41. Storage
Cryogenic liquid
Use
Space programmes

42. HYDROGEN FUEL CELL
IN FUTURE

43. Production
Electrolysis & Biomass
Storage
Innovative Tank Design